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King DR, Sedovy MW, Eaton X, Dunaway LS, Good ME, Isakson BE, Johnstone SR. Cell-To-Cell Communication in the Resistance Vasculature. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3833-3867. [PMID: 35959755 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The arterial vasculature can be divided into large conduit arteries, intermediate contractile arteries, resistance arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. Resistance arteries and arterioles primarily function to control systemic blood pressure. The resistance arteries are composed of a layer of endothelial cells oriented parallel to the direction of blood flow, which are separated by a matrix layer termed the internal elastic lamina from several layers of smooth muscle cells oriented perpendicular to the direction of blood flow. Cells within the vessel walls communicate in a homocellular and heterocellular fashion to govern luminal diameter, arterial resistance, and blood pressure. At rest, potassium currents govern the basal state of endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Multiple stimuli can elicit rises in intracellular calcium levels in either endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells, sourced from intracellular stores such as the endoplasmic reticulum or the extracellular space. In general, activation of endothelial cells results in the production of a vasodilatory signal, usually in the form of nitric oxide or endothelial-derived hyperpolarization. Conversely, activation of smooth muscle cells results in a vasoconstriction response through smooth muscle cell contraction. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-35, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ryan King
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Meghan W Sedovy
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health Graduate Program, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Xinyan Eaton
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Luke S Dunaway
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Miranda E Good
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brant E Isakson
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Scott R Johnstone
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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2
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Zhao G, Lu H, Chang Z, Zhao Y, Zhu T, Chang L, Guo Y, Garcia-Barrio MT, Chen YE, Zhang J. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the cellular heterogeneity of aneurysmal infrarenal abdominal aorta. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:1402-1416. [PMID: 32678909 PMCID: PMC8064434 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The artery contains numerous cell types which contribute to multiple vascular diseases. However, the heterogeneity and cellular responses of these vascular cells during abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) progression have not been well characterized. METHODS AND RESULTS Single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on the infrarenal abdominal aortas (IAAs) from C57BL/6J mice at Days 7 and 14 post-sham or peri-adventitial elastase-induced AAA. Unbiased clustering analysis of the transcriptional profiles from >4500 aortic cells identified 17 clusters representing nine-cell lineages, encompassing vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), fibroblasts, endothelial cells, immune cells (macrophages, T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells), and two types of rare cells, including neural cells and erythrocyte cells. Seurat clustering analysis identified four smooth muscle cell (SMC) subpopulations and five monocyte/macrophage subpopulations, with distinct transcriptional profiles. During AAA progression, three major SMC subpopulations were proportionally decreased, whereas the small subpopulation was increased, accompanied with down-regulation of SMC contractile markers and up-regulation of pro-inflammatory genes. Another AAA-associated cellular response is immune cell expansion, particularly monocytes/macrophages. Elastase exposure induced significant expansion and activation of aortic resident macrophages, blood-derived monocytes and inflammatory macrophages. We also identified increased blood-derived reparative macrophages expressing anti-inflammatory cytokines suggesting that resolution of inflammation and vascular repair also persist during AAA progression. CONCLUSION Our data identify AAA disease-relevant transcriptional signatures of vascular cells in the IAA. Furthermore, we characterize the heterogeneity and cellular responses of VSMCs and monocytes/macrophages during AAA progression, which provide insights into their function and the regulation of AAA onset and progression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Abdominal/metabolism
- Aorta, Abdominal/pathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/chemically induced
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/genetics
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/metabolism
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/pathology
- Cell Lineage
- Cluster Analysis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Monocytes/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Pancreatic Elastase
- Phenotype
- RNA-Seq
- Single-Cell Analysis
- Transcriptome
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Guizhen Zhao
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, NCRC Bldg26, Room 357S. 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Haocheng Lu
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, NCRC Bldg26, Room 357S. 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ziyi Chang
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, NCRC Bldg26, Room 357S. 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, NCRC Bldg26, Room 357S. 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tianqing Zhu
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, NCRC Bldg26, Room 357S. 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lin Chang
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, NCRC Bldg26, Room 357S. 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, NCRC Bldg26, Room 357S. 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Minerva T Garcia-Barrio
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, NCRC Bldg26, Room 357S. 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, NCRC Bldg26, Room 357S. 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, NCRC Bldg26, Room 357S. 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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3
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Li N, Rignault-Clerc S, Bielmann C, Bon-Mathier AC, Déglise T, Carboni A, Ducrest M, Rosenblatt-Velin N. Increasing heart vascularisation after myocardial infarction using brain natriuretic peptide stimulation of endothelial and WT1 + epicardial cells. eLife 2020; 9:61050. [PMID: 33245046 PMCID: PMC7695454 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) treatment increases heart function and decreases heart dilation after myocardial infarction (MI). Here, we investigated whether part of the cardioprotective effect of BNP in infarcted hearts related to improved neovascularisation. Infarcted mice were treated with saline or BNP for 10 days. BNP treatment increased vascularisation and the number of endothelial cells in all areas of infarcted hearts. Endothelial cell lineage tracing showed that BNP directly stimulated the proliferation of resident endothelial cells via NPR-A binding and p38 MAP kinase activation. BNP also stimulated the proliferation of WT1+ epicardium-derived cells but only in the hypoxic area of infarcted hearts. Our results demonstrated that these immature cells have a natural capacity to differentiate into endothelial cells in infarcted hearts. BNP treatment increased their proliferation but not their differentiation capacity. We identified new roles for BNP that hold potential for new therapeutic strategies to improve recovery and clinical outcome after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Division of Angiology, Heart and Vessel Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Rignault-Clerc
- Division of Angiology, Heart and Vessel Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Bielmann
- Division of Angiology, Heart and Vessel Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Charlotte Bon-Mathier
- Division of Angiology, Heart and Vessel Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tamara Déglise
- Division of Angiology, Heart and Vessel Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexia Carboni
- Division of Angiology, Heart and Vessel Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mégane Ducrest
- Division of Angiology, Heart and Vessel Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Rosenblatt-Velin
- Division of Angiology, Heart and Vessel Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Hummitzsch K, Hatzirodos N, Macpherson AM, Schwartz J, Rodgers RJ, Irving-Rodgers HF. Transcriptome analyses of ovarian stroma: tunica albuginea, interstitium and theca interna. Reproduction 2020; 157:545-565. [PMID: 30925461 DOI: 10.1530/rep-18-0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The ovary has specialised stromal compartments, including the tunica albuginea, interstitial stroma and theca interna, which develops concurrently with the follicular antrum. To characterise the molecular determinants of these compartments, stroma adjacent to preantral follicles (pre-theca), interstitium and tunica albuginea were laser microdissected (n = 4 per group) and theca interna was dissected from bovine antral follicles (n = 6). RNA microarray analysis showed minimal differences between interstitial stroma and pre-theca, and these were combined for some analyses and referred to as stroma. Genes significantly upregulated in theca interna compared to stroma included INSL3, LHCGR, HSD3B1, CYP17A1, ALDH1A1, OGN, POSTN and ASPN. Quantitative RT-PCR showed significantly greater expression of OGN and LGALS1 in interstitial stroma and theca interna versus tunica and greater expression of ACD in tunica compared to theca interna. PLN was significantly higher in interstitial stroma compared to tunica and theca. Ingenuity pathway, network and upstream regulator analyses were undertaken. Cell survival was also upregulated in theca interna. The tunica albuginea was associated with GPCR and cAMP signalling, suggesting tunica contractility. It was also associated with TGF-β signalling and increased fibrous matrix. Western immunoblotting was positive for OGN, LGALS1, ALDH1A1, ACD and PLN with PLN and OGN highly expressed in tunica and interstitial stroma (each n = 6), but not in theca interna from antral follicles (n = 24). Immunohistochemistry localised LGALS1 and POSTN to extracellular matrix and PLN to smooth muscle cells. These results have identified novel differences between the ovarian stromal compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Hummitzsch
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nicholas Hatzirodos
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Anne M Macpherson
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jeff Schwartz
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Raymond J Rodgers
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Helen F Irving-Rodgers
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Keeley TP, Siow RCM, Jacob R, Mann GE. Reduced SERCA activity underlies dysregulation of Ca 2+ homeostasis under atmospheric O 2 levels. FASEB J 2017; 32:2531-2538. [PMID: 29273673 PMCID: PMC5901376 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700685rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Unregulated increases in cellular Ca2+ homeostasis are a hallmark of pathophysiological conditions and a key trigger of cell death. Endothelial cells cultured under physiologic O2 conditions (5% O2) exhibit a reduced cytosolic Ca2+ response to stimulation. The mechanism for reduced plateau [Ca2+]i upon stimulation was due to increased sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA)-mediated reuptake rather than changes in Ca2+ influx capacity. Agonist-stimulated phosphorylation of the SERCA regulatory protein phospholamban was increased in cells cultured under 5% O2. Elevation of cytosolic and mitochondrial [Ca2+] and cell death after prolonged ionomycin treatment, as a model of Ca2+ overload, were lower when cells were cultured long-term under 5% compared with 18% O2. This protection was abolished by cotreatment with the SERCA inhibitor cyclopiazonic acid. Taken together, these results demonstrate that culturing cells under hyperoxic conditions reduces their ability to efficiently regulate [Ca2+]i, resulting in greater sensitivity to cytotoxic stimuli.-Keeley, T. P., Siow, R. C. M., Jacob, R., Mann, G. E. Reduced SERCA activity underlies dysregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis under atmospheric O2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Keeley
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard C M Siow
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ron Jacob
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni E Mann
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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6
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Ebenebe OV, Heather A, Erickson JR. CaMKII in Vascular Signalling: "Friend or Foe"? Heart Lung Circ 2017; 27:560-567. [PMID: 29409723 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Signalling mechanisms within and between cells of the vasculature enable function and maintain homeostasis. However, a number of these mechanisms also contribute to the pathophysiology of vascular disease states. The multifunctional signalling molecule calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) has been shown to have critical functional effects in many tissue types. For example, CaMKII is known to have a dual role in cardiac physiology and pathology. The function of CaMKII within the vasculature is incompletely understood, but emerging evidence points to potential physiological and pathological roles. This review discusses the evidence for CaMKII signalling within the vasculature, with the aim to better understand both positive and potentially deleterious effects of CaMKII activation in vascular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obialunanma V Ebenebe
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Alison Heather
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Jeffrey R Erickson
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand.
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7
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Lipskaia L, Bobe R, Chen J, Turnbull IC, Lopez JJ, Merlet E, Jeong D, Karakikes I, Ross AS, Liang L, Mougenot N, Atassi F, Lompré AM, Tarzami ST, Kovacic JC, Kranias E, Hajjar RJ, Hadri L. Synergistic role of protein phosphatase inhibitor 1 and sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ -ATPase in the acquisition of the contractile phenotype of arterial smooth muscle cells. Circulation 2013; 129:773-85. [PMID: 24249716 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.002565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenotypic modulation or switching of vascular smooth muscle cells from a contractile/quiescent to a proliferative/synthetic phenotype plays a key role in vascular proliferative disorders such as atherosclerosis and restenosis. Although several calcium handling proteins that control differentiation of smooth muscle cells have been identified, the role of protein phosphatase inhibitor 1 (I-1) in the acquisition or maintenance of the contractile phenotype modulation remains unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS In human coronary arteries, I-1 and sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ -ATPase expression is specific to contractile vascular smooth muscle cells. In synthetic cultured human coronary artery smooth muscle cells, protein phosphatase inhibitor 1 (I-1 target) is highly expressed, leading to a decrease in phospholamban phosphorylation, sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ -ATPase, and cAMP-responsive element binding activity. I-1 knockout mice lack phospholamban phosphorylation and exhibit vascular smooth muscle cell arrest in the synthetic state with excessive neointimal proliferation after carotid injury, as well as significant modifications of contractile properties and relaxant response to acetylcholine of femoral artery in vivo. Constitutively active I-1 gene transfer decreased neointimal formation in an angioplasty rat model by preventing vascular smooth muscle cell contractile to synthetic phenotype change. CONCLUSIONS I-1 and sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ -ATPase synergistically induce the vascular smooth muscle cell contractile phenotype. Gene transfer of constitutively active I-1 is a promising therapeutic strategy for preventing vascular proliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Lipskaia
- Cardiovascular Research Center. Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (L. Lipskaia, J.C., I.C.T., D.J., I.K., A.S.R., L. Liang, S.T.T., J.C.K., R.J.H.., L.H.); INSERM UMRS 956, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France (L. Lipskaia, E.M., F.A., A.-M.L.); LIA/Transatlantic Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (L. Lipskaia, J.C., I.C.T., E.M., D.J., I.K., L. Liang, F.A., A.-M.L., S.T.T., J.C.K., R.J.H., L.H.); INSERM U770, University Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (R.B., J.J.L.); PECMV-Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Paris, France (N.M.); and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (E.K.)
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8
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Bálint Z, Zabini D, Konya V, Nagaraj C, Végh AG, Váró G, Wilhelm I, Fazakas C, Krizbai IA, Heinemann A, Olschewski H, Olschewski A. Double-stranded RNA attenuates the barrier function of human pulmonary artery endothelial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63776. [PMID: 23755110 PMCID: PMC3670875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating RNA may result from excessive cell damage or acute viral infection and can interact with vascular endothelial cells. Despite the obvious clinical implications associated with the presence of circulating RNA, its pathological effects on endothelial cells and the governing molecular mechanisms are still not fully elucidated. We analyzed the effects of double stranded RNA on primary human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (hPAECs). The effect of natural and synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) on hPAECs was investigated using trans-endothelial electric resistance, molecule trafficking, calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis, gene expression and proliferation studies. Furthermore, the morphology and mechanical changes of the cells caused by synthetic dsRNA was followed by in-situ atomic force microscopy, by vascular-endothelial cadherin and F-actin staining. Our results indicated that exposure of hPAECs to synthetic dsRNA led to functional deficits. This was reflected by morphological and mechanical changes and an increase in the permeability of the endothelial monolayer. hPAECs treated with synthetic dsRNA accumulated in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Additionally, the proliferation rate of the cells in the presence of synthetic dsRNA was significantly decreased. Furthermore, we found that natural and synthetic dsRNA modulated Ca2+ signaling in hPAECs by inhibiting the sarco-endoplasmic Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) which is involved in the regulation of the intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and thus cell growth. Even upon synthetic dsRNA stimulation silencing of SERCA3 preserved the endothelial monolayer integrity. Our data identify novel mechanisms by which dsRNA can disrupt endothelial barrier function and these may be relevant in inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Bálint
- Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Diana Zabini
- Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Viktoria Konya
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Chandran Nagaraj
- Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Attila G. Végh
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - György Váró
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Imola Wilhelm
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csilla Fazakas
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István A. Krizbai
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Horst Olschewski
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Olschewski
- Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Moccia F, Berra-Romani R, Tanzi F. Update on vascular endothelial Ca 2+ signalling: A tale of ion channels, pumps and transporters. World J Biol Chem 2012; 3:127-58. [PMID: 22905291 PMCID: PMC3421132 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v3.i7.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A monolayer of endothelial cells (ECs) lines the lumen of blood vessels and forms a multifunctional transducing organ that mediates a plethora of cardiovascular processes. The activation of ECs from as state of quiescence is, therefore, regarded among the early events leading to the onset and progression of potentially lethal diseases, such as hypertension, myocardial infarction, brain stroke, and tumor. Intracellular Ca2+ signals have long been know to play a central role in the complex network of signaling pathways regulating the endothelial functions. Notably, recent work has outlined how any change in the pattern of expression of endothelial channels, transporters and pumps involved in the modulation of intracellular Ca2+ levels may dramatically affect whole body homeostasis. Vascular ECs may react to both mechanical and chemical stimuli by generating a variety of intracellular Ca2+ signals, ranging from brief, localized Ca2+ pulses to prolonged Ca2+ oscillations engulfing the whole cytoplasm. The well-defined spatiotemporal profile of the subcellular Ca2+ signals elicited in ECs by specific extracellular inputs depends on the interaction between Ca2+ releasing channels, which are located both on the plasma membrane and in a number of intracellular organelles, and Ca2+ removing systems. The present article aims to summarize both the past and recent literature in the field to provide a clear-cut picture of our current knowledge on the molecular nature and the role played by the components of the Ca2+ machinery in vascular ECs under both physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Moccia
- Francesco Moccia, Franco Tanzi, Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Laboratory of Physiology, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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10
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Abstract
The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of smooth muscles presents many intriguing facets and questions concerning its roles, especially as these change with development, disease, and modulation of physiological activity. The SR's function was originally perceived to be synthetic and then that of a Ca store for the contractile proteins, acting as a Ca amplification mechanism as it does in striated muscles. Gradually, as investigators have struggled to find a convincing role for Ca-induced Ca release in many smooth muscles, a role in controlling excitability has emerged. This is the Ca spark/spontaneous transient outward current coupling mechanism which reduces excitability and limits contraction. Release of SR Ca occurs in response to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, Ca, and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and depletion of SR Ca can initiate Ca entry, the mechanism of which is being investigated but seems to involve Stim and Orai as found in nonexcitable cells. The contribution of the elemental Ca signals from the SR, sparks and puffs, to global Ca signals, i.e., Ca waves and oscillations, is becoming clearer but is far from established. The dynamics of SR Ca release and uptake mechanisms are reviewed along with the control of luminal Ca. We review the growing list of the SR's functions that still includes Ca storage, contraction, and relaxation but has been expanded to encompass Ca homeostasis, generating local and global Ca signals, and contributing to cellular microdomains and signaling in other organelles, including mitochondria, lysosomes, and the nucleus. For an integrated approach, a review of aspects of the SR in health and disease and during development and aging are also included. While the sheer versatility of smooth muscle makes it foolish to have a "one model fits all" approach to this subject, we have tried to synthesize conclusions wherever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Wray
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside L69 3BX, United Kingdom.
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11
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Thura M, Hokamura K, Yamamoto S, Maeda M, Furuta K, Suzuki M, Ibaraki K, Umemura K. GIF-0173 protects against cerebral infarction through DP1 receptor activation. Exp Neurol 2009; 219:481-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2009] [Revised: 06/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kwan HY, Huang Y, Yao XQ, Leung FP. Role of cyclic nucleotides in the control of cytosolic Ca2+ levels in vascular endothelial cells. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2009; 36:857-66. [PMID: 19413591 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
1. Endothelial cells have a key role in the cardiovascular system. Most endothelial cell functions depend on changes in cytosolic Ca(2+) concentrations ([Ca(2+)](i)) to some extent and Ca2+ signalling acts to link external stimuli with the synthesis and release of regulatory factors in endothelial cells. The [Ca(2+)](i) is maintained by a well-balanced Ca(2+) flux across the endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane. 2. Cyclic nucleotides, such as cAMP and cGMP, are very important second messengers. The cyclic nucleotides can affect [Ca(2+)](i) directly or indirectly (via the actions of protein kinase (PK) A or PKG-mediated phosphorylation) by regulating Ca(2+) mobilization and Ca(2+) influx. Fine-tuning of [Ca(2+)](i) is also fundamental to protect endothelial cells against damaged caused by the excessive accumulation of Ca(2+). 3. Therapeutic agents that control cAMP and cGMP levels have been used to treat various cardiovascular diseases. 4. The aim of the present review is to discuss: (i) the functions of endothelial cells; (ii) the importance of [Ca(2+)](i) in endothelial cells; (iii) the impact of excessive [Ca(2+)](i) in endothelial cells; and (iv) the balanced control of [Ca(2+)](i) in endothelial cells via involvement of cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP) and their general effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Kwan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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13
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Kasseckert SA, Schäfer C, Kluger A, Gligorievski D, Tillmann J, Schlüter KD, Noll T, Sauer H, Piper HM, Abdallah Y. Stimulation of cGMP signalling protects coronary endothelium against reperfusion-induced intercellular gap formation. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 83:381-7. [PMID: 19234300 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Ischaemia-reperfusion provokes barrier failure of the coronary microvasculature, impeding functional recovery of the heart during reperfusion. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the stimulation of cGMP signalling by activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) can reduce reperfusion-induced endothelial intercellular gap formation and to determine whether this is due to an influence on endothelial cytosolic Ca(2+) homeostasis during reperfusion. METHODS AND RESULTS Experiments were performed with cultured coronary endothelial monolayers and isolated saline-perfused rat hearts. HMR1766 (1 micromol/L) or DEAnonoate (0.5 micromol/L) were used to activate sGC. After exposure to simulated ischaemic conditions, reperfusion of endothelial cells led to a pronounced increase in cytosolic calcium levels and intercellular gaps. Stimulation of cGMP signalling during reperfusion increased Ca(2+) sequestration in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and attenuated the reperfusion-induced increase in cytosolic [Ca(2+)]. Phosphorylation of phospholamban was also increased, indicating a de-inhibition of the ER Ca(2+) pump (SERCA). Reperfusion-induced intercellular gap formation was reduced. Reduction of myosin light chain phosphorylation indicated inactivation of the endothelial contractile machinery. Effects on cytsolic Ca(2+) and gaps were abrogated by inhibition of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) with KT5823. In reperfused hearts, stimulation of cGMP signalling led to decreased oedema development. CONCLUSION sGC/PKG activation during reperfusion reduces reperfusion-induced endothelial intercellular gap formation by attenuation of cytosolic calcium overload and reduction of contractile activation in endothelial cells. This mechanism protects the heart against reperfusion-induced oedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha A Kasseckert
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University, Aulweg 129, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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14
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Ruddy JM, Jones JA, Stroud RE, Mukherjee R, Spinale FG, Ikonomidis JS. Differential effect of wall tension on matrix metalloproteinase promoter activation in the thoracic aorta. J Surg Res 2009; 160:333-9. [PMID: 19375723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular remodeling relies upon extracellular matrix restructuring by the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Induction of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by biological signaling molecules has been defined, but whether a mechanical stimulus such as elevated wall tension may generate MMP promoter activation remains unknown. Accordingly, this study examined whether MMP promoter activation would occur as a function of wall tension. MATERIALS AND METHODS The MMP-2 or MMP-9 promoter sequences were fused to the reporter gene lacZ and inserted into the mouse genome. Thoracic aortic rings were harvested (6 preparations/construct) and maintained under physiological conditions at predetermined tension values corresponding to 0, 70, 85, and 100 mm Hg for 3 h. Relative gene expression of lacZ, directly reflecting MMP promoter activity, was then quantified by QPCR. RESULTS MMP-2 promoter activity decreased to 0.42 +/- 0.11 at 0 mm Hg and increased to 1.57 +/- 0.24-fold at 100 mm Hg (P < 0.05), whereas MMP-9 was unaffected. CONCLUSIONS Using unique transgenic constructs with homology to human MMP promoters, this study demonstrated that a physiologically relevant mechanical stimulus was sufficient to differentially induce MMP promoter activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Marie Ruddy
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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15
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Wang N, Yang G, Jia Z, Zhang H, Aoyagi T, Soodvilai S, Symons JD, Schnermann JB, Gonzalez FJ, Litwin SE, Yang T. Vascular PPARgamma controls circadian variation in blood pressure and heart rate through Bmal1. Cell Metab 2008; 8:482-91. [PMID: 19041764 PMCID: PMC5484540 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2008.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are PPARgamma activators that exhibit vasculoprotective properties. To determine the vascular function of PPARgamma, we analyzed Tie2Cre/flox and SM22Cre/flox mice. Unexpectedly, both knockout strains exhibited a significant reduction of circadian variations in blood pressure and heart rate in parallel with diminished variations in urinary norepinephrine/epinephrine excretion and impaired rhythmicity of the canonical clock genes, including Bmal1. PPARgamma expression in the aorta exhibited a robust rhythmicity with a more than 20-fold change during the light/dark cycle. Rosiglitazone treatment induced aortic expression of Bmal1 mRNA, and ChIP and promoter assays revealed that Bmal1 is a direct PPARgamma target gene. These studies have uncovered a role for vascular PPARgamma as a peripheral factor participating in regulation of cardiovascular rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Salt Lake Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Guangrui Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Salt Lake Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Zhanjun Jia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Salt Lake Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Salt Lake Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Toshinori Aoyagi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Salt Lake Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Sunhapas Soodvilai
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Salt Lake Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - J. David Symons
- College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jurgen B. Schnermann
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Sheldon E. Litwin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Salt Lake Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Tianxin Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Salt Lake Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
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16
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Oloizia B, Paul RJ. Ca2+ clearance and contractility in vascular smooth muscle: evidence from gene-altered murine models. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2008; 45:347-62. [PMID: 18598701 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2008.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 05/17/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The central importance of calcium clearance proteins, and their regulators, in the modulation of myocardial contractility and intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) has long been established. Key players identified include the Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger, the Na(+)-K(+) ATPase, the sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase and associated phospholamban. Gene-targeted and transgenic murine models have been critical in the elucidation of their function. The study of these proteins in the regulation of contractile parameters in vascular smooth muscle, on the other hand, is less well studied. More recently, gene-targeted and transgenic models have expanded our knowledge of Ca(2+) clearance proteins and their role in both tonic and phasic smooth muscle contractility. In this review, we will briefly treat the mechanisms which underlie Ca(2+) clearance in smooth muscle. These will be addressed in light of studies using gene-modified mouse models, the results of which will be compared and contrasted with those in the cardiomyocyte. The recently identified human mutations in phospholamban, which lead to dilated cardiomyopathy, are also present in vascular and other smooth muscle. Given the importance of these Ca(2+) clearance systems to modulation of smooth muscle, it is likely that mutations will also lead to smooth muscle pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Oloizia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0576, USA
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17
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Taniguchi H, Mohri I, Okabe-Arahori H, Aritake K, Wada K, Kanekiyo T, Narumiya S, Nakayama M, Ozono K, Urade Y, Taniike M. Prostaglandin D2 protects neonatal mouse brain from hypoxic ischemic injury. J Neurosci 2007; 27:4303-12. [PMID: 17442814 PMCID: PMC6672304 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0321-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin D2 (PGD) is synthesized by hematopoietic PGD synthase (HPGDS) or lipocalin-type PGDS (L-PGDS), depending on the organ in which it is produced, and binds specifically to either DP1 or DP2 receptors. We investigated the role of PGD2 in the pathogenesis of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in neonatal mice at postnatal day 7. In wild-type mice, hypoxia-ischemia increased PGD2 production in the brain up to 90-fold compared with the level in sham-operated brains at 10 min after cessation of hypoxia. Whereas the size of the infarct was not changed in L-PGDS or DP2 knock-out mouse brains compared with that in the wild-type HIE brains, it was significantly increased in HPGDS-L-PGDS double knock-out or DP1 knock-out mice. The PGD2 level in L-PGDS, HPGDS, and HPGDS-L-PGDS knock-out mice at 10 min of reoxygenation was 46, 7, and 1%, respectively, of that in the wild-type ones, indicating the infarct size to be in inverse relation to the amount of PGD2 production. DP1 receptors were exclusively expressed in endothelial cells after 1 h of reoxygenation, and cerebral blood flow decreased more rapidly after the onset of hypoxia and did not return to the baseline level after reoxygenation in HPGDS-L-PGDS knock-out mice. Endothelial cells were severely damaged in HPGDS-L-PGDS and DP1 knock-out mice after 1 h of reoxygenation. In the human neonatal HIE brain, HPGDS-positive microglia were increased in number. In conclusion, it is probable that PGD2 protected the neonatal brain from hypoxic-ischemic injury mainly via DP1 receptors by preventing endothelial cell degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Taniguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ikuko Mohri
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Mental Health and Environmental Effects Research, The Research Center for Child Mental Development, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hitomi Okabe-Arahori
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kosuke Aritake
- Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Kazuko Wada
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takahisa Kanekiyo
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan, and
| | - Masahiro Nakayama
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Anatomic Pathology, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ozono
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Urade
- Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Masako Taniike
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Mental Health and Environmental Effects Research, The Research Center for Child Mental Development, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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18
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Kim M, Perrino BA. CaM kinase II activation and phospholamban phosphorylation by SNP in murine gastric antrum smooth muscles. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 292:G1045-54. [PMID: 17185633 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00203.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Elevations in the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration activate the serine/threonine protein kinase Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II). We tested the hypothesis that increased sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase activity by phospholamban (PLB) phosphorylation contributes to smooth muscle relaxation by elevating the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) load and increasing the frequency of Ca(2+) release events from the SR. We have previously shown that caffeine or sodium nitroprusside (SNP) relaxes murine gastric fundus smooth muscles and increases PLB phosphorylation by CaM kinase II. These findings suggest that an increased SR Ca(2+) load increases the frequency of Ca(2+) transients from the SR and results in PLB phosphorylation by CaM kinase II, contributing to caffeine- or SNP-induced relaxation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of SNP on CaM kinase II and PLB phosphorylation in gastric antrum smooth muscles. SNP or 8-bromo-cGMP decreased the basal tone and amplitudes of spontaneous phasic contractions and activated CaM kinase II. SNP-induced relaxation and CaM kinase II activation were blocked by [1,2,4]oxadizolo-[4,3alpha]quinoxaline-1-one (ODQ) and inhibited by cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) or KN-93. SNP also increased PLBSer(16) and PLBThr(17) phosphorylation. Both PLBSer(16) and Thr(17) phosphorylation were ODQ sensitive. However, only PLBThr(17) phosphorylation was inhibited by CPA or KN-93. These results suggest that CaM kinase II activation and PLB phosphorylation participate in the relaxant effect of SNP on murine gastric antrum smooth muscles through a nitric oxide/guanylyl cyclase/cGMP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Kim
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Anderson Bldg., MS352, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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19
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Schildberg FA, Schulz S, Dombrowski F, Minor T. Cyclic AMP alleviates endoplasmic stress and programmed cell death induced by lipopolysaccharides in human endothelial cells. Cell Tissue Res 2005; 320:91-8. [PMID: 15714276 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-004-1066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2004] [Accepted: 12/01/2004] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The possible protection provided by enhancement of the cAMP signal in the process of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endothelial cell death has been addressed, with special emphasis on the endoplasmic initiation of caspase-12-mediated apoptosis. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were challenged with LPS to reduce viability after 12 h to less than 20% that of the control. Cell death was preceded by ultrastructural disintegration at the endoplasmic reticulum, PERK-phosphorylation, degradation of caspase-12-like protein and cleavage of caspase 9, resulting in apoptosis through the activation of caspase 3. Treatment with a cell-permeable cAMP analogue led to a dose-dependent reduction of cell death over time, mitigated endoplasmic reticulum disturbances, reduced phosphorylation of PERK, and the degradation of caspases 12, 9 and 3. The selective inhibition of caspase 9 completely supplanted the anti-apoptotic effects obtained by cAMP, while being without any influence on caspase 12 degradation. The data suggest that cAMP positively modulates early endoplasmic alterations and caspase activation in LPS-induced apoptosis.
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20
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Ishida Y, Paul RJ. Ca2+ clearance in smooth muscle: lessons from gene-altered mice. J Smooth Muscle Res 2005; 41:235-45. [PMID: 16428863 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.41.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of intracellular [Ca(2+)](i) is important for all cells, but in particular for smooth muscle, as [Ca(2+)](i) is a key second messenger leading to contraction. Mechanisms for the cellular clearance of [Ca(2+)](i) form one side of Ca(2+) homeostasis and include: Plasma Membrane Ca(2+) ATPases (PMCA), Sarcoplasmic/Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca(2+) ATPases (SERCA), Na(+)-Ca(2+)-exchangers (NCX) when coupled to the Na(+)-K(+) ATPases (NKA) and in some cases mitochondria. The nature and relative contribution of these various components of cytosolic Ca(2+) clearance have long been an important topic for study in smooth muscle, particularly as related to regulation of contractility. These studies have largely depended on inhibition of the various components. Recently advances in gene-targeting and transgenesis have made it possible to add or delete individual components, and importantly specific isoforms from the cell. In this brief review, we will focus on new information on Ca(2+) clearance in smooth muscle gained from studies on gene-altered mice models. These provide a deeper understanding of distinct functional roles for individual isoforms and the interactions between various components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukisato Ishida
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH 45267, USA
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21
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Abstract
An impressive array of cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+](i)) signals exert control over a broad range of physiological processes. The specificity and fidelity of these [Ca2+](i) signals is encoded by the frequency, amplitude, and sub-cellular localization of the response. It is believed that the distinct characteristics of [Ca2+](i) signals underlies the differential activation of effectors and ultimately cellular events. This "shaping" of [Ca2+](i) signals can be achieved by the influence of additional signaling pathways modulating the molecular machinery responsible for generating [Ca2+](i) signals. There is a particularly rich source of potential sites of crosstalk between the cAMP and the [Ca2+](i) signaling pathways. This review will focus on the predominant molecular loci at which these classical signaling systems interact to impact the spatio-temporal pattern of [Ca2+](i) signaling in non-excitable cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason I E Bruce
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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22
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Lau KL, Kong SK, Ko WH, Kwan HY, Huang Y, Yao X. cGMP stimulates endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase in vascular endothelial cells. Life Sci 2003; 73:2019-28. [PMID: 12899926 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(03)00565-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Calcium is a crucial regulator of many physiological processes such as cell growth, division, differentiation, cell death and apoptosis. In this study, we examined the effect of cGMP on agonist-induced [Ca(2+)](i) transient in isolated rat aortic endothelial cells. 100 microM ATP was applied to the cells bathed in a Ca(2+)-free physiological solution to induce a [Ca(2+)](i) transient that was caused by Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores. cGMP, which was applied after [Ca(2+)](i) reached its peak level, accelerated the falling phase of [Ca(2+)](i) transient. Pre-treatment of the cells with CPA abolished the accelerating effect of cGMP on the falling phase of [Ca(2+)](i) transient. The effect of cGMP was reversed by KT5823, a highly specific inhibitor of protein kinase G. Taken together, these data suggest that cGMP may reduce [Ca(2+)](i) level by promoting Ca(2+) uptake through sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum ATPase and that the effect of cGMP may be mediated by protein kinase G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin-Ling Lau
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
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23
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MacLennan DH, Kranias EG. Phospholamban: a crucial regulator of cardiac contractility. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2003; 4:566-77. [PMID: 12838339 DOI: 10.1038/nrm1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 755] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure is a major cause of death and disability. Impairments in blood circulation that accompany heart failure can be traced, in part, to alterations in the activity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump that are induced by its interactions with phospholamban, a reversible inhibitor. If phospholamban becomes superinhibitory or chronically inhibitory, contractility is diminished, inducing dilated cardiomyopathy in mice and humans. In mice, phospholamban seems to encumber an otherwise healthy heart, but humans with a phospholamban-null genotype develop early-onset dilated cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H MacLennan
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Charles H. Best Institute, 112 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada.
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24
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Abstract
Nitric oxide production is stimulated by an increase of the concentration of cytosolic Ca(2+) in vascular endothelial cells. Recent evidence suggests that nitric oxide and cGMP might attenuate Ca(2+) influx and, at the same time, initiate a Ca(2+) removal mechanism, thereby decreasing the intracellular concentration of endothelial Ca(2+) in a negative feedback fashion. Such a negative feedback mechanism could serve to protect the endothelial cells from the detrimental effects of excessive nitric oxide and Ca(2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Yao
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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25
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Abstract
Intracellular Ca(2+)-transport ATPases exert a pivotal role in the endoplasmic reticulum and in the compartments of the cellular secretory pathway by maintaining a sufficiently high lumenal Ca(2+) (and Mn(2+)) concentration in these compartments required for an impressive number of vastly different cell functions. At the same time this lumenal Ca(2+) represents a store of releasable activator Ca(2+) controlling an equally impressive number of cytosolic functions. This review mainly focuses on the different Ca(2+)-transport ATPases found in the intracellular compartments of mainly animal non-muscle cells: the sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA) pumps. Although it is not our intention to treat the ATPases of the specialized sarcoplasmic reticulum in depth, we can hardly ignore the SERCA1 pump of fast-twitch skeletal muscle since its structure and function is by far the best understood and it can serve as a guide to understand the other members of the family. In a second part of this review we describe the relatively novel family of secretory pathway Ca(2+)/Mn(2+) ATPases (SPCA), which in eukaryotic cells are primarily found in the Golgi compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Wuytack
- Laboratorium voor Fysiologie, K.U.Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium.
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26
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Pollesello P, Annila A. Structure of the 1-36 N-terminal fragment of human phospholamban phosphorylated at Ser-16 and Thr-17. Biophys J 2002; 83:484-90. [PMID: 12080135 PMCID: PMC1302162 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(02)75184-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of a 36-amino-acid-long N-terminal fragment of human phospholamban phosphorylated at Ser-16 and Thr-17 and Cys-36-->Ser mutated was determined from nuclear magnetic resonance data in aqueous solution containing 30% trifluoroethanol. The peptide assumes a conformation characterized by two alpha-helices connected by an irregular strand, which comprises the amino acids from Arg-13 to Pro-21. The proline is in a trans conformation. The two phosphate groups on Ser-16 and Thr-17 are shown to interact preferably with the side chains of Arg-14 and Arg-13, respectively. The helix comprising amino acids 22 to 35 is well determined (the rmsd for the backbone atoms, calculated for a family of 24 nuclear magnetic resonance structures is 0.69 +/- 0.28 A). The structures of phosphorylated and unphosphorylated phospholamban are compared, and the effect of the two phosphate groups on the relative spatial position of the two helices is examined. The packing parameters Omega (interhelical angle) and d (minimal interhelical distance) are calculated: in the case of the phosphorylated phospholamban, Omega = 100 +/- 35 degrees and d = 7.9 +/- 4.6 A, whereas for the unphosphorylated peptide the values are Omega = 80 +/- 20 degrees and d = 7.0 +/- 4.0 A. We conclude that 1) the phosphorylation does not affect the structure of the C terminus between residues 21 and 36 and 2) the phosphorylated phospholamban has more loose helical packing than the nonphosphorylated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Pollesello
- Orion Pharma, Cardiovascular Research, FIN-02101 Espoo, Finland.
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27
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Nobe K, Sutliff RL, Kranias EG, Paul RJ. Phospholamban regulation of bladder contractility: evidence from gene-altered mouse models. J Physiol 2001; 535:867-78. [PMID: 11559781 PMCID: PMC2278809 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.00867.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Phospholamban (PLB) is an inhibitor of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA). Its presence and/or functional significance in contractility of bladder, a smooth muscle tissue particularly dependent on SR function, is unknown. We investigated this by measuring the effects of carbachol (CCh) on force and [Ca2+]i in bladder from mice in which the PLB gene was ablated (PLB-KO mice). In the PLB-KO bladder, the maximum increases in [Ca2+]i and force were significantly decreased (41.5 and 47.4 % of WT), and the EC50 values increased. 2. Inhibition of SERCA with cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) abolished these differences between WT and PLB-KO bladder, localizing the effects to the SR. 3. To determine whether these effects were specific to PLB, we generated mice with smooth-muscle-specific expression of PLB (PLB-SMOE mice), using the SMP8 alpha-actin promoter. Western blot analysis of PLB-SMOE mice showed approximately an eightfold overexpression of PLB while SERCA was downregulated 12-fold. 4. In PLB-SMOE bladders, in contrast, the response of [Ca2+]i and force to CCh was significantly increased and the EC50 values were decreased. CPA had little affect on the CCh-induced increases in [Ca2+]i and force in PLB-SMOE bladder. 5. These results show that alteration of the PLB:SERCA ratio can significantly modulate smooth muscle [Ca2+]i. Importantly, our data show that PLB can play a major role in modulation of bladder contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nobe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0576, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Brittsan
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0575, USA
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Abstract
Over the last three decades, our knowledge and understanding of the role of phospholamban and its modulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) function has advanced significantly. Phospholamban is a key regulator of cardiac contractility and modulates SR Ca2+ sequestration by inhibiting the SR Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) in its dephosphorylated state. Upon phosphorylation, which is mediated through beta-adrenergic stimulation, the inhibitory effect of phospholamban on the function of SERCA is relieved. This review summarizes recent advances that have been made towards understanding the modulation of SR Ca2+-sequestration by phospholamban through the generation and characterization of genetically altered animal models. It also discusses the role of phospholamban in human heart failure and recent attempts to restore SR function in experimentally induced and human heart failure, which may be translated into future therapeutic approaches in the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Frank
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, OH 45267-0575, USA
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Abstract
The increasing availability of transgenic mouse models of gene deletion and human disease has mandated the development of creative approaches to characterize mouse phenotype. The mouse presents unique challenges to phenotype analysis because of its small size, habits, and inability to verbalize clinical symptoms. This review describes strategies to study mouse organ physiology, focusing on the cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal, gastrointestinal, and neurobehavioral systems. General concerns about evaluating mouse phenotype studies are discussed. Monitoring and anesthesia methods are reviewed, with emphasis on the feasibility and limitations of noninvasive and invasive procedures to monitor physiological parameters, do cannulations, and perform surgical procedures. Examples of phenotype studies are cited to demonstrate the practical applications and limitations of the measurement methods. The repertoire of phenotype analysis methods reviewed here should be useful to investigators involved in or contemplating the use of mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rao
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0521, USA
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Brittsan AG, Carr AN, Schmidt AG, Kranias EG. Maximal inhibition of SERCA2 Ca(2+) affinity by phospholamban in transgenic hearts overexpressing a non-phosphorylatable form of phospholamban. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:12129-35. [PMID: 10766848 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.16.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholamban is a phosphoprotein in the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) which regulates the apparent Ca(2+) affinity of the SR Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA2). To determine the levels of phospholamban which are associated with maximal inhibition of SERCA2, several lines of transgenic mice were generated which expressed increasing levels of a non-phosphorylatable form of phospholamban (S16A,T17A) specifically in the heart. This mutant form of phospholamban was chosen to prevent phosphorylation as a compensatory mechanism in vivo. Quantitative immunoblotting revealed increased phospholamban protein levels of 1.8-, 2.6-, 3.7-, and 4.7-fold in transgenic hearts compared with wild types. There were no changes in the expression levels of SERCA2, calsequestrin, calreticulin, and ryanodine receptor. Assessment of SR Ca(2+) uptake in hearts of transgenic mice indicated increases in the inhibition of the affinity of SERCA2 for Ca(2+) with increased phospholamban expression. Maximal inhibition was obtained at phospholamban expression levels of 2.6-fold or higher. Transgenic hearts with functional saturation in phospholamban:SERCA2 (>/=2.6:1) exhibited increases in beta-myosin heavy chain expression, associated with cardiac hypertrophy. These findings demonstrate that overexpression of a non-phosphorylatable form of phospholamban in transgenic mouse hearts resulted in saturation of the functional phospholamban:SERCA2 ratio at 2.6:1 and suggest that approximately 40% of the SR Ca(2+) pumps are functionally regulated by phospholamban in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Brittsan
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
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