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Dhaouadi S, Bouhaouala-Zahar B, Orend G. Tenascin-C targeting strategies in cancer. Matrix Biol 2024; 130:1-19. [PMID: 38642843 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Tenascin-C (TNC) is a matricellular and multimodular glycoprotein highly expressed under pathological conditions, especially in cancer and chronic inflammatory diseases. Since a long time TNC is considered as a promising target for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in anti-cancer treatments and was already extensively targeted in clinical trials on cancer patients. This review provides an overview of the current most advanced strategies used for TNC detection and anti-TNC theranostic approaches including some advanced clinical strategies. We also discuss novel treatment protocols, where targeting immune modulating functions of TNC could be center stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayda Dhaouadi
- Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules Thérapeutiques, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Balkiss Bouhaouala-Zahar
- Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules Thérapeutiques, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia; Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Université Tunis el Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Gertraud Orend
- INSERM U1109, The Tumor Microenvironment laboratory, Université Strasbourg, Hôpital Civil, Institut d'Hématologie et d'Immunologie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France.
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2
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Imanaka-Yoshida K. Tenascin-C in Heart Diseases-The Role of Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115828. [PMID: 34072423 PMCID: PMC8198581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenascin-C (TNC) is a large extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein and an original member of the matricellular protein family. TNC is transiently expressed in the heart during embryonic development, but is rarely detected in normal adults; however, its expression is strongly up-regulated with inflammation. Although neither TNC-knockout nor -overexpressing mice show a distinct phenotype, disease models using genetically engineered mice combined with in vitro experiments have revealed multiple significant roles for TNC in responses to injury and myocardial repair, particularly in the regulation of inflammation. In most cases, TNC appears to deteriorate adverse ventricular remodeling by aggravating inflammation/fibrosis. Furthermore, accumulating clinical evidence has shown that high TNC levels predict adverse ventricular remodeling and a poor prognosis in patients with various heart diseases. Since the importance of inflammation has attracted attention in the pathophysiology of heart diseases, this review will focus on the roles of TNC in various types of inflammatory reactions, such as myocardial infarction, hypertensive fibrosis, myocarditis caused by viral infection or autoimmunity, and dilated cardiomyopathy. The utility of TNC as a biomarker for the stratification of myocardial disease conditions and the selection of appropriate therapies will also be discussed from a clinical viewpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Imanaka-Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan;
- Mie University Research Center for Matrix Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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3
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Tajiri K, Yonebayashi S, Li S, Ieda M. Immunomodulatory Role of Tenascin-C in Myocarditis and Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:624703. [PMID: 33692798 PMCID: PMC7938317 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.624703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the breakdown of immune tolerance plays an important role in the development of myocarditis triggered by cardiotropic microbial infections. Genetic deletion of immune checkpoint molecules that are crucial for maintaining self-tolerance causes spontaneous myocarditis in mice, and cancer treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors can induce myocarditis in humans. These results suggest that the loss of immune tolerance results in myocarditis. The tissue microenvironment influences the local immune dysregulation in autoimmunity. Recently, tenascin-C (TN-C) has been found to play a role as a local regulator of inflammation through various molecular mechanisms. TN-C is a nonstructural extracellular matrix glycoprotein expressed in the heart during early embryonic development, as well as during tissue injury or active tissue remodeling, in a spatiotemporally restricted manner. In a mouse model of autoimmune myocarditis, TN-C was detectable before inflammatory cell infiltration and myocytolysis became histologically evident; it was strongly expressed during active inflammation and disappeared with healing. TN-C activates dendritic cells to generate pathogenic autoreactive T cells and forms an important link between innate and acquired immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Tajiri
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Saori Yonebayashi
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Siqi Li
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masaki Ieda
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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4
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Matsumoto KI, Aoki H. The Roles of Tenascins in Cardiovascular, Inflammatory, and Heritable Connective Tissue Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:609752. [PMID: 33335533 PMCID: PMC7736112 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.609752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenascins are a family of multifunctional extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoproteins with time- and tissue specific expression patterns during development, tissue homeostasis, and diseases. There are four family members (tenascin-C, -R, -X, -W) in vertebrates. Among them, tenascin-X (TNX) and tenascin-C (TNC) play important roles in human pathologies. TNX is expressed widely in loose connective tissues. TNX contributes to the stability and maintenance of the collagen network, and its absence causes classical-like Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (clEDS), a heritable connective tissue disorder. In contrast, TNC is specifically and transiently expressed upon pathological conditions such as inflammation, fibrosis, and cancer. There is growing evidence that TNC is involved in inflammatory processes with proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory activity in a context-dependent manner. In this review, we summarize the roles of these two tenascins, TNX and TNC, in cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases and in clEDS, and we discuss the functional consequences of the expression of these tenascins for tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Matsumoto
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Aoki
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
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5
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Imanaka-Yoshida K, Tawara I, Yoshida T. Tenascin-C in cardiac disease: a sophisticated controller of inflammation, repair, and fibrosis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C781-C796. [PMID: 32845719 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00353.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tenascin-C (TNC) is a large extracellular matrix glycoprotein classified as a matricellular protein that is generally upregulated at high levels during physiological and pathological tissue remodeling and is involved in important biological signaling pathways. In the heart, TNC is transiently expressed at several important steps during embryonic development and is sparsely detected in normal adult heart but is re-expressed in a spatiotemporally restricted manner under pathological conditions associated with inflammation, such as myocardial infarction, hypertensive cardiac fibrosis, myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, and Kawasaki disease. Despite its characteristic and spatiotemporally restricted expression, TNC knockout mice develop a grossly normal phenotype. However, various disease models using TNC null mice combined with in vitro experiments have revealed many important functions for TNC and multiple molecular cascades that control cellular responses in inflammation, tissue repair, and even myocardial regeneration. TNC has context-dependent diverse functions and, thus, may exert both harmful and beneficial effects in damaged hearts. However, TNC appears to deteriorate adverse ventricular remodeling by proinflammatory and profibrotic effects in most cases. Its specific expression also makes TNC a feasible diagnostic biomarker and target for molecular imaging to assess inflammation in the heart. Several preclinical studies have shown the utility of TNC as a biomarker for assessing the prognosis of patients and selecting appropriate therapy, particularly for inflammatory heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Imanaka-Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan.,Mie University Research Center for Matrix Biology, Tsu, Japan
| | - Isao Tawara
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan.,Mie University Research Center for Matrix Biology, Tsu, Japan
| | - Toshimichi Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan.,Mie University Research Center for Matrix Biology, Tsu, Japan
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6
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Choi S, Chung JH, Nam MH, Bang E, Hong KS, Kim YH, Seo JB, Chi SG. Elevated aldolase 1A, retrogene 1 expression induces cardiac apoptosis in rat experimental autoimmune myocarditis model. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 98:373-382. [PMID: 31999472 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Acute myocarditis is an unpredictable heart disease that is caused by inflammation-associated cell death. Although viral infection and drug exposure are known to induce acute myocarditis, the molecular basis for its development remains undefined. Using proteomics and molecular analyses in myosin-induced rat experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM), we identified that elevated expression of aldolase 1A, retrogene 1 (Aldoart1) is critical to induce mitochondrial dysfunction and acute myocarditis development. Here, we demonstrate that cardiac cell death is associated with increased expressions of proapoptotic genes in addition to high levels of glucose, lactate, and triglyceride in metabolite profiling. The functional protein association network analysis also suggests that Aldoart1 upregulation correlates with high levels of dihydroxyacetone kinase and triglyceride. In H9c2 cardiac cells, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or high glucose exposure significantly increases the cytochrome c release and the conversion of pro-caspase 3 into the cleaved form of caspase 3. We also found that LPS- or glucose-induced toxicities are almost completely reversed by siRNA-mediated knockdown of Aldoartl, which consequently increases cell viability. Together, our study strongly suggests that Aldoart1 may be involved in inducing mitochondrial apoptotic processes and can be a novel therapeutic target to prevent the onset of acute myocarditis or cardiac apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungmin Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.,Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul Center, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Joo Hee Chung
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul Center, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Myung-Hee Nam
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul Center, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Eunjung Bang
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Western Seoul Center, Seoul 03759, Korea
| | - Kwan Soo Hong
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Bioimaging Research Team, Cheongju 28123, Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901, USA
| | - Jong Bok Seo
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul Center, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Sung-Gil Chi
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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7
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Imanaka-Yoshida K. Inflammation in myocardial disease: From myocarditis to dilated cardiomyopathy. Pathol Int 2019; 70:1-11. [PMID: 31691489 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a heterogeneous group of myocardial diseases clinically defined by the presence of left ventricular dilatation and contractile dysfunction. Among various causes of DCM, a progression from viral myocarditis to DCM has long been hypothesized. Supporting this possibility, studies by endomyocardial biopsy, the only method to obtain a definite diagnosis of myocarditis at present, have provided evidence of inflammation in the myocardium in DCM patients. A number of experimental studies have elucidated a cell-mediated autoimmune mechanism triggered by viral infection in the progression of myocarditis to DCM. In addition, the important role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of heart failure has been recognized, and many terms including myocarditis, inflammatory cardiomyopathy, and inflammatory DCM have been used for myocardial diseases associated with inflammation. This review discusses the pathophysiology of inflammation in the myocardium, and refers to diagnosis and treatment based on these concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Imanaka-Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan.,Mie University Research Center for Matrix Biology, Mie, Japan
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8
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Early Detection of Localized Immunity in Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis Using [ 99mTc]Fucoidan SPECT. Mol Imaging Biol 2019; 22:643-652. [PMID: 31432389 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-019-01420-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to evaluate the ability of technetium-99m-fucoidan ([99mTc]fucoidan), a molecular imaging agent specific for selectins, in the assessment of early localized immunity in a rat model of experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM). PROCEDURES EAM was induced in Lewis rats and troponin T; brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and anti-myosin antibodies were measured in plasma. Separately, [99mTc]fucoidan single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/x-ray computed tomography (CT) was performed in the very early phase of myocarditis at 10, 15, and 21 days after immunization. Then, hearts were collected and used for autoradiography, well counting, histology, and flow cytometry analysis. RESULTS The EAM acute phase is characterized by extensive myocardial necrosis, release of troponin and BNP, and pericardial effusion. [99mTc]Fucoidan uptake was significantly increased in EAM compared with controls starting from D15. There was a close relationship between uptake of the tracer and myocardial content in CD45+, CD8+, CD11b+, and CD31+ cells. CONCLUSIONS [99mTc]Fucoidan SPECT/CT accurately diagnosed the autoimmune attack in the early steps of EAM and could be used to monitor disease evolution and therapy efficiency.
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Abstract
The ECM (extracellular matrix) network plays a crucial role in cardiac homeostasis, not only by providing structural support, but also by facilitating force transmission, and by transducing key signals to cardiomyocytes, vascular cells, and interstitial cells. Changes in the profile and biochemistry of the ECM may be critically implicated in the pathogenesis of both heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. The patterns of molecular and biochemical ECM alterations in failing hearts are dependent on the type of underlying injury. Pressure overload triggers early activation of a matrix-synthetic program in cardiac fibroblasts, inducing myofibroblast conversion, and stimulating synthesis of both structural and matricellular ECM proteins. Expansion of the cardiac ECM may increase myocardial stiffness promoting diastolic dysfunction. Cardiomyocytes, vascular cells and immune cells, activated through mechanosensitive pathways or neurohumoral mediators may play a critical role in fibroblast activation through secretion of cytokines and growth factors. Sustained pressure overload leads to dilative remodeling and systolic dysfunction that may be mediated by changes in the interstitial protease/antiprotease balance. On the other hand, ischemic injury causes dynamic changes in the cardiac ECM that contribute to regulation of inflammation and repair and may mediate adverse cardiac remodeling. In other pathophysiologic conditions, such as volume overload, diabetes mellitus, and obesity, the cell biological effectors mediating ECM remodeling are poorly understood and the molecular links between the primary insult and the changes in the matrix environment are unknown. This review article discusses the role of ECM macromolecules in heart failure, focusing on both structural ECM proteins (such as fibrillar and nonfibrillar collagens), and specialized injury-associated matrix macromolecules (such as fibronectin and matricellular proteins). Understanding the role of the ECM in heart failure may identify therapeutic targets to reduce geometric remodeling, to attenuate cardiomyocyte dysfunction, and even to promote myocardial regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- From the Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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10
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Boutagy NE, Feher A, Alkhalil I, Umoh N, Sinusas AJ. Molecular Imaging of the Heart. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:477-533. [PMID: 30873600 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multimodality cardiovascular imaging is routinely used to assess cardiac function, structure, and physiological parameters to facilitate the diagnosis, characterization, and phenotyping of numerous cardiovascular diseases (CVD), as well as allows for risk stratification and guidance in medical therapy decision-making. Although useful, these imaging strategies are unable to assess the underlying cellular and molecular processes that modulate pathophysiological changes. Over the last decade, there have been great advancements in imaging instrumentation and technology that have been paralleled by breakthroughs in probe development and image analysis. These advancements have been merged with discoveries in cellular/molecular cardiovascular biology to burgeon the field of cardiovascular molecular imaging. Cardiovascular molecular imaging aims to noninvasively detect and characterize underlying disease processes to facilitate early diagnosis, improve prognostication, and guide targeted therapy across the continuum of CVD. The most-widely used approaches for preclinical and clinical molecular imaging include radiotracers that allow for high-sensitivity in vivo detection and quantification of molecular processes with single photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography. This review will describe multimodality molecular imaging instrumentation along with established and novel molecular imaging targets and probes. We will highlight how molecular imaging has provided valuable insights in determining the underlying fundamental biology of a wide variety of CVDs, including: myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, and nonischemic and ischemic heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction. In addition, the potential of molecular imaging to assist in the characterization and risk stratification of systemic diseases, such as amyloidosis and sarcoidosis will be discussed. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:477-533, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil E Boutagy
- Department of Medicine, Yale Translational Research Imaging Center, Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Attila Feher
- Department of Medicine, Yale Translational Research Imaging Center, Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Imran Alkhalil
- Department of Medicine, Yale Translational Research Imaging Center, Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nsini Umoh
- Department of Medicine, Yale Translational Research Imaging Center, Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Albert J Sinusas
- Department of Medicine, Yale Translational Research Imaging Center, Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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11
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Practical Application of Periostin as a Biomarker for Pathological Conditions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1132:195-204. [PMID: 31037636 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-6657-4_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In physiological condition, periostin is expressed in limited tissues such as periodontal ligament, periosteum, and heart valves. Periostin protein is mainly localized on extracellular collagen bundles and in matricellular space. On the other hand, in pathological condition, expression of periostin is induced in disordered tissues of human patients. In tumor development and progression, periostin is elevated mainly in its microenvironment and stromal tissue rich in extracellular matrix. Tumor stromal fibroblasts highly express periostin and organize the tumor-surrounding extracellular matrix architecture. In fibrosis in lung, liver, and kidney, proliferating activated fibroblasts express periostin and replace normal functional tissues with dense connective tissues. In inflammation and allergy, inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13 induce expression of periostin that plays important roles in pathogenesis of these diseases. The elevated levels of periostin in human patients could be detected not only in tissue biopsy samples but also in peripheral bloods using specific antibodies against periostin, because periostin secreted from the disordered tissues is transported into blood vessels and circulates in the cardiovascular system. In this chapter, I introduce the elevated expression of periostin in pathological conditions, and discuss how periostin could be utilized as a biomarker in disease diagnosis.
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12
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Ageyama N, Kurosawa H, Fujimoto O, Uehara T, Hiroe M, Arano Y, Yoshida T, Yasutomi Y, Imanaka-Yoshida K. Successful Inflammation Imaging of Non-Human Primate Hearts Using an Antibody Specific for Tenascin-C. Int Heart J 2018; 60:151-158. [PMID: 30464121 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.17-734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation after myocardial infarction (MI) may be a major factor influencing ventricular remodeling, leading to congestive heart failure and arrhythmia. Therefore, inflammation in the heart needs to be monitored. Tenascin-C (TNC) is an extracellular matrix molecule not normally expressed, but it is strongly upregulated when associated with active inflammation. Based on this characteristic, we successfully imaged in vivo inflammatory lesions in rat models using 111Indium (111In)-labeled anti-TNC antibodies. The aim of the present study was to further assess the applicability of this molecular imaging probe to detect inflammatory activity in primate hearts.We generated an MI model of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) by coronary artery ligation and performed dual-isotope single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging with an 111In-labeled anti-TNC antibody Fab' fragment (111In-TNC Fab') and 99mtechnetium methoxy-isobutyl isonitrile (99mTc-MIBI). Dual autoradiography was used to compare the uptake of 111In-TNC Fab' with histology and immunostaining for TNC. Dual-isotope SPECT showed the regional myocardial uptake of 111In-TNC Fab' complementary to a defect in the perfusion image by 99mTc-MIBI. The high radioactivity of 111In-TNC Fab' by autoradiography corresponded to immunostaining for TNC, which was observed in inflammatory lesions at the border zone between the infarcted and non-infarcted areas of the left ventricle and at the epi/pericarditis lesions of the right ventricle. These results demonstrate the potential of 111In-TNC-Fab' imaging to monitor myocardial injury and inflammation and suggest the feasibility of the non-invasive detection of cardiac inflammation following acute MI in a preclinical stage before testing in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohide Ageyama
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition
| | | | | | - Tomoya Uehara
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Radiotherapy, Chiba University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Michiaki Hiroe
- Department of Cardiology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine.,Mie University Research Center for Matrix Biology
| | - Yasushi Arano
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Radiotherapy, Chiba University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Toshimichi Yoshida
- Mie University Research Center for Matrix Biology.,Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yasuhiro Yasutomi
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition
| | - Kyoko Imanaka-Yoshida
- Mie University Research Center for Matrix Biology.,Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine
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13
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Imanaka-Yoshida K, Matsumoto KI. Multiple Roles of Tenascins in Homeostasis and Pathophysiology of Aorta. Ann Vasc Dis 2018; 11:169-180. [PMID: 30116408 PMCID: PMC6094038 DOI: 10.3400/avd.ra.17-00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenascins are a family of large extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoproteins. Four family members (tenascin-C, -R, -X, and -W) have been identified to date. Each member consists of the same types of structural domains and exhibits time- and tissue-specific expression patterns, suggesting their specific roles in embryonic development and tissue remodeling. Among them, the significant involvement of tenascin-C (TNC) and tenascin-X (TNX) in the progression of vascular diseases has been examined in detail. TNC is strongly up-regulated under pathological conditions, induced by a number of inflammatory mediators and mechanical stress. TNC has diverse functions, particularly in the regulation of inflammatory responses. Recent studies suggest that TNC is involved in the pathophysiology of aneurysmal and dissecting lesions, in part by protecting the vascular wall from destructive mechanical stress. TNX is strongly expressed in vascular walls, and its distribution is often reciprocal to that of TNC. TNX is involved in the stability and maintenance of the collagen network and elastin fibers. A deficiency in TNX results in a form of Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (EDS). Although their exact roles in vascular diseases have not yet been elucidated, TNC and TNX are now being recognized as promising biomarkers for diagnosis and risk stratification of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Imanaka-Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan.,Mie University Research Center for Matrix Biology, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Matsumoto
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
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14
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Labrousse-Arias D, Martínez-Ruiz A, Calzada MJ. Hypoxia and Redox Signaling on Extracellular Matrix Remodeling: From Mechanisms to Pathological Implications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:802-822. [PMID: 28715969 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an essential modulator of cell behavior that influences tissue organization. It has a strong relevance in homeostasis and translational implications for human disease. In addition to ECM structural proteins, matricellular proteins are important regulators of the ECM that are involved in a myriad of different pathologies. Recent Advances: Biochemical studies, animal models, and study of human diseases have contributed to the knowledge of molecular mechanisms involved in remodeling of the ECM, both in homeostasis and disease. Some of them might help in the development of new therapeutic strategies. This review aims to review what is known about some of the most studied matricellular proteins and their regulation by hypoxia and redox signaling, as well as the pathological implications of such regulation. CRITICAL ISSUES Matricellular proteins have complex regulatory functions and are modulated by hypoxia and redox signaling through diverse mechanisms, in some cases with controversial effects that can be cell or tissue specific and context dependent. Therefore, a better understanding of these regulatory processes would be of great benefit and will open new avenues of considerable therapeutic potential. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Characterizing the specific molecular mechanisms that modulate matricellular proteins in pathological processes that involve hypoxia and redox signaling warrants additional consideration to harness the potential therapeutic value of these regulatory proteins. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 802-822.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Labrousse-Arias
- 1 Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Martínez-Ruiz
- 1 Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP) , Madrid, Spain .,2 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV) , Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Calzada
- 1 Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP) , Madrid, Spain .,3 Departmento de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid, Spain
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15
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Santana ET, Feliciano RDS, Serra AJ, Brigidio E, Antonio EL, Tucci PJF, Nathanson L, Morris M, Silva JA. Comparative mRNA and MicroRNA Profiling during Acute Myocardial Infarction Induced by Coronary Occlusion and Ablation Radio-Frequency Currents. Front Physiol 2016; 7:565. [PMID: 27932994 PMCID: PMC5123550 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery is the most commonly used experimental model to induce myocardial infarction (MI) in rodents. A high mortality in the acute phase and the heterogeneity of the size of the MI obtained are drawbacks recognized in this model. In an attempt to solve the problem, our group recently developed a new MI experimental model which is based on application of myocardial ablation radio-frequency currents (AB-RF) that yielded MI with homogeneous sizes and significantly reduce acute mortality. In addition, cardiac structural, and functional changes aroused by AB-RF were similar to those seen in animals with MI induced by coronary artery ligation. Herein, we compared mRNA expression of genes that govern post-MI milieu in occlusion and ablation models. We analyzed 48 mRNAs expressions of nine different signal transduction pathways (cell survival and metabolism signs, matrix extracellular, cell cycle, oxidative stress, apoptosis, calcium signaling, hypertrophy markers, angiogenesis, and inflammation) in rat left ventricle 1 week after MI generated by both coronary occlusion and AB-RF. Furthermore, high-throughput miRNA analysis was also assessed in both MI procedures. Interestingly, mRNA expression levels and miRNA expressions showed strong similarities between both models after MI, with few specificities in each model, activating similar signal transduction pathways. To our knowledge, this is the first comparison of genomic alterations of mRNA and miRNA contents after two different MI procedures and identifies key signaling regulators modulating the pathophysiology of these two models that might culminate in heart failure. Furthermore, these analyses may contribute with the current knowledge concerning transcriptional and post-transcriptional changes of AB-RF protocol, arising as an alternative and effective MI method that reproduces most changes seem in coronary occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo T Santana
- Rehabilitation Department, Universidade Nove de Julho São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regiane Dos Santos Feliciano
- Biophotonics Department, Universidade Nove de JulhoSão Paulo, Brazil; Medicine Department, Universidade Nove de JulhoSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrey J Serra
- Biophotonics Department, Universidade Nove de Julho São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Brigidio
- Medicine Department, Universidade Nove de Julho São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ednei L Antonio
- Cardiac Physiology Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo J F Tucci
- Cardiac Physiology Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lubov Nathanson
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Mariana Morris
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - José A Silva
- Medicine Department, Universidade Nove de Julho São Paulo, Brazil
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Adumeau P, Sharma SK, Brent C, Zeglis BM. Site-Specifically Labeled Immunoconjugates for Molecular Imaging--Part 1: Cysteine Residues and Glycans. Mol Imaging Biol 2016; 18:1-17. [PMID: 26754790 PMCID: PMC4722084 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-015-0919-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Due to their remarkable selectivity and specificity for cancer biomarkers, immunoconjugates have emerged as extremely promising vectors for the delivery of diagnostic radioisotopes and fluorophores to malignant tissues. Paradoxically, however, these tools for precision medicine are synthesized in a remarkably imprecise way. Indeed, the vast majority of immunoconjugates are created via the random conjugation of bifunctional probes (e.g., DOTA-NCS) to amino acids within the antibody (e.g., lysines). Yet antibodies have multiple copies of these residues throughout their macromolecular structure, making control over the location of the conjugation reaction impossible. This lack of site specificity can lead to the formation of poorly defined, heterogeneous immunoconjugates with suboptimal in vivo behavior. Over the past decade, interest in the synthesis and development of site-specifically labeled immunoconjugates—both antibody-drug conjugates as well as constructs for in vivo imaging—has increased dramatically, and a number of reports have suggested that these better defined, more homogeneous constructs exhibit improved performance in vivo compared to their randomly modified cousins. In this two-part review, we seek to provide an overview of the various methods that have been developed to create site-specifically modified immunoconjugates for positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, and fluorescence imaging. We will begin with an introduction to the structure of antibodies and antibody fragments. This is followed by the core of the work: sections detailing the four different approaches to site-specific modification strategies based on cysteine residues, glycans, peptide tags, and unnatural amino acids. These discussions will be divided into two installments: cysteine residues and glycans will be detailed in Part 1 of the review, while peptide tags and unnatural amino acids will be addressed in Part 2. Ultimately, we sincerely hope that this review fosters interest and enthusiasm for site-specific immunoconjugates within the nuclear medicine and molecular imaging communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Adumeau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 413 East 69th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Sai Kiran Sharma
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY10065, NY, USA
| | - Colleen Brent
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 413 East 69th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Brian M Zeglis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 413 East 69th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY10065, NY, USA.
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Maqbool A, Spary EJ, Manfield IW, Ruhmann M, Zuliani-Alvarez L, Gamboa-Esteves FO, Porter KE, Drinkhill MJ, Midwood KS, Turner NA. Tenascin C upregulates interleukin-6 expression in human cardiac myofibroblasts via toll-like receptor 4. World J Cardiol 2016; 8:340-350. [PMID: 27231521 PMCID: PMC4877363 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v8.i5.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of Tenascin C (TNC) on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases in human cardiac myofibroblasts (CMF).
METHODS: CMF were isolated and cultured from patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Cultured cells were treated with either TNC (0.1 μmol/L, 24 h) or a recombinant protein corresponding to different domains of the TNC protein; fibrinogen-like globe (FBG) and fibronectin type III-like repeats (TNIII 5-7) (both 1 μmol/L, 24 h). The expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines; interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, TNFα and the matrix metalloproteinases; MMPs (MMP1, 2, 3, 9, 10, MT1-MMP) was assessed using real time RT-PCR and western blot analysis.
RESULTS: TNC increased both IL-6 and MMP3 (P < 0.01) mRNA levels in cultured human CMF but had no significant effect on the other markers studied. The increase in IL-6 mRNA expression was mirrored by an increase in protein secretion as assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (P < 0.01). Treating CMF with the recombinant protein FBG increased IL-6 mRNA and protein (P < 0.01) whereas the recombinant protein TNIII 5-7 had no effect. Neither FBG nor TNIII 5-7 had any significant effect on MMP3 expression. The expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in human CMF was confirmed by real time RT-PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry. Pre-incubation of cells with TLR4 neutralising antisera attenuated the effect of both TNC and FBG on IL-6 mRNA and protein expression.
CONCLUSION: TNC up-regulates IL-6 expression in human CMF, an effect mediated through the FBG domain of TNC and via the TLR4 receptor.
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Pamukcu O, Baykan A, Bayram LC, Narin F, Cetin N, Narin N, Argun M, Ozyurt A, Uzum K. Anti-inflammatory role of obestatin in autoimmune myocarditis. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 43:47-55. [PMID: 26426263 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Obestatin is a popular endogeneous peptide, known to have an autoimmune regulatory effect on energy metabolism and the gastrointestinal system. Studies regarding the anti-inflammatory effects of obestatin are scarce. The aim of this study was to show the anti-inflammatory effect of obestatin in an experimental model of autoimmune myocarditis in rats. Experimental autoimmune myocarditis was induced in Lewis rats by immunization with subcutaneous administration of porcine cardiac myosin, twice at 7-day intervals. Intraperitoneal pretreatment with obestatin (50 μg/kg) was started before the induction of myocarditis and continued for 3 weeks. The severity of myocarditis was evidenced by clinical, echocardiographic and histological findings. In addition, by-products of neutrophil activation, lipid peroxidation, inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were measured in serum. Obestatin significantly ameliorated the clinical and histopathological severity of autoimmune myocarditis. Therapeutic effects of obestatin in myocarditis were associated with reduced lipid peroxidation, suppression of polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration and enhancement of glutathione synthesis, inhibition of serum inflammatory and activation of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Histopathologically, the left ventricle was significantly dilated, and its wall thickened, along with widespread lymphocytic and histocytic infiltration. The myocardium was severely infiltrated with relatively large mononuclear cells. These histopathological changes were observed in lesser degrees in obestatin-treated rats. This study demonstrated a novel anti-inflammatory effect of obestatin in an experimental model of autoimmune myocarditis. Consequently, obestatin administration may represent a promising therapeutic approach for myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Pamukcu
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ali Baykan
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | | | - Figen Narin
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nazmi Cetin
- School of Veterinarian Physiology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nazmi Narin
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Argun
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Ozyurt
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Kazim Uzum
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonryeon Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
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Frentzou GA, Drinkhill MJ, Turner NA, Ball SG, Ainscough JFX. A state of reversible compensated ventricular dysfunction precedes pathological remodelling in response to cardiomyocyte-specific activity of angiotensin II type-1 receptor in mice. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:783-94. [PMID: 26092119 PMCID: PMC4527284 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.019174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac dysfunction is commonly associated with high-blood-pressure-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, in response to aberrant renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activity. Ensuing pathological remodelling promotes cardiomyocyte death and cardiac fibroblast activation, leading to cardiac fibrosis. The initiating cellular mechanisms that underlie this progressive disease are poorly understood. We previously reported a conditional mouse model in which a human angiotensin II type-I receptor transgene (HART) was expressed in differentiated cardiomyocytes after they had fully matured, but not during development. Twelve-month-old HART mice exhibited ventricular dysfunction and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy with interstitial fibrosis following full receptor stimulation, without affecting blood pressure. Here, we show that chronic HART activity in young adult mice causes ventricular dysfunction without hypertrophy, fibrosis or cardiomyocyte death. Dysfunction correlated with reduced expression of pro-hypertrophy markers and increased expression of pro-angiogenic markers in the cardiomyocytes experiencing increased receptor load. This stimulates responsive changes in closely associated non-myocyte cells, including the downregulation of pro-angiogenic genes, a dampened inflammatory response and upregulation of Tgfβ. Importantly, this state of compensated dysfunction was reversible. Furthermore, increased stimulation of the receptors on the cardiomyocytes caused a switch in the secondary response from the non-myocyte cells. Progressive cardiac remodelling was stimulated through hypertrophy and death of individual cardiomyocytes, with infiltration, proliferation and activation of fibroblast and inflammatory cells, leading to increased angiogenic and inflammatory signalling. Together, these data demonstrate that a state of pre-hypertrophic compensated dysfunction can exist in affected individuals before common markers of heart disease are detectable. The data also suggest that there is an initial response from the housekeeping cells of the heart to signals emanating from distressed neighbouring cardiomyocytes to suppress those changes most commonly associated with progressive heart disease. We suggest that the reversible nature of this state of compensated dysfunction presents an ideal window of opportunity for personalised therapeutic intervention. Highlighted Article: A novel conditional mouse model was used to investigate early initiating stages of heart disease that are commonly overlooked, and identifies a ‘window of opportunity’ for personalised therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia A Frentzou
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Mark J Drinkhill
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Neil A Turner
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Stephen G Ball
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Justin F X Ainscough
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Taki J, Inaki A, Wakabayashi H, Matsunari I, Imanaka-Yoshida K, Ogawa K, Hiroe M, Shiba K, Yoshida T, Kinuya S. Effect of postconditioning on dynamic expression of tenascin-C and left ventricular remodeling after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. EJNMMI Res 2015; 5:21. [PMID: 25883880 PMCID: PMC4393400 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-015-0100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tenascin-C (TNC), an extracellular matrix glycoprotein, is expressed transiently in distinct areas in association with active tissue remodeling. This study aimed to explore how ischemic postconditioning (PC) affects myocardial expression of TNC and ventricular remodeling using 125I-labeled anti-TNC antibody (125I-TNC-Ab) in a rat model of ischemia and reperfusion. Methods In control rats (n = 27), the left coronary artery (LCA) was occluded for 30 min followed by reperfusion for 1, 3, 7, and 14 days. PC (n = 27) was performed just after the reperfusion. At the time of the study, 125I-TNC-Ab (1.0 to 2.5 MBq) was injected. Six to 9 h later, to verify the area at risk, 99mTc-MIBI (100 to 200 MBq) was injected intravenously just after the LCA reocclusion, with the rats sacrificed 1 min later. Dual tracer autoradiography was performed to assess 125I-TNC-Ab uptake and area at risk. To examine the ventricular remodeling, echocardiography was performed 2 M after reperfusion in both groups. Results In control rats, 125I-TNC-Ab uptake ratio at 1 day after reperfusion was 3.73 ± 0.71 and increased at 3 days (4.65 ± 0.87), followed by a significant reduction at 7 days (2.91 ± 0.55, P < 0.005 vs 3 days) and14 days (2.01 ± 0.17, P < 0.005 vs 1 and 3 days). PC attenuated the 125I-TNC-Ab uptake throughout the reperfusion time from 1 to 14 days; 2.59 ± 0.59 at 1 day, P < 0.05: 3.10 ± 0.42 at 3 days, P < 0.005: 1.93 ± 0.37 at 7 days, P < 0.05: 1.40 ± 0.07 at 14 days, P < 0.001. In echocardiography, PC reduced the ventricular end-diastolic and systolic dimensions (1.00 ± 0.06 cm to 0.83 ± 0.14 cm (P < 0.05) and 0.90 ± 0.15 cm to 0.62 ± 0.19 cm (P < 0.05), respectively) and prevented a decline of ventricular percentage fractional shortening (10.5 ± 3.7 to 28.2 ± 10.7, P < 0.005). Conclusions These data indicate that 125I-TNC-Ab imaging may be a way to monitor myocardial injury, the subsequent repair process, and its response to novel therapeutic interventions like PC by visualizing TNC expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Taki
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kanazawa University Hospital, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641 Japan
| | - Anri Inaki
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kanazawa University Hospital, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Wakabayashi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kanazawa University Hospital, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641 Japan
| | - Ichiro Matsunari
- The Medical and Pharmacological Research Center Foundation, Wo 32, Inoyama, Hakui, 925-0613 Japan
| | - Kyoko Imanaka-Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Mie University School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, 514-8507 Japan
| | - Kazuma Ogawa
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192 Japan
| | - Michiaki Hiroe
- Department of Nephrology and Cardiology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Shiba
- Division of Tracer Kinetics, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8640 Japan
| | - Toshimichi Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Mie University School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, 514-8507 Japan
| | - Seigo Kinuya
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kanazawa University Hospital, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641 Japan
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Machino-Ohtsuka T, Tajiri K, Kimura T, Sakai S, Sato A, Yoshida T, Hiroe M, Yasutomi Y, Aonuma K, Imanaka-Yoshida K. Tenascin-C aggravates autoimmune myocarditis via dendritic cell activation and Th17 cell differentiation. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e001052. [PMID: 25376187 PMCID: PMC4338691 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.001052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Tenascin‐C (TN‐C), an extracellular matrix glycoprotein, appears at several important steps of cardiac development in the embryo, but is sparse in the normal adult heart. TN‐C re‐expresses under pathological conditions including myocarditis, and is closely associated with tissue injury and inflammation in both experimental and clinical settings. However, the pathophysiological role of TN‐C in the development of myocarditis is not clear. We examined how TN‐C affects the initiation of experimental autoimmune myocarditis, immunologically. Methods and Results A model of experimental autoimmune myocarditis was established in BALB/c mice by immunization with murine α‐myosin heavy chains. We found that TN‐C knockout mice were protected from severe myocarditis compared to wild‐type mice. TN‐C induced synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)‐6, in dendritic cells via activation of a Toll‐like receptor 4, which led to T‐helper (Th)17 cell differentiation and exacerbated the myocardial inflammation. In the transfer experiment, dendritic cells loaded with cardiac myosin peptide acquired the functional capacity to induce myocarditis when stimulated with TN‐C; however, TN‐C‐stimulated dendritic cells generated from Toll‐like receptor 4 knockout mice did not induce myocarditis in recipients. Conclusions Our results demonstrated that TN‐C aggravates autoimmune myocarditis by driving the dendritic cell activation and Th17 differentiation via Toll‐like receptor 4. The blockade of Toll‐like receptor 4‐mediated signaling to inhibit the proinflammatory effects of TN‐C could be a promising therapeutic strategy against autoimmune myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Machino-Ohtsuka
- Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (T.M.O., K.T., T.K., S.S., A.S., K.A.)
| | - Kazuko Tajiri
- Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (T.M.O., K.T., T.K., S.S., A.S., K.A.)
| | - Taizo Kimura
- Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (T.M.O., K.T., T.K., S.S., A.S., K.A.)
| | - Satoshi Sakai
- Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (T.M.O., K.T., T.K., S.S., A.S., K.A.)
| | - Akira Sato
- Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (T.M.O., K.T., T.K., S.S., A.S., K.A.)
| | - Toshimichi Yoshida
- Mie University Research Center for Matrix Biology and Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan (T.Y., K.I.Y.)
| | - Michiaki Hiroe
- Department of Cardiology, National Center of Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (M.H.)
| | - Yasuhiro Yasutomi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institution of Biomedical Innovation, Tsukuba, Japan (Y.Y.)
| | - Kazutaka Aonuma
- Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (T.M.O., K.T., T.K., S.S., A.S., K.A.)
| | - Kyoko Imanaka-Yoshida
- Mie University Research Center for Matrix Biology and Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan (T.Y., K.I.Y.)
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Hong H, Chen F, Zhang Y, Cai W. New radiotracers for imaging of vascular targets in angiogenesis-related diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 76:2-20. [PMID: 25086372 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tremendous advances over the last several decades in positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) allow for targeted imaging of molecular and cellular events in the living systems. Angiogenesis, a multistep process regulated by the network of different angiogenic factors, has attracted world-wide interests, due to its pivotal role in the formation and progression of different diseases including cancer, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and inflammation. In this review article, we will summarize the recent progress in PET or SPECT imaging of a wide variety of vascular targets in three major angiogenesis-related diseases: cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and inflammation. Faster drug development and patient stratification for a specific therapy will become possible with the facilitation of PET or SPECT imaging and it will be critical for the maximum benefit of patients.
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Abstract
In almost all cardiac diseases, an increase in extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition or fibrosis occurs, mostly consisting of collagen I. Whereas replacement fibrosis follows cardiomyocyte loss in myocardial infarction, reactive fibrosis is triggered by myocardial stress or inflammatory mediators and often results in ventricular stiffening, functional deterioration, and development of heart failure. Given the importance of ECM deposition in cardiac disease, ECM imaging could be a valuable clinical tool. Molecular imaging of ECM may help understand pathology, evaluate impact of novel therapy, and may eventually find a role in predicting the extent of ECM expansion and development of personalized treatment. In the current review, we provide an overview of ECM imaging including the assessment of ECM volume and molecular targeting of key players involved in ECM deposition and degradation. The targets comprise myofibroblasts, intracardiac renin-angiotensin axis, matrix metalloproteinases, and matricellular proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans J de Haas
- From Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (H.J.d.H., V.F., J.N.); Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands (H.J.d.H.); Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy (E.A.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (V.F.); and Departments of Medicine and Radiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA (C.M.K.)
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25
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Schmerler P, Jeuthe S, O h-Ici D, Wassilew K, Lauer D, Kaschina E, Kintscher U, Müller S, Muench F, Kuehne T, Berger F, Unger T, Steckelings UM, Paulis L, Messroghli D. Mortality and morbidity in different immunization protocols for experimental autoimmune myocarditis in rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 210:889-98. [PMID: 24410878 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM We aimed to investigate the histological and clinical presentations of experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) induced by different immunization schemes. METHODS Male young Lewis rats were divided into five groups immunized by porcine myocardial myosin: subcutaneously (SC) 2 mg (in two 1-mg doses on day 0 and 7), 0 mg (sham group) subcutaneously into rear footpads (RF), 0.25 mg RF, 0.5 mg RF or 1 mg RF (all RF once on day 0). On day 21, left ventricular (LV) function was assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and cardiac catheterization. The type and degree of myocardial inflammatory infiltrates were determined by conventional histology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In the SC immunized rats and in the RF sham group, we observed 0% mortality, while in the actively RF immunized rats, mortality was 20, 20 and 44% for the 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg and 1 mg myosin doses respectively. Morbidity as defined by inflammatory infiltrates on haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was 22% in the SC immunized rats, 0% in the RF sham group and 100% in all actively RF immunized groups. We observed augmented relative ventricle weight and spleen weight, increased LV end-diastolic pressure, reduced LV developed pressure and reduced LV ejection fraction in all with myosin-immunized RF groups without any systematic dose effect. CONCLUSION Subcutaneous immunization to the neck and flanks did not induce a reproducible EAM, while RF myosin administration reliably led to EAM. Lower myosin doses seem to induce the complete histological and clinical picture of EAM while being associated with lower mortality, non-specific symptoms and animal distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Schmerler
- Center for Cardiovascular Research; Charité-University Medicine; Berlin Germany
| | - S. Jeuthe
- Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology; German Heart Institute; Berlin Germany
| | - D. O h-Ici
- Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology; German Heart Institute; Berlin Germany
| | - K. Wassilew
- Department of Pathology; German Heart Institute; Berlin Germany
| | - D. Lauer
- Center for Cardiovascular Research; Charité-University Medicine; Berlin Germany
| | - E. Kaschina
- Center for Cardiovascular Research; Charité-University Medicine; Berlin Germany
| | - U. Kintscher
- Center for Cardiovascular Research; Charité-University Medicine; Berlin Germany
| | - S. Müller
- Experimental Neurology; Charité-University Medicine; Berlin Germany
| | - F. Muench
- Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology; German Heart Institute; Berlin Germany
| | - T. Kuehne
- Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology; German Heart Institute; Berlin Germany
| | - F. Berger
- Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology; German Heart Institute; Berlin Germany
| | - T. Unger
- CARIM-School for Cardiovascular Diseases; Maastricht University; Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - U. M. Steckelings
- Center for Cardiovascular Research; Charité-University Medicine; Berlin Germany
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - L. Paulis
- Center for Cardiovascular Research; Charité-University Medicine; Berlin Germany
- Institute of Pathophysiology; Faculty of Medicine; Comenius University; Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - D. Messroghli
- Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology; German Heart Institute; Berlin Germany
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Can serum tenascin-C be used as a marker of inflammation in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy? Int J Pediatr 2013; 2013:608563. [PMID: 24106506 PMCID: PMC3782834 DOI: 10.1155/2013/608563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Tenascin-C (TN-C) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein that appears at sites of inflammation in cardiac pathologies. Aim of the Work. To evaluate the role of TN-C as a marker for active inflammation in children with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Subjects and Methods. 24 consecutive patients with primary nonfamilial DCM aged 6–72 months (mean 45.19 ± 11.03) were divided into group I, twelve patients with acute onset DCM (<6 months duration), and group II, twelve patients with chronic DCM (>6 months duration), and compared to 20 healthy age- and sex-matched controls. Investigations included estimation of serum TN-C and echocardiographic evaluation using M-mode and 2D speckle tracking echocardiography (STE). Results. Serum TN-C showed a higher significant statistical elevation among patients than controls (P < 0.001) and in group I than group II (P < 0.001). EF was significantly decreased, and LVEDD and EDV increased in patients than controls and in GI than GII. STE showed a statistically significant difference in global peak strain longitudinal (GPSL) average in patients than controls (P < 0.05) and between GI and GII (P < 0.001). STE wall motion scoring showed normokinesia (33.5%), hypokinesia (8.33%), and akinesia (50%) in GI and hypokinesia (100%) in GII. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between serum TN-C and GPSL average. Conclusions. Increased serum TN-C can be used as a marker of inflammation in DCM and is associated with the severity of heart failure and LV dysfunction as detected by STE.
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Sakamoto N, Hoshino Y, Misaka T, Mizukami H, Suzuki S, Sugimoto K, Yamaki T, Kunii H, Nakazato K, Suzuki H, Saitoh SI, Takeishi Y. Serum tenascin-C level is associated with coronary plaque rupture in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Heart Vessels 2013; 29:165-70. [PMID: 23532307 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-013-0341-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Tenascin-C, a large oligometric glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix, increases the expression of matrix metalloproteinases that lead to plaque instability and rupture, resulting in acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We hypothesized that a high serum tenascin-C level is associated with plaque rupture in patients with ACS. Fifty-two consecutive ACS patients who underwent emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and, as a control, 66 consecutive patients with stable angina pectoris (SAP) were enrolled in this study. Blood samples were obtained from the ascending aorta just prior to the PCI procedures. After coronary guide-wire crossing, intravascular ultrasonography (IVUS) was performed for assessment of plaque characterization. Based on the IVUS findings, ACS patients were assigned to two groups according to whether there was ruptured plaque (ruptured ACS group) or not (nonruptured ACS group). There were 23 patients in the ruptured group and 29 patients in the nonruptured group. Clinical characteristics and IVUS measurements did not differ between the two groups. Tenascin-C levels were significantly higher in the ruptured ACS group than in the SAP group, whereas there was no significant difference between the nonruptured ACS and SAP groups. Importantly, in the ruptured ACS group, tenascin-C levels were significantly higher than in the nonruptured ACS group (71.9 ± 34.9 vs 50.5 ± 20.5 ng/ml, P < 0.005). Our data demonstrate that tenascin-C level is associated with pathologic conditions in ACS, especially the presence of ruptured plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Sakamoto
- Department of Cardiology and Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan,
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Abstract
The term matricellular proteins describes a family of structurally unrelated extracellular macromolecules that, unlike structural matrix proteins, do not play a primary role in tissue architecture, but are induced following injury and modulate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. When released to the matrix, matricellular proteins associate with growth factors, cytokines, and other bioactive effectors and bind to cell surface receptors transducing signaling cascades. Matricellular proteins are upregulated in the injured and remodeling heart and play an important role in regulation of inflammatory, reparative, fibrotic and angiogenic pathways. Thrombospondin (TSP)-1, -2, and -4 as well as tenascin-C and -X secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), osteopontin, periostin, and members of the CCN family (including CCN1 and CCN2/connective tissue growth factor) are involved in a variety of cardiac pathophysiological conditions, including myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, aging-associated myocardial remodeling, myocarditis, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and valvular disease. This review discusses the properties and characteristics of the matricellular proteins and presents our current knowledge on their role in cardiac adaptation and disease. Understanding the role of matricellular proteins in myocardial pathophysiology and identification of the functional domains responsible for their actions may lead to design of peptides with therapeutic potential for patients with heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Forchheimer G46B, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Niebroj-Dobosz I. Tenascin-C in human cardiac pathology. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 413:1516-8. [PMID: 22687648 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Tenascin-C (TN-C), a hexameric extracellular matrix glycoprotein, is a pleiotropic regulator of a variety of cell functions associated with embryogenesis, wound healing, cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, and nerve regeneration. Due to its role in remodeling processes, TN-C is involved with many pathologic states including cardiac and vascular diseases as well as inflammation and cancer. Assessment of circulating TN-C may help with identification of heart disease, especially in conjunction other cardiac biomarkers. It may be considered a specific biomarker useful in detecting cardiac pathology, especially in early disease stages and subsequent monitoring of cardiologic therapy. This review will highlight the biochemistry and usefulness of TN-C in clinical laboratory diagnostics to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Niebroj-Dobosz
- Neuromuscular Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-106, Poland.
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Moon H, Park HE, Kang J, Lee H, Cheong C, Lim YT, Ihm SH, Seung KB, Jaffer FA, Narula J, Chang K, Hong KS. Noninvasive assessment of myocardial inflammation by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in a rat model of experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Circulation 2012; 125:2603-12. [PMID: 22550157 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.075283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited availability of noninvasive and biologically precise diagnostic tools poses a challenge for the evaluation and management of patients with myocarditis. METHODS AND RESULTS The feasibility of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging with magneto-fluorescent nanoparticles (MNPs) for detection of myocarditis and its effectiveness in discriminating inflammation grades were assessed in experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) (n=65) and control (n=10) rats. After undergoing CMR, rats were administered with MNPs, followed by a second CMR 24 hours later. Head-to-head comparison of MNP-CMR with T(2)-weighted, early and late gadolinium enhancement CMR was performed in additional EAM (n=10) and control (n=5) rats. Contrast-to-noise ratios were measured and compared between groups. Flow cytometry and microscopy demonstrated that infiltrating inflammatory cells engulfed MNPs, resulting in altered myocardial T(2)* effect. Changes in contrast-to-noise ratio between pre- and post-MNP CMR were significantly greater in EAM rats (1.08 ± 0.10 versus 0.48 ± 0.20; P<0.001). In addition, contrast-to-noise ratio measurement in MNP-CMR clearly detected the extent of inflammation (P<0.001) except for mild inflammation. Compared with conventional CMR, MNP-CMR provided better image contrast (CNR change 8% versus 46%, P<0.001) and detectability of focal myocardial inflammation. Notably, MNP-CMR successfully tracked the evolution of myocardial inflammation in the same EAM rats. CONCLUSIONS Magneto-fluorescent nanoparticle CMR permitted effective visualization of myocardial inflammatory cellular infiltrates and distinction of the extent of inflammation compared with conventional CMR in a preclinical model of EAM. Magneto-fluorescent nanoparticle CMR performs best in EAM rats with at least moderate inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeyoung Moon
- Division of MR Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongwon, South Korea
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31
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Kobayashi N, Odaka K, Uehara T, Imanaka-Yoshida K, Kato Y, Oyama H, Tadokoro H, Akizawa H, Tanada S, Hiroe M, Fukumura T, Komuro I, Arano Y, Yoshida T, Irie T. Toward in vivo imaging of heart disease using a radiolabeled single-chain Fv fragment targeting tenascin-C. Anal Chem 2011; 83:9123-30. [PMID: 22074352 DOI: 10.1021/ac202159p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies specific to a particular target molecule can be used as analytical reagents, not only for in vitro immunoassays but also for noninvasive in vivo imaging, e.g., immunoscintigraphies. In the latter case, it is important to reduce the size of antibody molecules in order to achieve suitable in vivo "diagnostic kinetics" and generate higher-resolution images. For these purposes, single-chain Fv fragments (scFvs; M(r) < 30 kDa) have greater potential than intact immunoglobulins (~150 kDa) or Fab (or Fab') fragments (~50 kDa). Our recent observation of enhanced tenascin-C (Tnc) expression at sites of cardiac repair after myocardial infarction prompted us to develop a radiolabeled scFv against Tnc for in vivo imaging of heart disease. We cloned the genes encoding the heavy and light chain variable domains of the mouse anti-Tnc monoclonal antibody 4F10, and combined them to create a single gene. The resulting scFv-4F10 gene was expressed in E. coli cells to produce soluble scFv proteins. scFv-4F10 has an affinity for Tnc (K(a) = 3.5 × 10(7) M(-1)), similar to the Fab fragment of antibody 4F10 (K(a) = 1.3 × 10(7) M(-1)) and high enough to be of practical use. A cysteine residue was then added to the C-terminus to achieve site-specific (111)In labeling via a chelating group. The resulting (111)In-labeled scFv was administered to a rat model of acute myocardial infarction. Biodistribution and quantitative autoradiographic studies indicated higher uptake of the radioactivity at the infarcted myocardium than the noninfarcted one. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) provided in vivo cardiac images that coincided with the ex vivo observations. Our results will promote advances in diagnostic strategies for heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Kobayashi
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyama-Kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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Advances in tenascin-C biology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:3175-99. [PMID: 21818551 PMCID: PMC3173650 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0783-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tenascin-C is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein that is specifically and transiently expressed upon tissue injury. Upon tissue damage, tenascin-C plays a multitude of different roles that mediate both inflammatory and fibrotic processes to enable effective tissue repair. In the last decade, emerging evidence has demonstrated a vital role for tenascin-C in cardiac and arterial injury, tumor angiogenesis and metastasis, as well as in modulating stem cell behavior. Here we highlight the molecular mechanisms by which tenascin-C mediates these effects and discuss the implications of mis-regulated tenascin-C expression in driving disease pathology.
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Okamoto H, Imanaka-Yoshida K. Matricellular proteins: new molecular targets to prevent heart failure. Cardiovasc Ther 2011; 30:e198-209. [PMID: 21884011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2011.00276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Matricellular proteins are highly expressed in reparative responses to pressure and volume overload, ischemia, oxidative stress after myocardial injury, and modulate the inflammatory and fibrotic process in ventricular remodeling, which leads to cardiac dysfunction and eventually overt heart failure. Generally, matricellular proteins loosen strong adhesion of cardiomyocytes to extracellular matrix, which would help cells to move for rearrangement and allow inflammatory cells and capillary vessels to spread during tissue remodeling. Among matricellular proteins, osteopontin (OPN) and tenascin-C (TN-C) are de-adhesion proteins and upregulate the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinases. These matricellular proteins could be key molecules to diagnose cardiac remodeling and also might be targets for the prevention of adverse ventricular remodeling. This review provides an overview of the role of matricellular proteins such as OPN and TN-C in cardiac function and remodeling, as determined by both in basic and in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Okamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido Medical Center, Sapporo, Japan. okamotoh@ med.hokudai.ac.jp
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Kimura T, Yoshimura K, Aoki H, Imanaka-Yoshida K, Yoshida T, Ikeda Y, Morikage N, Endo H, Hamano K, Imaizumi T, Hiroe M, Aonuma K, Matsuzaki M. Tenascin-C is expressed in abdominal aortic aneurysm tissue with an active degradation process. Pathol Int 2011; 61:559-64. [PMID: 21951663 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2011.02699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a common disease caused by segmental weakening of the aortic walls and progressive aortic dilation leading to the eventual rupture of the aorta. Currently no biomarkers have been established to indicate the disease status of AAA. Tenascin-C (TN-C) is a matricellular protein that is synthesized under pathological conditions. In the current study, we related TN-C expression to the clinical course and the histopathology of AAA to investigate whether the pattern of TN-C expression could indicate the status of AAA. We found that TN-C and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 were highly expressed in human AAA. In individual human AAA TN-C deposition associated with the tissue destruction, overlapped mainly with the smooth muscle actin-positive cells, and showed a pattern distinct from macrophages and MMP-9. In the mouse model of AAA high TN-C expression was associated with rapid expansion of the AAA diameter. Histological analysis revealed that TN-C was produced mainly by vascular smooth muscle cells and was deposited in the medial layer of the aorta during tissue inflammation and excessive destructive activities. Our findings suggest that TN-C may be a useful biomarker for indicating the pathological status of smooth muscle cells and interstitial cells in AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taizo Kimura
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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35
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Taki J, Inaki A, Wakabayashi H, Imanaka-Yoshida K, Ogawa K, Hiroe M, Shiba K, Yoshida T, Kinuya S. Dynamic expression of tenascin-C after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion: assessment by 125I-anti-tenascin-C antibody imaging. J Nucl Med 2010; 51:1116-22. [PMID: 20554738 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.109.071340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tenascin-C, an extracellular matrix glycoprotein, appears only in the early stages of embryonic development. It is not normally expressed in the adult heart but does reappear transiently in distinct areas in association with active tissue remodeling. The aim of this study was to explore serial changes in the expression of tenascin-C after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, using (125)I-labeled anti-tenascin-C antibody ((125)I-TNC-Ab) in a rat model of acute ischemia and reperfusion. METHODS The left coronary artery was occluded for 20 or 30 min, followed by reperfusion for 1, 3, or 7 d in rats with 20 min of ischemia and for 1, 3, 7, 14, or 28 d in rats with 30 min of ischemia. At the time of the study, (125)I-TNC-Ab (1.0-2.5 MBq) was injected. Three to 5 h later, to verify the area at risk, (99m)Tc-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (100-200 MBq) was injected intravenously just after the left coronary artery reocclusion and the rats were sacrificed 1 min later. Dual-tracer autoradiography was performed to assess (125)I-TNC-Ab uptake and the area at risk. RESULTS In rats with 20 min of ischemia, (125)I-TNC-Ab uptake peaked at 3 d after reperfusion, followed by faint uptake after 7 d (uptake ratios at 1, 3, and 7 d after reperfusion were 1.81 +/- 0.53, 2.46 +/- 0.79, and 1.23 +/- 0.17, respectively [P < 0.05 vs. 3 d]). In rats with 30 min of ischemia, uptake was high at 1 and 3 d after reperfusion (2.99 +/- 0.90 and 2.71 +/- 0.80, respectively), decreased at 7 and 14 d (1.94 +/- 0.23 and 2.06 +/- 0.37, respectively), and was weak at 28 d (1.47 +/- 0.27, P < 0.005 vs. 1 d, P < 0.05 vs. 3 d). CONCLUSION These data indicate that (125)I-TNC-Ab imaging may be a way to monitor myocardial injury and its repair process after ischemia and reperfusion by visualizing tenascin-C expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Taki
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan.
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36
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Abstract
Molecular imaging is a new and evolving field that employs a targeted approach to noninvasively assess biologic processes in vivo. By assessing key elements in specific cellular processes prior to irreversible end-organ damage, molecular tools will allow for earlier detection and intervention, improving management and outcomes associated with cardiovascular diseases. The goal of those working to expand this field is not just to provide diagnostic and prognostic information, but rather to guide an individual's pharmacological, cell-based, or genetic therapeutic regimen. This article will review molecular imaging tools in the context of our current understanding of biological processes of the myocardium, including angiogenesis, ventricular remodeling, inflammation, and apoptosis. The focus will be on radiotracer-based molecular imaging modalities with an emphasis on clinical application. Though this field is still in its infancy and may not be fully ready for widespread use, molecular imaging of myocardial biology has begun to show promise of clinical utility in acute and chronic ischemia, acute myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, as well as in more global inflammatory and immune-mediated responses in the heart-like myocarditis and allogeneic cardiac transplant rejection. With continued research and development, molecular imaging promises to be an important tool for the optimization of cardiovascular care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R. Morrison
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Albert J. Sinusas
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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Leuschner F, Katus HA, Kaya Z. Autoimmune myocarditis: past, present and future. J Autoimmun 2009; 33:282-9. [PMID: 19679447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure has become an increasingly prevalent disorder with considerable morbidity and mortality. While many causal mechanisms such as inherited cardiomyopathies, ischemic cardiomyopathy or muscular overload are easily identified in clinical practice, the molecular mechanisms that determine the progression of heart failure or ventricular remodelling are largely unknown. Autoimmune responses and inflammation are involved in the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular diseases. There is compelling evidence that inflammatory mechanisms may contribute to progressive heart failure. Thus, myocardial infiltration of lymphocytes and mononuclear cells, increased expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines and circulating autoantibodies are frequently observed in myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. In this review we give an overview on myocarditis and describe why diagnosis and treatment of myocarditis in the clinic can be difficult. We present current animal models and describe possible experimental approaches to improve diagnosis. Finally, we give an outlook on possible drug targets by describing the latest findings in the animal models focussing on chemokines and cytokines, T cell responses and interactions, tolerance induction and the development of autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Leuschner
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Morrison AR, Sinusas AJ. New molecular imaging targets to characterize myocardial biology. Cardiol Clin 2009; 27:329-44, Table of Contents. [PMID: 19306773 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccl.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imaging represents a targeted approach to noninvasively assess biologic (both physiologic and pathologic) processes in vivo. Ideally the goal of molecular imaging is not just to provide diagnostic and prognostic information based on identification of the molecular events associated with a pathologic process but rather to guide individually tailored pharmacologic, cell-based, or genetic therapeutic regimens. This article reviews the recent advances in myocardial molecular imaging in the context of the cardiovascular processes of angiogenesis, apoptosis, inflammation, and ventricular remodeling. The focus is on radiotracer-based single photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography molecular imaging approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Morrison
- Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8017, USA
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High prevalence of chronic myocarditis in dilated cardiomyopathy referred for left ventriculoplasty: expression of tenascin C as a possible marker for inflammation. Hum Pathol 2009; 40:1015-22. [PMID: 19297005 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2008.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2008] [Revised: 12/30/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to analyze the incidence of chronic myocarditis in dilated cardiomyopathy and to evaluate the diagnostic value of tenascin C for assessing inflammatory activity in the resected myocardium. Dilated cardiomyopathy patients with chronic myocarditis have a poor clinical outcome despite recent advances in medical treatments. Therefore, a precise diagnosis of inflammatory activity is critical to ensuring appropriate therapy. Tenascin C is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein that plays an important role in tissue remodeling in various heart diseases. Myocardial samples obtained during left ventriculoplasty from 64 patients (50 +/- 13 years, 56 men and 8 women) with dilated cardiomyopathy were examined by immunostaining for tenascin C. Histologic diagnosis was based on the Dallas criteria modified by the International Society and Federation of Cardiology task force. Nine cases (14%) had active myocarditis, 21 (33%) had borderline myocarditis, and 34 (53%) had no myocarditis. Intense tenascin C expression was observed at the site of active inflammation, with abundant cell accumulation, and in organized granulation tissue during the resolving phase but not in scar tissue during the healing phase. The ratio of tenascin C-positive area to the whole myocardium in the active and borderline myocarditis groups was significantly greater than that in the noninflammatory group. These findings suggest a high prevalence of chronic myocarditis in dilated cardiomyopathy patients and that tenascin C may prove to be a useful marker for distinguishing inflammatory cardiomyopathy from other types of dilated cardiomyopathy.
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40
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Odaka K, Uehara T, Arano Y, Adachi S, Tadokoro H, Yoshida K, Hasegawa H, Imanaka-Yoshida K, Yoshida T, Hiroe M, Irie T, Tanada S, Komuro I. Noninvasive detection of cardiac repair after acute myocardial infarction in rats by 111 In Fab fragment of monoclonal antibody specific for tenascin-C. Int Heart J 2008; 49:481-92. [PMID: 18753731 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.49.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Left ventricular (LV) remodeling after acute myocardial infarction (MI) causes heart failure, and thus it is important to evaluate cardiac repair as the early stage of LV remodeling. Tenascin-C (TNC), an extracellular matrix glycoprotein, is transiently and abundantly expressed in the heart during the early stage of tissue remodeling after MI. However, it is not expressed in healthy adult heart. This study was undertaken to develop a new noninvasive diagnostic technique to detect cardiac repair after acute MI using 111 In Fab fragment of a monoclonal antibody specific for TNC. 111 In-anti-TNC-Fab was injected intravenously in 13 rats at 1 (D1, n = 3), 3 (D3, n = 5), and 5 (D5, n = 5) days after producing MI and in 5 sham-operated rats (S). We performed autoradiography and dual-isotope single-photon emission computed tomography imaging (SPECT) of 111 In-anti-TNC-Fab and 99mTc methoxyisobutyl isonitrile (MIBI). The radioactivity in the heart was significantly higher in D (D1, 0.45 +/- 0.06% injected-dose/g; D3, 0.64 +/- 0.12; D5, 0.38 +/- 0.07) than S (0.27 +/- 0.06, P < 0.01 versus D1 and D3, P < 0.05 versus D5). By autoradiography, higher radioactivities were observed in the infarcted area than in the noninfarcted area of MI hearts. Dual-isotope SPECT demonstrated the regional myocardial uptake of 111 In-anti-TNC-Fab, which was complementary to the perfusion image. The results of the present study indicated that we can localize the infarcted region in the heart by ex vivo and in vivo imaging methods using 111 In-anti-TNC-Fab, and suggested the potential usefulness of noninvasive detection of cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Odaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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Nishioka T, Suzuki M, Onishi K, Takakura N, Inada H, Yoshida T, Hiroe M, Imanaka-Yoshida K. Eplerenone attenuates myocardial fibrosis in the angiotensin II-induced hypertensive mouse: involvement of tenascin-C induced by aldosterone-mediated inflammation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2007; 49:261-8. [PMID: 17513943 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e318033dfd4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tenascin-C is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein that is supposed to be a profibrotic molecule in various fibrogenic processes. To elucidate its significance for myocardial fibrosis in the hypertensive heart, we used a mouse model with infusion of angiotensin II and examined results by histology, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Angiotensin II treatment elevated blood pressure and expression of tenascin-C by interstitial fibroblasts in perivascular fibrotic lesions, and angiotensin II infusion caused accumulation of macrophages. It also upregulated expression of collagen Ialpha2; IIIalpha1; and proinflammatory/profibrotic mediators including transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta), platelet-derived growth factor alpha (PDGF-A), PDGF-B, and PDGF-receptor alpha, but not IL-1beta and PDGF-receptor beta, in the myocardium. Treatment with an aldosterone receptor antagonist, eplerenone, significantly attenuated angiotensin II-induced fibrosis, expression of tenascin-C, and inflammatory changes without affecting the blood pressure level. In vitro, neither eplerenone nor aldosterone exerted any influence on tenascin-C expression of cardiac fibroblasts, whereas angiotensin II, TGF-beta1, and PDGF significantly upregulated expression of tenascin-C. These results suggest that, in the angiotensin II-induced hypertensive mouse heart: (1) tenascin-C may be involved in the progression of cardiac fibrosis and (2) aldosterone may elicit inflammatory reactions in myocardium, which might, in turn, induce tenascin-C synthesis of fibroblasts through at least 2 pathways mediated by TGF-beta and PDGF-A-B/PDGF-receptor alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Nishioka
- Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
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Terasaki F, Okamoto H, Onishi K, Sato A, Shimomura H, Tsukada B, Imanaka-Yoshida K, Hiroe M, Yoshida T, Kitaura Y, Kitabatake A. Higher serum tenascin-C levels reflect the severity of heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Circ J 2007; 71:327-30. [PMID: 17322629 DOI: 10.1253/circj.71.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tenascin-C (TN-C), an extracellular matrix glycoprotein, is specifically expressed at high levels during embryonic development, but not in the adult heart. TN-C reappears at sites of inflammatory tissue remodeling or wound healing under various pathologic conditions, such as acute myocardial infarction, acute myocarditis, and some cases of cardiomyopathy. Therefore, the expression of TN-C might be useful for detecting the clinical characteristics of, and ventricular remodeling in, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). METHODS AND RESULTS Circulating serum TN-C levels in 107 patients with DCM were measured using an ELISA kit. Clinical data were also assessed by Pearson's or Spearman's correlation analysis to estimate correlations between variables. Serum TN-C levels in DCM patients were higher than those in normal controls (p<0.001). TNC levels showed a significantly positive correlation with New York Heart Association functional class (p<0.001), B-type natriuretic peptide level (p<0.001), cardiothoracic ratio on chest X-ray (p<0.01), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (p<0.05) and left ventricular end-systolic diameter (p<0.01), and a significantly negative correlation with left ventricular ejection fraction (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that increased serum TN-C levels indicate the severity of heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling in patients with DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Terasaki
- Department of Internal Medicine (III), Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan.
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Targeted glycoproteomics: serial lectin affinity chromatography in the selection of O-glycosylation sites on proteins from the human blood proteome. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1132:165-73. [PMID: 16919642 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2005] [Revised: 04/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although lectin selection is gaining increasing acceptance as a tool for targeting glycosylation in glycoproteomics, most of the work has been directed at N-glycosylation. The work reported here focuses on the use of lectins in the study of O-glycosylation. The problem with using lectins for studying O-glycosylation is that they are not sufficiently specific. This paper reports that through the use of serial lectin affinity chromatography (SLAC) it is possible to select predominantly O-glycosylated peptides from tryptic digests of human serum. Jacalin is relatively specific for O-glycosylation but has the problem that it also selects high mannose N-type glycans. This problem was addressed by using a concanavalin A affinity column to first remove high mannose, hybrid-type and biantennary complex-type N-type glycans before application of the Jacalin columns. When used in a serial format, concanavalin A and Jacalin together provide essentially O-glycosylated peptides. The glycoprotein parents of glycopeptides were identified by deglycosylating the selected O-glycopeptides by oxidative elimination. These peptides were then separated by RPC and further analyzed using ESI-MS/MS and MALDI-MS/MS. Using this approach all the O-glycosylated sites in a model protein (fetuin) and over thirty glycoprotein parents from human serum were identified. It is concluded that a serial combination of Con A and Jacalin can be of utility in the study of O-glycosylation in glycoproteomics.
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Heymans S, Pauschinger M, De Palma A, Kallwellis-Opara A, Rutschow S, Swinnen M, Vanhoutte D, Gao F, Torpai R, Baker AH, Padalko E, Neyts J, Schultheiss HP, Van de Werf F, Carmeliet P, Pinto YM. Inhibition of Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator or Matrix Metalloproteinases Prevents Cardiac Injury and Dysfunction During Viral Myocarditis. Circulation 2006; 114:565-73. [PMID: 16880329 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.105.591032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Acute viral myocarditis is an important cause of cardiac failure in young adults for which there is no effective treatment apart from general heart failure therapy. The present study tested the hypothesis that increased expression of the proteinases urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is implicated in cardiac inflammation, injury, and subsequent failure during Coxsackievirus-B3 (CVB3)–induced myocarditis.
Methods and Results—
First, we showed increased expression and activity of uPA and MMP-9 in wild-type mice at 7 days of CVB3-induced myocarditis. Targeted deletion of uPA, which resulted in reduced MMP activity and cytokine expression or inhibition of MMPs by adenoviral gene overexpression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1, decreased cardiac inflammation and reduced myocardial necrosis at 7 days and decreased cardiac fibrosis at 35 days after CVB3 infection. Importantly, loss of uPA or MMP activity prevented CVB3-induced cardiac dilatation and dysfunction, as determined by serial echocardiography.
Conclusions—
Loss of uPA or MMP activity reduces the cardiac inflammatory response after CVB3 infection, thereby protecting against cardiac injury, dilatation, and failure during CVB3-induced myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Heymans
- Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, CARIM, Department of Cardiology, P. Debyelaan 25, PO Box 5800, 6202AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Sato A, Aonuma K, Imanaka-Yoshida K, Yoshida T, Isobe M, Kawase D, Kinoshita N, Yazaki Y, Hiroe M. Serum tenascin-C might be a novel predictor of left ventricular remodeling and prognosis after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47:2319-25. [PMID: 16750702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2006] [Revised: 03/07/2006] [Accepted: 03/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated clinical implications of serum tenascin-C (TN-C) levels in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). BACKGROUND Tenascin-C, an extracellular matrix glycoprotein, is not normally expressed in the adult heart, but transiently appears during pathological conditions and plays important roles in tissue remodeling. METHODS Serum TN-C levels were measured by ELISA in 105 AMI patients at various time points, in 10 old myocardial infarction (OMI) patients, and 20 normal controls. RESULTS The mean serum TN-C level of AMI patients on admission (63.3 +/- 30.1 ng/ml) was significantly higher than that of controls and OMI (30.9 +/- 8.8 ng/ml and 27.4 +/- 11.7 ng/ml, respectively, p < 0.01), and peaked at 5 days (83.2 +/- 43.0 ng/ml). Follow-up examination (mean: 43.9 +/- 19.6 months) revealed that 25 of 105 AMI (23.8%) patients showed left ventricular (LV) remodeling (> or =20% end-diastolic volume increase), and in 15 (14.3%), major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were detected. The peak TN-C level was significantly higher in the remodeling group than the nonremodeling group (112 +/- 37 ng/ml vs. 66 +/- 29 ng/ml; p < 0.0001). By receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, TN-C levels clearly discriminated prediction of LV remodeling and MACE compared with other variables including plasma B-type natriuretic peptide, creatine kinase-MB, and LV function. Best predictive values of TN-C for remodeling and MACE were 84.8 and 92.8 ng/ml, respectively. Cox proportional hazards model analysis showed that TN-C was an important independent predictor of MACE. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that serum TN-C levels might be useful in predicting LV remodeling and prognosis after AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sato
- Department of Cardiology, Yokosuka Kyosai Hospital, Yokosuka, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Ban-An Khaw
- School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Mugar Building, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Le Guludec D, Sarda L, Rouzet F, Merlet P, Slama MS, Lebtahi R. Imaging inflammatory cardiomyopathies. J Nucl Cardiol 2005; 12:731-9. [PMID: 16344235 DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclcard.2005.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Le Guludec
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bichat Hospital, AP-HP, and Faculté Xavier Bichat EA3512, Paris, France
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Funabashi N, Komuro I. Focal myocardial fibrosis and edema in acute myocarditis demonstrated by multislice computed tomography. Int J Cardiol 2005; 105:346-8. [PMID: 16274784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2004.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2004] [Accepted: 12/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tamaoki M, Imanaka-Yoshida K, Yokoyama K, Nishioka T, Inada H, Hiroe M, Sakakura T, Yoshida T. Tenascin-C regulates recruitment of myofibroblasts during tissue repair after myocardial injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2005; 167:71-80. [PMID: 15972953 PMCID: PMC1603439 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62954-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tenascin-C (TN-C) is an extracellular matrix molecule that is expressed during wound healing in various tissues. Although not detectable in the normal adult heart, it is expressed under pathological conditions. Previously, using a rat model, we found that TN-C was expressed during the acute stage after myocardial infarction and that alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA)-positive myofibroblasts appeared in TN-C-positive areas. In the present study, we examined whether TN-C controls the dynamics of myofibroblast recruitment and wound healing after electrical injury to the myocardium of TN-C knockout (TNKO) mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice. In TNKO mice, myocardial repair seemed to proceed normally, but the appearance of myofibroblasts was delayed. With cultured cardiac fibroblasts, TN-C significantly accelerated cell migration, alpha-SMA expression, and collagen gel contraction but did not affect proliferation. Using recombinant fragments of murine TN-C, the functional domain responsible for promoting migration of cardiac fibroblasts was mapped to the conserved fibronectin type III (FNIII)-like repeats and the fibrinogen (Fbg)-like domain. Furthermore, alternatively spliced FNIII and Fbg-like domains proved responsible for the up-regulation of alpha-SMA expression. These results indicate that TN-C promotes recruitment of myofibroblasts in the early stages of myocardial repair by stimulating cell migration and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Tamaoki
- Department of Pathology and Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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Morimoto SI, Imanaka-Yoshida K, Hiramitsu S, Kato S, Ohtsuki M, Uemura A, Kato Y, Nishikawa T, Toyozaki T, Hishida H, Yoshida T, Hiroe M. Diagnostic utility of tenascin-C for evaluation of the activity of human acute myocarditis. J Pathol 2005; 205:460-7. [PMID: 15685595 DOI: 10.1002/path.1730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Tenascin-C (TN-C) is an extracellular matrix protein that is expressed transiently in close association with tissue remodelling in various body sites. In the heart, TN-C is only present during early stages of development, is not expressed in the normal adult, but reappears in pathological states. The purpose of this study was to analyse the expression of TN-C in myocardial tissue from myocarditis patients, and to evaluate the diagnostic value of immunostaining for TN-C in the assessment of inflammatory activity in biopsy specimens. A total of 113 biopsy specimens obtained from 32 patients with a clinical diagnosis of acute myocarditis were examined by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization for TN-C. The immunostaining was semi-quantified and compared with histological diagnosis according to the Dallas criteria. Furthermore, serial biopsies from 22 patients were taken during convalescence, and sequential changes in TN-C levels were analysed. Expression of TN-C was specifically detected in endomyocardial biopsy specimens from patients with active-stage inflammation, and disappeared in healed stages. The degree of expression of TN-C correlated with the severity of histological lesions. These data suggest that TN-C reflects disease activity in cases of human myocarditis. Immunostaining for TN-C could enhance the sensitivity and accuracy of diagnosis using biopsy specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichiro Morimoto
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
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