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Carnwath TP, Demel SL, Prestigiacomo CJ. Genetics of ischemic stroke functional outcome. J Neurol 2024; 271:2345-2369. [PMID: 38502340 PMCID: PMC11055934 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, which accounts for 87% of cerebrovascular accidents, is responsible for massive global burden both in terms of economic cost and personal hardship. Many stroke survivors face long-term disability-a phenotype associated with an increasing number of genetic variants. While clinical variables such as stroke severity greatly impact recovery, genetic polymorphisms linked to functional outcome may offer physicians a unique opportunity to deliver personalized care based on their patient's genetic makeup, leading to improved outcomes. A comprehensive catalogue of the variants at play is required for such an approach. In this review, we compile and describe the polymorphisms associated with outcome scores such as modified Rankin Scale and Barthel Index. Our search identified 74 known genetic polymorphisms spread across 48 features associated with various poststroke disability metrics. The known variants span diverse biological systems and are related to inflammation, vascular homeostasis, growth factors, metabolism, the p53 regulatory pathway, and mitochondrial variation. Understanding how these variants influence functional outcome may be helpful in maximizing poststroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy P Carnwath
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
| | - Stacie L Demel
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Charles J Prestigiacomo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
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2
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Dias DA, de Barros Penteado B, Dos Santos LD, Dos Santos PM, Arruda CCP, Schetinger MRC, Leal DBR, Dos Santos Jaques JA. Characterization of ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (E-NTPDase; EC 3.6.1.5) activity in mouse peritoneal cavity cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2017; 35:358-363. [PMID: 28871607 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the activity of ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (E-NTPDase; EC 3.6.1.5) in peritoneal cavity cells from BALB/c mice. E-NTPDase was activated in the presence of both calcium (1.5mM) and magnesium (1.5mM) ions. However, the activity was higher in the presence of Ca2+ . A pH of 8.5 and temperature of 37°C were the optimum conditions for catalysis. The apparent Km values were 0.51mM and 0.66mM for the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP), respectively. The Vmax values were 136.4 and 120.8 nmol Pi/min/mg of protein for ATPase and ADPase activity, respectively. Nucleotide hydrolysis was inhibited in the presence of sodium azide (20mM, ATP: P < .05; ADP: P < .001), sodium fluoride (20mM; ATP and ADP: P < .001), and suramin (0.3mM; ATP: P < .01; ADP: P < .05), which is a known profile for NTPDase inhibition. Although all of the diphosphate and triphosphate nucleotides that were tested were hydrolyzed, enzyme activity was increased when adenine nucleotides were used as substrates. Finally, we stress that knowledge of the E-NTPDase catalytic biochemical properties in mouse peritoneal cavity cells is indispensable for properly determining its activity, as well as to fully understand the immune response profile in both healthy and sick cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhébora Albuquerque Dias
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Geral e de Microrganismos, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Faculdade de Farmácia Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Bruna de Barros Penteado
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Geral e de Microrganismos, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Faculdade de Farmácia Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Lucas Derbocio Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Geral e de Microrganismos, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Faculdade de Farmácia Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Carla Cardozo Pinto Arruda
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Faculdade de Farmácia Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.,Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Maria Rosa Chitolina Schetinger
- Laboratório de Enzimologia Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniela Bitencourt Rosa Leal
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia Experimental e Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Jeandre Augusto Dos Santos Jaques
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Geral e de Microrganismos, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Faculdade de Farmácia Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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3
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Dubey RK, Fingerle J, Gillespie DG, Mi Z, Rosselli M, Imthurn B, Jackson EK. Adenosine Attenuates Human Coronary Artery Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation by Inhibiting Multiple Signaling Pathways That Converge on Cyclin D. Hypertension 2015; 66:1207-19. [PMID: 26416848 PMCID: PMC4644125 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.05912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine whether and how adenosine affects the proliferation of human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMCs). In HCASMCs, 2-chloroadenosine (stable adenosine analogue), but not N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine, CGS21680, or N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide, inhibited HCASMC proliferation (A2B receptor profile). 2-Chloroadenosine increased cAMP, reduced phosphorylation (activation) of ERK and Akt (protein kinases known to increase cyclin D expression and activity, respectively), and reduced levels of cyclin D1 (cyclin that promotes cell-cycle progression in G1). Moreover, 2-chloroadenosine inhibited expression of S-phase kinase-associated protein-2 (Skp2; promotes proteolysis of p27(Kip1)) and upregulated levels of p27(Kip1) (cell-cycle regulator that impairs cyclin D function). 2-Chloroadenosine also inhibited signaling downstream of cyclin D, including hyperphosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein and expression of cyclin A (S phase cyclin). Knockdown of A2B receptors prevented the effects of 2-chloroadenosine on ERK1/2, Akt, Skp2, p27(Kip1), cyclin D1, cyclin A, and proliferation. Likewise, inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and protein kinase A abrogated 2-chloroadenosine's inhibitory effects on Skp2 and stimulatory effects on p27(Kip1) and rescued HCASMCs from 2-chloroadenosine-mediated inhibition. Knockdown of p27(Kip1) also reversed the inhibitory effects of 2-chloroadenosine on HCASMC proliferation. In vivo, peri-arterial (rat carotid artery) 2-chloroadenosine (20 μmol/L for 7 days) downregulated vascular expression of Skp2, upregulated vascular expression of p27(Kip1), and reduced neointima hyperplasia by 71% (P<0.05; neointimal thickness: control, 37 424±18 371 pixels; treated, 10 352±2824 pixels). In conclusion, the adenosine/A2B receptor/cAMP/protein kinase A axis inhibits HCASMC proliferation by blocking multiple signaling pathways (ERK1/2, Akt, and Skp2) that converge at cyclin D, a key G1 cyclin that controls cell-cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghvendra K Dubey
- From the Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (R.K.D., M.R., B.I.); Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland (R.K.D.); Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (D.G.G., Z.M., E.K.J.); and Preclinical Pharma Research 68/209, F. Hoffmann-La-Roche, Basel, Switzerland (J.F.).
| | - Jürgen Fingerle
- From the Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (R.K.D., M.R., B.I.); Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland (R.K.D.); Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (D.G.G., Z.M., E.K.J.); and Preclinical Pharma Research 68/209, F. Hoffmann-La-Roche, Basel, Switzerland (J.F.)
| | - Delbert G Gillespie
- From the Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (R.K.D., M.R., B.I.); Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland (R.K.D.); Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (D.G.G., Z.M., E.K.J.); and Preclinical Pharma Research 68/209, F. Hoffmann-La-Roche, Basel, Switzerland (J.F.)
| | - Zaichuan Mi
- From the Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (R.K.D., M.R., B.I.); Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland (R.K.D.); Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (D.G.G., Z.M., E.K.J.); and Preclinical Pharma Research 68/209, F. Hoffmann-La-Roche, Basel, Switzerland (J.F.)
| | - Marinella Rosselli
- From the Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (R.K.D., M.R., B.I.); Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland (R.K.D.); Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (D.G.G., Z.M., E.K.J.); and Preclinical Pharma Research 68/209, F. Hoffmann-La-Roche, Basel, Switzerland (J.F.)
| | - Bruno Imthurn
- From the Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (R.K.D., M.R., B.I.); Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland (R.K.D.); Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (D.G.G., Z.M., E.K.J.); and Preclinical Pharma Research 68/209, F. Hoffmann-La-Roche, Basel, Switzerland (J.F.)
| | - Edwin K Jackson
- From the Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (R.K.D., M.R., B.I.); Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland (R.K.D.); Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (D.G.G., Z.M., E.K.J.); and Preclinical Pharma Research 68/209, F. Hoffmann-La-Roche, Basel, Switzerland (J.F.)
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4
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Puhl SL, Kazakov A, Müller A, Fries P, Wagner DR, Böhm M, Maack C, Devaux Y. Adenosine A1 receptor activation attenuates cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in response to α1 -adrenoceptor stimulation in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 173:88-102. [PMID: 26406609 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Adenosine has been proposed to exert anti-hypertrophic effects. However, the precise regulation and the role of the different adenosine receptor subtypes in the heart and their effects on hypertrophic signalling are largely unknown. We aimed to characterize expression and function of adenosine A1 receptors following hypertrophic stimulation in vitro and in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Pro-hypertrophic stimuli and adenosine A1 receptor stimulation of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and male C57/Bl6 mice, sc. drug administration, real-time PCR, (3) [H]-leucine-incorporation assay, immunostaining, tissue staining, Western blots, gravimetric analyses and echocardiography were applied in this study. KEY RESULTS In neonatal rat cardiomyocyte cultures, phenylephrine, but not angiotensin II or insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), up-regulated adenosine A1 receptors concentration-dependently. The hypertrophic phenotype (cardiomyocyte size, sarcomeric organization, total protein synthesis, c-fos expression) mediated by phenylephrine (10 μM), but not that by angiotensinII (1 μM) or IGF1 (20 ng·mL(-1) ), was counteracted by the selective A1 receptor agonist, N6-cyclopentyladenosine. In C57/BL6 mice, continuous N6-cyclopentyladenosine infusion (2 mg·kg(-1) ·day(-1) ; 21 days) blunted phenylephrine (120 mg·kg(-1) ·day(-1) ; 21 days) induced hypertrophy (heart weight, cardiomyocyte size and fetal genes), fibrosis, MMP 2 up-regulation and generation of oxidative stress - all hallmarks of maladaptive remodelling. Concurrently, phenylephrine administration increased expression of adenosine A1 receptors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We have presented evidence for a negative feedback mechanism attenuating pathological myocardial hypertrophy following α1 -adrenoceptor stimulation. Our results suggest adenosine A1 receptors as potential targets for therapeutic strategies to prevent transition from compensated myocardial hypertrophy to decompensated heart failure due to chronic cardiac pressure overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-L Puhl
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III (Kardiologie, Angiologie, Internistische Intensivmedizin), Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - A Kazakov
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III (Kardiologie, Angiologie, Internistische Intensivmedizin), Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - A Müller
- Klinik for interventionelle Radiologie, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - P Fries
- Klinik for interventionelle Radiologie, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - D R Wagner
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - M Böhm
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III (Kardiologie, Angiologie, Internistische Intensivmedizin), Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - C Maack
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III (Kardiologie, Angiologie, Internistische Intensivmedizin), Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Y Devaux
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
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5
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Eisenstein A, Patterson S, Ravid K. The Many Faces of the A2b Adenosine Receptor in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2891-7. [PMID: 25975415 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of the low affinity adenosine receptor subtype, the A2b adenosine receptor (A2bAR), has gained interest as a therapeutic target in various pathologic areas associated with cardiovascular disease. The actions of the A2bAR are diverse and at times conflicting depending on cell and tissue type and the timing of activation or inhibition of the receptor. The A2bAR is a promising and exciting pharmacologic target, however, a thorough understanding of A2bAR action is necessary to reach the therapeutic potential of this receptor. This review will focus on the role of the A2bAR in various cardiovascular and metabolic pathologies in which the receptor is currently being studied. We will illustrate the complexities of A2bAR signaling and highlight areas of research with potential for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Eisenstein
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shenia Patterson
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katya Ravid
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Evans Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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6
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Kim J, Andersson KE, Jackson JD, Lee SJ, Atala A, Yoo JJ. Downregulation of metabolic activity increases cell survival under hypoxic conditions: potential applications for tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:2265-72. [PMID: 24524875 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge to the success of cell-based implants for tissue regeneration is an insufficient supply of oxygen before host vasculature is integrated into the implants, resulting in premature cell death and dysfunction. Whereas increasing oxygenation to the implants has been a major focus in the field, our strategy is aimed at lowering oxygen consumption by downregulating cellular metabolism of cell-based implants. Adenosine, which is a purine nucleoside that functions as an energy transferring molecule, has been reported to increase under hypoxia, resulting in reducing the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) demands of the Na(+)/K(+) ATPase. In the present study, we investigated whether adenosine could be used to downregulate cellular metabolism to achieve prolonged survival under hypoxic conditions. Murine myoblasts (C2C12) lacking a self-survival mechanism were treated with adenosine under 0.1% hypoxic stress. The cells, cultured in the presence of 5 mM adenosine, maintained their viability under hypoxia, and regained their normal growth and function of forming myotubes when transferred to normoxic conditions at day 11 without further supply of adenosine, whereas nontreated cells failed to survive. An increase in adenosine concentrations shortened the onset of reproliferation after transfer to normoxic conditions. This increase correlated with an increase in metabolic downregulation during the early phase of hypoxia. A higher intracellular ATP level was observed in adenosine-treated cells throughout the duration of hypoxia. This strategy of increasing cell survival under hypoxic conditions through downregulating cellular metabolism may be utilized for cell-based tissue regeneration applications as well as protecting tissues against hypoxic injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyun Kim
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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7
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Burnstock G, Ralevic V. Purinergic signaling and blood vessels in health and disease. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 66:102-92. [PMID: 24335194 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.008029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signaling plays important roles in control of vascular tone and remodeling. There is dual control of vascular tone by ATP released as a cotransmitter with noradrenaline from perivascular sympathetic nerves to cause vasoconstriction via P2X1 receptors, whereas ATP released from endothelial cells in response to changes in blood flow (producing shear stress) or hypoxia acts on P2X and P2Y receptors on endothelial cells to produce nitric oxide and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, which dilates vessels. ATP is also released from sensory-motor nerves during antidromic reflex activity to produce relaxation of some blood vessels. In this review, we stress the differences in neural and endothelial factors in purinergic control of different blood vessels. The long-term (trophic) actions of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides and nucleotides in promoting migration and proliferation of both vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells via P1 and P2Y receptors during angiogenesis and vessel remodeling during restenosis after angioplasty are described. The pathophysiology of blood vessels and therapeutic potential of purinergic agents in diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, ischemia, thrombosis and stroke, diabetes, and migraine, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK; and Department of Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
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8
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Bot I, de Vries H, Korporaal SJA, Foks AC, Bot M, van Veldhoven J, Ter Borg MND, van Santbrink PJ, van Berkel TJC, Kuiper J, Ijzerman AP. Adenosine A₂B receptor agonism inhibits neointimal lesion development after arterial injury in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:2197-205. [PMID: 22743060 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.252924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The A(2B) adenosine receptor (A(2B)R) is highly expressed in macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells and has been established as an important regulator of inflammation and vascular adhesion. Recently, it has been demonstrated that A(2B)R deficiency enhances neointimal lesion formation after vascular injury. Therefore, we hypothesize that A(2B)R agonism protects against injury-induced intimal hyperplasia. METHODS AND RESULTS Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice were fed a Western-type diet for 1 week, after which the left common carotid artery was denuded. Mice were treated with the A(2B) receptor agonist BAY60-6583 or vehicle control for 18 days. Interestingly, lumen stenosis as defined by the neointima/lumen ratio was inhibited by treatment with the A(2B) receptor agonist, caused by reduced smooth muscle cell proliferation. Collagen content was significantly increased in the BAY60-6583-treated mice, whereas macrophage content remained unchanged. In vitro, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation decreased dose dependently whereas collagen content of cultured smooth muscle cells was increased by BAY60-6583. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that activation of the adenosine A(2B) receptor protects against vascular injury, while it also enhances plaque stability as indicated by increased collagen content. These outcomes thus point to A(2B) receptor agonism as a new therapeutic approach in the prevention of restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilze Bot
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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9
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Riksen NP, Rongen GA. Targeting adenosine receptors in the development of cardiovascular therapeutics. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2012; 5:199-218. [PMID: 22390562 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.12.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine receptor stimulation has negative inotropic and dromotropic actions, reduces cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury and remodeling, and prevents cardiac arrhythmias. In the vasculature, adenosine modulates vascular tone, reduces infiltration of inflammatory cells and generation of foam cells, and may prevent the development of atherosclerosis as a result. Modulation of insulin sensitivity may further add to the anti-atherosclerotic properties of adenosine signaling. In the kidney, adenosine plays an important role in tubuloglomerular feedback and modulates tubular sodium reabsorption. The challenge is to take advantage of the beneficial actions of adenosine signaling while preventing its potential adverse effects, such as salt retention and sympathoexcitation. Drugs that interfere with adenosine formation and elimination or drugs that allosterically enhance specific adenosine receptors seem to be most promising to meet this challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels P Riksen
- Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology 149 and Internal Medicine 463, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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10
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Gessi S, Merighi S, Sacchetto V, Simioni C, Borea PA. Adenosine receptors and cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:1400-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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11
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Cai Y, Miller CL, Nagel DJ, Jeon KI, Lim S, Gao P, Knight PA, Yan C. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1 regulates lysosome-dependent type I collagen protein degradation in vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 31:616-23. [PMID: 21148428 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.212621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) to a synthetic phenotype is vital during pathological vascular remodeling and the development of various vascular diseases. An increase in type I collagen (collagen I) has been implicated in synthetic VSMCs, and cyclic nucleotide signaling is critical in collagen I regulation. Herein, we investigate the role and underlying mechanism of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1 (PDE1) in regulating collagen I in synthetic VSMCs. METHODS AND RESULTS The PDE1 inhibitor IC86340 significantly reduced collagen I in human saphenous vein explants undergoing spontaneous remodeling via ex vivo culture. In synthetic VSMCs, high basal levels of intracellular and extracellular collagen I protein were markedly decreased by IC86340. This attenuation was due to diminished protein but not mRNA. Inhibition of lysosome function abolished the effect of IC86340 on collagen I protein expression. PDE1C but not PDE1A is the major isoform responsible for mediating the effects of IC86340. Bicarbonate-sensitive soluble adenylyl cyclase/cAMP signaling was modulated by PDE1C, which is critical in collagen I degradation in VSMCs. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that PDE1C regulates soluble adenylyl cyclase/cAMP signaling and lysosome-mediated collagen I protein degradation, and they suggest that PDE1C plays a critical role in regulating collagen homeostasis during pathological vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Cai
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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12
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Jackson EK, Ren J, Gillespie DG, Dubey RK. Extracellular 2,3-cyclic adenosine monophosphate is a potent inhibitor of preglomerular vascular smooth muscle cell and mesangial cell growth [corrected]. Hypertension 2010; 56:151-8. [PMID: 20516392 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.152454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently we discovered that intact kidneys release into the extracellular compartment 2',3'-cAMP (a positional isomer of 3',5'-cAMP with unknown pharmacology) and metabolize 2',3'-cAMP to 2'-AMP, 3'-AMP, and adenosine. Because adenosine inhibits growth of vascular smooth muscle cells and mesangial cells, we tested the hypothesis that extracellular 2',3'-cAMP attenuates growth of preglomerular vascular smooth muscle and mesangial cells via production of adenosine. For comparison, all of the experiments were performed with both 2',3'-cAMP and 3',5'-cAMP. In study 1, 2',3'-cAMP, 3',5'-cAMP, 5'-AMP, 3'-AMP, or 2'-AMP was incubated with cells and purines measured in the medium by mass spectrometry. Both preglomerular vascular smooth muscle and mesangial cells metabolized 3',5'-cAMP to 5'-AMP and adenosine; 5'-AMP to adenosine; 2',3'-cAMP to 2'-AMP, 3'-AMP, and adenosine; and 2'-AMP and 3'-AMP to adenosine. 3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (phosphodiesterase inhibitor) and 1,3-dipropyl-8-p-sulfophenylxanthine (ecto-phosphodiesterase inhibitor) blocked conversion of 3',5'-cAMP to 5'-AMP and adenosine, and alpha,beta-methylene-adenosine-5'-diphosphate (CD73 inhibitor) blocked conversion of 5'-AMP to adenosine. These enzyme inhibitors had little effect on metabolism of 2',3'-cAMP, 2'-AMP, or 3'-AMP. For study 2, 2',3'-cAMP and 3',5'-cAMP profoundly inhibited proliferation (thymidine incorporation and cell number) of both cell types, with 2',3'-cAMP more potent than 3',5'-cAMP. Antagonism of A(2B) receptors (MRS-1724), but not A(1) (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine), A(2A) (SCH-58261), or A(3) (VUF-5574) receptors, attenuated the growth inhibitory effects of 2',3'-cAMP and 3',5'-cAMP. Extracellular 2',3'-cAMP inhibits growth of preglomerular vascular smooth muscle and mesangial cells more profoundly than does 3',5'-cAMP. Although both cAMPs inhibit growth in part via conversion to adenosine followed by A(2B) receptor activation, their metabolism is mediated by different enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin K Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 100 Technology Dr, Suite 450, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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13
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Hsieh MS, Zhong WB, Yu SC, Lin JYC, Chi WM, Lee HM. Dipyridamole suppresses high glucose-induced osteopontin secretion and mRNA expression in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Circ J 2010; 74:1242-50. [PMID: 20453393 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-09-0561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic patients are frequently afflicted with medial artery calcification, a predictor of cardiovascular mortality. Diabetes induced the expression of osteopontin in arterial vasculature, which is an indicator of disease progression in artery calcification and vascular stiffness. Signal transduction and strategies that suppress high glucose-induced osteopontin expression in arterial vascular smooth muscle cells is investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS The incubation of rat aortic smooth muscle cells under high glucose concentration increased osteopontin protein secretion and mRNA expression. Treatment with dipyridamole decreased high glucose-induced osteopontin expression and secretion. Dipyridamole decreased glucose-induced osteopontin through inhibition of phosphodiesterase, thereby increasing intracellular levels of adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and guanosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP), and increased thioredoxin expression to inhibit the reactive oxygen species (ROS) system. Induction of osteopontin was reversed when cells were pretreated with N-[2-bromocinnamyl(amino)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide (H89, cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor), KT5823 (cGMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor), or dinitrochlorobenzene (thioredoxin reductase inhibitor). The antioxidant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, suppressed glucose-induced osteopontin expression by decreasing ROS concentration. Both H89 and KT5823 downregulated thioredoxin expression. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a novel effect for dipyridamole to suppress high glucose-induced osteopontin protein secretion and mRNA expression. Dipyridamole has antioxidant properties and a phosphodiesterase inhibitor activity, which might be useful to ameliorate diabetic vasculopathy and its cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Song Hsieh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taiwan
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14
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Chen TH, Chang CF, Yu SC, Wang JC, Chen CH, Chan P, Lee HM. Dipyridamole inhibits cobalt chloride-induced osteopontin expression in NRK52E cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 613:10-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Tofovic SP, Jackson EK, Rafikova O. Adenosine deaminase-adenosine pathway in hemolysis-associated pulmonary hypertension. Med Hypotheses 2009; 72:713-9. [PMID: 19237250 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hemolysis-associated pulmonary hypertension (HA-PH) is a serious clinical complication of various hemolytic disorders, and pulmonary hypertension (PH) is considered the greatest risk factor for death in patients with a hemolytic disorder. It is now well established that hemolysis causes the release of soluble hemoglobin and arginase from injured erythrocytes into plasma. This leads to nitric oxide (NO) deficiency, oxidative stress and a state of endothelial dysfunction that is associated with clinical development of PH. We challenge this concept and propose that in addition to the NO-arginase pathway, the adenosine deaminase-adenosine pathway plays a significant role in HA-PH and that modulation of this pathway may offer protective/therapeutic effects in HA-PH. Our preliminary data suggest that in HA-PH adenosine deaminase (ADA) is released from injured erythrocytes into plasma and that metabolic conversion of adenosine (ADO) to inosine by ADA reduces extracellular ADO levels. Adenosine, mainly via activation of adenosine A(2A) receptors, mediates a number of biological responses that may reduce hemolysis-induced vasculopathy and the risk of PH. Hypoxia is the strongest stimulus for ADO synthesis, and this increased ADO production counteracts some of the tissue/vascular injury caused by hypoxia itself. Unfortunately, under hypoxic conditions (anemia, vasoconstriction, and vaso-occlusion) in HA-PH, this "ADO negative-feed back" is abolished and the vascular protective effects of ADO are severely diminished by ADA released from injured erythrocytes. We hypothesize that in hemolytic anemia the repetitive release of ADA increases the risk for vaso-occlusive events and PH. We also propose that increase in extracellular ADO levels or activation of adenosine A(2A) receptors attenuates HA-PH, and we suggest further preclinical and clinical investigation of ADA inhibitors and ADO agonists in HA-PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevan P Tofovic
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 100 Technology Drive, Suite 450, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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16
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Dimopoulos GJ, Langner RO. Inhibition of phosphodiesterase has an additive effect on estrogen's ability to inhibit collagen synthesis in vascular smooth muscle cells. Vascul Pharmacol 2008; 50:78-82. [PMID: 19007913 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that estrogen has the ability to decrease collagen synthetic rates in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) by increasing cellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors have also been shown to inhibit collagen synthesis in VSMCs presumably by preventing the degradation of cAMP. Since estrogens and phosphodiesterase inhibitors are used clinically, it is important to determine the potential for phosphodiesterase inhibitors to potentiate estrogen's ability to inhibit collagen synthesis in VSMCs. The results of the present study demonstrate that the phosphodiesterase inhibitors cilostamide and Ro-20-1724 had an additive effect on estrogen's ability to inhibit collagen synthesis in VSMC. Also, the data suggests that phosphodiesterase inhibitors mediated this additive effect by increasing cellular levels of cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Dimopoulos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States.
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17
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Abstract
The A2b adenosine receptor (A2bAR) is highly abundant in bone marrow macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). To examine the functional significance of this receptor expression, we applied a femoral artery injury model to A2bAR knockout (KO) mice and showed that the A2bAR prevents vascular lesion formation in an injury model that resembles human restenosis after angioplasty. While considering related mechanisms, we noted higher levels of TNF-alpha, an up-regulator of CXCR4, and of VSMC proliferation in the injured KO mice. In accordance, CXCR4, which is known to attract progenitor cells during tissue regeneration, is up-regulated in lesions of the KO mice. In addition, aortic smooth muscle cells derived from A2bAR KO mice display greater proliferation in comparison with controls. Bone marrow transplantation experiments indicated that the majority of the signal for lesion formation in the null mice originates from bone marrow cells. Thus, this study highlights the significance of the A2bAR in regulating CXCR4 expression in vivo and in protecting against vascular lesion formation.
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18
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Andrade CMB, Roesch GC, Wink MR, Guimarães ELM, Souza LF, Jardim FR, Guaragna RM, Bernard EA, Margis R, Borojevic R, Battastini AMO, Guma FCR. Activity and expression of ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 are increased during phenotype conversion of a hepatic stellate cell line. Life Sci 2007; 82:21-9. [PMID: 18037449 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2007] [Revised: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) play a crucial role in the development of liver fibrosis and are important targets in liver disease therapy. Adenosine acts as an extracellular signaling molecule in various tissues and in liver this nucleoside exerts protective effects. Ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 is a marker for the plasma membrane and is considered to be a key enzyme in the generation of adenosine in the extracellular medium, by transforming AMP into adenosine. In addition, adenosine production from AMP is also catalyzed by alkaline phosphatase. We compared the extracellular metabolism of AMP and transcriptional levels of the ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 and tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNALP) in activated and quiescent HSC of the mouse hepatic stellate cell line GRX. This cell line expresses a myofibroblast phenotype in basal medium and both retinol and indomethacin treatment induced a phenotypic change of GRX cells to quiescent HSC. Ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity and its mRNA expression were found to be higher in quiescent HSC than in activated HSC. During phenotype conversion, mediated by retinol, the AMP decay was accelerated with adenosine accumulation in extracellular medium, likely due to the decrease in adenosine deaminase activity also observed in quiescent HSC. The treatment with retinol also involves transcriptional activation of TNALP. Taken together, these data suggest that ecto-5'-nucleotidase-dependent adenosine generation may play a role in the regulation of quiescent HSC functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia M B Andrade
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS. Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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19
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Martínez-Salgado C, García-Cenador B, Fuentes-Calvo I, Macías Núñez JF, López-Novoa JM. Effect of adenosine in extracellular matrix synthesis in human and rat mesangial cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 305:163-9. [PMID: 17636460 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-007-9540-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine (ADO) is an intermediary metabolite of adenosine trisphosphate degradation and a vasoactive mediator. We showed previously that ADO induces contraction and proliferation in rat mesangial cells by a mechanism involving A1 and A2 receptors. The studies concerning the effect of ADO on extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation in mesangial cells are scarce. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the effect of ADO and the effect of the selective stimulation of A1 and A2 ADO receptors on the expression of ECM components fibronectin and collagen type I, in human and rat renal mesangial cells. Cultured human and rat renal mesangial cells were subjected to selective stimulation of A1 and A2 ADO receptors for 24 and 48 h. Fibronectin and collagen type I expression was evaluated by Western blot; total collagen synthesis was measured by [3H]-proline incorporation into collagen proteins. ADO, A1 and A2 receptor stimulation induce increases in fibronectin expression in rat mesangial cells, and A1 receptor stimulation partially inhibits fibronectin expression in serum-stimulated rat mesangial cells, without any effect in human mesangial cells. A2 receptor stimulation reduces collagen type I expression in serum-stimulated mesangial cells. Neither ADO nor A1 or A2 receptor stimulation induce significant changes in total collagen synthesis. These data suggest that ADO is not a major regulator of ECM synthesis in rat and human mesangial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Martínez-Salgado
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Paseo San Vicente 58-182, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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20
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Metcalfe MJ, Baker DM, Turmaine M, Burnstock G. Alterations in Purinoceptor Expression in Human Long Saphenous Vein during Varicose Disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2007; 33:239-50. [PMID: 17067825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2005] [Accepted: 09/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Varicose veins are dilated tortuous veins of varying tone. Purinergic signalling is important in the control of tone and in mediating trophic changes in blood vessels. The expression of P2 receptors in control and varicose veins will be examined. METHODS Purinergic signalling in circular and longitudinal smooth muscle of the human long saphenous vein was studied in control and varicose tissues using immunohistochemistry, organ bath pharmacology and electron microscopy. RESULTS P2X1, P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4 and P2Y6 receptors were present on circular and longitudinal smooth muscle. Purine-mediated circular and longitudinal muscle contractions were weaker in varicose veins. Electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry findings support the view that smooth muscle cells change from the contractile to synthetic phenotype in varicose veins, associated with an upregulation of P2Y1 and P2Y2 receptors and a down regulation of P2X1 receptors. CONCLUSIONS Down regulation of P2X1 receptors on the smooth muscle of varicose veins is associated with loss of contractile activity. Upregulation of P2Y1 and P2Y2 receptors is associated with a shift from contractile to synthetic and/or proliferative roles. The phenotype change in smooth muscle is associated with weakening of vein walls and may be a causal factor in the development of varicose veins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Metcalfe
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
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21
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Robinson WP, Douillet CD, Milano PM, Boucher RC, Patterson C, Rich PB. ATP stimulates MMP-2 release from human aortic smooth muscle cells via JNK signaling pathway. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 290:H1988-96. [PMID: 16361361 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00344.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aortic smooth muscle cell release of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) has been implicated in aortic aneurysm pathogenesis, but proximal modulation of release is poorly understood. Extracellular nucleotides regulate vascular smooth muscle cell metabolism in response to physiochemical stresses, but nucleotide modulation of MMP and/or TIMP release has not been reported. We hypothesized that nucleotides modulate MMP-2 and TIMP-2 release from human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) via distinct purinergic receptors and signaling pathways. We exposed HASMCs to exogenous ATP and other nucleotides with and without interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). HASMCs were pretreated in some experiments with apyrase, which degrades ATP, and inhibitors of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK. MMP-2 and TIMP-2 released into supernatant were assessed using ELISA and Western blotting. ATP, adenosine, and UTP significantly stimulated MMP-2 release in the presence of IL-1beta (300 nM ATP: 181 +/- 22%, P = 0.003; 30 microm adenosine: 244 +/- 150%, P = 0.001; and 200 microm UTP: 153 +/- 40%, P = 0.015; vs. 100% constitutive). ATP also stimulated MMP-2 release in the absence of IL-1beta (100 microm ATP: 148 +/- 38% vs. 100% constitutive). Apyrase significantly reduced ATP-stimulated MMP-2 release (apyrase + 500 nM ATP: 59 +/- 3% vs. 124 +/- 7% with 500 nM ATP). Rank-order agonist potency for MMP-2 release was consistent with ATP activation of PAY and PAY receptors. ATP induced phosphorylation of intracellular JNK, and inhibition of the JNK pathway blocked ATP-stimulated MMP-2 release, indicating signaling via this pathway. Nucleotides are thus novel stimulants of MMP-2 release from HASMCs and may provide a mechanistic link between physiochemical stress in the aorta and aneurysms, especially in the context of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Robinson
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7228, USA
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22
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Jones MR, Zhao Z, Sullivan CP, Schreiber BM, Stone PJ, Toselli PA, Kagan HM, Cohen RA, Ravid K. A(3) adenosine receptor deficiency does not influence atherogenesis. J Cell Biochem 2005; 92:1034-43. [PMID: 15258925 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease, the progression of which is modulated by several factors, including inflammation and hypercholesterolemia. The A(3) adenosine receptor (A(3)AR) has been reported to affect mast cell degranulation leading to inflammation, as well as to influence cardiovascular homeostasis. Here, we show that its deletion can also impact vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation in vitro. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that A(3)AR deficiency would affect atheromatous lesion development in vivo. Our results indicate that the expression of the matrix enzyme lysyl oxidase (LO) is increased while the proliferation potential of VSMC is decreased in A(3)AR-null aortas. This is in accordance with the previously reported inverse correlation between LO level and proliferation. Nevertheless, we found that A(3)-deficiency does not protect vessels against atherogenesis. This was demonstrated in mouse models of high fat diet-induced atherosclerosis and guidewire-induced femoral artery injury. We conclude that the contributions of the A(3)AR to inflammation and to modulating LO levels are not significant enough to control vascular response to injury.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/cytology
- Aorta/enzymology
- Aorta/metabolism
- Arteriosclerosis/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Western
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA Primers
- DNA Replication
- Elastin/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase/metabolism
- Receptor, Adenosine A3/genetics
- Receptor, Adenosine A3/physiology
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Jones
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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23
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Asbun J, Manso AM, Villarreal FJ. Profibrotic influence of high glucose concentration on cardiac fibroblast functions: effects of losartan and vitamin E. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 288:H227-34. [PMID: 15345478 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00340.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Long-standing diabetes can result in the development of cardiomyopathy, which can be accompanied by myocardial fibrosis. Although exposure of cultured kidney and skin fibroblasts to high glucose (HG) concentration is known to increase collagen synthesis, little is known about cardiac fibroblasts (CFs). Therefore, we determined the influence of HG conditions on CF functions and the effects of losartan and vitamin E in these responses. We cultured rat CFs in either normal glucose (NG; 5.5 mM) or HG (25 mM) media and assessed changes in protein and collagen synthesis, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, and levels of mRNA for ANG II type 1 (AT1) receptors. Results indicate that HG-level CFs synthesized more protein and collagen, and these effects were not due to changes in osmotic pressure. The addition of ANG II stimulated protein and collagen synthesis in NG-concentration but not HG-concentration CFs. Interestingly, losartan pretreatment blocked the HG- or ANG II-induced increases in both protein and collagen synthesis. HG or ANG II decreased total MMP activity. Decreases in MMP activity were blocked by losartan. AT1 mRNA levels were upregulated with HG concentration. Vitamin E pretreatment blocked the effects of HG on total protein synthesis and stimulated MMP activity. Results suggest that HG levels may promote fibrosis by increasing CF protein and collagen synthesis and decreasing MMP activity. HG levels may cause these effects via the upregulation of AT1 receptors, which can be blocked by losartan. However, vitamin E can alter HG concentration-induced changes in CF functions independently of AT1 mRNA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Asbun
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA
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24
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Abstract
Many cell types in the kidney express adenosine receptors, and adenosine has multiple effects on renal function. Although adenosine is produced within the kidney by several biochemical reactions, recent studies support a novel mechanism for renal adenosine production, the extracellular cAMP-adenosine pathway. This extracellular cAMP-adenosine pathway is initiated by efflux of cAMP from cells following activation of adenylyl cyclase. Extracellular cAMP is then converted to adenosine by the serial actions of ecto-phosphodiesterase and ecto-5'-nucleotidase. When extracellular cAMP is converted to adenosine near the biophase of cAMP production and efflux, this local extracellular cAMP-adenosine pathway permits tight coupling of the site of adenosine production to the site of adenosine receptors. cAMP in renal compartments may also be formed by tissues/organs remote from the kidney. For example, stimulation of hepatic adenylyl cyclase by the pancreatic hormone glucagon increases circulating cAMP, which is filtered at the glomerulus and concentrated in the tubular lumen as water is extracted from the ultrafiltrate. Conversion of hepatic-derived cAMP to adenosine in the kidney completes a pancreatohepatorenal cAMP-adenosine pathway that may serve as an endocrine link between the pancreas, liver, and kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin K Jackson
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA. edj+@pitt.edu
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25
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Headrick JP, Hack B, Ashton KJ. Acute adenosinergic cardioprotection in ischemic-reperfused hearts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003; 285:H1797-818. [PMID: 14561676 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00407.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cells of the cardiovascular system generate and release purine nucleoside adenosine in increasing quantities when constituent cells are "stressed" or subjected to injurious stimuli. This increased adenosine can interact with surface receptors in myocardial, vascular, fibroblast, and inflammatory cells to modulate cellular function and phenotype. Additionally, adenosine is rapidly reincorporated back into 5'-AMP to maintain the adenine nucleotide pool. Via these receptor-dependent and independent (metabolic) paths, adenosine can substantially modify the acute response to ischemic insult, in addition to generating a more sustained ischemia-tolerant phenotype (preconditioning). However, the molecular basis for acute adenosinergic cardioprotection remains incompletely understood and may well differ from more widely studied preconditioning. Here we review current knowledge and some controversies regarding acute cardioprotection via adenosine and adenosine receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Headrick
- Heart Foundation Research Centre, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4217, Australia.
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26
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Merighi S, Mirandola P, Varani K, Gessi S, Leung E, Baraldi PG, Tabrizi MA, Borea PA. A glance at adenosine receptors: novel target for antitumor therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2003; 100:31-48. [PMID: 14550503 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(03)00084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine can be released from a variety of cells throughout the body, as the result of increased metabolic rates, in concentrations that can have a profound impact on the vasculature, immunoescaping, and growth of tumor masses. It is recognized that the concentrations of this nucleoside are increased in cancer tissues. Therefore, it is not surprising that adenosine has been shown to be a crucial factor in determining the cell progression pathway, either during apoptosis or during cytostatic state. From the perspective of cancer, the most important question then may be "Can activation and/or blockade of the pathways downstream of the adenosine receptor contribute to tumor development?" Rigorous examinations of the role of adenosine in in vivo and in vitro systems need to be investigated. The present review therefore proposes multiple adenosine-sustained ways that could prime tumor development together with the critical combinatorial role played by adenosine receptors in taking a choice between proliferation and death. This review proposes that adenosine acts as a potent regulator of normal and tumor cell growth. It is hypothesized that this effect is dependent on extracellular adenosine concentrations, cell surface expression of different adenosine receptor subtypes, and signal transduction mechanisms activated following the binding of specific agonists. We venture to suggest that the clarification of the role of adenosine and its receptors in cancer development may hold great promise for the treatment of chemotherapy in patients affected by malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Merighi
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44100, Ferrara, Italy
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27
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Ostrom RS, Naugle JE, Hase M, Gregorian C, Swaney JS, Insel PA, Brunton LL, Meszaros JG. Angiotensin II enhances adenylyl cyclase signaling via Ca2+/calmodulin. Gq-Gs cross-talk regulates collagen production in cardiac fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:24461-8. [PMID: 12711600 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m212659200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts regulate formation of extracellular matrix in the heart, playing key roles in cardiac remodeling and hypertrophy. In this study, we sought to characterize cross-talk between Gq and Gs signaling pathways and its impact on modulating collagen synthesis by cardiac fibroblasts. Angiotensin II (ANG II) activates cell proliferation and collagen synthesis but also potentiates cyclic AMP (cAMP) production stimulated by beta-adrenergic receptors (beta-AR). The potentiation of beta-AR-stimulated cAMP production by ANG II is reduced by phospholipase C inhibition and enhanced by overexpression of Gq. Ionomycin and thapsigargin increased intracellular Ca2+ levels and potentiated isoproterenol- and forskolin-stimulated cAMP production, whereas chelation of Ca2+ with 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N', N'-tetraacetic acid/AM inhibited such potentiation. Inhibitors of tyrosine kinases, protein kinase C, or Gbetagamma did not alter this cross-talk. Immunoblot analyses showed prominent expression of adenylyl cyclase 3 (AC3), a Ca2+-activated isoform, along with AC2, AC4, AC5, AC6, and AC7. Of those isoforms, only AC3 and AC5/6 proteins were detected in caveolin-rich fractions. Overexpression of AC6 increased betaAR-stimulated cAMP accumulation but did not alter the size of the ANG II potentiation, suggesting that the cross-talk is AC isoform-specific. Isoproterenol-mediated inhibition of serum-stimulated collagen synthesis increased from 31 to 48% in the presence of ANG II, indicating that betaAR-regulated collagen synthesis increased in the presence of ANG II. These data indicate that ANG II potentiates cAMP formation via Ca2+-dependent activation of AC activity, which in turn attenuates collagen synthesis and demonstrates one functional consequence of cross-talk between Gq and Gs signaling pathways in cardiac fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rennolds S Ostrom
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0636, USA
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Jian B, Xu J, Connolly J, Savani RC, Narula N, Liang B, Levy RJ. Serotonin mechanisms in heart valve disease I: serotonin-induced up-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 via G-protein signal transduction in aortic valve interstitial cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 161:2111-21. [PMID: 12466127 PMCID: PMC1850922 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64489-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Clinical disorders associated with increased serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] levels, such as carcinoid syndrome, and the use of serotonin agonists, such as fenfluoramine have been associated with a valvulopathy characterized by hyperplastic valvular and endocardial lesions with increased extracellular matrix. Furthermore, 5-HT has been demonstrated to up-regulate transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta in mesangial cells via G-protein signal transduction. We investigated the hypothesis that increased exposure of heart valve interstitial cells to 5-HT may result in increased TGF-beta1 expression and activity because of serotonin receptor-mediated signal transduction with activation of Galphaq, and subsequently up-regulation of phospholipase C. Thus, in the present study we performed a clinical-pathological investigation of retrieved carcinoid and normal valve cusps using immunohistochemical techniques to detect the presence of TGF-beta1 and other proteins associated with TGF-beta expression, including TGF-beta receptors I and II, latent TGF-beta-associated peptide (LAP), and alpha-smooth muscle actin. Carcinoid valve cusps demonstrated the unusual finding of widespread smooth muscle actin involving the interstitial cells in the periphery of carcinoid nodules; these same cells were also positive for LAP. Normal valve cusps were only focally positive for smooth muscle actin and LAP. In sheep aortic valve interstitial cell cultures 5-HT induced TGF-beta1 mRNA production and increased TGF-beta1 activity. 5-HT also increased collagen biosynthesis at the dosages studied. Furthermore, TGF-beta1 added to SAVIC cultures increased the production of sulfated glycan and hyaluronic acid. In addition, overexpression of Galphaq using an adenoviral expression vector for a constitutively active Galphaq mutant (Q209L-Galphaq) resulted in increased phospholipase C activity as well as up-regulation of TGF-beta expression and activity. These results strongly support the view that G-protein-related signal transduction is involved in 5-HT up-regulation of TGF-beta1. In conclusion, 5-HT-associated valve disease may be, in part, because of TGF-beta1 mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jian
- Cardiology Research Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3416 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4318, USA
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Jackson EK, Zhu C, Tofovic SP. Expression of adenosine receptors in the preglomerular microcirculation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2002; 283:F41-51. [PMID: 12060585 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00232.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to systematically investigate the abundance of each of the adenosine receptor subtypes in the preglomerular microcirculation vs. other vascular segments and vs. the renal cortex and medulla. Rat preglomerular microvessels (PGMVs) were isolated by iron oxide loading followed by magnetic separation. For comparison, mesenteric microvessels, segments of the aorta (thoracic, middle abdominal, and lower abdominal), renal cortex, and renal medulla were obtained by dissection. Adenosine receptor protein and mRNA expression were examined by Western blotting, Northern blotting, and RT-PCR. Our results indicate that compared with other vascular segments and renal tissues, A1 and A2B receptor protein and mRNA are abundantly expressed in the preglomerular microcirculation, whereas A2A and A3 receptor protein and mRNA are barely detectable or undetectable in PGMVs. We conclude that, relative to other vascular and renal tissues, A1 and A2B receptors are well expressed in PGMVs, whereas A2A and A3 receptors are notably deficient. Thus A1 and A2B receptors, but not A2A or A3 receptors, may importantly regulate the preglomerular microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin K Jackson
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA. ejd+@pitt.edu
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Jackson EK, Dubey RK. Role of the extracellular cAMP-adenosine pathway in renal physiology. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2001; 281:F597-612. [PMID: 11553506 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.2001.281.4.f597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine exerts physiologically significant receptor-mediated effects on renal function. For example, adenosine participates in the regulation of preglomerular and postglomerular vascular resistances, glomerular filtration rate, renin release, epithelial transport, intrarenal inflammation, and growth of mesangial and vascular smooth muscle cells. It is important, therefore, to understand the mechanisms that generate extracellular adenosine within the kidney. In addition to three "classic" pathways of adenosine biosynthesis, contemporary studies are revealing a novel mechanism for renal adenosine production termed the "extracellular cAMP-adenosine pathway." The extracellular cAMP-adenosine pathway is defined as the egress of cAMP from cells during activation of adenylyl cyclase, followed by the extracellular conversion of cAMP to adenosine by the serial actions of ecto-phosphodiesterase and ecto-5'-nucleotidase. This mechanism of extracellular adenosine production may provide hormonal control of adenosine levels in the cell-surface biophase in which adenosine receptors reside. Tight coupling of the site of adenosine production to the site of adenosine receptors would permit a low-capacity mechanism of adenosine biosynthesis to have a large impact on adenosine receptor activation. The purposes of this review are to summarize the physiological roles of adenosine in the kidney; to describe the classic pathways of renal adenosine biosynthesis; to review the evidence for the existence of the extracellular cAMP-adenosine pathway; and to describe possible physiological roles of the extracellular cAMP-adenosine pathway, with particular emphasis on the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3550 Terrace St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. edj+@pitt.edu
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Webb JG, Yates PW, Yang Q, Mukhin YV, Lanier SM. Adenylyl cyclase isoforms and signal integration in models of vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2001; 281:H1545-52. [PMID: 11557542 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.2001.281.4.h1545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclases present a potential focal point for signal integration in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) influencing contractile state and cellular responses to vessel wall injury. In the present study, we examined the influence of the vasoactive peptide arginine vasopressin (AVP) on cAMP regulation in primary cultures of rat aortic VSMC and in the A7r5 arterial smooth muscle cell line. In cultured VSMC and A7r5 cells, AVP had no effect on basal cAMP but differentially affected beta-adrenergic receptor-induced activation of adenylyl cyclase. AVP synergistically increased (twofold) isoproterenol-stimulated cAMP production in VSMC but inhibited the effect of isoproterenol (50%) in the A7r5 cell line. The effects of AVP in both preparations were blocked when cells were pretreated with a selective V(1) vasopressin receptor antagonist. Moreover, the actions of AVP in both models were dependent on release of intracellular Ca(2+) and were mimicked by elevation of Ca(2+) with the ionophore A23187, suggesting that the responses to AVP involve Ca(2+)-mediated regulation of adenylyl cyclase stimulation. Adenylyl cyclase types I, III, and VIII are stimulated by Ca(2+)/calmodulin, whereas types V and VI are directly inhibited by Ca(2+). RNA blot analysis for effector isotypes indicated that both VSMC and A7r5 cells expressed types III, V, and VI. VSMC also expressed mRNA for type IV and VIII effectors, which could account for the cell-specific responses to peptide hormone and Ca(2+).
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MESH Headings
- Adenylyl Cyclases/metabolism
- Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Arginine Vasopressin/pharmacology
- Calcium Signaling/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Isoproterenol/pharmacology
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Webb
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.
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Dhalla AK, Dodam JR, Jones AW, Rubin LJ. Characterization of an NBTI-sensitive equilibrative nucleoside transporter in vascular smooth muscle. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2001; 33:1143-52. [PMID: 11444919 DOI: 10.1006/jmcc.2001.1374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine plays a significant role in various physiological and regulatory processes including coronary vasodilatation. In the current study, a high-affinity adenosine transporter in freshly dissociated porcine coronary smooth muscle (PCSM) cells and cultured human coronary smooth muscle (HCSM) cells was characterized. Kinetic analysis of the transport process revealed a V(max) of 82+/-17 pm/mg protein/min and a K(m) of 4.3+/-2.1 microm for PCSM cells, whereas a K(m) of 4.8 microm and V(max) of 254 pm/mg/min was observed for cultured HCSM. Concentration-dependent inhibition of adenosine uptake by S-(4-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine (NBTI) was observed in both PCSM (IC(50), 0.08 microm) and HCSM (0.1 microm) cells. Both cell types also demonstrate a high-affinity, single binding site for NBTI (PCSM, B(max) 144.8+/-23 fmol/mg protein and K(d) 1.1+/-0.35 nm; HCSM, B(max) 672+/-62 fmol/mg protein and K(d) 0.45+/-0.14 nm). Adenosine uptake in these cells was not affected by extracellular sodium concentration. RT-PCR analysis of mRNA from individually selected PCSM and HCSM cells demonstrated expression of an NBTI-sensitive equilibrative transporter. Smooth muscle cells isolated from porcine brachial and femoral arteries also transported adenosine at levels similar to that of coronaries. These data demonstrate that vascular coronary smooth muscle possess an NBTI-sensitive equilibrative transporter for adenosine which could function in regulation of vasodilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Dhalla
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Picano E, Abbracchio MP. Adenosine, the imperfect endogenous anti-ischemic cardio-neuroprotector. Brain Res Bull 2000; 52:75-82. [PMID: 10808076 DOI: 10.1016/s0361-9230(00)00249-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Picano
- Italian National Research Council, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
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