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Sattler S. Is ischaemic heart failure an autoimmune disease? ESC Heart Fail 2024; 11:611-614. [PMID: 38152948 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.14636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Sattler
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, Otto-Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Cardiology, LKH-Univ. Klinikum Graz, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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2
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Loh SX, Ekinci Y, Spray L, Jeyalan V, Olin T, Richardson G, Austin D, Alkhalil M, Spyridopoulos I. Fractalkine Signalling (CX 3CL1/CX 3CR1 Axis) as an Emerging Target in Coronary Artery Disease. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4821. [PMID: 37510939 PMCID: PMC10381654 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12144821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (MI) is the most common and dramatic complication of atherosclerosis, which, despite successful reperfusion therapy, can lead to incident heart failure (HF). HF occurs when the healing process is impaired due to adverse left ventricular remodelling, and can be the result of so-called ischaemia/reperfusion injury (IRI), visualised by the development of intramyocardial haemorrhage (IMH) or microvascular obstruction (MVO) in cardiac MRI. Thus far, translation of novel pharmacological strategies from preclinical studies to target either IRI or HF post MI have been largely unsuccessful. Anti-inflammatory therapies also carry the risk of affecting the immune system. Fractalkine (FKN, CX3CL1) is a unique chemokine, present as a transmembrane protein on the endothelium, or following cleavage as a soluble ligand, attracting leukocyte subsets expressing the corresponding receptor CX3CR1. We have shown previously that the fractalkine receptor CX3CR1 is associated with MVO in patients undergoing primary PCI. Moreover, inhibition of CX3CR1 with an allosteric small molecule antagonist (KAND567) in the rat MI model reduces acute infarct size, inflammation, and IMH. Here we review the cellular biology of fractalkine and its receptor, along with ongoing studies that introduce CX3CR1 as a future target in coronary artery disease, specifically in patients with myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Xian Loh
- Department of Cardiology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK; (S.X.L.); (V.J.); (M.A.)
| | - Yasemin Ekinci
- Translational Research Institute, Vascular Biology and Medicine Theme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (Y.E.); (L.S.)
| | - Luke Spray
- Translational Research Institute, Vascular Biology and Medicine Theme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (Y.E.); (L.S.)
| | - Visvesh Jeyalan
- Department of Cardiology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK; (S.X.L.); (V.J.); (M.A.)
- Academic Cardiovascular Unit, The James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough TS4 3BW, UK;
- Population Health Science Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Thomas Olin
- Kancera AB, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, 171 65 Solna, Sweden;
| | - Gavin Richardson
- Biosciences Institute, Vascular Biology and Medicine Theme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK;
| | - David Austin
- Academic Cardiovascular Unit, The James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough TS4 3BW, UK;
- Population Health Science Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Mohammad Alkhalil
- Department of Cardiology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK; (S.X.L.); (V.J.); (M.A.)
- Translational Research Institute, Vascular Biology and Medicine Theme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (Y.E.); (L.S.)
| | - Ioakim Spyridopoulos
- Department of Cardiology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK; (S.X.L.); (V.J.); (M.A.)
- Translational Research Institute, Vascular Biology and Medicine Theme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (Y.E.); (L.S.)
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3
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Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is an irreversible damage of the heart muscle, which often leads to adverse cardiac remodeling and progressive heart failure. After MI, immune cells play a vital role in the clearance of the dying tissue and cardiac remodeling. Post-MI events include the release of danger signals by necrotic cardiomyocytes and the migration of the inflammatory cells, such as dendritic cells, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages, into the site of the cardiac injury to digest the cell debris and secrete a variety of inflammatory factors activating the inflammatory response. In this review, we focus on the role of immune cells in the cardiac remodeling after MI and the novel immunotherapies targeting immune cells.
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4
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Salnikov L, Baramiya MG. From Autonomy to Integration, From Integration to Dynamically Balanced Integrated Co-existence: Non-aging as the Third Stage of Development. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2021; 2:655315. [PMID: 35822034 PMCID: PMC9261420 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.655315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Reversible senescence at the cellular level emerged together with tissue specialization in Metazoans. However, this reversibility (ability to permanently rejuvenate) through recapitulation of early stages of development, was originally a part of ontogenesis, since the pressure of integrativeness was not dominant. The complication of specialization in phylogenesis narrowed this “freedom of maneuver”, gradually “truncating” remorphogenesis to local epimorphosis and further up to the complete disappearance of remorphogenesis from the ontogenesis repertoire. This evolutionary trend transformed cellular senescence into organismal aging and any recapitulation of autonomy into carcinogenesis. The crown of specialization, Homo sapiens, completed this post-unicellular stage of development, while in the genome all the potential for the next stage of development, which can be called the stage of balanced coexistence of autonomous and integrative dominants within a single whole. Here, completing the substantiation of the new section of developmental biology, we propose to call it Developmental Biogerontology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev Salnikov
- SibEnzyme US LLC, West Roxbury, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Lev Salnikov,
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5
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Kino T, Khan M, Mohsin S. The Regulatory Role of T Cell Responses in Cardiac Remodeling Following Myocardial Infarction. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145013. [PMID: 32708585 PMCID: PMC7404395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic injury to the heart causes cardiomyocyte and supportive tissue death that result in adverse remodeling and formation of scar tissue at the site of injury. The dying cardiac tissue secretes a variety of cytokines and chemokines that trigger an inflammatory response and elicit the recruitment and activation of cardiac immune cells to the injury site. Cell-based therapies for cardiac repair have enhanced cardiac function in the injured myocardium, but the mechanisms remain debatable. In this review, we will focus on the interactions between the adoptively transferred stem cells and the post-ischemic environment, including the active components of the immune/inflammatory response that can mediate cardiac outcome after ischemic injury. In particular, we highlight how the adaptive immune cell response can mediate tissue repair following cardiac injury. Several cell-based studies have reported an increase in pro-reparative T cell subsets after stem cell transplantation. Paracrine factors secreted by stem cells polarize T cell subsets partially by exogenous ubiquitination, which can induce differentiation of T cell subset to promote tissue repair after myocardial infarction (MI). However, the mechanism behind the polarization of different subset after stem cell transplantation remains poorly understood. In this review, we will summarize the current status of immune cells within the heart post-MI with an emphasis on T cell mediated reparative response after ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabito Kino
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA;
| | - Mohsin Khan
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA;
| | - Sadia Mohsin
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-215-707-3152; Fax: +1-215-707-5737
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6
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Abstract
Cardiac tissue necrosis secondary to coronary artery occlusion is one of the most common and deadly sterile injuries in developed countries. In this issue of the JCI, Rieckmann et al. identified and characterized antigen-specific CD4+ T helper (Th) cells that developed in the context of myocardial infarction (MI) in mice. They showed that myosin heavy chain α (MYHCA) is a dominant cardiac autoantigen and that T cells with T cell receptor (TCR) specificity to MYHCA acquired a Treg phenotype when adoptively transferred into infarcted mice, which mediated a cardioprotective healing response. Thus, Rieckmann et al. showed that an acute ischemic insult to the heart, which induces sterile inflammation, promoted, rather than limited, protective T cell autoimmunity. Notably, strategies that support an antigen-specific Treg response may limit the immune-inflammatory response and promote cardiac repair after acute MI.
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7
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Rieckmann M, Delgobo M, Gaal C, Büchner L, Steinau P, Reshef D, Gil-Cruz C, Horst ENT, Kircher M, Reiter T, Heinze KG, Niessen HW, Krijnen PA, van der Laan AM, Piek JJ, Koch C, Wester HJ, Lapa C, Bauer WR, Ludewig B, Friedman N, Frantz S, Hofmann U, Ramos GC. Myocardial infarction triggers cardioprotective antigen-specific T helper cell responses. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:4922-4936. [PMID: 31408441 DOI: 10.1172/jci123859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell autoreactivity is a hallmark of autoimmune diseases but can also benefit self-maintenance and foster tissue repair. Herein, we investigated whether heart-specific T cells exert salutary or detrimental effects in the context of myocardial infarction (MI), the leading cause of death worldwide. After screening more than 150 class-II-restricted epitopes, we found that myosin heavy chain alpha (MYHCA) was a dominant cardiac antigen triggering post-MI CD4+ T cell activation in mice. Transferred MYHCA614-629-specific CD4+ T (TCR-M) cells selectively accumulated in the myocardium and mediastinal lymph nodes (med-LN) of infarcted mice, acquired a Treg phenotype with a distinct pro-healing gene expression profile, and mediated cardioprotection. Myocardial Treg cells were also detected in autopsies from patients who suffered a MI. Noninvasive PET/CT imaging using a CXCR4 radioligand revealed enlarged med-LNs with increased cellularity in MI-patients. Notably, the med-LN alterations observed in MI patients correlated with the infarct size and cardiac function. Taken together, the results obtained in our study provide evidence showing that MI-context induces pro-healing T cell autoimmunity in mice and confirms the existence of an analogous heart/med-LN/T cell axis in MI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Rieckmann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Clinic Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Murilo Delgobo
- Department of Internal Medicine I, and.,Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Chiara Gaal
- Department of Internal Medicine I, and.,Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lotte Büchner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, and.,Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Steinau
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Clinic Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Dan Reshef
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Cristina Gil-Cruz
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Ellis N Ter Horst
- Heart Center, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Pathology and Cardiac Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Malte Kircher
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Reiter
- Department of Internal Medicine I, and.,Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katrin G Heinze
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hans Wm Niessen
- Department of Pathology and Cardiac Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul Aj Krijnen
- Department of Pathology and Cardiac Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Jan J Piek
- Heart Center, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Koch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Clinic Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Constantin Lapa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang R Bauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, and.,Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Nir Friedman
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Stefan Frantz
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Clinic Halle, Halle, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine I, and.,Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hofmann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Clinic Halle, Halle, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine I, and.,Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gustavo Campos Ramos
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Clinic Halle, Halle, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine I, and.,Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Mirna M, Paar V, Kraus T, Sotlar K, Wernly B, Pistulli R, Hoppe UC, Lichtenauer M. Autoimmune myocarditis is not associated with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Eur J Clin Invest 2019; 49:e13132. [PMID: 31125424 PMCID: PMC6771695 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) is a common animal model for the investigation of the pathophysiology of myocarditis. Because of diverging findings from previous studies, we performed serial echocardiographic examinations throughout the course of the disease and investigated the dimensions of the murine heart and left ventricular (LV) systolic function. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental autoimmune myocarditis was induced in male Balb/c mice by subcutaneous injection of a fragment of the α-myosin heavy chain (MyHC-α 614-629: Ac-SLKLMATLFSTYASAD). Transthoracic echocardiography was performed on days 0, 7 and 21 in healthy animals and mice with EAM. RESULTS Experimental autoimmune myocarditis was associated with a reduction in LV systolic function and an increase in LV internal diameter in diastole (LVIDd) and systole (LVIDs) 7 days postimmunization. After 21 days, EAM led to a significant increase in LV-thickness (1.3-fold increase in LV anterior wall diameter in diastole [LVAWDd]), but there was no difference in LV systolic function between immunized animals and healthy controls. LV-thickness correlated well with the severity of myocarditis in the histopathological examination (LVAWDd: rs = 0.603, P = 0.003, LV anterior wall diameter in systole (LVAWDs): rs = 0.718, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that EAM leads to an initial dilatation of the LV that is followed by ventricular "hypertrophy." On day 21, there was no significant difference in LV systolic function between immunized animals and controls. Furthermore, the ageing of the animals had a major impact on the echocardiographic parameters; therefore, the use of healthy age-matched controls seems warranted when echocardiography is performed in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Mirna
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Vera Paar
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Theo Kraus
- Institute of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Karl Sotlar
- Institute of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Bernhard Wernly
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Rudin Pistulli
- Department of Cardiology I, Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Diseases, Heart Failure, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Uta C Hoppe
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michael Lichtenauer
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Mihailovic PM, Lio WM, Herscovici R, Chyu KY, Yano J, Zhao X, Zhou J, Zhou B, Freeman MR, Yang W, Shah PK, Cercek B, Dimayuga PC. Keratin 8 is a potential self-antigen in the coronary artery disease immunopeptidome: A translational approach. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213025. [PMID: 30811493 PMCID: PMC6392305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation is an important risk factor in atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of coronary artery disease (CAD). Unresolved inflammation may result in maladaptive immune responses and lead to immune reactivity to self-antigens. We hypothesized that inflammation in CAD patients would manifest in immune reactivity to self-antigens detectable in soluble HLA-I/peptide complexes in the plasma. Methods Soluble HLA-I/peptide complexes were immuno-precipitated from plasma of male acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients or age-matched controls and eluted peptides were subjected to mass spectrometry to generate the immunopeptidome. Self-peptides were ranked according to frequency and signal intensity, then mouse homologs of selected peptides were used to test immunologic recall in spleens of male apoE-/- mice fed either normal chow or high fat diet. The peptide detected with highest frequency in patient plasma samples and provoked T cell responses in mouse studies was selected for use as a self-antigen to stimulate CAD patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Results The immunopeptidome profile identified self-peptides unique to the CAD patients. The mouse homologs tested showed immune responses in apoE-/- mice. Keratin 8 was selected for further study in patient PBMCs which elicited T Effector cell responses in CAD patients compared to controls, associated with reduced PD-1 mRNA expression. Conclusion An immunopeptidomic strategy to search for self-antigens potentially involved in CAD identified Keratin 8. Self-reactive immune response to Keratin 8 may be an important factor in the inflammatory response in CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Mihailovic
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Wai Man Lio
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Romana Herscovici
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kuang-Yuh Chyu
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Juliana Yano
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Xiaoning Zhao
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jianchang Zhou
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Bo Zhou
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Freeman
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Wei Yang
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Prediman K. Shah
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Bojan Cercek
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Paul C. Dimayuga
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Santos-Zas I, Lemarié J, Tedgui A, Ait-Oufella H. Adaptive Immune Responses Contribute to Post-ischemic Cardiac Remodeling. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 5:198. [PMID: 30687720 PMCID: PMC6335242 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a common condition responsible for mortality and morbidity related to ischemic heart failure. Accumulating experimental and translational evidence support a crucial role for innate immunity in heart failure and adverse heart remodeling following MI. More recently, the role of adaptive immunity in myocardial ischemia has been identified, mainly in rodents models of both transient and permanent heart ischemia. The present review summarizes the experimental evidence regarding the role of lymphocytes and dendritic cells in myocardial remodeling following coronary artery occlusion. Th1 and potentially Th17 CD4+ T cell responses promote adverse heart remodeling, whereas regulatory T cells appear to be protective, modulating macrophage activity, cardiomyocyte survival, and fibroblast phenotype. The role of CD8+ T cells in this setting remains unknown. B cells contribute to adverse cardiac remodeling through the modulation of monocyte trafficking, and potentially the production of tissue-specific antibodies. Yet, further substantial efforts are still required to confirm experimental data in human MI before developing new therapeutic strategies targeting the adaptive immune system in ischemic cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Icia Santos-Zas
- INSERM UMR-S 970, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Lemarié
- INSERM UMR-S 970, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,UMR_S 1116, Université de Lorraine, Inserm, DCAC, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy - Réanimation Médicale - Hôpital Central, Nancy, France
| | - Alain Tedgui
- INSERM UMR-S 970, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Hafid Ait-Oufella
- INSERM UMR-S 970, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,AP-HP (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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11
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Li W, Zhang F, Ju C, Lv S, Huang K. The role of CD27-CD70 signaling in myocardial infarction and cardiac remodeling. Int J Cardiol 2018; 278:210-216. [PMID: 30527529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.11.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD4+ T cells are key players in regulating the inflammatory processes and physiological repair mechanisms engaged after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Although signaling through the CD27-CD70 co-stimulatory pathway are known to be important in CD4+ T cell activation and proliferation in certain contexts, the role of the CD27-CD70 pathway in AMI remains unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 43 control subjects, 42 unstable angina patients, and 90 AMI patients were enrolled in the present study. The serum levels of soluble CD27 (sCD27) in patients were measured, revealing a significant increase in serum sCD27 levels in AMI patients within 24 h of the cardiac event, after which they decreased. Correlation analyses revealed that serum sCD27 was positively correlated with cardiac troponin I (c-TnI) (r = 0.267, P = 0.011). When anti-CD70 antibody was used to block the CD27-CD70 pathway in MI model mice, we found that this treatment increased left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD) (P < 0.01) and left ventricular end-systolic dimension (LVESD) (P < 0.01), and decreased ejection fraction (P < 0.01). Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the percentage of regulatory T cells was lower in blocking antibody-treated mice (P < 0.01), while neutrophils levels were higher (P < 0.01). The number of CD31-positive endothelial cells (P = 0.026) and α-smooth muscle actin-positive arterioles (P < 0.01) were significantly down-regulated in anti-CD70 treated-AMI mice. The formation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) was also impaired. CONCLUSION Serum sCD27 may be a potential biomarker for AMI. Blockade of the CD27-CD70 pathway worsens cardiac dysfunction, aggravates left ventricular remodeling, and impairs scar healing after AMI, resulting in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengxiao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenhui Ju
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Suying Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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12
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CD8+CD28+ T cells might mediate injury of cardiomyocytes in acute myocardial infarction. Mol Immunol 2018; 101:74-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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van den Akker F, Vrijsen KR, Deddens JC, Buikema JW, Mokry M, van Laake LW, Doevendans PA, Sluijter JPG. Suppression of T cells by mesenchymal and cardiac progenitor cells is partly mediated via extracellular vesicles. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00642. [PMID: 30003150 PMCID: PMC6040605 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Adverse remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI) is strongly influenced by T cells. Stem cell therapy after MI, using mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) or cardiomyocyte progenitor cells (CMPC), improved cardiac function, despite low cell retention and limited differentiation. As MSC secrete many factors affecting T cell proliferation and function, we hypothesized the immune response could be affected as one of the targets of stem cell therapy. Therefore, we studied the immunosuppressive properties of human BM-MSC and CMPC and their extracellular vesicles (EVs) in co-culture with activated T cells. Proliferation of T cells, measured by carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester dilution, was significantly reduced in the presence of BM-MSC and CMPC. The inflammatory cytokine panel of the T cells in co-culture, measured by Luminex assay, changed, with strong downregulation of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. The effect on proliferation was observed in both direct cell contact and transwell co-culture systems. Transfer of conditioned medium to unrelated T cells abrogated proliferation in these cells. EVs isolated from the conditioned medium of BM-MSC and CMPC prevented T cell proliferation in a dose-dependent fashion. Progenitor cells presence induces up- and downregulation of multiple previously unreported pathways in T cells. In conclusion, both BM-MSC and CMPC have a strong capacity for in vitro immunosuppression. This effect is mediated by paracrine factors, such as extracellular vesicles. Besides proliferation, many additional pathways are influenced by both BM-MSC and CMPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- F van den Akker
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - K R Vrijsen
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J C Deddens
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J W Buikema
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Mokry
- Division of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L W van Laake
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P A Doevendans
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.,ICIN - Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J P G Sluijter
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.,ICIN - Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Li J, Tan J, Martino MM, Lui KO. Regulatory T-Cells: Potential Regulator of Tissue Repair and Regeneration. Front Immunol 2018; 9:585. [PMID: 29662491 PMCID: PMC5890151 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of stem cells and growth factors as well as the development of biomaterials hold great promise for regenerative medicine applications. However, the therapeutic efficacy of regenerative therapies can be greatly influenced by the host immune system, which plays a pivotal role during tissue repair and regeneration. Therefore, understanding how the immune system modulates tissue healing is critical to design efficient regenerative strategies. While the innate immune system is well known to be involved in the tissue healing process, the adaptive immune system has recently emerged as a key player. T-cells, in particular, regulatory T-cells (Treg), have been shown to promote repair and regeneration of various organ systems. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which Treg participate in the repair and regeneration of skeletal and heart muscle, skin, lung, bone, and the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiatao Li
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jean Tan
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mikaël M Martino
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathy O Lui
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Update on the Protective Role of Regulatory T Cells in Myocardial Infarction: A Promising Therapy to Repair the Heart. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2017; 68:401-413. [PMID: 27941502 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) remains one of the leading causes of heart failure development and death worldwide. To date, interventional and pharmacological therapies are effective in reducing the onset of heart failure and promoting survival. However, progressive maladaptive remodeling post-MI persists in a large fraction of patients resulting in poor prognosis. Immune cell responses and an inflammatory environment largely contribute to adverse cardiac remodeling post-MI. CD4FOXP3 regulatory T cells (Tregs) are known for their immunosuppressive capacity and have been successfully implemented in multiple preclinical studies of permanent and ischemia-reperfusion MI. In this review, we highlight the important cardioprotective role of Tregs at the cardiac tissue, cellular, and molecular level, as well as the most prominent pharmacological venues that could be used to exploit Tregs as a novel therapeutic intervention to lessen myocardial injury post-MI.
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Enomoto D, Matsumoto K, Yamashita T, Kobayashi A, Maeda M, Nakayama H, Obana M, Fujio Y. RORγt-expressing cells attenuate cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183584. [PMID: 28827845 PMCID: PMC5565178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan nuclear receptor γt (RORγt) is a transcriptional factor responsible for IL-17-producing T-cell differentiation. Although it was demonstrated that RORγt plays essential roles in the onset of autoimmune myocarditis, pathophysiological significance of RORγt in cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI) remains to be fully elucidated. Methods and results MI was generated by ligating coronary artery. The expression of RORγt and IL-17A transcripts increased in murine hearts after MI. Additionally, immunohistochemical staining revealed that RORγt-expressing cells infiltrated in the border zone after MI. Flow cytometric analysis showed that RORγt-expressing cells were released from the spleen at day 1 after MI. Though RORγt-expressing cells in spleen expressed γδTCR or CD4, γδTCR+ cells were major population of RORγt-expressing cells that infiltrated into post-infarct myocardium. To address the biological functions of RORγt-expressing cells in infarcted hearts, we used mice with enhanced GFP gene heterozygously knocked-in at RORγt locus (RORγt+/- mice), which physiologically showed reduced expression of RORγt mRNA in thymus. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that MI-induced mortality was higher in RORγt+/- mice than wild-type (WT) mice. Masson’s trichrome staining demonstrated that cardiac injury was exacerbated in RORγt+/- mice 7 days after MI (Injured area: RORγt+/-; 42.1±6.5%, WT; 34.0±3.7%, circumference of injured myocardium: RORγt+/-; 61.8±4.8%, WT; 49.6±5.1%), accompanied by exacerbation of cardiac function (fractional shortening: RORγt+/-; 32.9±2.9%, WT; 38.3±3.6%). Moreover, immunohistochemical analyses revealed that capillary density in border zone was significantly reduced in RORγt+/- mice after MI, compared with WT mice, associated with the reduced expression of angiopoietin 2. Finally, the mRNA expression of RORγt, IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-23 receptor (IL-23R) mRNA and protein expression of IL-10 were decreased in RORγt+/- hearts. Conclusions Heterozygous deletion of RORγt gene resulted in aggravated cardiac remodeling, accompanied by reduced capillary density, after MI, suggesting that RORγt-expressing cells contribute to tissue repair in infarcted myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Enomoto
- Laboratory of Clinical Science and Biomedicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kotaro Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Clinical Science and Biomedicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomomi Yamashita
- Laboratory of Clinical Science and Biomedicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Arisa Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Clinical Science and Biomedicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makiko Maeda
- Laboratory of Clinical Science and Biomedicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakayama
- Laboratory of Clinical Science and Biomedicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanori Obana
- Laboratory of Clinical Science and Biomedicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yasushi Fujio
- Laboratory of Clinical Science and Biomedicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Weber KT, Sun Y, Wodi LA, Munir A, Jahangir E, Ahokas RA, Gerling IC, Postlethwaite AE, Warrington KJ. Toward a broader understanding of aldosterone in congestive heart failure. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2016; 4:155-63. [PMID: 14608519 DOI: 10.3317/jraas.2003.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovered some 50 years ago, aldosterone (ALDO) has come to be recognised as a mineralocorticoid hormone with well-known endocrine properties in epithelial cells that contribute to the pathophysiology of congestive heart failure. This includes Na + resorption at the expense of K+ excretion in classic target tissues: kidneys, colon, sweat and salivary glands. Though less well known, Mg2+ excretion is likewise enhanced by ALDO, while adrenal ALDO secretion is regulated by extracellular Mg2+ ([Mg2+ ]o). An emerging body of information has and continues to identify other endocrine actions of ALDO receptor-ligand binding. They include: promoting an efflux of cytosolic free Mg2+, or [Mg2+]i, in exchange for Na+ in such non-epithelial cells as peripheral blood mononuclear cells; its influence on endothelial cell function; and its central actions that involve regulation of cerebrospinal fluid composition produced by epithelial cells of the choroid plexus, activity of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus involved in Na+ appetite, Na+ and H2O excretion and sympathetic nerve activity, and the regulation of TNF-α production from central and/or peripheral sources. Extra-adrenal steroidogenesi and auto/paracrine properties of ALDO generated de novo in the cardiovasculature are now under investigation and preliminary findings suggest they contribute to tissue repair. The past decade has witnessed a revival of interest in this steroid molecule. In years to come, an even broader understanding of ALDO's contribution to the pathophysiology of congestive heart failure will undoubtedly emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl T Weber
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee, 38163, USA.
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Liu J, Wang H, Li J. Inflammation and Inflammatory Cells in Myocardial Infarction and Reperfusion Injury: A Double-Edged Sword. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-CARDIOLOGY 2016; 10:79-84. [PMID: 27279755 PMCID: PMC4892199 DOI: 10.4137/cmc.s33164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is the most common cause of cardiac injury, and subsequent reperfusion further enhances the activation of innate and adaptive immune responses and cell death programs. Therefore, inflammation and inflammatory cell infiltration are the hallmarks of MI and reperfusion injury. Ischemic cardiac injury activates the innate immune response via toll-like receptors and upregulates chemokine and cytokine expressions in the infarcted heart. The recruitment of inflammatory cells is a dynamic and superbly orchestrated process. Sequential infiltration of the injured myocardium with neutrophils, monocytes and their descendant macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes contributes to the initiation and resolution of inflammation, infarct healing, angiogenesis, and ventricular remodeling. Both detrimental effects and a beneficial role in the pathophysiology of MI and reperfusion injury may be attributed to the subset heterogeneity and functional diversity of these inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.; Department of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haijuan Wang
- Clinical Skill Training Center, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Physiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Hofmann U, Frantz S. Role of T-cells in myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2015; 37:873-9. [PMID: 26646702 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity has been studied for several decades in the context of ischaemia-reperfusion injury, myocardial remodelling, and healing. In the last years, a number of experimental and clinical studies focused on adaptive immunity in these processes. Meanwhile, there is considerable evidence especially on the role of CD4(+) T-cells in myocardial injury and healing, whereas their role in remodelling is less clear. Innate leukocytes are able to recognize a wide array of self and foreign molecular patterns, whereas the activation of adaptive immunity requires the highly specific cooperation of antigen-presenting cells and distinct antigen-specific receptors on lymphocytes. Relevant autoantigens have not yet been definitely identified but experimental evidence indicates that autoantigen recognition is necessary for T-cell activation after myocardial infarction. Non-antigen-specific modes of activation might also play a role especially during acute ischaemia and reperfusion of the myocardium. This review summarizes the current evidence from experimental studies and presents side-by-side recent clinical data on the role of T cells in the pathophysiology of myocardial reperfusion injury and post myocardial infarction healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Hofmann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Straße 40, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany Deutsches Zentrum für Herzinsuffizienz, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Straubmühlweg 2a, Würzburg 97078, Germany
| | - Stefan Frantz
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Straße 40, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
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20
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Sharir R, Semo J, Shimoni S, Ben-Mordechai T, Landa-Rouben N, Maysel-Auslender S, Shaish A, Entin–Meer M, Keren G, George J. Experimental myocardial infarction induces altered regulatory T cell hemostasis, and adoptive transfer attenuates subsequent remodeling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113653. [PMID: 25436994 PMCID: PMC4249913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemic cardiac damage is associated with upregulation of cardiac pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as invasion of lymphocytes into the heart. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are known to exert a suppressive effect on several immune cell types. We sought to determine whether the Treg pool is influenced by myocardial damage and whether Tregs transfer and deletion affect cardiac remodeling. Methods and Results The number and functional suppressive activity of Tregs were assayed in mice subjected to experimental myocardial infarction. The numbers of splenocyte-derived Tregs in the ischemic mice were significantly higher after the injury than in the controls, and their suppressive properties were significantly compromised. Compared with PBS, adoptive Treg transfer to mice with experimental infarction reduced infarct size and improved LV remodeling and functional performance by echocardiography. Treg deletion with blocking anti-CD25 antibodies did not influence infarct size or echocardiographic features of cardiac remodeling. Conclusion Treg numbers are increased whereas their function is compromised in mice with that underwent experimental infarction. Transfer of exogeneous Tregs results in attenuation of myocardial remodeling whereas their ablation has no effect. Thus, Tregs may serve as interesting potential interventional targets for attenuating left ventricular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinat Sharir
- Heart Center, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel, Affiliated to the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Cardiology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jonathan Semo
- Heart Center, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel, Affiliated to the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Cardiology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Sara Shimoni
- Heart Center, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel, Affiliated to the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tamar Ben-Mordechai
- Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Tel Aviv University, Sheba Center for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells, and Tissue Engineering and Tamman Cardiovascular Research institute, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Natalie Landa-Rouben
- Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Tel Aviv University, Sheba Center for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells, and Tissue Engineering and Tamman Cardiovascular Research institute, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Sofia Maysel-Auslender
- Heart Center, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel, Affiliated to the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Aviv Shaish
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Michal Entin–Meer
- Heart Center, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel, Affiliated to the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gad Keren
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Cardiology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jacob George
- Heart Center, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel, Affiliated to the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Latet SC, Hoymans VY, Van Herck PL, Vrints CJ. The cellular immune system in the post-myocardial infarction repair process. Int J Cardiol 2014; 179:240-7. [PMID: 25464457 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that overactivation and prolongation of the inflammatory response after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) result in worse left ventricular remodelling, dysfunction and progression to heart failure. This post-AMI inflammatory response is characterised by the critical involvement of cells from both the innate and adaptive immune systems. In this review paper, we aim to summarise and discuss the emergence of immune cells in the bloodstream and myocardium after AMI in men and mice. Subset composition, phenotypes, and kinetics of immune cells are considered. In addition, the relation with post-MI cardiac remodelling, function and outcome is reported. Increased knowledge of immune components, the mechanisms and interactions by which these cells contribute to myocardial damage and repair following AMI may help to close the gaps that limit improvement of treatments of those who survive the acute infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam C Latet
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Pathophysiological Research, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Edegem, Belgium.
| | - Vicky Y Hoymans
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Pathophysiological Research, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Edegem, Belgium.
| | - Paul L Van Herck
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Pathophysiological Research, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Edegem, Belgium.
| | - Christiaan J Vrints
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Pathophysiological Research, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Edegem, Belgium.
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Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for cardiac inflammation: immunomodulatory properties and the influence of toll-like receptors. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:181020. [PMID: 24391353 PMCID: PMC3872440 DOI: 10.1155/2013/181020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After myocardial infarction (MI), the inflammatory response is indispensable for initiating reparatory processes. However, the intensity and duration of the inflammation cause additional damage to the already injured myocardium. Treatment with mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) upon MI positively affects cardiac function. This happens likely via a paracrine mechanism. As MSC are potent modulators of the immune system, this could influence this postinfarct immune response. Since MSC express toll-like receptors (TLR), danger signal (DAMP) produced after MI could influence their immunomodulatory properties. SCOPE OF REVIEW Not much is known about the direct immunomodulatory efficiency of MSC when injected in a strong inflammatory environment. This review focuses first on the interactions between MSC and the immune system. Subsequently, an overview is provided of the effects of DAMP-associated TLR activation on MSC and their immunomodulative properties after myocardial infarction. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS MSC can strongly influence most cell types of the immune system. TLR signaling can increase and decrease this immunomodulatory potential, depending on the available ligands. Although reports are inconsistent, TLR3 activation may boost immunomodulation by MSC, while TLR4 activation suppresses it. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Elucidating the effects of TLR activation on MSC could identify new preconditioning strategies which might improve their immunomodulative properties.
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Watanabe R, Azuma RW, Suzuki JI, Ogawa M, Itai A, Hirata Y, Komuro I, Isobe M. Inhibition of NF-κB activation by a novel IKK inhibitor reduces the severity of experimental autoimmune myocarditis via suppression of T-cell activation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H1761-71. [PMID: 24097428 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00159.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
NF-κB, which is activated by the inhibitor of NF-κB kinase (IKK), is involved in the progression of inflammatory disease. However, the effect of IKK inhibition on the progression of myocarditis is unknown. We examined the effect of IKK inhibition on the progression of myocarditis. Lewis rats were immunized with porcine cardiac myosin to induce experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM). We administered the IKK inhibitor (IMD-0354; 15 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1)) or vehicle to EAM rats daily. Hearts were harvested 21 days after immunization. Although the untreated EAM group showed increased heart weight-to-body weight ratio, and severe myocardial damage, these changes were attenuated in the IKK inhibitor-treated group. Moreover, IKK inhibitor administration significantly reduced NF-κB activation and mRNA expression of IFN-γ, IL-2, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in myocardium compared with vehicle administration. In vitro study showed that the IKK inhibitor treatment inhibited T-cell proliferation and Th1 cytokines production induced by myosin stimulation. The IKK inhibitor ameliorated EAM by suppressing inflammatory reactions via suppression of T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Watanabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Ismahil MA, Hamid T, Bansal SS, Patel B, Kingery JR, Prabhu SD. Remodeling of the mononuclear phagocyte network underlies chronic inflammation and disease progression in heart failure: critical importance of the cardiosplenic axis. Circ Res 2013; 114:266-82. [PMID: 24186967 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.301720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The role of mononuclear phagocytes in chronic heart failure (HF) is unknown. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to delineate monocyte, macrophage, and dendritic cell trafficking in HF and define the contribution of the spleen to cardiac remodeling. METHODS AND RESULTS We evaluated C57Bl/6 mice with chronic HF 8 weeks after coronary ligation. As compared with sham-operated controls, HF mice exhibited: (1) increased proinflammatory CD11b+ F4/80+ CD206- macrophages and CD11b+ F4/80+ Gr-1(hi) monocytes in the heart and peripheral blood, respectively, and reduced CD11b+ F4/80+ Gr-1(hi) monocytes in the spleen; (2) significantly increased CD11c+ B220- classical dendritic cells and CD11c+ low)B220+ plasmacytoid dendritic cells in both the heart and spleen, and increased classic dendritic cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in peripheral blood and bone marrow, respectively; (3) increased CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells in the spleen; and (4) profound splenic remodeling with abundant white pulp follicles, markedly increased size of the marginal zone and germinal centers, and increased expression of alarmins. Splenectomy in mice with established HF reversed pathological cardiac remodeling and inflammation. Splenocytes adoptively transferred from mice with HF, but not from sham-operated mice, homed to the heart and induced long-term left ventricular dilatation, dysfunction, and fibrosis in naive recipients. Recipient mice also exhibited monocyte activation and splenic remodeling similar to HF mice. CONCLUSIONS Activation of mononuclear phagocytes is central to the progression of cardiac remodeling in HF, and heightened antigen processing in the spleen plays a critical role in this process. Splenocytes (presumably splenic monocytes and dendritic cells) promote immune-mediated injurious responses in the failing heart and retain this memory on adoptive transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ameen Ismahil
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham VAMC, Birmingham, AL (M.A.I., T.H., S.S.S., B.P., S.D.P.); and Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY (J.R.K.)
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Saparov A, Chen CW, Beckman SA, Wang Y, Huard J. The role of antioxidation and immunomodulation in postnatal multipotent stem cell-mediated cardiac repair. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:16258-79. [PMID: 23924945 PMCID: PMC3759910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140816258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation play major roles in the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease including myocardial infarction (MI). The pathological progression following MI is very complex and involves a number of cell populations including cells localized within the heart, as well as cells recruited from the circulation and other tissues that participate in inflammatory and reparative processes. These cells, with their secretory factors, have pleiotropic effects that depend on the stage of inflammation and regeneration. Excessive inflammation leads to enlargement of the infarction site, pathological remodeling and eventually, heart dysfunction. Stem cell therapy represents a unique and innovative approach to ameliorate oxidative stress and inflammation caused by ischemic heart disease. Consequently, it is crucial to understand the crosstalk between stem cells and other cells involved in post-MI cardiac tissue repair, especially immune cells, in order to harness the beneficial effects of the immune response following MI and further improve stem cell-mediated cardiac regeneration. This paper reviews the recent findings on the role of antioxidation and immunomodulation in postnatal multipotent stem cell-mediated cardiac repair following ischemic heart disease, particularly acute MI and focuses specifically on mesenchymal, muscle and blood-vessel-derived stem cells due to their antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Saparov
- Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation System, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; E-Mails: (C.-W.C.); (S.A.B.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (A.S.); (J.H.); Tel.: +7-717-270-6140 (A.S.); +1-412-648-2798 (J.H.); Fax: +7-717-270-6054 (A.S.); +1-412-648-4066 (J.H.)
| | - Chien-Wen Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; E-Mails: (C.-W.C.); (S.A.B.)
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; E-Mail:
- Stem Cell Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Sarah A. Beckman
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; E-Mails: (C.-W.C.); (S.A.B.)
- Stem Cell Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Yadong Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; E-Mail:
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Johnny Huard
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; E-Mails: (C.-W.C.); (S.A.B.)
- Stem Cell Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (A.S.); (J.H.); Tel.: +7-717-270-6140 (A.S.); +1-412-648-2798 (J.H.); Fax: +7-717-270-6054 (A.S.); +1-412-648-4066 (J.H.)
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Kadkhodaee M, Khastar H, Seifi B, Najafi A, Delavari F. Renal oxidative injury after leukocyte transfer from ischemia-reperfusion-induced kidney damage in Balb/c mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 100:99-106. [DOI: 10.1556/aphysiol.100.2013.1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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The dominant roles of ICAM-1-encoding gene in DNA vaccination against Japanese encephalitis virus are the activation of dendritic cells and enhancement of cellular immunity. Cell Immunol 2013; 281:1-10. [PMID: 23411485 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the cellular immune responses elicited by a plasmid DNA vaccine encoding prM-E protein from the Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus (JEV) with or without various forms of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 gene to maximize the immune responses evoked by the JE DNA vaccine. We observed that co-immunization with the construct containing murine ICAM-1 gene (pICAM-1) resulted in a significant increase in the percentage of CD4(+)T cells, high level of JEV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response, and high production of T helper 1 (Th1)-type cytokines in splenic T cells. Furthermore, the co-expression of ICAM-1 and DNA immunogens was found to be more effective in generating T cell-mediated immune responses than those induced by immunization with pJME in combination with pICAM-1. Our results suggested that ICAM-1 enhanced T cell receptor signaling and activated Th1 immune responses in the JEV model system by increasing the induction of CD4(+)Th1 cell subset and activating dendritic cells.
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van den Akker F, Deddens JC, Doevendans PA, Sluijter JPG. Cardiac stem cell therapy to modulate inflammation upon myocardial infarction. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1830:2449-58. [PMID: 22975401 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After myocardial infarction (MI) a local inflammatory reaction clears the damaged myocardium from dead cells and matrix debris at the onset of scar formation. The intensity and duration of this inflammatory reaction are intimately linked to post-infarct remodeling and cardiac dysfunction. Strikingly, treatment with standard anti-inflammatory drugs worsens clinical outcome, suggesting a dual role of inflammation in the cardiac response to injury. Cardiac stem cell therapy with different stem or progenitor cells, e.g. mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), was recently found to have beneficial effects, mostly related to paracrine actions. One of the suggested paracrine effects of cell therapy is modulation of the immune system. SCOPE OF REVIEW MSC are reported to interact with several cells of the immune system and could therefore be an excellent means to reduce detrimental inflammatory reactions and promote the switch to the healing phase upon cardiac injury. This review focuses on the potential use of MSC therapy for post-MI inflammation. To understand the effects MSC might have on the post-MI heart the cellular and molecular changes in the myocardium after MI need to be understood. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS By studying the general pathways involved in immunomodulation, and examining the interactions with cell types important for post-MI inflammation, it becomes clear that MSC treatment might provide a new therapeutic opportunity to improve cardiac outcome after acute injury. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Using stem cells to target the post-MI inflammation is a novel therapy which could have considerable clinical implications. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biochemistry of Stem Cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F van den Akker
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Fukui D, Yasukawa H, Sugi Y, Oba T, Nagata T, Kyogoku S, Futamata N, Yokoyama T, Yokoyama S, Kai H, Ueno T, Kage M, Imaizumi T. Transient reduction and activation of circulating dendritic cells in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2012; 160:216-9. [PMID: 22841473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DCs) are highly potent professional antigen-presenting cells that play a central role in initiating the primary immune response. Accumulating evidence suggests that immune-mediated inflammation plays an important role in the pathophysiology of AMI, but the mechanism that triggers such immune responses is unknown. METHODS Using multi-color flow-cytometry, we determined the numbers of circulating myeloid DCs (mDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) in patients with AMI (n = 26) or stable angina pectoris (SAP) (n = 19), and in age-matched control subjects (n = 19). The DC activation markers CD40 and CD83 were also measured. RESULTS On admission, circulating mDC and pDC counts were significantly lower in AMI patients compared to control subjects and SAP patients (mDC, P < 0.01; pDC, P < 0.05). The activation markers of mDCs in AMI patients were significantly higher and returned to the levels of control subjects or SAP patients 3 days after AMI (mDC, P < 0.05; pDC, P < 0.05). Reductions of circulating mDC and pDC numbers were restored 7 days after the onset of AMI. Furthermore, we found that the recovery of the circulating DC numbers 14 days after AMI was correlated with the alterations of creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) (mDC, r = 0.48, P < 0.05; pDC, r=0.52, P < 0.01) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) (mDC, r = 0.53, P < 0.01; pDC, r = 0.51, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the transient reduction and activation of circulating DCs may play important roles in the pathophysiology of myocardial injury after AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Fukui
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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Ramos GC, Dalbó S, Leite DP, Goldfeder E, Carvalho CR, Vaz NM, Assreuy J. The autoimmune nature of post-infarct myocardial healing: oral tolerance to cardiac antigens as a novel strategy to improve cardiac healing. Autoimmunity 2012; 45:233-44. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2011.647134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Regulatory T cells ameliorate cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction. Basic Res Cardiol 2011; 107:232. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-011-0232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Interleukin-2 enhances angiogenesis and preserves cardiac function following myocardial infarction. Cytokine 2011; 56:732-8. [PMID: 22004921 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that injection of IL-2-activated natural killer (NK) cells contribute to vascular remodeling via a4b7 integrin and killer cell lectin-like receptor (KLRG) 1 and promote cardiac repair following myocardial infarction (MI). The aim of the present study is to test the hypothesis that injection of recombinant human interleukin (rhIL)-2 improves angiogenesis and preserves heart function after MI. A single IV injection of rhIL-2 two days following MI improved by 27.7% the left ventricular (LV) fractional shortening of immune competent (C57Bl6) mice, but had no effect on cardiac function of immune-deficient (NOD-SCID IL2Rγnull) mice. Immunohistochemical analysis of C57Bl6 cross sections of heart revealed that collagen deposition was reduced by 23.1% and that capillary density was enhanced in the scar area and the border zone of the infarct respectively by 22.4% and 33.6% following rhIL-2 injection. In addition, rhIL-2 enhanced 1.6-fold the in vivo endothelial cell proliferation index and 1.8-fold the number of NK cell infiltrating the infarcted heart, but had no effect on the number of cardiac CD4 and CD8 cells. In vitro, rhIL-2 activated NK cells enhanced cardiac endothelial cell proliferation by 17.2%. Here we show that a single IV injection of rhIL-2 positively impacted cardiac function by improving angiogenesis through a process involving NK cells.
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Tang TT, Zhu ZF, Wang J, Zhang WC, Tu X, Xiao H, Du XL, Xia JH, Dong NG, Su W, Xia N, Yan XX, Nie SF, Liu J, Zhou SF, Yao R, Xie JJ, Jevallee H, Wang X, Liao MY, Shi GP, Fu M, Liao YH, Cheng X. Impaired thymic export and apoptosis contribute to regulatory T-cell defects in patients with chronic heart failure. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24272. [PMID: 21935395 PMCID: PMC3174174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Animal studies suggest that regulatory T (T(reg)) cells play a beneficial role in ventricular remodeling and our previous data have demonstrated defects of T(reg) cells in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). However, the mechanisms behind T(reg-)cell defects remained unknown. We here sought to elucidate the mechanism of T(reg-)cell defects in CHF patients. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed flow cytometry analysis and demonstrated reduced numbers of peripheral blood CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+)CD45RO(-)CD45RA(+) naïve T(reg) (nT(reg)) cells and CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+)CD45RO(+)CD45RA(-) memory T(reg) (mT(reg)) cells in CHF patients as compared with non-CHF controls. Moreover, the nT(reg)/mT(reg) ratio (p<0.01), CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+)CD45RO(-) CD45RA(+)CD31(+) recent thymic emigrant T(reg) cell (RTE-T(reg)) frequency (p<0.01), and T-cell receptor excision circle levels in T(reg) cells (p<0.01) were lower in CHF patients than in non-CHF controls. Combined annexin-V and 7-AAD staining showed that peripheral T(reg) cells from CHF patients exhibited increased spontaneous apoptosis and were more prone to interleukin (IL)-2 deprivation- and CD95 ligand-mediated apoptosis than those from non-CHF individuals. Furthermore, analyses by both flow cytometry and real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that T(reg)-cell frequency in the mediastinal lymph nodes or Foxp3 expression in hearts of CHF patients was no higher than that of the non-CHF controls. CONCLUSION Our data suggested that the T(reg)-cell defects of CHF patients were likely caused by decreased thymic output of nascent T(reg) cells and increased susceptibility to apoptosis in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Tang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng-Feng Zhu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Yangzhou No. 1 People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Cai Zhang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Tu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Cardio-X Institute, College of Life Science and Technology and Center of Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Xiao
- First Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin-Ling Du
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-Hong Xia
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Nian-Guo Dong
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Su
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ni Xia
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing-Xing Yan
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shao-Fang Nie
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Su-Feng Zhou
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Yao
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiang-Jiao Xie
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Harish Jevallee
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng-Yang Liao
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Fu
- Department of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yu-Hua Liao
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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Curato C, Slavic S, Dong J, Skorska A, Altarche-Xifró W, Miteva K, Kaschina E, Thiel A, Imboden H, Wang J, Steckelings U, Steinhoff G, Unger T, Li J. Identification of noncytotoxic and IL-10-producing CD8+AT2R+ T cell population in response to ischemic heart injury. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:6286-93. [PMID: 20935205 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests a cardioprotective role of the angiotensin AT2R, albeit the underlying cellular mechanisms are not well understood. We aimed in this article to elucidate a potential role of cardiac angiotensin AT2R in regulating cellular immune response to ischemic heart injury. Seven days after myocardial infarction in rats, double-immunofluorescence staining showed that AT2R was detected in a fraction of CD8(+) T cells infiltrating in the peri-infarct myocardium. We developed a method that allowed the isolation of myocardial infiltrating CD8(+)AT2R(+) T cells using modified MACS, and further characterization and purification with flow cytometry. Although the CD8(+)AT2R(-) T cells exhibited potent cytotoxicity to both adult and fetal cardiomyocytes (CMs), the CD8(+)AT2R(+) T cells were noncytotoxic to these CMs. The CD8(+)AT2R(+) T cells were characterized by upregulated IL-10 and downregulated IL-2 and INF-γ expression when compared with CD8(+)AT2R(-) T cells. We further showed that IL-10 gene expression was enhanced in CD8(+) T cells on in vitro AT2R stimulation. Importantly, in vivo AT2R activation engendered an increment of CD8(+)AT2R(+) T cells and IL-10 production in the ischemic myocardium. In addition, intramyocardial transplantation of CD8(+)AT2R(+) T cells (versus CD8(+)AT2R(-)) led to reduced ischemic heart injury. Moreover, the CD8(+)AT2R(+) T cell population was also demonstrated in human peripheral blood. Thus, we have defined the cardioprotective CD8(+)AT2R(+) T cell population, which increases during ischemic heart injury and contributes to maintaining CM viability and providing IL-10, hence revealing an AT2R-mediated cellular mechanism in modulating adaptive immune response in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Curato
- Center for Cardiovascular Research/Institute of Pharmacology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Naito K, Anzai T, Sugano Y, Maekawa Y, Kohno T, Yoshikawa T, Matsuno K, Ogawa S. Differential effects of GM-CSF and G-CSF on infiltration of dendritic cells during early left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:5691-701. [PMID: 18832728 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.8.5691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that the immune activation after myocardial infarction (MI) induces secondary myocardial injury. Although dendritic cells (DC) are potent regulators of immunity, their role in MI is still undetermined. We investigated the effect of DC modulation by CSF on left ventricular (LV) remodeling after MI. MI was induced by ligation of the left coronary artery in male Wistar rats. G-CSF (20 microg/kg/day, MI-G, n = 33), a GM-CSF inducer (romurtide, 200 microg/kg/day, MI-GM, n = 28), or saline (MI-C, n = 55) was administered for 7 days. On day 14, MI-G animals had higher LV max dP/dt and smaller LV dimensions, whereas MI-GM animals had lower LV max dP/dt and larger LV dimensions than did MI-C animals, despite similar infarct size. In MI-C, OX62(+) DC infiltrated the infarcted and border areas, peaking on day 7. Bromodeoxyuridine-positive DC were observed in the border area during convalescence. Infiltration by DC was decreased in MI-G animals and increased in MI-GM animals compared with MI-C (p < 0.05). In the infarcted area, the heat shock protein 70, TLR2 and TLR4, and IFN-gamma expression were reduced in MI-G, but increased in MI-GM in comparison with those in MI-C animals. IL-10 expression was higher in MI-G and lower in MI-GM than in MI-C animals. In conclusion, G-CSF improves and GM-CSF exacerbates early postinfarction LV remodeling in association with modulation of DC infiltration. Suppression of DC-mediated immunity could be a new strategy for the treatment of LV remodeling after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Naito
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Laflamme MA, Zbinden S, Epstein SE, Murry CE. Cell-based therapy for myocardial ischemia and infarction: pathophysiological mechanisms. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2008; 2:307-39. [PMID: 18039102 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pathol.2.010506.092038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based cardiac repair has emerged as an attractive approach to preventing or reversing heart failure resulting from myocyte dysfunction-e.g., due to infarction-and to enhancing the development of collaterals in patients with symptoms of myocardial ischemia. These two problems involve both overlapping and differing mechanisms, and these differences must be considered in cell-based therapies. In terms of myocardial dysfunction due to infarction, only committed cardiomyocytes have been shown to form new myocardium that is electrically coupled with the host heart. Despite this, multiple cell populations appear to improve function of the infarcted heart, including many that are clearly nonmyogenic. In terms of myocardial ischemia, although cell-based strategies improve ischemia in animal models, clinical trials to date have not shown robustly beneficial results. We review the evidence for potential mechanisms underlying the benefits of cell transplantation in the heart and discuss the clinical contexts in which they may be relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Laflamme
- Department of Pathology, Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.
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Leuschner F, Li J, Goser S, Reinhardt L, Ottl R, Bride P, Zehelein J, Pfitzer G, Remppis A, Giannitsis E, Katus HA, Kaya Z. Absence of auto-antibodies against cardiac troponin I predicts improvement of left ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2008; 29:1949-55. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Wu JL, Matsui S, Zong ZP, Nishikawa K, Sun BG, Katsuda S, Fu M. Amelioration of myocarditis by statin through inhibiting cross-talk between antigen presenting cells and lymphocytes in rats. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2008; 44:1023-1031. [PMID: 18471827 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2008.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Statins, inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutary-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, have been recognized as a new type of immunomodulator and reported to have anti-inflammatory effect. To investigate the effect of simvastatin, a lipophilic statin, on myocarditis, we explored whether simvastatin is able to inhibit experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) and adoptive transfer of EAM in rats. We found that administration of simvastatin not only interfered with the development of EAM, but also inhibited the transfer. Antigen presenting cells (APCs) were proved to be important for the development of EAM. The ability of myocarditic splenocytes to transfer myocarditis was enhanced after co-culture with APCs. During co-culture of the myocarditic splenocytes and the APCs, simvastatin not only decreased percentages of CD28 expression in CD4-positive myocarditic splenocytes, and CD80 and CD86 expressions in APCs, but also inhibited the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-partial differential in the CD4-positive myocarditic splenocytes and the APCs. These results indicate that simvastatin was able to ameliorate EAM through the inhibition of cross-talk between lymphocytes and APCs, suggesting beneficial role of simvastatin in the treatment of autoimmune myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lu Wu
- Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; Department of Cardiology, First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Shinobu Matsui
- Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Zhi-Ping Zong
- Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Katsuzo Nishikawa
- Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Bao-Gui Sun
- Department of Cardiology, First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Shogo Katsuda
- Department of Pathology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Michael Fu
- Wallenberg Laboratory c/o Department of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Göteborg, Sweden
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Du YY, Zhou SH, Zhou T, Su H, Pan HW, Du WH, Liu B, Liu QM. Immuno-inflammatory regulation effect of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in a rat model of myocardial infarction. Cytotherapy 2008; 10:469-78. [PMID: 18608353 DOI: 10.1080/14653240802129893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have recently been shown to possess immunomodulatory properties in vitro and in vivo. The present study aimed to investigate the regulatory effect of MSC transplantation on the immuno-inflammatory response in myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS MI was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by left anterior descending coronary artery ligation, and the animals were randomly assigned into the following three groups: sham ( n=8); phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) injected (MI+PBS, n=8); and MSC transplantation (MI+MSC, n=8). BrdU-labeled MSC or PBS was transplanted into peri-infarct myocardium by direct myocardial injection. At 1 and 28 days post-transplantation, cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography. Transplanted cells were investigated through immunohistochemistry. Lymphocyte cytotoxic activity was evaluated with the crystal violet method. The activity of NF-kappaB and protein expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 in myocardium were assessed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. RESULTS Echocardiographic examination revealed that the MSC transplantation prevented left ventricular dilation and dysfunction at 28 days after the operation. BrdU-stained cells were found living in host heart 4 weeks after transplantation. MSC transplantation attenuated the cytotoxic activity of spleen lymphocytes. Transplantation of MSC inhibited the activity of NF-kappaB, attenuated the protein production of TNF-alpha and IL-6, and increased the expression of IL-10 in peri-infarct myocardium. DISCUSSION MSC transplantation modulated the immuno-inflammatory response in MI. The immuno-inflammatory regulatory effect of MSC transplantation might partly account for the cardiac protection in myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-Y Du
- Department of Cardiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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A therapeutic anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody inhibits T cell receptor signal transduction in mouse autoimmune cardiomyopathy. Chin Med J (Engl) 2007. [DOI: 10.1097/00029330-200708010-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Abstract
Viruses are the most common cause of myocarditis in economically advanced countries. Enteroviruses and adenoviruses are the most common etiologic agents. Viral myocarditis is a triphasic process. Phase 1 is the period of active viral replication in the myocardium during which the symptoms of myocardial damage range from none to cardiogenic shock. If the disease process continues, it enters phase 2, which is characterized by autoimmunity triggered by viral and myocardial proteins. Heart failure often appears for the first time in phase 2. Phase 3, dilated cardiomyopathy, is the end result in some patients. Diagnostic procedures and treatment should be tailored to the phase of disease. Viral myocarditis is a significant cause of dilated cardiomyopathy, as proved by the frequent presence of viral genomic material in the myocardium, and by improvement in ventricular function by immunomodulatory therapy. Myocarditis of any etiology usually presents with heart failure, but the second most common presentation is ventricular arrhythmia. As a result, myocarditis is one of the most common causes of sudden death in young people and others without preexisting structural heart disease. Myocarditis can be definitively diagnosed by endomyocardial biopsy. However, it is clear that existing criteria for the histologic diagnosis need to be refined, and that a variety of molecular markers in the myocardium and the circulation can be used to establish the diagnosis. Treatment of myocarditis has been generally disappointing. Accurate staging of the disease will undoubtedly improve treatment in the future. It is clear that immunosuppression and immunomodulation are effective in some patients, especially during phase 2, but may not be as useful in phases 1 and 3. Since myocarditis is often selflimited, bridging and recovery therapy with circulatory assistance may be effective. Prevention by immunization or receptor blocking strategies is under development. Giant cell myocarditis is an unusually fulminant form of the disease that progresses rapidly to heart failure or sudden death. Rapid onset of disease in young people, especially those with other autoimmune manifestations, accompanied by heart failure or ventricular arrhythmias, suggests giant cell myocarditis. Peripartum cardiomyopathy in economically developed countries is usually the result of myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T. Willerson
- The University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston, Houston, ,Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX USA
| | - Hein J. J. Wellens
- Department of Cardiology, University of Maastricht, Masstricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jay N. Cohn
- Rasmussen Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Cardiovascular Division, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - David R. Holmes
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN USA
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Burne-Taney MJ, Liu M, Ascon D, Molls RR, Racusen L, Rabb H. Transfer of lymphocytes from mice with renal ischemia can induce albuminuria in naive mice: a possible mechanism linking early injury and progressive renal disease? Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 291:F981-6. [PMID: 16757731 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00229.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) predisposes to long-term impairment in kidney function both in patients and experimentally through unknown mechanisms. Given emerging evidence implicating lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of early injury to kidney, liver, and lung after IRI, we hypothesized that kidney IRI would potentially release or expose normally sequestered antigens that would lead to proliferation of antigen-recognizing lymphocytes. This, in turn, would directly participate in progressive kidney injury. To test this hypothesis, we purified splenic lymphocytes from C57BL/6 mice with severe renal IRI or sham operation 6 wk postischemia and transferred these cells to normal mice. Donor mice with IRI had significant fibrosis and cellular inflammation. The recipient mice were followed for 6 or 12 wk. Donor lymphocytes were found to traffic into recipient kidney. Twelve weeks after transfer, kidneys from mice which received IRI-primed lymphocytes exhibited significantly increased urinary albumin excretion compared with lymphocytes from sham mice. Splenic CD3+, CD4+, CD3+CD25+, and CD4+CD44+ counts were significantly increased in mice after lymphocyte transfer from IRI mice vs. mice with lymphocytes from sham mice. These data demonstrate that lymphocytes from IRI mice can traffic to recipient kidney and directly mediate albuminuria. These data identify a novel mechanism by which initial kidney injury predisposes to long-term dysfunction and identify lymphocytes as potential therapeutic targets for progressive renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Burne-Taney
- Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins Univ. School of Medicine, Ross 965, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Wang Z, Liao YH, Yuan J, Zhang JH, Liu ZP, Dong JH. Analysis of IgG subclass antibodies and expression of T-Cell receptor signaling molecules in anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody treated mice with autoimmune cardiomyopathy. Autoimmunity 2006; 39:455-60. [PMID: 17060024 DOI: 10.1080/08916930600845915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
T-cell immune abnormality in patients of dilated cardiomyopathy has been intensively studied over the past 10 years. In this study, we aim to focus on the molecular mechanism of T-cells in autoimmune cardiomyopathy mouse model by detecting the expression of three T-cell signaling molecules. Balb/C mice (n = 12) were immunized with the peptides derived from human ADP/ATP carrier on the 1st, 14th, 28th, 49th and 79th days, and half of them were also injected with anti-L3T4 McAb on the - 1st, 0 and 1st days. The sham-immunized mice were taken as the controls (n = 6). The main result shows that the antibody response of IgG subclasses such as IgG1, IgG2b and IgG3 were definitely blocked except IgG2a in CD4+ cell-depleted Balb/C mice. In addition, the average mRNA expression of p56lck, p59fyn and zap-70 were all found to be dramatically higher in the mice immunized with only ADP/ATP carrier peptides than in the control-group. At meantime, reduced levels of the protein kinases p56lck, p59fyn and zap-70 were clearly observed in anti-CD4 McAb immunized group compared with DCM group. We propose that the proliferation of T-cells was significantly inhibited in anti-CD4 treated mice and CD4+ T-cells may play a critical role in ADP/ATP carrier caused mouse DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Wang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular immunology, Tongji Medical College, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Huazhong Technology and Science University, 1277 Jie-Fang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
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Hirasawa M, Ito Y, Shibata MA, Otsuki Y. Mechanism of Inflammation in Murine Eosinophilic Myocarditis Produced by Adoptive Transfer with Ovalbumin Challenge. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2006; 142:28-39. [PMID: 17016056 DOI: 10.1159/000095996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin (IL)-5, RANTES and CC chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3) are essential for induction of eosinophil recruitment in organs, but the precise pathogenesis of eosinophilic myocarditis is still unclear. We investigated the relationships between these cytokines and receptors in the development of inflammation in murine myocarditis produced by adoptive transfer, with reference to eosinophil infiltration and signal transduction. METHODS The splenocytes from male donor DBA/2 mice were separated after ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization. These cells had a CD4/CD8 ratio of approximately 3.0. Cells (2.0 x 10(7)) were individually transfused to recipient adoptive male DBA/2 mice, and OVA challenge was performed serially. The heart and spleen of the recipient were analyzed to determine the kinetics of IL-5, RANTES, CCR3 and eosinophil production with simultaneous determination of Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) mRNA. RESULTS Approximately 85% of recipient mice developed myocarditis; 35% had recognizable cell infiltration in the left ventricular endocardium, an effect which was absent in control mice. Eosinophilic myocarditis was usually associated with animals having several degenerative changes in myocardial cells, and IL-5, RANTES and CCR3 expressions were usually present in these eosinophils (p < 0.05). CCR3 and JAK3 mRNAs were detected in the spleens and hearts of recipient animals providing histological evidence for kinetics related to eosinophil infiltration. CONCLUSION The murine model of adoptive transferred myocarditis is suitable for studying the mechanism of eosinophilic myocarditis. A unique pathogenesis of this disorder may be controlled by the synergism of CD4 dominancy in the donor and JAK-STAT signaling in the recipient, which may cause recruitment of eosinophils into heart lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Hirasawa
- Department of Anatomy and Biology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan.
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Marty RR, Eriksson U. Dendritic cells and autoimmune heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2006; 112:34-9. [PMID: 16891018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Revised: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 06/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy is the most common cause of heart failure in young patients and often results from autoimmunity triggered by viral or bacterial infections. Dendritic cells are professional antigen-presenting cells residing in lymphatic tissue and in the heart. They are involved in both, host defense and maintenance of peripheral tolerance. Animal models suggest an important role for dendritic cells in the induction of autoimmune myocarditis. Activated and self-antigen loaded dendritic cells, for example, induce myocarditis and heart failure in susceptible mice. It appears that the combined presence of tissue damage and innate activation exceeding a certain threshold prompts dendritic cells to prime and amplify potentially autoreactive T cells targeting the heart. The concept of dendritic cell induced myocarditis helps us to understand disease pathogenesis and offers a nice approach to develop novel therapeutic strategies against a devastating heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- René R Marty
- Division of Experimental Critical Care Medicine, Department of Research, University Hospital, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
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Zhang M, Deng CS, Zheng JJ, Xia J. Curcumin regulated shift from Th1 to Th2 in trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid-induced chronic colitis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2006; 27:1071-7. [PMID: 16867261 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2006.00322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the therapeutic effects of curcumin (Cur) on trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis and the effects of Cur on the balance of Th1/Th2 cytokines. METHODS Colitis was induced by TNBS and treated with Cur (30 mg/kg/d, ip), dexamethasone (Dex, 2 mg/kg/d), or Cur plus dexamethasone (Cur+Dex, 30 mg/kg/d Cur ip+2 mg/kg/d Dex,ip). mRNA in colon mucosa were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Intracellular cytokines were detected by flow cytometry and concentrations of cytokines in sera were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent analysis. RESULTS Both Cur and Dex improved body weight loss, ameliorated histological images and decreased macroscopic score and myeloperoxidase activity. Cur decreased the expression of Th1 cytokines (IL-12, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-1) and increased the expression of Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) in colon mucosa. Cur also increased the proportion of IFN-gamma/IL-4 in splenocytes and circulation. Dex and Cur+Dex decreased the expression of Th1 cytokines but could not increase the expression of Th2 cytokines and the proportion of IFN-gamma/IL-4. CONCLUSION Cur exerted therapeutic effects on colitis by regulating the shift from Th1 to Th2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
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Abstract
Myocardial infarction is associated with an immune response. Physiological inflammation response causes self-repair and protection, while pathological autoimmune response leads to ventricular remodeling and heart failure. Laying emphasis on regulating the immune function may become a new target for the prevention of heart failure after myocardial infarction. This review focuses on the mechanism of immune-mediated ventricular remodeling and the immune therapy after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hua Liao
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Satoh M, Iwasaka J, Nakamura M, Akatsu T, Shimoda Y, Hiramori K. Increased expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with advanced congestive heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2006; 6:869-75. [PMID: 15556048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejheart.2004.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2003] [Revised: 12/19/2003] [Accepted: 02/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme (TACE) has recently been identified as a metalloproteinase-disintegrin, which converts pro-tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) to the mature form, and is an important mediator in the pathogenesis of CHF. AIMS In order to establish the importance of TACE in the regulation of TNF-alpha synthesis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), we analyzed mRNAs and protein-positive cells of both TACE and TNF-alpha in PBMC obtained from patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). METHODS AND RESULTS PBMC were obtained from 46 patients with CHF and 22 controls. PBMC were activated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionomycin and assessed for TACE and TNF-alpha mRNAs by real-time RT-PCR, intracellular TACE and TNF-alpha levels by flow cytometry, and TNF-alpha secretion by supernatant ELISA. Levels of TACE and TNF-alpha mRNAs, intracellular TACE and TNF-alpha, and supernatant TNF-alpha were higher in CHF than in controls (P<0.001). There was a positive correlation between TACE and TNF-alpha levels in CHF patients (mRNA: r=0.60, P<0.001, intracellular protein levels: r=0.76, P<0.001). When the CHF group was divided into two subgroups by NYHA functional class (I and II vs. III and IV), levels of TACE and TNF-alpha were significantly higher in severe CHF patients (NYHA III or IV) than in mild CHF patients (NYHA I or II) (mRNA: P<0.001; intracellular protein levels: P<0.001). CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that in patients with CHF, and especially those with severe CHF, TACE expression in PBMC increases with TNF-alpha expression. These observations suggest that TACE in PBMC is an important regulator of TNF-alpha maturation, meaning that TACE may be a potential target for the inhibition of cellular TNF-alpha production in CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Satoh
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Uchimaru 19-1, Morioka 020-8505, Iwate, Japan.
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