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Shiomi M. The History of the WHHL Rabbit, an Animal Model of Familial Hypercholesterolemia (II) - Contribution to the Development and Validation of the Therapeutics for Hypercholesterolemia and Atherosclerosis. J Atheroscler Thromb 2019; 27:119-131. [PMID: 31748470 PMCID: PMC7049474 DOI: 10.5551/jat.rv17038-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of effective drugs have been developed through animal experiments, contributing to the health of many patients. In particular, the WHHL rabbit family (WHHL rabbits and its advanced strains (coronary atherosclerosis-prone WHHL-CA rabbits and myocardial infarction-prone WHHLMI rabbits) developed at Kobe University (Kobe, Japan) contributed greatly in the development of cholesterol-lowering agents. The WHHL rabbit family is animal models for human familial hypercholesterolemia, coronary atherosclerosis, and coronary heart disease. At the end of breeding of the WHHL rabbit family, this review summarizes the contribution of the WHHL rabbit family to the development of lipid-lowering agents and anti-atherosclerosis agents. Studies using the WHHL rabbit family demonstrated, for the first time in the world, that lowering serum cholesterol levels or preventing LDL oxidation can suppress the progression and destabilization of coronary lesions. In addition, the WHHL rabbit family contributed to the development of various compounds that exhibit lipid-lowering and anti-atherosclerotic effects and has also been used in studies of gene therapeutics. Furthermore, this review also discusses the causes of the increased discrepancy in drug development between the results of animal experiments and clinical studies, which became a problem in recent years, and addresses the importance of the selection of appropriate animal models used in studies in addition to an appropriate study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Shiomi
- Institute for Experimental Animals, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
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2
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Qian Z, Haessler M, Lemos JA, Arsenault JR, Aguirre JE, Gilbert JR, Bowler RP, Park F. Targeting vascular injury using Hantavirus-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors. Mol Ther 2006; 13:694-704. [PMID: 16431160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2005] [Revised: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Restenosis is a pathological condition involving intimal hyperplasia and negative arterial remodeling. Gene therapy vectors have shown modest therapeutic effects, but the level of infectivity has been relatively poor. In the present study we have designed a modified lentiviral vector (LV) pseudotyped with a strain of Hantavirus (HTNV) to improve the transduction efficiency into vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo. In vivo studies using adult New Zealand White rabbits demonstrated that local delivery of HTNV-pseudotyped LV (2 x 10(7) TU) into balloon-injured carotid arteries led to highly efficient transduction into endothelial and smooth muscle cells more effectively than VSV-G-pseudotyped LV (2 x 10(7) TU) or replication-defective adenoviral vectors (1-1.5 x 10(9) pfu) as determined by beta-gal immunohistochemistry. Overexpression of extracellular superoxide dismutase in balloon-injured carotid arteries 6 weeks after LV administration resulted in a significant reduction (P = 0.0024) of the intima/media ratio (0.18 +/- 0.09; n = 4) compared to vehicle-infused carotid arteries (0.69 +/- 0.08; n = 7). No beta-gal immunostaining was detected in other systemic organs, including the spleen, liver, heart, lung, kidneys, and brain. Moreover, no changes in plasma alanine aminotransferase or aspartate aminotransferase were detected following LV administration. In all, these data show that LV pseudotyped with Hantaviral glycoproteins can be a useful vector for targeting therapeutic genes to the vasculature in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Qian
- Department of Radiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Nerheim PL, Meier JL, Vasef MA, Li WG, Hu L, Rice JB, Gavrila D, Richenbacher WE, Weintraub NL. Enhanced cytomegalovirus infection in atherosclerotic human blood vessels. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 164:589-600. [PMID: 14742264 PMCID: PMC1602282 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63148-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2003] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a possible co-factor in atherogenesis and vascular occlusion, but its ability to actively infect medium and large blood vessels is unclear. A vascular explant model was adapted to investigate CMV infection in human coronary artery, internal mammary artery (IMA), and saphenous vein (SV). Vascular explants were inoculated with CMV Towne or low-passage clinical isolate and examined in situ for CMV cytopathic effect and immediate-early and early antigens, as indicators of active infection. At 5 to 7 days after inoculation, we found that CMV Towne actively infected eight of eight different atherosclerotic blood vessel explants (coronary artery, n = 4; SV and IMA grafts, n = 4), whereas it only infected 2 of 14 nonatherosclerotic blood vessel explants (SV, n = 10; IMA, n = 4) (P = 0.001). The CMV clinical isolate actively infected none of six sets of nonatherosclerotic SV explants at 5 to 7 days after inoculation. The active CMV infections involved adventitial and, less frequently, intimal cells. A small subset of infected cells in atherosclerotic tissue expresses the endothelial cell marker CD31. Smooth muscle cells residing in both atherosclerotic and nonatherosclerotic blood vessels were free of active CMV infections even after all vascular tissue layers were exposed to the virus. In contrast, active CMV Towne infection was evident at 2 days after inoculation in smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells previously isolated from the SV tissues. We conclude that active CMV infection is enhanced in atherosclerotic blood vessels compared to atherosclerosis-free vascular equivalents, and this viral activity is restricted to subpopulations of intimal and adventitial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L Nerheim
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242, USA
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Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis of Cerebral Arteries. Stroke 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/b0-44-306600-0/50044-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Kanie N, Matsumoto T, Kobayashi T, Kamata K. Relationship between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma) and endothelium-dependent relaxation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 140:23-32. [PMID: 12967931 PMCID: PMC1574012 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) The aim of the present study was to investigate the causal relationship between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) and endothelium-dependent relaxation in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. (2) Acetylcholine (ACh)-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation was significantly weaker in diabetic rats than in age-matched controls. The decreased relaxation in diabetes was improved by the chronic administration of bezafibrate (30 mg kg-1, p.o., 4 weeks). (3) The expressions of the mRNAs for PPARalpha and PPARgamma were significantly decreased in STZ-induced diabetic rats (compared with the controls) and this decrease was restored partially, but not completely, by the chronic administration of bezafibrate. (4) Superoxide dismutase activity in the aorta was not significantly different between diabetic rats and bezafibrate-treated diabetic rats. (5) The expression of the mRNA for the p22phox subunit of NAD(P)H oxidase was significantly higher in diabetics than in controls, but it was lower in bezafibrate-treated diabetic rats than in nontreated diabetic rats. Although the expression of the mRNA for prepro ET-1 (ppET-1) was markedly increased in diabetic rats (compared with controls), this increase was prevented to a significant extent by the chronic administration of bezafibrate. (6) These results suggest that downregulations of PPARalpha and PPARgamma may lead to an increased expression of ppET-1 mRNA in diabetic states and this increment may trigger endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyasu Kanie
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Takayuki Matsumoto
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Kobayashi
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Katsuo Kamata
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
- Author for correspondence:
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Abstract
Gene therapy is a promising strategy for cerebrovascular diseases. Several genes that encode vasoactive products have been transferred via cerebrospinal fluid for the prevention of vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Transfer of neuroprotective genes, including targeting of proinflammatory mediators, is a current strategy of gene therapy for ischemic stroke. Stimulation of growth of collateral vessels, stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques, inhibition of thrombosis, and prevention of restenosis are important objectives of gene therapy for coronary and limb arteries, but application of these approaches to carotid and intracranial arteries has received little attention. Several fundamental advances, including development of safer vectors, are needed before gene therapy achieves an important role in the treatment of cerebrovascular disease and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Toyoda
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease and Clinical Research Institute, National Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka 810-8563, Japan
| | - Yi Chu
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, and Cardiovascular Center, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, IA, U.S.A
| | - Donald D Heistad
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, U.S.A
- Author for correspondence:
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Kanie N, Kamata K. Effects of chronic administration of the novel endothelin antagonist J-104132 on endothelial dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 135:1935-42. [PMID: 11959796 PMCID: PMC1573322 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The biosynthesis of endothelin-1 is increased in the diabetic state. So this peptide may cause diabetic vascular complications. We tested this possibility by chronically administering J-104132, a potent orally active mixed antagonist of endothelin A and B (ET(A)/ET(B)) receptors to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and focusing on changes in endothelial function. 2. The acetylcholine (ACh)-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation was impaired in diabetic rats and this impairment was significantly attenuated following chronic administration of J-104132 (10 mg kg(-1), p.o., daily for 4 weeks). 3. In an in vitro experiment using aortae from diabetic rats, the ACh-induced relaxation was not changed by the presence of J-104132 (3 x 10(-9) M). 4. The expression levels of the mRNA for endothelial nitric oxide synthase was comparable among aortae from the three groups (control, diabetic and chronically J-104132-treated diabetic). 5. The amount of superoxide anion was significantly greater in aortae from diabetic rats than in controls. Chronic J-104132 treatment significantly decreased the level of superoxide anion in diabetic rats. 6. The expression of the p22phox mRNA for the NADH/NADPH oxidase subunit was significantly increased in STZ-induced diabetic rats and this increase was completely prevented by chronic administration of J-104132. 7. These results suggest that in STZ-induced diabetic rats, ET-1 may be directly involved in impairing endothelium-dependent relaxation via increased superoxide-anion production.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcholine/pharmacology
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Cholesterol/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Endothelin Receptor Antagonists
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Membrane Transport Proteins
- Muscle Relaxation/drug effects
- NADPH Dehydrogenase/biosynthesis
- NADPH Dehydrogenase/genetics
- NADPH Oxidases
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III
- Nitroblue Tetrazolium/metabolism
- Nitroprusside/pharmacology
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Phosphoproteins/biosynthesis
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Pyridines/administration & dosage
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Endothelin/physiology
- Superoxides/analysis
- Superoxides/metabolism
- Triglycerides/blood
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyasu Kanie
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Katsuo Kamata
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
- Author for correspondence:
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Condorelli G, Aycock JK, Frati G, Napoli C. Mutated p21/WAF/CIP transgene overexpression reduces smooth muscle cell proliferation, macrophage deposition, oxidation-sensitive mechanisms, and restenosis in hypercholesterolemic apolipoprotein E knockout mice. FASEB J 2001; 15:2162-70. [PMID: 11641242 DOI: 10.1096/fj.01-0032com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated whether by introducing a mutated p21 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor through a standard type 5 adenovirus (Ad), it would be possible to interfere with restenosis in hypercholesterolemic apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Restenosis is a clinically relevant, undesired effect of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). A critical event underlying restenosis is smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation leading to neointimal formation and vessel reocclusion. Recent data demonstrated that it is possible to reduce restenosis by introducing various genes blocking the cell cycle through Ad vectors. Nonetheless, most experiments were conducted in the healthy carotid artery of rat, which is far from the condition of human disease. Therefore, we investigated whether antiproliferative or proapoptotic genes affect restenosis in a model of atherosclerosis closer to clinical settings. Ad-mutated(m)-p21WAF/CIP1 transgene overexpression induces a significant reduction of restenosis in hypercholesterolemic apolipoprotein E knockout mice subjected to injury of common carotid artery. This was associated with reduced SMC density and proliferation, macrophage deposition, and oxidation-sensitive mechanisms. Treatment with p21/WAF also enhanced TUNEL positivity of arterial cells. We show that in an experimental model of atherosclerosis, braking the cell proliferation through increased vascular apoptosis and reduced oxidation-sensitive signal transduction and macrophage accumulation can significantly ameliorate the deleterious effects of vascular injuries similar to those that occur during PTCA and related procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Condorelli
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
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Abstract
New diagnostic and treatment strategies are being developed for stroke. Gene therapy has several potential advantages over classical pharmacologic therapy. Direct administration of DNA into the brain offers the advantage of producing high concentrations of therapeutic agents in a relatively localized environment. Gene transfer also provides longer duration of effect than traditional drug therapy. Recent studies indicate that gene transfer can produce functional proteins in brain parenchyma and cerebral blood vessels after stroke. In animal models, gene transfer may reduce effects of cerebral ischemia or subarachnoid hemorrhage. This review summarizes some current methods of gene transfer to the brain and recent progress that may lead to gene therapy for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Gunnett
- E315B-GH Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242-1081, USA
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Ooboshi H, Ibayashi S, Yao H, Takada J, Heistad DD, Fujishima M. Age-related neuronal vulnerability to brain ischemia: A potential target of gene therapy. J Am Aging Assoc 2001; 24:31-5. [PMID: 23604873 PMCID: PMC3455646 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-001-0004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Brain infarction is one of the most important age-associated diseases. We have developed aged animal models for brain ischemia, and found the age-related neuronal vulnerability to brain ischemia. Investigation of that mechanism would lead to the effective treatment of brain infarction in the elder population. Recent advancement of gene transfer technique has provided strong tools for the neuronal and vascular biology. We described our recent approaches of gene transfer to blood vessels, including cerebral circulation, using adenoviral vectors. Cerebral blood vessels, atherosclerotic endothelium, and ischemic brain tissue are good targets of gene transfer. Development of these techniques would offer new therapeutic strategies for the age-related neuronal vulnerability and other age-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Ooboshi
- />Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Setsuro Ibayashi
- />Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yao
- />Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Junichi Takada
- />Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Donald D. Heistad
- />Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Masatoshi Fujishima
- />Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City, 812-8582 Japan
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Ooboshi H, Ibayashi S, Heistad DD, Fujishima M. Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to cerebral circulation. Mech Ageing Dev 2000; 116:95-101. [PMID: 10996009 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(00)00123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy may, be a promising approach for treatment of cerebrovascular disease. An adenoviral vector encoding beta-galactosidase was administered intracisternally or intraventricularly into the brain of rats. Efficient expression of the reporter gene was observed at the cerebral blood vessels and perivascular tissues. When the adenoviral vector was delivered into CSF of dogs suffering from subarachnoid hemorrhage, prominent expressions of transgene were observed. Introduction of the vector to the ischemic brain of rats provided efficient transgene expression in the peri-ischemic area. Therefore, gene transfer to the cerebral blood vessel and brain may be a promising approach for gene therapy of stroke. Atherosclerotic lesion plays an important role in stroke. We evaluated efficacy of adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to the atherosclerotic vessels from monkeys and rabbits using an ex vivo gene transfer system. Efficiency of transgene expression in the atherosclerotic endothelium was better than that of normal vessels in both animals. Thus, the endothelium of atherosclerotic vessels may be a good target for gene therapy. Next, we transfected atherosclerotic carotid arteries from rabbits with an adenoviral vector encoding endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). After overexpression of eNOS in the atherosclerotic arteries, the response to acetylcholine was augmented, showing similar relaxation with normal vessels. These results suggest that gene transfer to atherosclerotic vessels improves endothelial function, which may be a new therapeutic approach for cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ooboshi
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidahi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, 812-8582, Fukuoka, Japan.
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