1
|
Gordon EM, Ravicz JR, Liu S, Chawla SP, Hall FL. Cell cycle checkpoint control: The cyclin G1/Mdm2/p53 axis emerges as a strategic target for broad-spectrum cancer gene therapy - A review of molecular mechanisms for oncologists. Mol Clin Oncol 2018; 9:115-134. [PMID: 30101008 PMCID: PMC6083405 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2018.1657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic research in genetics, biochemistry and cell biology has identified the executive enzymes and protein kinase activities that regulate the cell division cycle of all eukaryotic organisms, thereby elucidating the importance of site-specific protein phosphorylation events that govern cell cycle progression. Research in cancer genomics and virology has provided meaningful links to mammalian checkpoint control elements with the characterization of growth-promoting proto-oncogenes encoding c-Myc, Mdm2, cyclins A, D1 and G1, and opposing tumor suppressor proteins, such as p53, pRb, p16INK4A and p21WAF1, which are commonly dysregulated in cancer. While progress has been made in identifying numerous enzymes and molecular interactions associated with cell cycle checkpoint control, the marked complexity, particularly the functional redundancy, of these cell cycle control enzymes in mammalian systems, presents a major challenge in discerning an optimal locus for therapeutic intervention in the clinical management of cancer. Recent advances in genetic engineering, functional genomics and clinical oncology converged in identifying cyclin G1 (CCNG1 gene) as a pivotal component of a commanding cyclin G1/Mdm2/p53 axis and a strategic locus for re-establishing cell cycle control by means of therapeutic gene transfer. The purpose of the present study is to provide a focused review of cycle checkpoint control as a practicum for clinical oncologists with an interest in applied molecular medicine. The aim is to present a unifying model that: i) clarifies the function of cyclin G1 in establishing proliferative competence, overriding p53 checkpoints and advancing cell cycle progression; ii) is supported by studies of inhibitory microRNAs linking CCNG1 expression to the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and viral subversion; and iii) provides a mechanistic basis for understanding the broad-spectrum anticancer activity and single-agent efficacy observed with dominant-negative cyclin G1, whose cytocidal mechanism of action triggers programmed cell death. Clinically, the utility of companion diagnostics for cyclin G1 pathways is anticipated in the staging, prognosis and treatment of cancers, including the potential for rational combinatorial therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erlinda M Gordon
- Cancer Center of Southern California/Sarcoma Oncology Center, Santa Monica, CA 90403, USA.,Aveni Foundation, Santa Monica, CA 90405, USA.,DELTA Next-Gen, LLC, Santa Monica, CA 90405, USA
| | - Joshua R Ravicz
- Cancer Center of Southern California/Sarcoma Oncology Center, Santa Monica, CA 90403, USA
| | - Seiya Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sant P Chawla
- Cancer Center of Southern California/Sarcoma Oncology Center, Santa Monica, CA 90403, USA
| | - Frederick L Hall
- Aveni Foundation, Santa Monica, CA 90405, USA.,DELTA Next-Gen, LLC, Santa Monica, CA 90405, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chandiwal A, Balasubramanian V, Baldwin ZK, Conte MS, Schwartz LB. Gene Therapy for the Extension of Vein Graft Patency: A Review. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2016; 39:1-14. [PMID: 15696243 DOI: 10.1177/153857440503900101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The mainstay of treatment for long-segment small-vessel chronic occlusive disease not amenable to endovascular intervention remains surgical bypass grafting using autologous vein. The procedure is largely successful and the immediate operative results almost always favorable. However, the lifespan of a given vein graft is highly variable, and less than 50% will remain primarily patent after 5 years. The slow process of graft malfunction is a result of the vein's chronic maladaptive response to the systemic arterial environment, its primary component being the uncontrolled proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). It has recently been suggested that this response might be attenuated through pre-implantation genetic modification of the vein, so-called gene therapy for the extension of vein graft patency. Gene therapy seems particularly well suited for the prevention or postponement of vein graft failure since: (1) the stimulation of SMC proliferation appears to largely be an early and transient process, matching the kinetics of current gene transfer technology; (2) most veins are relatively normal and free of disease at the time of bypass allowing for effective gene transfer using a variety of systems; and (3) the target tissue is directly accessible during operation because manipulation and irrigation of the vein is part of the normal workflow of the surgical procedure. This review briefly summarizes the current knowledge of the incidence and basic mechanisms of vein graft failure, the vector systems and molecular targets that have been proposed as possible pre-treatments, the results of experimental genetic modification of vein grafts, and the few available clinical studies of gene therapy for vascular proliferative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amito Chandiwal
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Goh D, Tan A, Farhatnia Y, Rajadas J, Alavijeh MS, Seifalian AM. Nanotechnology-Based Gene-Eluting Stents. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1279-98. [DOI: 10.1021/mp3006616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Goh
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
- UCL Medical School, University
College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Tan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
- UCL Medical School, University
College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Yasmin Farhatnia
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
| | - Jayakumar Rajadas
- Biomaterials & Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratory, School of Medicine, Stanford University, California 94305, United States
| | | | - Alexander M. Seifalian
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation
Trust, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Barbato JE, Kibbe MR, Tzeng E. The Emerging Role of Gene Therapy in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10408360390250621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
5
|
Lysine-independent turnover of cyclin G1 can be stabilized by B'alpha subunits of protein phosphatase 2A. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 29:919-28. [PMID: 18981217 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00907-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the cyclin G1 gene is known to be regulated at the transcriptional level by p53, less is understood about the turnover of its protein product. We found that ectopically and endogenously expressed cyclin G1 protein is highly unstable and is degraded by a proteasome-mediated pathway. The N-terminal 137 amino acids of cyclin G1 (cyclin G(1-137)) are necessary and sufficient for both cyclin G1 ubiquitination and turnover. Interestingly, a mutant cyclin G1 (8KR) in which all lysine residues in this region have been replaced with arginine can be both ubiquitinated in cells and stabilized by a proteasome inhibitor to a similar extent as wild-type cyclin G(1-137). Furthermore, the presence of a six-Myc tag at the N terminus of cyclin G(1-137) significantly inhibits the protein's turnover, suggesting a role for the extreme N terminus of the protein in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. Although we and others previously showed that cyclin G1 protein can bind to MDM2, which functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase to p53 and itself, cyclin G1 protein can be degraded in cells without MDM2 and p53. Interestingly, the B'alpha1 subunit of the serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A, which binds to cyclin G1, can stabilize cyclin G1 under unstressed conditions and upon DNA damage, as well as inhibit the ability of cyclin G1 to be ubiquitinated. Our results thus indicate that proteasomal turnover of cyclin G1 is regulated by noncanonical processes.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ng VY, Morisseau C, Falck JR, Hammock BD, Kroetz DL. Inhibition of smooth muscle proliferation by urea-based alkanoic acids via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-dependent repression of cyclin D1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26:2462-8. [PMID: 16917105 PMCID: PMC1904341 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000242013.29441.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Proliferation of smooth muscle cells is implicated in cardiovascular complications. Previously, a urea-based soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor was shown to attenuate smooth muscle cell proliferation. We examined the possibility that urea-based alkanoic acids activate the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) and the role of PPARalpha in smooth muscle cell proliferation. METHODS AND RESULTS Alkanoic acids transactivated PPARalpha, induced binding of PPARalpha to its response element, and significantly induced the expression of PPARalpha-responsive genes, showing their function as PPARalpha agonists. Furthermore, the alkanoic acids attenuated platelet-derived growth factor-induced smooth muscle cell proliferation via repression of cyclin D1 expression. Using small interfering RNA to decrease endogenous PPARalpha expression, it was determined that PPARalpha was partially involved in the cyclin D1 repression. The antiproliferative effects of alkanoic acids may also be attributed to their inhibitory effects on soluble epoxide hydrolase, because epoxyeicosatrienoic acids alone inhibited smooth muscle cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS These results show that attenuation of smooth muscle cell proliferation by urea-based alkanoic acids is mediated, in part, by the activation of PPARalpha. These acids may be useful for designing therapeutics to treat diseases characterized by excessive smooth muscle cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Y Ng
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-2911, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
González JM, Andrés V. Cytostatic gene therapy for occlusive vascular disease. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2006. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.16.4.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
8
|
Edo MD, Roldán M, Andrés V. Cyclin-dependent protein kinases as therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.13.5.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
9
|
Linde J, Strauss BH. Pharmacological treatment for prevention of restenosis. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2005; 6:281-302. [PMID: 15989527 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.6.2.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity among adults in the Western world. Coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) have gained widespread acceptance for the treatment of symptomatic CAD. There has been an explosive growth worldwide in the utilisation of PCI, such as balloon angioplasty and stenting, which now accounts for over 50% of coronary revascularisation. Despite the popularity of PCI, the problem of recurrent narrowing of the dilated artery (restenosis) continues to vex investigators. In recent years, significant advances have occurred in the understanding of restenosis. Two processes seem to contribute to restenosis: remodelling (vessel size changes) and intimal hyperplasia (vascular smooth muscle cell [VSMC] proliferation and extracellular matrix [ECM] deposition). Despite considerable efforts, pharmacological approaches to decrease restenosis have been largely unsuccessful and the only currently applied modality to reduce the restenosis rate is stenting. However, stenting only prevents remodelling and does not inhibit intimal hyperplasia. Several potential targets for inhibiting restenosis are currently under investigation including platelet activation, the coagulation cascade, VSMC proliferation and migration, and ECM synthesis. In addition, new approaches for local drug therapy, such as drug eluting stents, are currently being evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies. In this article, we critically review the current status of drugs that are being evaluated for restenosis at various stages of development (in vitro, preclinical animal models and human trials).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Linde
- The Roy and Ann Foss Interventional Cardiology Research Program, Terrence Donnelly Heart Center, 30 Bond Street, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bicknell KA, Surry EL, Brooks G. Targeting the cell cycle machinery for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. J Pharm Pharmacol 2003; 55:571-91. [PMID: 12831500 DOI: 10.1211/002235703765344487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease represents a major clinical problem affecting a significant proportion of the world's population and remains the main cause of death in the UK. The majority of therapies currently available for the treatment of cardiovascular disease do not cure the problem but merely treat the symptoms. Furthermore, many cardioactive drugs have serious side effects and have narrow therapeutic windows that can limit their usefulness in the clinic. Thus, the development of more selective and highly effective therapeutic strategies that could cure specific cardiovascular diseases would be of enormous benefit both to the patient and to those countries where healthcare systems are responsible for an increasing number of patients. In this review, we discuss the evidence that suggests that targeting the cell cycle machinery in cardiovascular cells provides a novel strategy for the treatment of certain cardiovascular diseases. Those cell cycle molecules that are important for regulating terminal differentiation of cardiac myocytes and whether they can be targeted to reinitiate cell division and myocardial repair will be discussed as will the molecules that control vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) and endothelial cell proliferation in disorders such as atherosclerosis and restenosis. The main approaches currently used to target the cell cycle machinery in cardiovascular disease have employed gene therapy techniques. We will overview the different methods and routes of gene delivery to the cardiovascular system and describe possible future drug therapies for these disorders. Although the majority of the published data comes from animal studies, there are several instances where potential therapies have moved into the clinical setting with promising results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrina A Bicknell
- Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Animal and Microbial Sciences, The University of Reading, PO Box 228, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AJ, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Stapfer M, Hu J, Wei D, Groshen S, Beart RW. Establishment of a nude mouse model of hepatic metastasis for evaluation of targeted retroviral gene delivery. J Surg Oncol 2003; 82:121-30; discussion 131. [PMID: 12561068 DOI: 10.1002/jso.10168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to establish a reproducible nude mouse model of liver metastasis and investigate the potential of deploying targeted injectable retroviral vectors for metastatic gastrointestinal cancer. METHODS Human cancer cells were injected into the portal vein via an indwelling catheter. The animals were sacrificed at specified time intervals, and the number of tumor nodules was counted in histologic sections of harvested livers. A group of animals received either an extracellular matrix-targeted or a nontargeted retroviral vector bearing a beta-galactosidase gene by portal vein infusion. RESULTS The number of tumor nodules increased progressively over time at </=50 days post-infusion (r = 0.81; P < 0.0001). Transduction of tumor nodules was observed in the animals that received a matrix-targeted, but not a nontargeted, vector. CONCLUSIONS We have established a reproducible nude mouse model of liver metastasis, and demonstrated the feasibility of gene delivery to metastatic tumor nodules in vivo by portal vein infusions of a matrix-targeted retroviral vector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stapfer
- Department of Surgery (Colorectal), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
de Nigris F, Lerman LO, Napoli C. New insights in the transcriptional activity and coregulator molecules in the arterial wall. Int J Cardiol 2002; 86:153-68. [PMID: 12419552 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5273(02)00328-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A number of vascular diseases are associated with abnormal expression of genes that contribute to their pathophysiological and clinical manifestations, but at the same time offer potential therapeutic targets. One of the promising therapeutic approaches targets the pathophysiological pathways leading to aberrant gene activation, namely transcriptional activity and its molecular modulators (agonists, antagonists, coregulators, and nuclear receptors). The transcription factors can be divided into four classes (I-IV) classified by structural elements, like basic leucine zipper (bZIP) or basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), which mediate their DNA binding activity but also determine the classes of drugs that can affect their activity. For example, statins modulate activation of the class-I transcription factor sterol responsive element-binding protein (SREBP), whose target genes including hydroxyl-methyl-glutaryl acetyl Coenzyme-A (HMG-CoA) reductase, HMG-CoA synthase, and the low-density lipoprotein receptor, all of which are involved in cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism. Similarly, insulin-like drugs target the nuclear receptor peroxisome-proliferator-activator-receptor (PPAR)-gamma (class-II), several anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB) (class-IV), while others (e.g. flavopiridol, rapamycin, and paclitaxel) target regulation of cell-cycle proteins. Increased understanding of the genetic and molecular basis of disease (e.g. transcriptional activity and its coregulation) will potentially enhance future diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of vascular diseases.
Collapse
|
13
|
Lenz HJ, Anderson WF, Hall FL, Gordon EM. Clinical protocol. Tumor site specific phase I evaluation of safety and efficacy of hepatic arterial infusion of a matrix-targeted retroviral vector bearing a dominant negative cyclin G1 construct as intervention for colorectal carcinoma metastatic to liver. Hum Gene Ther 2002; 13:1515-37. [PMID: 12215272 DOI: 10.1089/10430340260185148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
|
14
|
Francis SC, Raizada MK, Mangi AA, Melo LG, Dzau VJ, Vale PR, Isner JM, Losordo DW, Chao J, Katovich MJ, Berecek KH. Genetic targeting for cardiovascular therapeutics: are we near the summit or just beginning the climb? Physiol Genomics 2001; 7:79-94. [PMID: 11773594 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00073.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This article is based on an Experimental Biology symposium held in April 2001 and presents the current status of gene therapy for cardiovascular diseases in experimental studies and clinical trials. Evidence for the use of gene therapy to limit neointimal hyperplasia and confer myocardial protection was presented, and it was found that augmenting local nitric oxide (NO) production using gene transfer (GT) of NO synthase or interruption of cell cycle progression through a genetic transfer of cell cycle regulatory genes limited vascular smooth muscle hyperplasia in animal models and infra-inguinal bypass patients. The results of application of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) GT strategies for therapeutic angiogenesis in critical limb and myocardial ischemia in pilot clinical trials was reviewed. In addition, experimental evidence was presented that genetic manipulation of peptide systems (i.e., the renin-angiotensin II system and the kallikrein-kinin system) was effective in the treatment of systemic cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, heart failure, and renal failure. Although, as of yet, there are no well controlled human trials proving the clinical benefits of gene therapy for cardiovascular diseases, the data presented here in animal models and in human subjects show that genetic targeting is a promising and encouraging modality, not only for the treatment and long-term control of cardiovascular diseases, but for their prevention as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S C Francis
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida Brain Institute, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
This review will provide an overview of delivery strategies that are being evaluated for vascular gene therapy. We will limit our discussion to those studies that have been demonstrated, utilizing in vivo model systems, to limit post-interventional restenosis. We also discuss the efficacy of the vectors and methods currently being used to transfer genetic material to the vessel wall. The efficiency of these techniques is a critical issue for the successful application of gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R C Smith
- Division of Cardiovascular Research, St Elizabeth's Medical Center, Boston, MA 02135, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gordon EM, Zhu NL, Forney Prescott M, Chen ZH, Anderson WF, Hall FL. Lesion-targeted injectable vectors for vascular restenosis. Hum Gene Ther 2001; 12:1277-87. [PMID: 11440621 DOI: 10.1089/104303401750270931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathologic lesions caused by catheter-based revascularization procedures for occlusive artery disease include disruption of the endothelium, exposure of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, which lead to neointima formation and restenosis. We have developed matrix-collagen-targeted retroviral vectors that are able to accumulate at sites of vascular injury (Hall et al., Hum. Gene Ther. 1997;8:2183-2192; Hall et al., Hum. Gene Ther. 2000;11:983-993). The primary tissue-targeting motif, adapted from the physiological surveillance sequence found in von Willebrand factor, served to localize and concentrate the vector within vascular lesions. In the present study, we evaluated the efficiency of this vector-targeting system in rats with nonligated balloon-injured carotid arteries. Both intraarterial (by retrograde femoral artery catheterization) and intravenous (via femoral vein) injection of a matrix-targeted vector enhanced transduction of neointimal cells ( approximately 20%) at severely denuded areas when compared with the nontargeted vector (<1%). Further, intraarterial instillation of a matrix-targeted, but not a nontargeted, vector bearing an antisense cyclin G1 construct inhibited neointima lesion formation in the injured carotid arteries. Taken together, these data indicate that strategic targeting of retroviral vectors to vascular lesions would have therapeutic potential in the management of vascular restenosis and many other disorders of uncontrolled proliferation where endothelial disruption, ECM remodeling, and collagen deposition form the nexus for preferential vector localization and concentration in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E M Gordon
- Gene Therapy Laboratories, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hingtgen SD, Davisson RL. Gene therapeutic approaches to oxidative stress-induced cardiac disease: principles, progress, and prospects. Antioxid Redox Signal 2001; 3:433-49. [PMID: 11491655 DOI: 10.1089/15230860152409077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Heart and vascular diseases continue to rank among the most frequent and devastating disorders to affect adults in many parts of the world. Increasing evidence from a variety of experimental models indicates that reactive oxygen species can play a key role in the development of myocardial damage from ischemia/reperfusion, the development of cardiac hypertrophy, and the transition of hypertrophy to cardiac failure. The recent dramatic increase in availability of genomic data has included information on the genetic modulation of reactive oxygen species and the antioxidant systems that normally prevent damage from these radicals. Nearly simultaneously, progressively more sophisticated and powerful methods for altering the genetic complement of selected tissues and cells have permitted application of gene therapeutic methods to understand better the pathophysiology of reactive oxygen species-mediated myocardial damage and to attenuate or treat that damage. Although exciting and promising, gene therapy approaches to these common disorders are still in the experimental and developmental stages. Improved understanding of pathophysiology, better gene delivery systems, and specific gene therapeutic strategies will be needed before gene therapy of oxyradical-mediated myocardial damage becomes a clinical reality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S D Hingtgen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Autieri MV. Expression of anaphase-promoting complex 5 in balloon angioplasty-injured rat carotid arteries and mitogen-stimulated human vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 282:723-8. [PMID: 11401522 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We utilized differential display to identify differentially expressed mRNAs induced by balloon angioplasty injury. A recently described subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex, APC5, is not expressed in uninjured rat carotid arteries. Expression of APC5 mRNA is detectable as early as 1 day post-injury, reached maximal levels by 3-7 days, and declined by 14 days post-injury. APC5 is not expressed in serum-starved cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), but is strongly induced by mitogenic factors, and to a lesser extent by nonmitogenic cytokines. The kinetics of APC5 expression is associated with cell cycle progression, and corresponds with PCNA expression in PDGF-stimulated human VSMC. Interestingly, APC5 is expressed in most human tissues examined, regardless of their proliferative state. These data are the first description of the cytokine-inducible expression of APC5 and suggest that expression of this gene may represent an important event in the pathogenesis of vascular proliferative diseases.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome
- Angioplasty, Balloon/adverse effects
- Animals
- Apc5 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome
- Carotid Artery Injuries
- Carotid Artery, Common/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/pharmacology
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Ligases/genetics
- Male
- Mitogens/pharmacology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Complexes
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M V Autieri
- Department of Physiology, Heart Failure Research Group, Temple University School of Medicine, 3420 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Autologous saphenous vein is the conduit of choice for the bypass of arterial occlusive disease, be it in the peripheral arterial tree or in the coronary system. This technique is limited by primary graft failure rates approaching 20% in the first year for peripheral arterial disease and 50% at 10 years for coronary artery bypass grafting. The PREVENT trial describes a novel, safe and effective means of ex vivo transfection of harvested vein grafts with an E2F decoy oligonucleotide, with 70-74% decreases in the level of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and c-myc mRNA expressed by the smooth muscle cells in the vein. This translated into a statistically significant reduction in primary graft failure when used to bypass peripheral arterial occlusions in a high-risk human patient population.
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
A primary pathologic response to vascular injury is the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells and the development of neointimal lesions. An increasing body of knowledge regarding the molecular and genetic basis of neointimal disease has created a unique opportunity for the treatment of this complex disorder. Gene therapy attempts to correct pathobiological processes by either inhibiting or correcting cellular functions at the level of gene expression. These endpoints are achieved by the delivery of either functional genes or oligonucleotides, capable of interfering with a cell's programmed machinery. Since the early 1990s, the evolution of this technology, along with an ever-expanding source of pathobiological information, has led to many novel approaches for the treatment of restenosis in arterial balloon injury as well as vein graft bypass failure. Using a variety of targets, inhibition of proliferation has predominantly been achieved through direct disruption of the cell cycle machinery. In addition, others have demonstrated successful inhibition by interfering with the signals for cellular proliferation or the enhancement of anti-proliferative stimuli. As this exciting therapeutic alternative evolves, improvements in safety, specificity and efficiency will enhance the likelihood of widespread clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ehsan
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gordon EM, Chen ZH, Liu L, Whitley M, Liu L, Wei D, Groshen S, Hinton DR, Anderson WF, Beart RW, Hall FL. Systemic administration of a matrix-targeted retroviral vector is efficacious for cancer gene therapy in mice. Hum Gene Ther 2001; 12:193-204. [PMID: 11177556 DOI: 10.1089/104303401750061258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting cytocidal vectors to tumors and associated vasculature in vivo is a long-standing goal of human gene therapy. In the present study, we demonstrated that intravenous infusion of a matrix (i.e., collagen)-targeted retroviral vector provided efficacious gene delivery of a cytocidal mutant cyclin G1 construct (designated Mx-dnG1) in human cancer xenografts in nude mice. A nontargeted CAE-dnG1 vector (p = 0.014), a control matrix-targeted vector bearing a marker gene (Mx-nBg; p = 0.004), and PBS served as controls (p = 0.001). Enhanced vector penetration and transduction of tumor nodules (35.7 +/- 1.4%, mean +/- SD) correlated with therapeutic efficacy without associated toxicity. Kaplan-Meier survival studies were conducted in mice treated with PBS placebo, the nontargeted CAE-dnG1 vector, and the matrix-targeted Mx-dnG1 vector. Using the Tarone log-rank test, the overall p value for comparing all three groups simultaneously was 0.003, with a trend that was significant to a level of 0.004, indicating that the probability of long-term control of tumor growth was significantly greater with the matrix-targeted Mx-dnG1 vector than with the nontargeted CAE-dnG1 vector or PBS placebo. The present study demonstrates that a matrix-targeted retroviral vector deployed by peripheral vein injection (1) accumulated in angiogenic tumor vasculature within 1 hr, (2) transduced tumor cells with high-level efficiency, and (3) enhanced therapeutic gene delivery and long-term efficacy without eliciting appreciable toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E M Gordon
- Gene Therapy Laboratories, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery and Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Meyerson SL, Skelly CL, Curi MA, Schwartz LB. Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2000. [DOI: 10.1177/108925320000400410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade, gene therapy for the treatment of many inherited and acquired medical problems has become the subject of increasing focus in both the scientific litera ture and the lay press. This review examines the history and current status of gene therapy for advanced chronic periph eral and myocardial ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shari L. Meyerson
- Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Christopher L. Skelly
- Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Michael A. Curi
- Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Lewis B. Schwartz
- Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hall FL, Liu L, Zhu NL, Stapfer M, Anderson WF, Beart RW, Gordon EM. Molecular engineering of matrix-targeted retroviral vectors incorporating a surveillance function inherent in von Willebrand factor. Hum Gene Ther 2000; 11:983-93. [PMID: 10811227 DOI: 10.1089/10430340050015293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A major obstacle that limits the potential of human gene therapy is the inefficiency of gene delivery to appropriate sites in vivo. Previous studies demonstrated that the physiological surveillance function performed by von Willebrand factor (vWF) could be incorporated into retroviral vectors by molecular engineering of the MuLV ecotropic envelope (Env) protein. To advance the application of vWF targeting technology beyond laboratory animals, we prepared an extensive series of Env proteins bearing modified vWF-derived matrix-binding sequences and assembled these chimeric proteins into targeted vectors that are capable of transducing human cells. Initially, a dual envelope configuration was utilized, which required coexpression of a wild-type amphotropic Env. Subsequently, streamlined "escort" Env proteins were constructed wherein the inoperative receptor-binding domain of the targeting partner was replaced by the vWF-derived collagen-binding motif. Ultimately, an optimal construct was developed that exhibited properties of both extracellular matrix (ECM)-targeting and near wild-type amphotropic infectivity, and could be arrayed as a single envelope on a retroviral particle. On intraarterial instillation, enhanced focal transduction of neointimal cells (approximately 20%) was demonstrated in a rat model of balloon angioplasty. Moreover, transduction of tumor foci (approximately 1-3%) was detected after portal vein infusion of a matrix-targeted vector in a nude mouse model of liver metastasis. We conclude that the unique properties of these targeted injectable retroviral vectors would be suitable for improving therapeutic gene delivery in numerous clinical applications, including vascular restenosis, laser and other surgical procedures, orthopedic injuries, wound healing, ischemia, arthritis, inflammatory disease, and metastatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F L Hall
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kampmeier J, Behrens A, Wang Y, Yee A, Anderson WF, Hall FL, Gordon EM, McDonnell PJ. Inhibition of rabbit keratocyte and human fetal lens epithelial cell proliferation by retrovirus-mediated transfer of antisense cyclin G1 and antisense MAT1 constructs. Hum Gene Ther 2000; 11:1-8. [PMID: 10646634 DOI: 10.1089/10430340050016102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential of gene transfer of cell cycle control genes as treatment of corneal haze or secondary cataract formation. The guiding hypothesis is that strategic modulation of the cyclin G1 or MAT1 gene by retrovirus-mediated gene transfer will inhibit proliferation of rabbit keratocytes (RabK) and fetal human lens epithelial (FHLEpi) cells in vitro. RabK and FHLEpi cell cultures were transduced in triplicate with retroviral vectors bearing either a nuclear-targeted beta-galactosidase, an antisense cyclin G1 (aG1), an antisense MAT1 (aMAT1) construct, or the neo(r) gene. The presence of beta-galactosidase activity in the transduced cultures was detected by immunohistochemical X-Gal staining, while cyclin G1 and MAT1 protein expression levels were evaluated by Western analysis. Proliferation of RabKs and FHLEpi cells was analyzed by counting the number of cells in the aG1 and aMAT1 vector-transduced cultures over 5 days. The mean transduction efficiency was 34.4% (SD 1.41) for RabKs and 19.7% (SD 1.83) for FHLEpi cells. Downregulation of cyclin G1 and MAT1 protein expression was noted 24 hr after transduction of RabK cultures with the respective vectors. Cytostatic effects of the aG1 and aMAT1 vectors in both RabKs and FHLEpi cells were most pronounced on the fifth day (RabKs, p < 0.0007; FHEpi cells, p < 0.001). An increased incidence of apoptosis was identified in both aG1 and MAT1-transduced FHLEpi cells. Taken together, these data suggest the potential utility of developing aG1 and aMAT1 retroviral vectors in gene therapy protocols for corneal haze and secondary cataract formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Kampmeier
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Several phase I/II clinical trials are currently ongoing in gene therapy of cardiovascular disease. Whereas the indications vary, including peripheral artery disease, ischemic heart disease, post-angioplasty restenosis, and vein graft failure, these trials are mostly based on the use of adenoviral vectors and nonviral vectors. Novel vectors aimed at improving the efficacy and safety of gene delivery in target organs, such as heart, skeletal muscle, vasculature, and liver, have been recently generated. Some of them have already been successfully validated in preclinical models of cardiovascular disease. This review focuses on the most recent advances in vector development that could substantially increase the spectrum of cardiovascular pathologies amenable to gene transfer-based treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J F Dedieu
- Vector Development Department, Rhône-Poulenc Rorer Gencell, 13, quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pintucci G, Steinberg BM, Seghezzi G, Yun J, Apazidis A, Baumann F, Grossi EA, Colvin SB, Mignatti P, Galloway AC. Mechanical endothelial damage results in basic fibroblast growth factor–mediated activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases. Surgery 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6060(99)70187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
27
|
Abstract
Gene therapy for the treatment of many medical problems, including vascular disease, has become the subject of increasing discussion in both the scientific literature and the national press over the past decade. This review will examine the history and current status of gene therapy for vascular proliferative disorders and advanced chronic peripheral and cardiac ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S L Meyerson
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Illinois, IL 60637, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kibbe M, Billiar T, Tzeng E. Gene therapy and vascular disease. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 1999; 46:85-150. [PMID: 10332502 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60470-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Kibbe
- Department of General Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Goetze S, Xi XP, Graf K, Fleck E, Hsueh WA, Law RE. Troglitazone inhibits angiotensin II-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 nuclear translocation and activation in vascular smooth muscle cells. FEBS Lett 1999; 452:277-82. [PMID: 10386606 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)00624-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The thiazolidinedione troglitazone inhibits angiotensin II-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity in vascular smooth muscle cells. Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 by angiotensin II is a multistep process involving both its phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase in the cytoplasm and a subsequent translocation to the nucleus. The cytoplasmic activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 in vascular smooth muscle cells proceeds through the protein kinase Czeta --> mitogen-activated protein kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase --> extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. Troglitazone did not affect the angiotensin II-induced activation of protein kinase Czeta or its downstream signaling kinases extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 in the cytosol. In contrast, angiotensin II-induced activation of protein kinase Czeta and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 in the nucleus were both inhibited by troglitazone. Nuclear translocation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 induced by angiotensin II was completely blocked by troglitazone. Protein kinase Czeta, however, did not translocate upon angiotensin II stimulation. Troglitazone, therefore, inhibits both angiotensin II-induced nuclear translocation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and the nuclear activity of its upstream signaling kinase protein kinase Czeta. Since extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 nuclear translocation may be a critical signaling step for multiple growth factors that stimulate vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation and migration, troglitazone may provide a new therapeutical approach for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis and restenosis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/cytology
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromans/pharmacology
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- Kinetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Thiazoles/pharmacology
- Thiazolidinediones
- Troglitazone
- Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Goetze
- University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, 90095, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Goetze S, Xi XP, Kawano H, Gotlibowski T, Fleck E, Hsueh WA, Law RE. PPAR gamma-ligands inhibit migration mediated by multiple chemoattractants in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1999; 33:798-806. [PMID: 10226869 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-199905000-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-(PPAR gamma) ligands troglitazone (TRO), rosiglitazone (RSG), and 15-deoxy-delta prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) on vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration directed by multiple chemoattractants. Involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in migration also was examined, because TRO was previously shown to inhibit nuclear events stimulated by this pathway during mitogenic signaling in VSMCs. Migration of rat aortic VSMCs was induced 5.4-fold by PDGF, 4.6-fold by thrombin, and 2.3-fold by insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I; all values of p < 0.05). The PPAR gamma ligands 15d-PGJ2, RSG, or TRO all inhibited VSMC migration with the following order of potency: 15d-PGJ2 > RSG > TRO. Inhibition of MAPK signaling with PD98059 completely blocked PDGF-, thrombin-, and IGF-I-induced migration. All chemoattractants induced MAPK activation. PPAR gamma ligands did not inhibit MAPK activation, suggesting a nuclear effect of these ligands downstream of MAPK. The importance of nuclear events was confirmed because actinomycin D also blocked migration. We conclude that PPAR gamma ligands are potent inhibitors of VSMC migration pathways, dependent on MAPK and nuclear events. PPAR gamma ligands act downstream of the cytoplasmic activation of MAPK and appear to exert their effects in the nucleus. Because VSMC migration plays an important role in the formation of atherosclerotic lesions and restenosis, PPAR gamma ligands like TRO and RSG, which ameliorate insulin resistance in humans, also may protect the vasculature from diabetes-enhanced injury.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/cytology
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiology
- Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemotactic Factors/pharmacology
- Chemotactic Factors/physiology
- Chromans/pharmacology
- Cycloheximide/pharmacology
- Dactinomycin/pharmacology
- Enzyme Activation
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/pharmacology
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/physiology
- Ligands
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/physiology
- Prostaglandin D2/analogs & derivatives
- Prostaglandin D2/pharmacology
- Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/drug effects
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/physiology
- Rosiglitazone
- Thiazoles/pharmacology
- Thiazolidinediones
- Thrombin/pharmacology
- Thrombin/physiology
- Transcription Factors/drug effects
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Troglitazone
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Goetze
- University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology 90095, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Rade JJ, Cheung M, Miyamoto S, Dichek DA. Retroviral vector-mediated expression of hirudin by human vascular endothelial cells: implications for the design of retroviral vectors expressing biologically active proteins. Gene Ther 1999; 6:385-92. [PMID: 10435088 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3300824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We constructed a hirudin cDNA cassette, HV-1.1, that encodes mature hirudin variant-1 fused to the signal peptide of human tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA). The cassette was subcloned into retroviral vectors and used to transduce human vascular endothelial cells in vitro. Hirudin antigen and activity were measured by ELISA and thrombin inhibition assays, respectively. Transduced cells secreted up to 35 +/- 2 ng/10(6) cells/24 h of biologically active hirudin; expression was stable for at least 7 weeks. Recombinant hirudin, expressed from the HV-1.1 cassette, had a specific activity of 7.1 +/- 0.2 antithrombin units per microgram (ATU/microgram), compared with specific activities of approximately 12 ATU/microgram for both native leech hirudin and recombinant hirudin produced in yeast. Protein sequencing and mass spectroscopic analysis revealed the presence of an extra N-terminal serine residue, indicating aberrant cleavage of the t-PA signal peptide and likely accounting for the diminished activity. We therefore constructed a second cDNA cassette, HV-1.2, in which hirudin secretion was directed by the signal peptide of human growth hormone. Hirudin expressed from the HV-1.2 cassette had a specific activity of 13.5 +/- 0.2 ATU/microgram. Protein sequencing and mass spectroscopic analysis demonstrated proper cleavage of the growth hormone signal peptide. Thus, we achieved high level retrovirus-mediated secretion of biologically active hirudin from endothelial cells in vitro. Use of these vectors may permit sustained local antagonism of thrombin activity in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J J Rade
- Molecular Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wu L, Chen P, Hwang JJ, Barsky LW, Weinberg KI, Jong A, Starnes VA. RNA antisense abrogation of MAT1 induces G1 phase arrest and triggers apoptosis in aortic smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:5564-72. [PMID: 10026172 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.9.5564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The human MAT1 gene (ménage à trois 1) is an assembly factor and a targeting subunit of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-activating kinase. The novel mechanisms by which MAT1 forms an active CDK-activating kinase and determines substrate specificity of CDK7-cyclin H are involved in the cell cycle, DNA repair, and transcription. Hyperplasia of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) is a fundamental pathologic feature of luminal narrowing in vascular occlusive diseases, and nothing is yet known regarding the cell cycle phase specificity of the MAT1 gene in its involvement in SMC proliferation. To investigate such novel regulatory pathways, MAT1 expression was abrogated by retrovirus-mediated gene transfer of antisense MAT1 RNA in cultured rat aortic SMCs. We show that abrogation of MAT1 expression retards SMC proliferation and inhibits cell activation from a nonproliferative state. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that these effects are due to G1 phase arrest and apoptotic cell death. Our studies indicate a link between cell cycle control and apoptosis and reveal a potential mechanism for coupling the regulation of MAT1 with G1 exit and prevention of apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Wu
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles Research Institute, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Weihl C, Macdonald RL, Stoodley M, Lüders J, Lin G. Gene therapy for cerebrovascular disease. Neurosurgery 1999; 44:239-52; discussion 253. [PMID: 9932877 DOI: 10.1097/00006123-199902000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the principles of and the experimental and clinical results of gene therapy for cerebrovascular disease. METHODS Literature review. RESULTS Vectors for gene transfer into the brain or into the cerebral vasculature include naked plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid, cationic liposomes, and viruses such as adenovirus, retrovirus, adeno-associated virus, and herpes simplex virus. Experiments using these vectors showed that intra- or perivascular application to systemic arteries can lead to transfection and expression of a foreign transgene in the adventitia and the endothelium. Intrathecal administration can lead to transfection and foreign transgene expression in leptomeningeal cells as well as in fibroblasts of blood vessel adventitia. Biological effects demonstrated thus far include increased nitric oxide production by transfection of cerebral arterial adventitia with adenovirus expressing nitric oxide synthase. Adenoviruses carrying foreign genes have been used to decrease neuronal damage in cerebral ischemia and to decrease blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Vectors and therapeutic applications for gene therapy are evolving rapidly. CONCLUSION Gene therapy for cerebrovascular disease is likely to have clinical application in the near future and will have a major impact on neurosurgery. Neurosurgeons will need to be aware of the literature in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Weihl
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago Medical Center and Pritzker School of Medicine, Illinois 60037, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sylvester AM, Chen D, Krasinski K, Andrés V. Role of c-fos and E2F in the induction of cyclin A transcription and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. J Clin Invest 1998; 101:940-8. [PMID: 9486962 PMCID: PMC508643 DOI: 10.1172/jci1630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) contributes to vessel renarrowing after angioplasty. Here we investigated the transcriptional regulation of the cyclin A gene, a key positive regulator of S phase that is induced after angioplasty. We show that Ras-dependent mitogenic signaling is essential for the normal stimulation of cyclin A promoter activity and DNA synthesis in VSMCs. Overexpression of the AP-1 transcription factor c-fos can circumvent this requirement via interaction with the cAMP-responsive element (CRE) in the cyclin A promoter. Moreover, c-fos overexpression in serum-starved VSMCs results in the induction of cyclin A promoter activity in a CRE-dependent manner, and increased binding of endogenous c-fos protein to the cyclin A CRE precedes the onset of DNA replication in VSMCs induced by serum in vitro and by angioplasty in vivo. We also show that E2F function is essential for both serum- and c-fos-dependent induction of cyclin A expression. Taken together, these findings suggest that c-fos and E2F are important components of the signaling cascade that link Ras activity to cyclin A transcription in VSMCs. These studies illustrate a novel link between the transcriptional and cell cycle machinery that may be relevant to the pathogenesis of vascular proliferative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Sylvester
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02135, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hall FL, Gordon EM, Wu L, Zhu NL, Skotzko MJ, Starnes VA, Anderson WF. Targeting retroviral vectors to vascular lesions by genetic engineering of the MoMLV gp70 envelope protein. Hum Gene Ther 1997; 8:2183-92. [PMID: 9449372 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1997.8.18-2183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted gene delivery to vascular lesions is a major challenge in the development of gene therapy protocols for cardiovascular diseases. One approach would be to enable retroviral vectors to accumulate at sites of vascular injury and enhance local vector concentration. An early step in wound repair is the adhesion of platelets to collagen exposed from damaged vasculature. Hence, the Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV) envelope (env) protein was engineered to incorporate a high-affinity collagen-binding domain derived from von Willebrand clotting factor, and expressed in Escherichia coli and in mammalian cells. The chimeric env protein bound tightly to collagen, and virions bearing this collagen-binding env protein exhibited viral titers approaching those of virions expressing wild-type (WT) env protein. The chimeric virions were concentrated on collagen matrices, and they retained their infectivity under conditions in which virions bearing WT env protein were washed away. Targeted delivery of the chimeric env protein to injured mouse aorta and selective binding of the collagen-targeted virions to injured rabbit artery were observed. In comparative studies, vascular smooth muscle cell transduction was demonstrated in catheter-injured carotid arteries following infusion of collagen-targeted virions but not of virions bearing WT env protein. Taken together, these observations demonstrate the ability of collagen-targeted virions to localize gene delivery to sites of vascular injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F L Hall
- Department of Surgery, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, and the University of Southern California School of Medicine, 90033, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|