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Kagohashi K, Sasaki Y, Ozawa K, Tsuchiya T, Kawahara S, Saitoh K, Ichii M, Toda J, Harada Y, Kubo M, Kitai Y, Muromoto R, Oritani K, Kashiwakura JI, Matsuda T. Role of Signal-Transducing Adaptor Protein-1 for T Cell Activation and Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Demyelination and Airway Inflammation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:951-961. [PMID: 38315039 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Signal-transducing adaptor protein (STAP)-1 is an adaptor protein that is widely expressed in T cells. In this article, we show that STAP-1 upregulates TCR-mediated T cell activation and T cell-mediated airway inflammation. Using STAP-1 knockout mice and STAP-1-overexpressing Jurkat cells, we found that STAP-1 enhanced TCR signaling, resulting in increased calcium mobilization, NFAT activity, and IL-2 production. Upon TCR engagement, STAP-1 binding to ITK promoted formation of ITK-LCK and ITK-phospholipase Cγ1 complexes to induce downstream signaling. Consistent with the results, STAP-1 deficiency reduced the severity of symptoms in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that STAP-1 is essential for accumulation of T cells and Ifng and Il17 expression in spinal cords after experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induction. Th1 and Th17 development was also attenuated in STAP-1 knockout naive T cells. Taken together, STAP-1 enhances TCR signaling and plays a role in T cell-mediated immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Kagohashi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuto Sasaki
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Ozawa
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takuya Tsuchiya
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shoya Kawahara
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kodai Saitoh
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Michiko Ichii
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Toda
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuyo Harada
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Research Institute for Biomedical Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Masato Kubo
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Research Institute for Biomedical Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kitai
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ryuta Muromoto
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kenji Oritani
- Department of Hematology, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kashiwakura
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Matsuda
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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van Zwol W, Rimbert A, Wolters JC, Smit M, Bloks VW, Kloosterhuis NJ, Huijkman NCA, Koster MH, Tharehalli U, de Neck SM, Bournez C, Fuh MM, Kuipers J, Rajan S, de Bruin A, Ginsberg HN, van Westen GJP, Hussain MM, Scheja L, Heeren J, Zimmerman P, van de Sluis B, Kuivenhoven JA. Loss of hepatic SMLR1 causes hepatosteatosis and protects against atherosclerosis due to decreased hepatic VLDL secretion. Hepatology 2023; 78:1418-1432. [PMID: 36053190 PMCID: PMC10581432 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The assembly and secretion of VLDL from the liver, a pathway that affects hepatic and plasma lipids, remains incompletely understood. We set out to identify players in the VLDL biogenesis pathway by identifying genes that are co-expressed with the MTTP gene that encodes for microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, key to the lipidation of apolipoprotein B, the core protein of VLDL. Using human and murine transcriptomic data sets, we identified small leucine-rich protein 1 ( SMLR1 ), encoding for small leucine-rich protein 1, a protein of unknown function that is exclusively expressed in liver and small intestine. APPROACH AND RESULTS To assess the role of SMLR1 in the liver, we used somatic CRISPR/CRISPR-associated protein 9 gene editing to silence murine Smlr1 in hepatocytes ( Smlr1 -LKO). When fed a chow diet, male and female mice show hepatic steatosis, reduced plasma apolipoprotein B and triglycerides, and reduced VLDL secretion without affecting microsomal triglyceride transfer protein activity. Immunofluorescence studies show that SMLR1 is in the endoplasmic reticulum and Cis-Golgi complex. The loss of hepatic SMLR1 in female mice protects against diet-induced hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis but causes NASH. On a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet, insulin and glucose tolerance tests did not reveal differences in male Smlr1 -LKO mice versus controls. CONCLUSIONS We propose a role for SMLR1 in the trafficking of VLDL from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Cis-Golgi complex. While this study uncovers SMLR1 as a player in the VLDL assembly, trafficking, and secretion pathway, it also shows that NASH can occur with undisturbed glucose homeostasis and atheroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willemien van Zwol
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Antoine Rimbert
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Justina C. Wolters
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke Smit
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent W. Bloks
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Niels J. Kloosterhuis
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nicolette C. A. Huijkman
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam H. Koster
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Umesh Tharehalli
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Simon M. de Neck
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Colin Bournez
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marceline M. Fuh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg−Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jeroen Kuipers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sujith Rajan
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York, USA
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Henry N. Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gerard J. P. van Westen
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M. Mahmood Hussain
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York, USA
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg−Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg−Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Bart van de Sluis
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Albert Kuivenhoven
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Asghar HA, Syed QA, Shukat R, Israr B. EXPLORING the prophylactic potential of Azadirachta indica leaf extract against dyslipidemia. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 303:116008. [PMID: 36521768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.116008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Several studies revealed that different parts of Azadirachta indica A. Juss, has therapeutic potential against inflammatory issues and dyslipidemia which is a major contributing cause to cardiovascular diseases, oxidative stress and serum glucose levels, etc. AIM OF STUDY: Present study was conducted to evaluate anti-dyslipidemic capacity of Azadirachta indica leaf extract in dyslipidemic rabbits. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica leaves was obtained by using Soxhlet apparatus. This extract was used for efficacy study on rabbits. In this context, 25 healthy rabbits were selected for study, Efficacy trial involved five groups of rabbits, 5 rabbits in each group; NC (Negative Control); healthy rabbits received normal diet. In remaining 20 rabbits, dyslipidemia was induced by using high fat diet for 28 days followed by administration of Azadirachta indica leaf ethanolic extract for 60 days in a dose-dependent manner. PC (Positive Control) include dyslipidemic rabbits received normal diet while G1, G2, G3 groups included dyslipidemic rabbits receiving different concentrations of Azadirachta indica leaf extract (i.e. 300, 500 and 700 mg/kg of body weight, respectively). Blood samples were analyzed for serum lipid profile after every 15 days to determine the effect of treatments. RESULTS Significant reduction in total cholesterol (60 ± 3.4 mg/dL), triglycerides (40.31 ± 2.5 mg/dL) and low-density lipoprotein (28.87 ± 2.1 mg/dL) was observed in G2 (P ≤ 0.05)while a significant increase was observed in high-density lipoprotein (60.47 ± 1.7 mg/dL) of G2 (P ≤ 0.05) as compared to other groups. CONCLUSION Results revealed that ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica leaves in G2 group (@ 500 mg/kg of body weight) normalized lipid profile in dyslipidemic rabbits after 60 days of extract administration which significantly lowered TC, TG, LDL levels (P ≤ 0.05) and improved HDL level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiza Anam Asghar
- National Institute of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Food, Nutrition and Home Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Qamar Abbas Syed
- National Institute of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Food, Nutrition and Home Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Rizwan Shukat
- National Institute of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Food, Nutrition and Home Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Beenish Israr
- Institute of Home Sciences, Faculty of Food, Nutrition and Home Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death globally. Despite its important risk of premature atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is still largely underdiagnosed worldwide. It is one of the most frequently inherited diseases due to mutations, for autosomal dominant forms, in either of the LDLR, APOB, and PCSK9 genes or possibly a few mutations in the APOE gene and, for the rare autosomal forms, in the LDLRAP1 gene. The discovery of the genes implicated in the disease has largely helped to improve the diagnosis and treatment of FH from the LDLR by Brown and Goldstein, as well as the introduction of statins, to PCSK9 discovery in FH by Abifadel et al., and the very rapid availability of PCSK9 inhibitors. In the last two decades, major progress has been made in clinical and genetic diagnostic tools and the therapeutic arsenal against FH. Improving prevention, diagnosis, and treatment and making them more accessible to all patients will help reduce the lifelong burden of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Abifadel
- UMR1148, Inserm, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, 46 rue Henri Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Therapeutics (LBTM), Faculty of Pharmacy, Pôle Technologie-Santé, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Catherine Boileau
- UMR1148, Inserm, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, 46 rue Henri Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France.,Département de Génétique, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
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5
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Kuntawala DH, Martins F, Vitorino R, Rebelo S. Automatic Text-Mining Approach to Identify Molecular Target Candidates Associated with Metabolic Processes for Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2283. [PMID: 36767649 PMCID: PMC9915907 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is an autosomal dominant hereditary disease caused by abnormal expansion of unstable CTG repeats in the 3' untranslated region of the myotonic dystrophy protein kinase (DMPK) gene. This disease mainly affects skeletal muscle, resulting in myotonia, progressive distal muscle weakness, and atrophy, but also affects other tissues and systems, such as the heart and central nervous system. Despite some studies reporting therapeutic strategies for DM1, many issues remain unsolved, such as the contribution of metabolic and mitochondrial dysfunctions to DM1 pathogenesis. Therefore, it is crucial to identify molecular target candidates associated with metabolic processes for DM1. In this study, resorting to a bibliometric analysis, articles combining DM1, and metabolic/metabolism terms were identified and further analyzed using an unbiased strategy of automatic text mining with VOSviewer software. A list of candidate molecular targets for DM1 associated with metabolic/metabolism was generated and compared with genes previously associated with DM1 in the DisGeNET database. Furthermore, g:Profiler was used to perform a functional enrichment analysis using the Gene Ontology (GO) and REAC databases. Enriched signaling pathways were identified using integrated bioinformatics enrichment analyses. The results revealed that only 15 of the genes identified in the bibliometric analysis were previously associated with DM1 in the DisGeNET database. Of note, we identified 71 genes not previously associated with DM1, which are of particular interest and should be further explored. The functional enrichment analysis of these genes revealed that regulation of cellular metabolic and metabolic processes were the most associated biological processes. Additionally, a number of signaling pathways were found to be enriched, e.g., signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases, signaling by NRTK1 (TRKA), TRKA activation by NGF, PI3K-AKT activation, prolonged ERK activation events, and axon guidance. Overall, several valuable target candidates related to metabolic processes for DM1 were identified, such as NGF, NTRK1, RhoA, ROCK1, ROCK2, DAG, ACTA, ID1, ID2 MYOD, and MYOG. Therefore, our study strengthens the hypothesis that metabolic dysfunctions contribute to DM1 pathogenesis, and the exploitation of metabolic dysfunction targets is crucial for the development of future therapeutic interventions for DM1.
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New Trends and Therapies for Familial Hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11226638. [PMID: 36431115 PMCID: PMC9696955 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11226638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is associated with an elevated risk of atherosclerosis. The finding of monogenic defects indicates higher atherosclerotic risk in comparison with hypercholesterolemia of other etiologies. However, in heterozygous FH, cardiovascular risk is heterogeneous and depends not only on high cholesterol levels but also on the presence of other biomarkers and genes. The development of atherosclerosis risk scores specific for heterozygous FH and the use of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis imaging help with identifying higher-risk individuals who may benefit from further cholesterol lowering with PCSK9 inhibitors. There is no question about the extreme high risk in homozygous FH, and intensive LDL-cholesterol-lowering therapy must be started as soon as possible. These patients have gained life free of events in comparison with the past, but a high atherosclerosis residual risk persists. Furthermore, there is also the issue of aortic and supra-aortic valve disease development. Newer therapies such as inhibitors of microsomal transfer protein and angiopoietin-like protein 3 have opened the possibility of LDL-cholesterol normalization in homozygous FH and may provide an alternative to lipoprotein apheresis for these patients. Gene-based therapies may provide more definite solutions for lowering high LDL cholesterol and consequent atherosclerosis risk for people with FH.
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Kovács B, Cseprekál O, Diószegi Á, Lengyel S, Maroda L, Paragh G, Harangi M, Páll D. The Importance of Arterial Stiffness Assessment in Patients with Familial Hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11102872. [PMID: 35628997 PMCID: PMC9144855 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11102872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are still the leading cause of mortality due to increased atherosclerosis worldwide. In the background of accelerated atherosclerosis, the most important risk factors include hypertension, age, male gender, hereditary predisposition, diabetes, obesity, smoking and lipid metabolism disorder. Arterial stiffness is a firmly established, independent predictor of cardiovascular risk. Patients with familial hypercholesterolemia are at very high cardiovascular risk. Non-invasive measurement of arterial stiffness is suitable for screening vascular dysfunction at subclinical stage in this severe inherited disorder. Some former studies found stiffer arteries in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia compared to healthy controls, while statin treatment has a beneficial effect on it. If conventional drug therapy fails in patients with severe familial hypercholesterolemia, PCSK9 inhibitor therapy should be administered; if these agents are not available, performing selective LDL apheresis could be considered. The impact of recent therapeutic approaches on vascular stiffness is not widely studied yet, even though the degree of accelerated athero and arteriosclerosis correlates with cardiovascular risk. The authors provide an overview of the diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia and the findings of studies on arterial dysfunction in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia, in addition to presenting the latest therapeutic options and their effects on arterial elasticity parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Kovács
- Division of Metabolism, Institute of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.K.); (Á.D.); (S.L.); (G.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Orsolya Cseprekál
- Department of Surgery, Transplantation and Gastroenterology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Ágnes Diószegi
- Division of Metabolism, Institute of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.K.); (Á.D.); (S.L.); (G.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Szabolcs Lengyel
- Division of Metabolism, Institute of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.K.); (Á.D.); (S.L.); (G.P.); (D.P.)
| | - László Maroda
- Department of Medical Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - György Paragh
- Division of Metabolism, Institute of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.K.); (Á.D.); (S.L.); (G.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Mariann Harangi
- Division of Metabolism, Institute of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.K.); (Á.D.); (S.L.); (G.P.); (D.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-52-255-525
| | - Dénes Páll
- Division of Metabolism, Institute of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.K.); (Á.D.); (S.L.); (G.P.); (D.P.)
- Department of Medical Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
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Diabetes and Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Interplay between Lipid and Glucose Metabolism. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071503. [PMID: 35406116 PMCID: PMC9002616 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disease characterized by high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (LDL-c) concentrations that increase cardiovascular risk and cause premature death. The most frequent cause of the disease is a mutation in the LDL receptor (LDLR) gene. Diabetes is also associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. People with FH seem to be protected from developing diabetes, whereas cholesterol-lowering treatments such as statins are associated with an increased risk of the disease. One of the hypotheses to explain this is based on the toxicity of LDL particles on insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells, and their uptake by the latter, mediated by the LDLR. A healthy lifestyle and a relatively low body mass index in people with FH have also been proposed as explanations. Its association with superimposed diabetes modifies the phenotype of FH, both regarding the lipid profile and cardiovascular risk. However, findings regarding the association and interplay between these two diseases are conflicting. The present review summarizes the existing evidence and discusses knowledge gaps on the matter.
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9
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Matsuda T, Oritani K. Possible Therapeutic Applications of Targeting STAP Proteins in Cancer. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1810-1818. [PMID: 34853263 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The signal-transducing adaptor protein (STAP) family, including STAP-1 and STAP-2, contributes to a variety of intracellular signaling pathways. The proteins in this family contain typical structures for adaptor proteins, such as Pleckstrin homology in the N-terminal regions and SRC homology 2 domains in the central regions. STAP proteins bind to inhibitor of kappaB kinase complex, breast tumor kinase, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and STAT5, during tumorigenesis and inflammatory/immune responses. STAP proteins positively or negatively regulate critical steps in intracellular signaling pathways through individually unique mechanisms. This article reviews the roles of the novel STAP family and the possible therapeutic applications of targeting STAP proteins in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Matsuda
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | - Kenji Oritani
- Department of Hematology, International University of Health and Welfare
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10
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Rocha VZ, Santos RD. Past, Present, and Future of Familial Hypercholesterolemia Management. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2021; 17:28-35. [PMID: 34824679 PMCID: PMC8588698 DOI: 10.14797/mdcvj.887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a monogenic form of severe hypercholesterolemia that, if left untreated, is associated with early onset of atherosclerosis. FH derives from genetic variants that lead to inefficient hepatic clearance of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles from the circulation. The FH phenotype is encountered in approximately 1 of every 300 people. The risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is higher in those with FH than in normolipidemic individuals and in those with polygenic hypercholesterolemia. FH is usually diagnosed by clinical scores that consider hypercholesterolemia, family history of early ASCVD and hypercholesterolemia, and cutaneous stigmata. Genetic diagnosis is important and should be offered to individuals suspected of FH. Family cascade screening is important to identify asymptomatic hypercholesterolemic individuals. Despite the high risk of ASCVD, this risk is heterogenous in heterozygous FH and depends not only on high LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) but also on other risk biomarkers. Risk can be evaluated by considering biomarkers such as male sex, late-onset therapy (> age 40), LDL-C > 310 mg/dL, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, elevated lipoprotein(a), obesity, diabetes, and hypertension by using specific risk equations and by detecting subclinical coronary atherosclerosis. Statins are the main therapy for FH and change the natural history of ASCVD; however, most individuals persist with elevated LDL-C. PCSK9 inhibitors provide robust and safe LDL-C lowering in FH, although elevated costs preclude their widespread use. Newer therapies such as ANGPTL3 inhibitors add intensive LDL-C lowering for refractory forms of FH. Finally, while it is possible to normalize LDL-C in people with FH, the disease unfortunately is still severely underdiagnosed and undertreated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Z Rocha
- Heart Institute (InCor) University of Sao Paulo Medical School Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raul D Santos
- Heart Institute (InCor) University of Sao Paulo Medical School Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Martín-Campos JM. Genetic Determinants of Plasma Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels: Monogenicity, Polygenicity, and "Missing" Heritability. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111728. [PMID: 34829957 PMCID: PMC8615680 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels relate to a high risk of developing some common and complex diseases. LDL-c, as a quantitative trait, is multifactorial and depends on both genetic and environmental factors. In the pregenomic age, targeted genes were used to detect genetic factors in both hyper- and hypolipidemias, but this approach only explained extreme cases in the population distribution. Subsequently, the genetic basis of the less severe and most common dyslipidemias remained unknown. In the genomic age, performing whole-exome sequencing in families with extreme plasma LDL-c values identified some new candidate genes, but it is unlikely that such genes can explain the majority of inexplicable cases. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified several single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) associated with plasma LDL-c, introducing the idea of a polygenic origin. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs), including LDL-c-raising alleles, were developed to measure the contribution of the accumulation of small-effect variants to plasma LDL-c. This paper discusses other possibilities for unexplained dyslipidemias associated with LDL-c, such as mosaicism, maternal effect, and induced epigenetic changes. Future studies should consider gene-gene and gene-environment interactions and the development of integrated information about disease-driving networks, including phenotypes, genotypes, transcription, proteins, metabolites, and epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Maria Martín-Campos
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics Group, Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (IR-HSCSP)-Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), C/Sant Quintí 77-79, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Futema M, Taylor-Beadling A, Williams M, Humphries SE. Genetic testing for familial hypercholesterolemia-past, present, and future. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100139. [PMID: 34666015 PMCID: PMC8572866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the early 1980s, the Nobel Prize winning cellular and molecular work of Mike Brown and Joe Goldstein led to the identification of the LDL receptor gene as the first gene where mutations cause the familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) phenotype. We now know that autosomal dominant monogenic FH can be caused by pathogenic variants of three additional genes (APOB/PCSK9/APOE) and that the plasma LDL-C concentration and risk of premature coronary heart disease differs according to the specific locus and associated molecular cause. It is now possible to use next-generation sequencing to sequence all exons of all four genes, processing 96 patient samples in one sequencing run, increasing the speed of test results, and reducing costs. This has resulted in the identification of not only many novel FH-causing variants but also some variants of unknown significance, which require further evidence to classify as pathogenic or benign. The identification of the FH-causing variant in an index case can be used as an unambiguous and rapid test for other family members. An FH-causing variant can be found in 20-40% of patients with the FH phenotype, and we now appreciate that in the majority of patients without a monogenic cause, a polygenic etiology for their phenotype is highly likely. Compared with those with a monogenic cause, these patients have significantly lower risk of future coronary heart disease. The use of these molecular genetic diagnostic methods in the characterization of FH is a prime example of the utility of precision or personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Futema
- Centre for Heart Muscle Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Taylor-Beadling
- Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Steve E Humphries
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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13
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Lamiquiz-Moneo I, Civeira F, Mateo-Gallego R, Laclaustra M, Moreno-Franco B, Tejedor MT, Palacios L, Martín C, Cenarro A. Diagnostic yield of sequencing familial hypercholesterolemia genes in individuals with primary hypercholesterolemia. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE CARDIOLOGIA (ENGLISH ED.) 2021; 74:664-673. [PMID: 32660911 DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Our objective was to approximate the prevalence of mutations in candidate genes for familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) in a middle-aged Spanish population and to establish the predictive value of criteria for clinical suspicion in the detection of causative mutations. METHODS Unrelated individuals aged ≥ 18 years from the Aragon Workers' Health Study (AWHS) with high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and clinical suspicion of FH (participants with LDL-C concentrations above the 95th percentile, participants with premature cardiovascular disease and/or participants with high LDL-C [130 mg/dL] under statin therapy), assuming that any participant with FH exhibits at leats 1 trait, were selected and the LDLR, APOB, PCSK9, APOE, STAP1 and LDLRAP1 genes were sequenced by next generation sequencing technology. RESULTS Of 5400 individuals from the AWHS, 4514 had complete data on lipid levels and lipid-lowering drugs, 255 participants (5.65%) met the criteria for suspicion of FH, 24 of them (9.41%) were diagnosed with hyperlipoproteinemia(a), and 16 (6.27% of those sequenced) were found to carry causative mutations in candidate genes: 12 participants carried 11 different pathogenic LDLR alleles and 4 participants carried 1 pathogenic mutation in PCSK9. LDL-C concentrations> 220 mg/dL and LDL-C> 130 mg/dL despite statin therapy showed the strongest association with the presence of mutations (P=.011). CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the prevalence of FH in Spain is 1:282 and suggest that the combination of high untreated LDL-C and high levels of LDL-C despite statin therapy are the best predictors of a positive FH genetic test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itziar Lamiquiz-Moneo
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Fernando Civeira
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Zaragoza, Spain; Departamento de Medicina, Psiquiatría y Dermatología, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Rocío Mateo-Gallego
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Zaragoza, Spain; Departamento de Fisiatría y Enfermería, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Martín Laclaustra
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Zaragoza, Spain; Fundación Agencia Aragonesa para la Investigación y el Desarrollo (ARAID), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Belén Moreno-Franco
- Departamento de Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Unidad de Prevención Cardiovascular, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Teresa Tejedor
- Departamento de Anatomía, Embriología y Genética, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lourdes Palacios
- Departamento de I+D, Progenika Biopharma, a Grifols Company, Derio, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - César Martín
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Ana Cenarro
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Zaragoza, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain; Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), Zaragoza, Spain
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14
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Benedek P, Jiao H, Duvefelt K, Skoog T, Linde M, Kiviluoma P, Kere J, Eriksson M, Angelin B. Founder effects facilitate the use of a genotyping-based approach to molecular diagnosis in Swedish patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia. J Intern Med 2021; 290:404-415. [PMID: 33955087 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether genotyping could be used as a cost-effective screening step, preceding next-generation sequencing (NGS), in molecular diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) in Swedish patients. METHODS AND RESULTS Three hundred patients of Swedish origin with clinical suspicion of heterozygous FH were analysed using a specific array genotyping panel embedding 112 FH-causing mutations in the LDLR, APOB and PCSK9 genes. The mutations had been selected from previous reports on FH patients in Scandinavia and Finland. Mutation-negative cases were further analysed by NGS. In 181 patients with probable or definite FH using the Dutch lipid clinics network (DLCN) criteria (score ≥ 6), a causative mutation was identified in 116 (64%). Of these, 94 (81%) were detected by genotyping. Ten mutations accounted for more than 50% of the positive cases, with APOB c.10580G>A being the most common. Mutations in LDLR predominated, with (c.2311+1_2312-1)(2514)del (FH Helsinki) and c.259T>G having the highest frequency. Two novel LDLR mutations were identified. In patients with DLCN score < 6, mutation detection rate was significantly higher at younger age. CONCLUSION A limited number of mutations explain a major fraction of FH cases in Sweden. Combination of selective genotyping and NGS facilitates the clinical challenge of cost-effective genetic screening in suspected FH. The frequency of APOB c.10580G>A was higher than previously reported in Sweden. The lack of demonstrable mutations in the LDLR, APOB and PCSK9 genes in ~1/3 of patients with probable FH strongly suggests that additional genetic mechanisms are to be found in phenotypic FH.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Benedek
- From the, Cardiometabolic Unit, Clinical Department of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Medicine, Integrated Cardiometabolic Center (ICMC), Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - H Jiao
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Clinical Research Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - K Duvefelt
- Clinical Research Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - T Skoog
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - M Linde
- Clinical Research Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - P Kiviluoma
- Clinical Research Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - J Kere
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Clinical Research Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Eriksson
- From the, Cardiometabolic Unit, Clinical Department of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden.,Clinical Research Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - B Angelin
- From the, Cardiometabolic Unit, Clinical Department of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Medicine, Integrated Cardiometabolic Center (ICMC), Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
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15
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He B, Kang S, Chen Z, Liu X, Wang J, Li X, Liu X, Zheng L, Luo M, Wang Y. Hypercholesterolemia risk associated Abca6 does not regulate lipoprotein metabolism in mice or hamster. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:159006. [PMID: 34274505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia has strong heritability and about 40-60% of hypercholesterolemia is caused by genetic risk factors. A number of monogenic genes have been identified so far for familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). However, in the general population, more than 90% of individuals with LDL cholesterol over 190 mg/dL do not carry known FH mutations. Large scale whole-exome sequencing has identified thousands of variants that are predicted to be loss-of-function (LoF) and each individual has a median of about twenty rare LoF variants and several hundreds more common LoF variants. However, majority of those variants have not been characterized and their functional consequence remains largely unknown. Rs77542162 is a common missense variant in ABCA6 and is strongly associated with hypercholesterolemia in different populations. ABCA6 is a cholesterol responsive gene and has been suggested to play a role in lipid metabolism. However, whether and how rs77542162 and ABCA6 regulate lipoprotein metabolism remain unknown. In current study, we systemically characterized the function of rs77542162 and ABCA6 in cultured cells and in vivo of rodents. We found that Abca6 is specifically expressed on the basolateral surface of hepatocytes in mouse liver. The rs77542162 variant disrupts ABCA6 protein stability and results in loss of functional protein. However, we found no evidence that Abca6 plays a role in lipoprotein metabolism in either normal mice or hypercholesterolemia mice or hamsters. Thus, our results suggest that Abca6 does not regulate lipoprotein metabolism in rodents and highlight the challenge and importance of functional characterization of disease-associated variants in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoshen He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shijia Kang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhen Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinkai Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuedan Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ling Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mengcheng Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Khalil YA, Rabès JP, Boileau C, Varret M. APOE gene variants in primary dyslipidemia. Atherosclerosis 2021; 328:11-22. [PMID: 34058468 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a major apolipoprotein involved in lipoprotein metabolism. It is a polymorphic protein and different isoforms are associated with variations in lipid and lipoprotein levels and thus cardiovascular risk. The isoform apoE4 is associated with an increase in LDL-cholesterol levels and thus a higher cardiovascular risk compared to apoE3. Whereas, apoE2 is associated with a mild decrease in LDL-cholesterol levels. In the presence of other risk factors, apoE2 homozygotes could develop type III hyperlipoproteinemia (familial dysbetalipoproteinemia or FD), an atherogenic disorder characterized by an accumulation of remnants of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Several rare APOE gene variants were reported in different types of dyslipidemias including FD, familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCH), lipoprotein glomerulopathy and bona fide autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia (ADH). ADH is characterized by elevated LDL-cholesterol levels leading to coronary heart disease, and due to molecular alterations in three main genes: LDLR, APOB and PCSK9. The identification of the APOE-p.Leu167del variant as the causative molecular element in two different ADH families, paved the way to considering APOE as a candidate gene for ADH. Due to non mendelian interacting factors, common genetic and environmental factors and perhaps epigenetics, clinical presentation of lipid disorders associated with APOE variants often strongly overlap. More studies are needed to determine the spectrum of APOE implication in each of the diseases, notably ADH, in order to improve clinical and genetic diagnosis, prognosis and patient management. The purpose of this review is to comment on these APOE variants and on the molecular and clinical overlaps between dyslipidemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Abou Khalil
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS), INSERM U1148, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Xavier Bichat, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Paris, France; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Therapeutics (LBTM), Faculty of Pharmacy, Pôle Technologie- Santé (PTS), Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jean-Pierre Rabès
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS), INSERM U1148, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Xavier Bichat, Paris, France; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Ambroise Paré, HUPIFO, AP-HP. Paris-Saclay, Boulogne-Billancourt, France; UFR Simone Veil-Santé, UVSQ, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Catherine Boileau
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS), INSERM U1148, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Xavier Bichat, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Paris, France; Genetics Department, AP-HP, CHU Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Varret
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS), INSERM U1148, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Xavier Bichat, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Paris, France.
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17
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Improvement of Definite Diagnosis of Familial Hypercholesterolemia Using an Expanding Genetic Analysis. JACC: ASIA 2021; 1:82-89. [PMID: 36338372 PMCID: PMC9627923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacasi.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background The deeper understanding of the complex hereditary basis of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) has raised the rationale of genetic testing, which has been underutilized in clinical practice. Objectives The present study aimed to explore the variant spectrum of FH in an expanding manner and compare its diagnostic performance. Methods A total of 169 Chinese individuals (124 index cases and 45 relatives) with clinical definite/probable FH were consecutively enrolled. Next-generation sequencing was performed for genetic analysis of 9 genes associated with hypercholesterolemia (major genes: LDLR, APOB, and PCSK9; minor genes: LDLRAP1, LIPA, STAP1, APOE, ABCG5, and ABCG8) including the evaluations of small-scale variants and large-scale copy number variants (CNVs). Results Among the 169 clinical FH patients included, 98 (58.0%) were men. A total of 85 (68.5%) index cases carried FH-associated variants. The proportion of FH caused by small-scale variants in LDLR, APOB, and PCSK9 genes was 62.1% and then increased by 6.5% when other genes and CNVs were further included. Furthermore, the variants in LDLR, APOB, and PCSK9 genes occupied 75% of all FH-associated variants. Of note, there were 8 non-LDLR CNVs detected in the present study. Conclusions LDLR, APOB, and PCSK9 genes should be tested in the initial genetic screening, although variants in minor genes also could explain phenotypic FH, suggesting that an expanding genetic testing may be considered to further explain phenotypic FH.
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18
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Ishiura M, Kitai Y, Kashiwakura JI, Muromoto R, Toda J, Ichii M, Oritani K, Matsuda T. Positive interactions between STAP-1 and BCR-ABL influence chronic myeloid leukemia cell proliferation and survival. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 556:185-191. [PMID: 33845308 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal disease characterized by the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome and its oncogenic product, BCR-ABL, which activates multiple pathways involved in cell survival, growth promotion, and disease progression. We recently reported that signal-transducing adaptor protein 1 (STAP-1) is upregulated in CML stem cells (LSCs) and functions to reduce the apoptosis of CML LSCs by upregulating the STAT5-downstream anti-apoptotic genes. In this study, we demonstrate the detailed molecular interactions among BCR-ABL, STAP-1, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5). Studies with deletion mutants have revealed that STAP-1 interacts with BCR-ABL and STAT5a through its SH2 and PH domains, respectively, suggesting the possible role of STAP-1 as a scaffold protein. Furthermore, the binding of STAP-1 to BCR-ABL stabilizes the BCR-ABL protein in CML cells. Since STAP-1 is highly expressed in CML cells, we also analyzed the STAP-1 promoter activity using a luciferase reporter construct and found that NFATc1 is involved in activating the STAP-1 promoter and inducing STAP-1 mRNA expression. Our results demonstrate that STAP-1 contributes to the BCR-ABL/STAT5 and BCR-ABL/Ca2+/NFAT signals to induce proliferation and STAP-1 mRNA expression in CML cells, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Ishiura
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kitai
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kashiwakura
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Ryuta Muromoto
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Jun Toda
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Michiko Ichii
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenji Oritani
- Department of Hematology, International University of Health and Welfare, 4-3 Kouzunomori, Narita, Chiba, 286-8686, Japan
| | - Tadashi Matsuda
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.
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19
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Improving Familial Hypercholesterolemia Index Case Detection: Sequential Active Screening from Centralized Analytical Data. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10040749. [PMID: 33668494 PMCID: PMC7918446 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of familial hypercholesterolemia index cases (FH-IC) remain underdiagnosed and undertreated because there are no well-defined strategies for the universal detection of FH. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic yield of an active screening for FH-IC based on centralized analytical data. From 2016 to 2019, a clinical screening of FH was performed on 469 subjects with severe hypercholesterolemia (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥220 mg/dL), applying the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network (DLCN) criteria. All patients with a DLCN ≥ 6 were genetically tested, as were 10 patients with a DLCN of 3–5 points to compare the diagnostic yield between the two groups. FH was genetically confirmed in 57 of the 84 patients with DLCN ≥ 6, with a genetic diagnosis rate of 67.9% and an overall prevalence of 12.2% (95% confidence interval: 9.3% to 15.5%). Before inclusion in the study, only 36.8% (n = 21) of the patients with the FH mutation had been clinically diagnosed with FH; after genetic screening, FH detection increased 2.3-fold (p < 0.001). The sequential, active screening strategy for FH-IC increases the diagnostic yield for FH with a rational use of the available resources, which may facilitate the implementation of FH universal and family-based cascade screening strategies.
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20
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Kanuri B, Fong V, Haller A, Hui DY, Patel SB. Mice lacking global Stap1 expression do not manifest hypercholesterolemia. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 21:234. [PMID: 33228548 PMCID: PMC7685646 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-020-01176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Autosomal dominant familial hypercholesterolemia (ADH; MIM#143890) is one of the most common monogenic disorders characterized by elevated circulatory LDL cholesterol. Initial studies in humans with ADH identified a potential relationship with variants of the gene encoding signal transducing adaptor family member protein 1 (STAP1; MIM#604298). However, subsequent studies have been contradictory. In this study, mice lacking global Stap1 expression (Stap1−/−) were characterized under standard chow and a 42% kcal western diet (WD). Methods Mice were studied for changes in different metabolic parameters before and after a 16-week WD regime. Growth curves, body fats, circulatory lipids, parameters of glucose homeostasis, and liver architecture were studied for comparisons. Results Surprisingly, Stap1−/− mice fed the 16-week WD demonstrated no marked differences in any of the metabolic parameters compared to Stap1+/+ mice. Furthermore, hepatic architecture and cholesterol content in FPLC-isolated lipoprotein fractions also remained comparable to wild-type mice. Conclusion These results strongly suggest that STAP1 does not alter lipid levels, that a western diet did not exacerbate a lipid disorder in Stap1 deficient mice and support the contention that it is not causative for hyperlipidemia in ADH patients. These results support other published studies also questioning the role of this locus in human hypercholesterolemia. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12881-020-01176-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babunageswararao Kanuri
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Vincent Fong
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - April Haller
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - David Y Hui
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Shailendra B Patel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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21
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Expression of signal-transducing adaptor protein-1 attenuates experimental autoimmune hepatitis via down-regulating activation and homeostasis of invariant natural killer T cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241440. [PMID: 33175848 PMCID: PMC7657518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Signal-transducing adaptor protein (STAP) family members function as adaptor molecules and are involved in several events during immune responses. Notably however, the biological functions of STAP-1 in other cells are not known. We aimed to investigate the functions of STAP-1 in invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and iNKT cell-dependent hepatitis. Methods We employed concanavalin A (Con A)-induced hepatitis and α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer)-induced hepatitis mouse models, both are models of iNKT cell-dependent autoimmune hepatitis, and STAP-1 overexpressing 2E10 cells to investigate the role of STAP-1 in iNKT cell activation in vivo an in vitro, respectively. Results After Con A- or α-GalCer-injection, hepatocyte necrotic areas and plasma alanine aminotransferase elevation were more severe in STAP-1 knockout (S1KO) mice and milder in lymphocyte-specific STAP-1 transgenic (S1Tg) mice, as compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Two events that may be related to Con A-induced and/or α-GalCer-induced hepatitis were influenced by STAP-1 manipulation. One is that iNKT cell populations in the livers and spleens were increased in S1KO mice and were decreased in S1Tg mice. The other is that Con A-induced interleukin-4 and interferon-γ production was attenuated by STAP-1 overexpression. These effects of STAP-1 were confirmed using 2E10 cells overexpressing STAP-1 that showed impairment of interleukin-4 and interferon-γ production as well as phosphorylation of Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinases in response to Con A stimulation. Conclusions These results conclude that STAP-1 regulates iNKT cell maintenance/activation, and is involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis.
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Guo Q, Feng X, Zhou Y. PCSK9 Variants in Familial Hypercholesterolemia: A Comprehensive Synopsis. Front Genet 2020; 11:1020. [PMID: 33173529 PMCID: PMC7538608 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) affects approximately 1/250, individuals and potentially leads to elevated blood cholesterol and a significantly increased risk of atherosclerosis. Along with improvements in detection and the increased early diagnosis and treatment, the serious burden of FH on families and society has become increasingly apparent. Since FH is strongly associated with proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), increasing numbers of studies have focused on finding effective diagnostic and therapeutic methods based on PCSK9. At present, as PCSK9 is one of the main pathogenic FH genes, its contribution to FH deserves more explorative research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyun Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine of Coronary Atherosclerotic Disease, Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Clinical Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xunxun Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine of Coronary Atherosclerotic Disease, Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Clinical Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine of Coronary Atherosclerotic Disease, Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Clinical Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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23
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Rieck L, Bardey F, Grenkowitz T, Bertram L, Helmuth J, Mischung C, Spranger J, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Bobbert T, Kassner U, Demuth I. Mutation spectrum and polygenic score in German patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. Clin Genet 2020; 98:457-467. [PMID: 32770674 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal-dominant familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is characterized by increased plasma concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and a substantial risk to develop cardiovascular disease. Causative mutations in three major genes are known: the LDL receptor gene (LDLR), the apolipoprotein B gene (APOB) and the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 gene (PCSK9). We clinically characterized 336 patients suspected to have FH and screened them for disease causing mutations in LDLR, APOB, and PCSK9. We genotyped six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to calculate a polygenic risk score for the patients and 1985 controls. The 117 patients had a causative variant in one of the analyzed genes. Most variants were found in the LDLR gene (84.9%) with 11 novel mutations. The mean polygenic risk score was significantly higher in FH mutation negative subjects than in FH mutation positive patients (P < .05) and healthy controls (P < .001), whereas the score of the two latter groups did not differ significantly. However, the score explained only about 3% of the baseline LDL-C variance. We verified the previously described clinical and genetic variability of FH for German hypercholesterolemic patients. Evaluation of a six-SNP polygenic score recently proposed for clinical use suggests that it is not a reliable tool to classify hypercholesterolemic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Rieck
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frieda Bardey
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Grenkowitz
- Department of Cardiology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin (Campus Benjamin Franklin), Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Bertram
- Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics and Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition (LCBC), Dept of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johannes Helmuth
- Department Molecular Diagnostics, Labor Berlin - Charité Vivantes GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Mischung
- Department Molecular Diagnostics, Labor Berlin - Charité Vivantes GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Spranger
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Steinhagen-Thiessen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Bobbert
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ursula Kassner
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ilja Demuth
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BCRT - Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
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24
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Lamiquiz-Moneo I, Civeira F, Mateo-Gallego R, Laclaustra M, Moreno-Franco B, Tejedor MT, Palacios L, Martín C, Cenarro A. Rendimiento diagnóstico de la secuenciación de genes de hipercolesterolemia familiar en sujetos con hipercolesterolemia primaria. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2020.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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25
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Mohebi R, Chen Q, Hegele RA, Rosenson RS. Failure of cosegregation between a rare STAP1 missense variant and hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Lipidol 2020; 14:636-638. [PMID: 32828708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is characterized by elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and an increased risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Although rare pathogenic variants in genes encoding the low-density lipoprotein receptor, apolipoprotein B, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 are found in more than 80% of molecularly defined patients with FH, a few rare minor causative genes have been proposed, including the gene encoding signal-transducing adaptor family member 1 (STAP1). Here, we describe a patient with hypercholesterolemia and the rare heterozygous missense variant p.D207N in STAP1. However, extending the pedigree showed failure of the variant to cosegregate with hypercholesterolemia, as both his sons were carriers of the variant and both were also normolipidemic. The findings add to the evidence against STAP1 as a genetic locus for FH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mohebi
- Cardiometabolics Unit, Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qinzhong Chen
- Cardiometabolics Unit, Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert A Hegele
- Department of Medicine and Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert S Rosenson
- Cardiometabolics Unit, Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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26
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Reeskamp LF, Tromp TR, Defesche JC, Grefhorst A, Stroes ESG, Hovingh GK, Zuurbier L. Next-generation sequencing to confirm clinical familial hypercholesterolemia. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2020; 28:875-883. [PMID: 34298557 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwaa451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial hypercholesterolemia is characterised by high low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels and is caused by a pathogenic variant in LDLR, APOB or PCSK9. We investigated which proportion of suspected familial hypercholesterolemia patients was genetically confirmed, and whether this has changed over the past 20 years in The Netherlands. METHODS Targeted next-generation sequencing of 27 genes involved in lipid metabolism was performed in patients with low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels greater than 5 mmol/L who were referred to our centre between May 2016 and July 2018. The proportion of patients carrying likely pathogenic or pathogenic variants in LDLR, APOB or PCSK9, or the minor familial hypercholesterolemia genes LDLRAP1, ABCG5, ABCG8, LIPA and APOE were investigated. This was compared with the yield of Sanger sequencing between 1999 and 2016. RESULTS A total of 227 out of the 1528 referred patients (14.9%) were heterozygous carriers of a pathogenic variant in LDLR (80.2%), APOB (14.5%) or PCSK9 (5.3%). More than 50% of patients with a Dutch Lipid Clinic Network score of 'probable' or 'definite' familial hypercholesterolemia were familial hypercholesterolemia mutation-positive; 4.8% of the familial hypercholesterolemia mutation-negative patients carried a variant in one of the minor familial hypercholesterolemia genes. The mutation detection rate has decreased over the past two decades, especially in younger patients in which it dropped from 45% in 1999 to 30% in 2018. CONCLUSIONS A rare pathogenic variant in LDLR, APOB or PCSK9 was identified in 14.9% of suspected familial hypercholesterolemia patients and this rate has decreased in the past two decades. Stringent use of clinical criteria algorithms is warranted to increase this yield. Variants in the minor familial hypercholesterolemia genes provide a possible explanation for the familial hypercholesterolemia phenotype in a minority of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens F Reeskamp
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tycho R Tromp
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joep C Defesche
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aldo Grefhorst
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik S G Stroes
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Zuurbier
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Reeskamp LF, Tromp TR, Defesche JC, Grefhorst A, Stroes ES, Hovingh GK, Zuurbier L. Next-generation sequencing to confirm clinical familial hypercholesterolemia. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2020:2047487320942996. [PMID: 32718233 DOI: 10.1177/2047487320942996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial hypercholesterolemia is characterised by high low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels and is caused by a pathogenic variant in LDLR, APOB or PCSK9. We investigated which proportion of suspected familial hypercholesterolemia patients was genetically confirmed, and whether this has changed over the past 20 years in The Netherlands. METHODS Targeted next-generation sequencing of 27 genes involved in lipid metabolism was performed in patients with low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels greater than 5 mmol/L who were referred to our centre between May 2016 and July 2018. The proportion of patients carrying likely pathogenic or pathogenic variants in LDLR, APOB or PCSK9, or the minor familial hypercholesterolemia genes LDLRAP1, ABCG5, ABCG8, LIPA and APOE were investigated. This was compared with the yield of Sanger sequencing between 1999 and 2016. RESULTS A total of 227 out of the 1528 referred patients (14.9%) were heterozygous carriers of a pathogenic variant in LDLR (80.2%), APOB (14.5%) or PCSK9 (5.3%). More than 50% of patients with a Dutch Lipid Clinic Network score of 'probable' or 'definite' familial hypercholesterolemia were familial hypercholesterolemia mutation-positive; 4.8% of the familial hypercholesterolemia mutation-negative patients carried a variant in one of the minor familial hypercholesterolemia genes. The mutation detection rate has decreased over the past two decades, especially in younger patients in which it dropped from 45% in 1999 to 30% in 2018. CONCLUSIONS A rare pathogenic variant in LDLR, APOB or PCSK9 was identified in 14.9% of suspected familial hypercholesterolemia patients and this rate has decreased in the past two decades. Stringent use of clinical criteria algorithms is warranted to increase this yield. Variants in the minor familial hypercholesterolemia genes provide a possible explanation for the familial hypercholesterolemia phenotype in a minority of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens F Reeskamp
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tycho R Tromp
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joep C Defesche
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aldo Grefhorst
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Sg Stroes
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Zuurbier
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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28
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Bruikman CS, Dalila N, van Capelleveen JC, Kroon J, Peter J, Havik SR, Willems M, Huisman LC, de Boer OJ, Hovingh GK, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Dallinga-Thie GM. Genetic variants in SUSD2 are associated with the risk of ischemic heart disease. J Clin Lipidol 2020; 14:470-481. [PMID: 32620384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2020.05.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic factors partly determine the risk for premature myocardial infarction (MI). OBJECTIVES We report the identification of a novel rare genetic variant in a kindred with an autosomal dominant trait for premature MI and atherosclerosis and explored the association of a common nonsynonymous variant in the same gene with the risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) in a population-based study. METHODS Next-generation sequencing was performed in a small pedigree with premature MI or subclinical atherosclerosis. A common variant, rs8141797 A>G (p.Asn466Ser), in sushi domain-containing protein 2 (SUSD2) was studied in the prospective Copenhagen General Population Studies (N = 105,408) for association with IHD. RESULTS A novel heterozygous nonsense mutation in SUSD2 (c.G583T; p.Glu195Ter) was associated with the disease phenotype in the pedigree. SUSD2 protein was expressed in aortic specimens in the subendothelial cell layer and around the vasa vasorum. Furthermore, the minor G-allele of rs8141797 was associated with per allele higher levels of SUSD2 mRNA expression in the heart and vasculature. In the Copenhagen General Population Study, hazard ratios for IHD were 0.92 (95% CI: 0.87-0.97) in AG heterozygotes and 0.86 (0.62-1.19) in GG homozygotes vs noncarrriers (P-trend = .002). Finally, in meta-analysis including 73,983 IHD cases and 215,730 controls, the odds ratio for IHD per G-allele vs A-allele was 0.93 (0.90-0.96) (P = 4.6 × 10-7). CONCLUSIONS The identification of a truncating mutation in SUSD2, which was associated with premature MI and subclinical atherosclerosis, combined with the finding that a common missense variant in SUSD2 was strongly associated with a lower risk of IHD, suggest that SUSD2 may alter the risk of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S Bruikman
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nawar Dalila
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Section for Molecular Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julian C van Capelleveen
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Kroon
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jorge Peter
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan R Havik
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Willems
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Flevoziekenhuis Almere, Almere, The Netherlands
| | - Laurens C Huisman
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Onno J de Boer
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Tybjaerg-Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Section for Molecular Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Copenhagen General Population Study, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Geesje M Dallinga-Thie
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Hegele
- From the Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada (R.A.H.)
| | - Joshua W. Knowles
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (J.W.K.)
| | - Jay D. Horton
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Genetics, Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (J.D.H.)
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