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Dissanayake LV, Palygin O, Staruschenko A. Lysine and salt-sensitive hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2024; 33:441-446. [PMID: 38639736 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Salt-sensitive (SS) hypertension and its associated kidney damage have been extensively studied, yet proper therapeutic strategies are lacking. The interest in altering the metabolome to affect renal and cardiovascular disease has been emerging. Here, we discuss the effect and potential mechanism behind the protective effect of lysine, an essential amino acid, on the progression of SS hypertension. RECENT FINDINGS We have recently demonstrated that administering lysine in an SS rodent model can control the progression of hypertension. Both the animal and pilot human studies showed that lysine can efficiently inhibit tubular reabsorption of albumin and protect the kidneys from further damage. In addition, we conducted multilevel omics studies that showed increased lysine conjugation and excretion, leading to the depletion of harmful metabolites and an increase in useful ones. SUMMARY Lysine's twofold action involves both mechanically flushing protein from proximal tubules to shield the kidneys and initiating metabolic adaptations in the kidneys. This results in a net positive impact on SS hypertension. While further research is necessary to apply the current findings in clinical settings, this study offers some evidence suggesting that lysine supplementation holds promise as a therapeutic approach for hypertensive kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lashodya V Dissanayake
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Oleg Palygin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Alexander Staruschenko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
- Hypertension and Kidney Research Center, University of South Florida
- James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Taylor KM, Au AYM, Herath S, Succar L, Wong J, Erlich JH, Endre ZH. Kidney functional reserve and damage biomarkers in subclinical chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F888-F898. [PMID: 37733876 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00133.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant loss of kidney function is not easily identified by serum creatinine (sCr)-based measurements. In the presence of normal sCr, decreased kidney functional reserve (KFR) may identify a significant loss of function. We evaluated KFR in experimental subclinical chronic kidney disease (sCKD) before and after brief ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Using fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled sinistrin, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was measured transcutaneously before and after adenine-induced sCKD, and 1 and 2 wk after brief IRI, and compared with urinary kidney damage biomarkers. sCKD reduced stimulated and unstimulated GFR by ∼20% while reducing KFR by 50%. IRI reduced unstimulated GFR for 14 days, but KFR remained relatively unchanged in sCKD and transiently increased in control kidneys at 7 days. sCr increased and creatinine clearance (CrCl) decreased only immediately after IRI; sCr and CrCl correlated poorly with measured GFR except on day 1 after IRI. Heterogeneity in sCr and CrCl resulted from variation in tubular creatinine secretion. The increase in damage biomarker concentrations persisted for up to 14 days after IRI, allowing retrospective detection of sCKD before AKI by urine clusterin/urine kidney injury molecule-1 with an area under the curve of 1.0. sCr and CrCl are unreliable unless sCr is acutely elevated. Measurement of KFR and urine damage biomarker excretion detected sCKD despite normal sCr and CrCl. After IRI, the urine clusterin-to-urine kidney injury molecule-1 ratio may identify prior sCKD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Early kidney function loss is poorly identified by serum creatinine (sCr)-based measurements. Direct kidney functional reserve (KFR) measurement before kidney injury and elevated urinary biomarkers clusterin and kidney injury molecule-1 detect subclinical chronic kidney disease (sCKD) after kidney injury despite normal range sCr and creatinine clearance. Reliance on sCr masks underlying sCKD. Acute kidney injury risk evaluation requires direct glomerular filtration rate measurement and KFR, whereas kidney damage biomarkers facilitate identification of prior subclinical injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie M Taylor
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amy Y M Au
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sanjeeva Herath
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lena Succar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jasmine Wong
- Department of Nephrology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jonathan H Erlich
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zoltán H Endre
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Teixido-Trujillo S, Luis-Lima S, López-Martínez M, Navarro-Díaz M, Díaz-Martín L, Escasany-Martínez E, Gaspari F, Rodríguez-Rodríguez AE. Measured GFR in murine animal models: review on methods, techniques, and procedures. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:1241-1250. [PMID: 37552296 PMCID: PMC10567863 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02841-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide, with increasing rates of morbidity and mortality. Thus, early detection is essential to prevent severe adverse events and the progression of kidney disease to an end stage. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the most appropriate index to evaluate renal function in both clinical practice and basic medical research. Several animal models have been developed to understand renal disease induction and progression. Specifically, murine models are useful to study the pathogenesis of renal damage, so a reliable determination of GFR is essential to evaluate the progression of CKD. However, as in clinical practise, the estimation of GFR in murine by levels of serum/urine creatinine or cystatin-C could not be accurate and needed other more reliable methods. As an alternative, the measurement of GFR by the clearance of exogenous markers like inulin, sinistrin, 51Cr-EDTA, 99mTc-DTPA, 125I-iothalamate, or iohexol could be performed. Nevertheless, both approaches-estimation or measurement of GFR-have their limitations and a standard method for the GFR determination has not been defined. Altogether, in this review, we aim to give an overview of the current methods for GFR assessment in murine models, describing each methodology and focusing on their advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Teixido-Trujillo
- Universidad de La Laguna, Faculty of Medicine, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Sergio Luis-Lima
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Canarias, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | | | - Maruja Navarro-Díaz
- Department of Nephology, Hospital de Sant Joan Despí Moisès Broggi, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Díaz-Martín
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), Universidad de la Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Elia Escasany-Martínez
- Lipobeta group. Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Flavio Gaspari
- Instituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri (IRCCS), Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases 'Aldo & Cele Daccò, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Ana Elena Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Universidad de La Laguna, Faculty of Medicine, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain.
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain.
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), Universidad de la Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain.
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Jensen MS, de Araujo IBBA, Mutsaers HAM, Nørregaard R. Transcutaneous measurement of renal function in two rodent models of obstructive nephropathy. BMC Res Notes 2023; 16:119. [PMID: 37365638 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06387-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a key indicator of renal function. In both clinical practice and pre-clinical research, serum levels of endogenous filtration markers, such as creatinine, are often used to estimate GFR. However, these markers often do not reflect minor changes in renal function. In this study, we therefore set out to evaluate the applicability of transcutaneous GFR (tGFR) measurements to monitor the changes in renal function, as compared to plasma creatinine (pCreatinine), in two models of obstructive nephropathy, namely unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) or bilateral ureteral obstruction followed by release (BUO-R) in male Wistar rats. RESULTS UUO animals showed a significant reduction in tGFR compared to baseline; whereas pCreatinine levels were not significantly changed. In BUO animals, tGFR drops 24 h post BUO and remains lower upon release of the obstruction until day 11. Concomitantly, pCreatinine levels were also increased 24 h after obstruction and 24 h post release, however after 4 days, pCreatinine returned to baseline levels. In conclusion, this study revealed that the tGFR method is superior at detecting minor changes in renal function as compared to pCreatinine measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schou Jensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 11, Aarhus N, DK-8200, Denmark
| | | | - Henricus A M Mutsaers
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 11, Aarhus N, DK-8200, Denmark
| | - Rikke Nørregaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 11, Aarhus N, DK-8200, Denmark.
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Shimada S, Hoffmann BR, Yang C, Kurth T, Greene AS, Liang M, Dash RK, Cowley AW. Metabolic Responses of Normal Rat Kidneys to a High Salt Intake. FUNCTION 2023; 4:zqad031. [PMID: 37575482 PMCID: PMC10413938 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqad031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, novel methods were developed, which allowed continuous (24/7) measurement of arterial blood pressure and renal blood flow in freely moving rats and the intermittent collection of arterial and renal venous blood to estimate kidney metabolic fluxes of O2 and metabolites. Specifically, the study determined the effects of a high salt (HS; 4.0% NaCl) diet upon whole kidney O2 consumption and arterial and renal venous plasma metabolomic profiles of normal Sprague-Dawley rats. A separate group of rats was studied to determine changes in the cortex and outer medulla tissue metabolomic and mRNAseq profiles before and following the switch from a 0.4% to 4.0% NaCl diet. In addition, targeted mRNA expression analysis of cortical segments was performed. Significant changes in the metabolomic and transcriptomic profiles occurred with feeding of the HS diet. A progressive increase of kidney O2 consumption was found despite a reduction in expression of most of the mRNA encoding enzymes of TCA cycle. A novel finding was the increased expression of glycolysis-related genes in Cx and isolated proximal tubular segments in response to an HS diet, consistent with increased release of pyruvate and lactate from the kidney to the renal venous blood. Data suggests that aerobic glycolysis (eg, Warburg effect) may contribute to energy production under these circumstances. The study provides evidence that kidney metabolism responds to an HS diet enabling enhanced energy production while protecting from oxidative stress and injury. Metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis of kidneys of Sprague-Dawley rats fed a high salt diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Shimada
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Brian R Hoffmann
- Mass Spectrometry and Protein Chemistry, Protein Sciences, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Theresa Kurth
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Andrew S Greene
- Mass Spectrometry and Protein Chemistry, Protein Sciences, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Mingyu Liang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Ranjan K Dash
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin and Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Allen W Cowley
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Andruska N, Schlaak RA, Frei A, Schottstaedt AM, Lin CY, Fish BL, Gasperetti T, Mpoy C, Pipke JL, Pedersen LN, Flister MJ, Javaheri A, Bergom C. Differences in radiation-induced heart dysfunction in male versus female rats. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 99:1096-1108. [PMID: 36971580 PMCID: PMC10431914 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2194404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiation therapy remains part of the standard of care for breast, lung, and esophageal cancers. While radiotherapy improves local control and survival, radiation-induced heart dysfunction is a common side effect of thoracic radiotherapy. Cardiovascular dysfunction can also result from non-therapeutic total body radiation exposures. Numerous studies have evaluated the relationship between radiation dose to the heart and cardiotoxicity, but relatively little is known about whether there are differences based on biological sex in radiation-induced heart dysfunction (RIHD). MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated whether male and female inbred Dahl SS rats display differences in RIHD following delivery of 24 Gy in a single fraction to the whole heart using a 1.5 cm beam size (collimater). We also compared the 2.0 cm vs. 1.5 cm collimator in males. Pleural and pericardial effusions and normalized heart weights were measured, and echocardiograms were performed. RESULTS Female SS rats displayed more severe RIHD relative to age-matched SS male rats. Normalized heart weight was significantly increased in females, but not in males. A total of 94% (15/16) of males and 55% (6/11) of females survived 5 months after completion of radiotherapy (p < .01). Among surviving rats, 100% of females and 14% of males developed moderate-to-severe pericardial effusions at 5 months. Females demonstrated increased pleural effusions, with the mean normalized pleural fluid volume for females and males being 56.6 mL/kg ± 12.1 and 10.96 mL/kg ± 6.4 in males (p = .001), respectively. Echocardiogram findings showed evidence of heart failure, which was more pronounced in females. Because age-matched female rats have smaller lungs, a higher percentage of the total lung was treated with radiation in females than males using the same beam size. After using a larger 2 cm beam in males which results in higher lung exposure, there was not a significant difference between males and females in terms of the development of moderate-to-severe pericardial effusions or pleural effusions. Treatment of males with a 2 cm beam resulted in comparable increases in LV mass and reductions in stroke volume to female rats treated with a 1.5 cm beam. CONCLUSION Together, these results illustrate that there are differences in radiation-induced cardiotoxicity between male and female SS rats and add to the data that lung radiation doses, in addition to other factors, may play an important role in cardiac dysfunction following heart radiation exposure. These factors may be important to factor into future mitigation studies of radiation-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Andruska
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Rachel A. Schlaak
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Anne Frei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - Chieh-Yu Lin
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Brian L. Fish
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Tracy Gasperetti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Cedric Mpoy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Jamie L. Pipke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Lauren N. Pedersen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael J. Flister
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ali Javaheri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Carmen Bergom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
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7
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Shimada S, Hoffmann BR, Yang C, Kurth T, Greene AS, Liang M, Dash RK, Cowley AW. Metabolic responses of normal rat kidneys to a high salt intake. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.18.524636. [PMID: 36711564 PMCID: PMC9882299 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.18.524636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, novel methods were developed which allowed continuous (24/7) measurement of blood pressure (BP) and renal blood flow (RBF) in freely moving rats and the intermittent collection of arterial and renal venous blood to estimate kidney metabolic fluxes of O 2 and metabolites. The study determined the effects of a high salt (HS) diet upon whole kidney O 2 consumption and the metabolomic profiles of normal Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. A separate group of rats was studied to determine changes in the cortex (Cx) and outer medulla (OM) tissue metabolomic and mRNAseq profiles before and following the switch from a 0.4% to a 4.0% NaCl diet. Significant changes in the metabolomic and transcriptomic profiles occurred with feeding of the HS diet. A progressive increase of kidney O 2 consumption was found despite a reduction in expression of most of the mRNA encoding enzymes of TCA cycle. Increased glycolysis was evident with the elevation of mRNA expression encoding key glycolytic enzymes and release of pyruvate and lactate from the kidney in the renal venous blood. Glycolytic production of NADH is used in either the production of lactate or oxidized via the malate aspartate shuttle. Aerobic glycolysis (e.g., Warburg-effect) may account for the needed increase in cellular energy. The study provides evidence that kidney metabolism responds to a HS diet enabling enhanced energy production while protecting from oxidate stress and injury.
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Ferrari LF, Rey C, Ramirez A, Dziuba A, Zickella J, Zickella M, Raff H, Taylor NE. Characterization of the Dahl salt-sensitive rat as a rodent model of inherited, widespread, persistent pain. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19348. [PMID: 36369350 PMCID: PMC9652451 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24094-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models are essential for studying the pathophysiology of chronic pain disorders and as screening tools for new therapies. However, most models available do not reproduce key characteristics of clinical persistent pain. This has limited their ability to accurately predict which new medicines will be clinically effective. Here, we characterize the Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rat strain as the first rodent model of inherited widespread hyperalgesia. We show that this strain exhibits physiological phenotypes known to contribute to chronic pain, such as neuroinflammation, defective endogenous pain modulation, dysfunctional hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, increased oxidative stress and immune cell activation. When compared with Sprague Dawley and Brown Norway rats, SS rats have lower nociceptive thresholds due to increased inflammatory mediator concentrations, lower corticosterone levels, and high oxidative stress. Treatment with dexamethasone, the reactive oxygen species scavenger tempol, or the glial inhibitor minocycline attenuated the pain sensitivity in SS rats without affecting the other strains while indomethacin and gabapentin provided less robust pain relief. Moreover, SS rats presented impaired diffuse noxious inhibitory controls and an exacerbated response to the proalgesic mediator PGE2, features of generalized pain conditions. These data establish this strain as a novel model of spontaneous, widespread hyperalgesia that can be used to identify biomarkers for chronic pain diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz F. Ferrari
- grid.223827.e0000 0001 2193 0096Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108 USA
| | - Charles Rey
- grid.223827.e0000 0001 2193 0096Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108 USA
| | - Anna Ramirez
- grid.223827.e0000 0001 2193 0096Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108 USA
| | - Adam Dziuba
- grid.223827.e0000 0001 2193 0096Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108 USA
| | - Jacqueline Zickella
- grid.223827.e0000 0001 2193 0096Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108 USA
| | - Michael Zickella
- grid.223827.e0000 0001 2193 0096Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108 USA
| | - Hershel Raff
- grid.427152.7Endocrine Research Laboratory, Aurora St. Luke’s Medical Center, Advocate Aurora Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53215 USA ,grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Department of Medicine (Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Norman E. Taylor
- grid.223827.e0000 0001 2193 0096Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108 USA
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Rinschen MM, Palygin O, El-Meanawy A, Domingo-Almenara X, Palermo A, Dissanayake LV, Golosova D, Schafroth MA, Guijas C, Demir F, Jaegers J, Gliozzi ML, Xue J, Hoehne M, Benzing T, Kok BP, Saez E, Bleich M, Himmerkus N, Weisz OA, Cravatt BF, Krüger M, Benton HP, Siuzdak G, Staruschenko A. Accelerated lysine metabolism conveys kidney protection in salt-sensitive hypertension. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4099. [PMID: 35835746 PMCID: PMC9283537 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31670-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension and kidney disease have been repeatedly associated with genomic variants and alterations of lysine metabolism. Here, we combined stable isotope labeling with untargeted metabolomics to investigate lysine's metabolic fate in vivo. Dietary 13C6 labeled lysine was tracked to lysine metabolites across various organs. Globally, lysine reacts rapidly with molecules of the central carbon metabolism, but incorporates slowly into proteins and acylcarnitines. Lysine metabolism is accelerated in a rat model of hypertension and kidney damage, chiefly through N-alpha-mediated degradation. Lysine administration diminished development of hypertension and kidney injury. Protective mechanisms include diuresis, further acceleration of lysine conjugate formation, and inhibition of tubular albumin uptake. Lysine also conjugates with malonyl-CoA to form a novel metabolite Nε-malonyl-lysine to deplete malonyl-CoA from fatty acid synthesis. Through conjugate formation and excretion as fructoselysine, saccharopine, and Nε-acetyllysine, lysine lead to depletion of central carbon metabolites from the organism and kidney. Consistently, lysine administration to patients at risk for hypertension and kidney disease inhibited tubular albumin uptake, increased lysine conjugate formation, and reduced tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolites, compared to kidney-healthy volunteers. In conclusion, lysine isotope tracing mapped an accelerated metabolism in hypertension, and lysine administration could protect kidneys in hypertensive kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M Rinschen
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- III. Medical Clinic, University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
- AIAS, Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Oleg Palygin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Ashraf El-Meanawy
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Xavier Domingo-Almenara
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Omics Sciences Unit, EURECAT, Technology Centre of Catalonia, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Amelia Palermo
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Lashodya V Dissanayake
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33602, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Daria Golosova
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | | | - Carlos Guijas
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Fatih Demir
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Megan L Gliozzi
- Renal Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Jingchuan Xue
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Martin Hoehne
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Cologne, Germany
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Benzing
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Cologne, Germany
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernard P Kok
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Enrique Saez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Markus Bleich
- Institute of Physiology, University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Ora A Weisz
- Renal Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | | | - Marcus Krüger
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Cologne, Germany
| | - H Paul Benton
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Gary Siuzdak
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Alexander Staruschenko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33602, USA.
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
- James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
- Hypertension and Kidney Research Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33602, USA.
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10
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Shimada S, Yang C, Kurth T, Cowley AW. Divergent roles of angiotensin II upon the immediate and sustained increases of renal blood flow following unilateral nephrectomy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 322:F473-F485. [PMID: 35224992 PMCID: PMC8977133 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00376.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the molecular and functional responses related to renal compensatory hypertrophy after unilateral nephrectomy (UNX) has been well described, many aspects of these events remain unclear. One question is how the remaining kidney senses the absence of the contralateral organ, and another is what the role of the renin-angiotensin system is in these responses. Both acute anesthetized and chronic unanesthetized experiments were performed using the angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker losartan and the renin inhibitor aliskiren to determine the contribution of the renin-angiotensin system to immediate changes and losartan for chronic changes of renal blood flow (RBF) and the associated hypertrophic events in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Chronic experiments used implanted RBF probes and arterial catheters for continuous data collection, and the glomerular filtration rate was determined by noninvasive transcutaneous FITC-sinistrin measurements. The results of the acute experiments found that RBF increased nearly 25% (4.6 ± 0.5 to 5.6 ± 0.6 mL/min/g kidney wt) during the first 15 min following UNX and that this response was abolished by losartan (6.7 ± 0.7 to 7.0 ± 0.7 mL/min/g kidney wt) or aliskiren (5.8 ± 0.4 to 6.0 ± 0.4 mL/min/g kidney wt) treatment. Thereafter, RBF increased progressively over 7 days, and kidney weight increased by 19% of pre-UNX values. When normalized to kidney weight determined at day 7 after UNX, RBF was not significantly different from pre-UNX levels. Semiquantification of CD31-positive capillaries revealed increases of the glomeruli and peritubular capillaries that paralleled the kidney hypertrophy. None of these chronic changes was inhibited by losartan treatment, indicating that neither the compensatory structural nor the RBF changes were angiotensin II type 1 receptor dependent.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study found that the immediate increases of renal blood flow (RBF) following unilateral nephrectomy (UNX) are a consequence of reduced angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor stimulation. The continuous monitoring of RBF and intermittent measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in conscious rats during the 1-wk period of rapid hypertrophy following UNX provided unique insights into the regulation of RBF and GFR when faced with increased metabolic loads. It was found that neither kidney hypertrophy nor the associated increase of capillaries was an AT1-dependent phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Shimada
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Theresa Kurth
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Allen W Cowley
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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11
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Hamlin DM, Schultze AE, Coyne MJ, McCrann DJ, Mack R, Drake C, Murphy RE, Cross J, Strong-Townsend M, Yerramilli M, Leissinger MK. Evaluation of Renal Biomarkers, Including Symmetric Dimethylarginine, following Gentamicin-Induced Proximal Tubular Injury in the Rat. KIDNEY360 2021; 3:341-356. [PMID: 35373128 PMCID: PMC8967625 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0006542020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is an excretory renal function biomarker shown to correlate well with glomerular filtration rate in dogs, cats, humans, and rats. The objectives of this study were to determine utility of serum SDMA as a renal biomarker in a rat model of gentamicin-induced renal injury and to provide validation of a commercially available SDMA immunoassay for rat serum. Rats were randomly assigned to one of three dose levels of gentamicin (20, 50, or 100 mg/kg) or a vehicle control group and dosed once daily by subcutaneous injection for either four or ten days. Serum and urine renal biomarker evaluation, including serum SDMA, hematologic and serum biochemical analysis, urinalysis, and histologic examination of kidney, were performed. Before biologic validation, analytic validation of the SDMA immunoassay for rat serum was performed, including assessment of assay accuracy, precision, analytical sensitivity, linearity, analyte stability, and interference testing. Among markers of excretory renal function, SDMA and serum creatinine increased earliest and at the lowest gentamicin concentrations and were significantly increased in both the 50- and 100- mg/kg dose levels in the four- and ten-dose treatment groups compared with controls. Time- and dose-dependent increases were noted for all urinary biomarkers investigated in this study, with microalbumin being most responsive and osteopontin least responsive for detection of gentamicin-induced injury across dose levels and schedules investigated. The SDMA immunoassay met all set quality requirements assessed in analytical validation. This study is the first to investigate performance of serum SDMA compared with other excretory renal function markers in a rat gentamicin acute toxicity model. In this study, serum SDMA was an earlier biomarker for detection of gentamicin-induced toxicity than serum cystatin C, BUN, and creatinine clearance. The SDMA immunoassay provides a reliable commercially available assay for future renal investigations in rat models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M. Hamlin
- Pathology Department, Toxicology Division, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - A. Eric Schultze
- Pathology Department, Toxicology Division, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
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12
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Potter JC, Whiles SA, Miles CB, Whiles JB, Mitchell MA, Biederman BE, Dawoud FM, Breuel KF, Williamson GA, Picken MM, Polichnowski AJ. Salt-Sensitive Hypertension, Renal Injury, and Renal Vasodysfunction Associated With Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats Are Abolished in Consomic SS.BN1 Rats. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e020261. [PMID: 34689582 PMCID: PMC8751849 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Abnormal renal hemodynamic responses to salt‐loading are thought to contribute to salt‐sensitive (SS) hypertension. However, this is based largely on studies in anesthetized animals, and little data are available in conscious SS and salt‐resistant rats. Methods and Results We assessed arterial blood pressure, renal function, and renal blood flow during administration of a 0.4% NaCl and a high‐salt (4.0% NaCl) diet in conscious, chronically instrumented 10‐ to 14‐week‐old Dahl SS and consomic SS rats in which chromosome 1 from the salt‐resistant Brown‐Norway strain was introgressed into the genome of the SS strain (SS.BN1). Three weeks of high salt intake significantly increased blood pressure (20%) and exacerbated renal injury in SS rats. In contrast, the increase in blood pressure (5%) was similarly attenuated in Brown‐Norway and SS.BN1 rats, and both strains were completely protected against renal injury. In SS.BN1 rats, 1 week of high salt intake was associated with a significant decrease in renal vascular resistance (−8%) and increase in renal blood flow (15%). In contrast, renal vascular resistance failed to decrease, and renal blood flow remained unchanged in SS rats during high salt intake. Finally, urinary sodium excretion and glomerular filtration rate were similar between SS and SS.BN1 rats during 0.4% NaCl and high salt intake. Conclusions Our data support the concept that renal vasodysfunction contributes to blood pressure salt sensitivity in Dahl SS rats, and that genes on rat chromosome 1 play a major role in modulating renal hemodynamic responses to salt loading and salt‐induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline C Potter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Quillen College of MedicineEast Tennessee State University Johnson City TN
| | - Shannon A Whiles
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Quillen College of MedicineEast Tennessee State University Johnson City TN
| | - Conor B Miles
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Quillen College of MedicineEast Tennessee State University Johnson City TN
| | - Jenna B Whiles
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Quillen College of MedicineEast Tennessee State University Johnson City TN
| | - Mark A Mitchell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Quillen College of MedicineEast Tennessee State University Johnson City TN
| | - Brianna E Biederman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Quillen College of MedicineEast Tennessee State University Johnson City TN
| | - Febronia M Dawoud
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Quillen College of MedicineEast Tennessee State University Johnson City TN
| | - Kevin F Breuel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Quillen College of MedicineEast Tennessee State University Johnson City TN
| | - Geoffrey A Williamson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago IL
| | - Maria M Picken
- Department of Pathology Loyola University Medical Center Maywood IL
| | - Aaron J Polichnowski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Quillen College of MedicineEast Tennessee State University Johnson City TN.,Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity East Tennessee State University Johnson City TN
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13
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Sembach FE, Østergaard MV, Vrang N, Feldt-Rasmussen B, Fosgerau K, Jelsing J, Fink LN. Rodent models of diabetic kidney disease: human translatability and preclinical validity. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:200-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Zhang D, Colson JC, Jin C, Becker BK, Rhoads MK, Pati P, Neder TH, King MA, Valcin JA, Tao B, Kasztan M, Paul JR, Bailey SM, Pollock JS, Gamble KL, Pollock DM. Timing of Food Intake Drives the Circadian Rhythm of Blood Pressure. FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2020; 2:zqaa034. [PMID: 33415319 PMCID: PMC7772288 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqaa034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Timing of food intake has become a critical factor in determining overall cardiometabolic health. We hypothesized that timing of food intake entrains circadian rhythms of blood pressure (BP) and renal excretion in mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed ad libitum or reverse feeding (RF) where food was available at all times of day or only available during the 12-h lights-on period, respectively. Mice eating ad libitum had a significantly higher mean arterial pressure (MAP) during lights-off compared to lights-on (113 ± 2 mmHg vs 100 ± 2 mmHg, respectively; P < 0.0001); however, RF for 6 days inverted the diurnal rhythm of MAP (99 ± 3 vs 110 ± 3 mmHg, respectively; P < 0.0001). In contrast to MAP, diurnal rhythms of urine volume and sodium excretion remained intact after RF. Male Bmal1 knockout mice (Bmal1KO) underwent the same feeding protocol. As previously reported, Bmal1KO mice did not exhibit a diurnal MAP rhythm during ad libitum feeding (95 ± 1 mmHg vs 92 ± 3 mmHg, lights-off vs lights-on; P > 0.05); however, RF induced a diurnal rhythm of MAP (79 ± 3 mmHg vs 95 ± 2 mmHg, lights-off vs lights-on phase; P < 0.01). Transgenic PERIOD2::LUCIFERASE knock-in mice were used to assess the rhythm of the clock protein PERIOD2 in ex vivo tissue cultures. The timing of the PER2::LUC rhythm in the renal cortex and suprachiasmatic nucleus was not affected by RF; however, RF induced significant phase shifts in the liver, renal inner medulla, and adrenal gland. In conclusion, the timing of food intake controls BP rhythms in mice independent of Bmal1, urine volume, or sodium excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chunhua Jin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jennifer A Valcin
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology
| | - Binli Tao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Jodi R Paul
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Shannon M Bailey
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology
| | | | - Karen L Gamble
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - David M Pollock
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine,Address correspondence to D.M.P. (e-mail: )
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15
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Bamberg K, William-Olsson L, Johansson U, Arner A, Hartleib-Geschwindner J, Sällström J. Electrolyte handling in the isolated perfused rat kidney: demonstration of vasopressin V2-receptor-dependent calcium reabsorption. Ups J Med Sci 2020; 125:274-280. [PMID: 32812807 PMCID: PMC7594766 DOI: 10.1080/03009734.2020.1804496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most profound effect of vasopressin on the kidney is to increase water reabsorption through V2-receptor (V2R) stimulation, but there are also data suggesting effects on calcium transport. To address this issue, we have established an isolated perfused kidney model with accurate pressure control, to directly study the effects of V2R stimulation on kidney function, isolated from systemic effects. METHODS The role of V2R in renal calcium handling was studied in isolated rat kidneys using a new pressure control system that uses a calibration curve to compensate for the internal pressure drop up to the tip of the perfusion cannula. RESULTS Kidneys subjected to V2R stimulation using desmopressin (DDAVP) displayed stable osmolality and calcium reabsorption throughout the experiment, whereas kidneys not administered DDAVP exhibited a simultaneous fall in urine osmolality and calcium reabsorption. Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) inhibition using amiloride resulted in a marked increase in potassium reabsorption along with decreased sodium reabsorption. CONCLUSIONS A stable isolated perfused kidney model with computer-controlled pressure regulation was developed, which retained key physiological functions. The preparation responds to pharmacological inhibition of ENaC channels and activation of V2R. Using the model, the dynamic effects of V2R stimulation on calcium handling and urine osmolality could be visualised. The study thereby provides evidence for a stimulatory role of V2R in renal calcium reabsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krister Bamberg
- Translational Sciences and Experimental Medicines, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lena William-Olsson
- Bioscience Renal, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Johansson
- Bioscience Renal, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Arner
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Judith Hartleib-Geschwindner
- Projects, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Sällström
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- CONTACT Johan Sällström Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Box 571, Husargatan 3, SE-751 23Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Golosova D, Palygin O, Bohovyk R, Klemens CA, Levchenko V, Spires DR, Isaeva E, El-Meanawy A, Staruschenko A. Role of opioid signaling in kidney damage during the development of salt-induced hypertension. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:3/12/e202000853. [PMID: 33046522 PMCID: PMC7556751 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of kappa opioid receptors modulates calcium influx via TRPC6 channels in podocytes, which ultimately compromises the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier and promotes a marked worsening of blood pressure control and renal damage. Opioid use is associated with predictors of poor cardiorenal outcomes. However, little is known about the direct impact of opioids on podocytes and renal function, especially in the context of hypertension and CKD. We hypothesize that stimulation of opioid receptors (ORs) contributes to dysregulation of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) homeostasis in podocytes, thus aggravating the development of renal damage in hypertensive conditions. Herein, freshly isolated glomeruli from Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats and human kidneys, as well as immortalized human podocytes, were used to elucidate the contribution of specific ORs to calcium influx. Stimulation of κ-ORs, but not μ-ORs or δ-ORs, evoked a [Ca2+]i transient in podocytes, potentially through the activation of TRPC6 channels. κ-OR agonist BRL52537 was used to assess the long-term effect in SS rats fed a high-salt diet. Hypertensive rats chronically treated with BRL52537 exhibited [Ca2+]i overload in podocytes, nephrinuria, albuminuria, changes in electrolyte balance, and augmented blood pressure. These data demonstrate that the κ-OR/TRPC6 signaling directly influences podocyte calcium handling, provoking the development of kidney injury in the opioid-treated hypertensive cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Golosova
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Oleg Palygin
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Ruslan Bohovyk
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Denisha R Spires
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Elena Isaeva
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Ashraf El-Meanawy
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Alexander Staruschenko
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA .,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Clement J. Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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17
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Polina I, Domondon M, Fox R, Sudarikova AV, Troncoso M, Vasileva VY, Kashyrina Y, Gooz MB, Schibalski RS, DeLeon-Pennell KY, Fitzgibbon WR, Ilatovskaya DV. Differential effects of low-dose sacubitril and/or valsartan on renal disease in salt-sensitive hypertension. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 319:F63-F75. [PMID: 32463726 PMCID: PMC7468826 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00125.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diuretics and renin-angiotensin system blockers are often insufficient to control the blood pressure (BP) in salt-sensitive (SS) subjects. Abundant data support the proposal that the level of atrial natriuretic peptide may correlate with the pathogenesis of SS hypertension. We hypothesized here that increasing atrial natriuretic peptide levels with sacubitril, combined with renin-angiotensin system blockage by valsartan, can be beneficial for alleviation of renal damage in a model of SS hypertension, the Dahl SS rat. To induce a BP increase, rats were challenged with a high-salt 4% NaCl diet for 21 days, and chronic administration of vehicle or low-dose sacubitril and/or valsartan (75 μg/day each) was performed. Urine flow, Na+ excretion, and water consumption were increased on the high-salt diet compared with the starting point (0.4% NaCl) in all groups but remained similar among the groups at the end of the protocol. Upon salt challenge, we observed a mild decrease in systolic BP and urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels (indicative of alleviated tubular damage) in the valsartan-treated groups. Sacubitril, as well as sacubitril/valsartan, attenuated the glomerular filtration rate decline induced by salt. Alleviation of protein cast formation and lower renal medullary fibrosis were observed in the sacubitril/valsartan- and valsartan-treated groups, but not when sacubitril alone was administered. Interestingly, proteinuria was mildly mitigated only in rats that received sacubitril/valsartan. Further studies of the effects of sacubitril/valsartan in the setting of SS hypertension, perhaps involving a higher dose of the drug, are warranted to determine if it can interfere with the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliia Polina
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Mark Domondon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Rebecca Fox
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Anastasia V Sudarikova
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Miguel Troncoso
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Valeriia Y Vasileva
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yuliia Kashyrina
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Monika Beck Gooz
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Ryan S Schibalski
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Kristine Y DeLeon-Pennell
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Wayne R Fitzgibbon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Daria V Ilatovskaya
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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18
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Cardiac, renal and uterine hemodynamics changes throughout pregnancy in rats with a prolonged high fat diet from an early age. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234861. [PMID: 32603330 PMCID: PMC7326224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine whether the cardiac, renal and uterine physiological hemodynamic changes during gestation are altered in rats with an early and prolonged exposure to a high fat diet (HFD). Methods Arterial pressure and cardiac, renal, uterine and radial arteries hemodynamic changes during gestation were examined in adult SD rats exposed to normal (13%) (n = 8) or high (60%) (n = 8) fat diets from weaning. Plethysmography, high-resolution high-frequency ultrasonography and clearance of an inulin analog were used to evaluate the arterial pressure and hemodynamic changes before and at days 7, 14 and 19 of gestation. Results Arterial pressure was higher (P<0.05) in rats with high than in those with normal (NFD) fat diet before pregnancy (123 ±3 and 110 ±3 mmHg, respectively) and only decreased at day 14 of gestation in rats with NFD (98±4 mmHg, P<0.05). A significant increment in stroke volume (42 ±10%) and cardiac output (51 ±12%) was found at day 19 of pregnancy in rats with NFD. The changes in stroke volume and cardiac output were similar in rats with NFD and HFD. When compared to the values obtained before pregnancy, a transitory elevation in renal blood flow was found at day 14 of pregnancy in both groups. However, glomerular filtration rate only increased (P<0.05) in rats with NFD at days 14 (20 ±7%) and 19 (27 ±8%) of gestation. The significant elevations of mean velocity, and velocity time integral throughout gestation in radial (127 ±26% and 111 ±23%, respectively) and uterine (91 ±16% and 111 ±25%, respectively) arteries of rats with NFD were not found in rats with an early and prolonged HFD. Summary This study reports novel findings showing that the early and prolonged exposure to a HFD leads to a significant impairment in the renal, uterine and radial arteries hemodynamic changes associated to gestation.
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19
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McPherson KC, Shields CA, Poudel B, Johnson AC, Taylor L, Stubbs C, Nichols A, Cornelius DC, Garrett MR, Williams JM. Altered renal hemodynamics is associated with glomerular lipid accumulation in obese Dahl salt-sensitive leptin receptor mutant rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 318:F911-F921. [PMID: 32068459 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00438.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined whether development of renal injury in the nondiabetic obese Dahl salt-sensitive leptin receptor mutant (SSLepRmutant) strain is associated with elevations in glomerular filtration rate and renal lipid accumulation. Baseline mean arterial pressure at 6 wk of age was similar between Dahl salt-sensitive wild-type (SSWT) and SSLepRmutant rats. However, by 18 wk of age, the SSLepRmutant strain developed hypertension, while the elevation in mean arterial pressure was not as severe in SSWT rats (192 ± 4 and 149 ± 6 mmHg, respectively). At baseline, proteinuria was fourfold higher in SSLepRmutant than SSWT rats and remained elevated throughout the study. The early development of progressive proteinuria was associated with renal hyperfiltration followed by a decline in renal function over the course of study in the SSLepRmutant compared with SSWT rats. Kidneys from the SSLepRmutant strain displayed more glomerulosclerosis and glomerular lipid accumulation than SSWT rats. Glomeruli were isolated from the renal cortex of both strains at 6 and 18 wk of age, and RNA sequencing was performed to identify genes and pathways driving glomerular injury. We observed significant increases in expression of the influx lipid transporters, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 16 (Cxcl16) and scavenger receptor and fatty acid translocase (Cd36), respectively, and a significant decrease in expression of the efflux lipid transporter, ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 2 (Abca2; cholesterol efflux regulatory protein 2), in SSLepRmutant compared with SSWT rats at 6 and 18 wk of age, which were validated by RT-PCR analysis. These data suggest an association between glomerular hyperfiltration and glomerular lipid accumulation during the early development of proteinuria associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasi C McPherson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Corbin A Shields
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Bibek Poudel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Ashley C Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Lateia Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Cassandra Stubbs
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Alyssa Nichols
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Denise C Cornelius
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Michael R Garrett
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Jan M Williams
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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20
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Baker MA, Wang F, Liu Y, Kriegel AJ, Geurts AM, Usa K, Xue H, Wang D, Kong Y, Liang M. MiR-192-5p in the Kidney Protects Against the Development of Hypertension. Hypertension 2019; 73:399-406. [PMID: 30595117 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.11875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNA miR-192-5p is one of the most abundant microRNAs in the kidney and targets the mRNA for ATP1B1 (β1 subunit of Na+/K+-ATPase). Na+/K+-ATPase drives renal tubular reabsorption. We hypothesized that miR-192-5p in the kidney would protect against the development of hypertension. We found miR-192-5p levels were significantly lower in kidney biopsy specimens from patients with hypertension (n=8) or hypertensive nephrosclerosis (n=32) compared with levels in controls (n=10). Similarly, Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats showed a reduced abundance of miR-192-5p in the renal cortex compared with congenic SS.13BN26 rats that had reduced salt sensitivity (n=9; P<0.05). Treatment with anti-miR-192-5p delivered through renal artery injection in uninephrectomized SS.13BN26 rats exacerbated hypertension significantly. Mean arterial pressure on a 4% NaCl high-salt diet at day 14 post anti-miR-192-5p treatment was 16 mm Hg higher than in rats treated with scrambled anti-miR (n=8 and 6; P<0.05). Similarly, Mir192 knockout mice on the high-salt diet treated with Ang II (angiotensin II) for 14 days exhibited a mean arterial pressure 22 mm Hg higher than wild-type mice (n=9 and 5; P<0.05). Furthermore, protein levels of ATP1B1 were higher in Dahl SS rats than in SS.13BN26 rats. Na+/K+-ATPase activity increased in the renal cortex of SS.13BN26 rats 9 days posttreatment with anti-miR-192-5p compared with that of control anti-miR treated rats. Intrarenal knockdown of ATP1B1 attenuated hypertension in SS.13BN26 rats with intrarenal knockdown of miR-192-5p. In conclusion, miR-192-5p in the kidney protects against the development of hypertension, which is mediated, at least in part, by targeting Atp1b1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angeles Baker
- From the Department of Physiology, Center of Systems Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.A.B., F.W., Y.L., A.J.K., A.M.G., K.U., H.X., D.W., Y.K., M.L.)
| | - Feng Wang
- From the Department of Physiology, Center of Systems Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.A.B., F.W., Y.L., A.J.K., A.M.G., K.U., H.X., D.W., Y.K., M.L.).,Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, China (F.W., Y.K.)
| | - Yong Liu
- From the Department of Physiology, Center of Systems Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.A.B., F.W., Y.L., A.J.K., A.M.G., K.U., H.X., D.W., Y.K., M.L.)
| | - Alison J Kriegel
- From the Department of Physiology, Center of Systems Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.A.B., F.W., Y.L., A.J.K., A.M.G., K.U., H.X., D.W., Y.K., M.L.)
| | - Aron M Geurts
- From the Department of Physiology, Center of Systems Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.A.B., F.W., Y.L., A.J.K., A.M.G., K.U., H.X., D.W., Y.K., M.L.)
| | - Kristie Usa
- From the Department of Physiology, Center of Systems Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.A.B., F.W., Y.L., A.J.K., A.M.G., K.U., H.X., D.W., Y.K., M.L.)
| | - Hong Xue
- From the Department of Physiology, Center of Systems Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.A.B., F.W., Y.L., A.J.K., A.M.G., K.U., H.X., D.W., Y.K., M.L.)
| | - Dandan Wang
- From the Department of Physiology, Center of Systems Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.A.B., F.W., Y.L., A.J.K., A.M.G., K.U., H.X., D.W., Y.K., M.L.)
| | - Yiwei Kong
- From the Department of Physiology, Center of Systems Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.A.B., F.W., Y.L., A.J.K., A.M.G., K.U., H.X., D.W., Y.K., M.L.).,Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, China (F.W., Y.K.)
| | - Mingyu Liang
- From the Department of Physiology, Center of Systems Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.A.B., F.W., Y.L., A.J.K., A.M.G., K.U., H.X., D.W., Y.K., M.L.)
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21
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Cabral EV, Vieira LD, Sant'Helena BRM, Ribeiro VS, Farias JS, Aires RS, Paz ST, Muzi‐Filho H, Paixão AD, Vieyra A. Alpha‐Tocopherol during lactation and after weaning alters the programming effect of prenatal high salt intake on cardiac and renal functions of adult male offspring. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 46:1151-1165. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edjair V. Cabral
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Federal University of Pernambuco Recife Brazil
- National Center of Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Leucio D. Vieira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Federal University of Pernambuco Recife Brazil
- National Center of Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | | | - Valdilene S. Ribeiro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Federal University of Pernambuco Recife Brazil
| | - Juliane S. Farias
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Federal University of Pernambuco Recife Brazil
| | - Regina S. Aires
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Federal University of Pernambuco Recife Brazil
| | - Silvania T. Paz
- Department of Pathology Federal University of Pernambuco Recife Brazil
| | - Humberto Muzi‐Filho
- National Center of Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine/REGENERA Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Ana D. Paixão
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Federal University of Pernambuco Recife Brazil
- National Center of Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Adalberto Vieyra
- National Center of Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine/REGENERA Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Graduate Program in Translational Biomedicine/BIOTRANS Grande Rio University Duque de Caxias Brazil
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22
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Zhou X, Muise ES, Haimbach R, Sebhat IK, Zhu Y, Liu F, Souza SC, Kan Y, Pinto S, Kelley DE, Hoek M. PAN-AMPK Activation Improves Renal Function in a Rat Model of Progressive Diabetic Nephropathy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 371:45-55. [PMID: 31300612 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.258244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysregulation and mitochondrial dysfunction are important features of acute and chronic tissue injury across species, and human genetics and preclinical data suggest that the master metabolic regulator 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) may be an effective therapeutic target for chronic kidney disease (CKD). We have recently disclosed a pan-AMPK activator, MK-8722, that was shown to have beneficial effects in preclinical models. In this study we investigated the effects of MK-8722 in a progressive rat model of diabetic nephropathy to determine whether activation of AMPK would be of therapeutic benefit. We found that MK-8722 administration in a therapeutic paradigm is profoundly renoprotective, as demonstrated by a reduction in proteinuria (63% decrease in MK-8722 10 mg/kg per day compared with vehicle group) and a significant improvement in glomerular filtration rate (779 and 430 μl/min per gram kidney weight in MK-8722 10 mg/kg per day and vehicle group, respectively), as well as improvements in kidney fibrosis. We provide evidence that the therapeutic effects of MK-8722 may be mediated by modulation of renal mitochondrial quality control as well by attenuating fibrotic and lipotoxic mechanisms in kidney cells. MK-8722 (10 mg/kg per day compared with vehicle group) achieved modest blood pressure reduction (10 mmHg lower for mean blood pressure) and significant metabolic improvements (decreased plasma glucose, triglyceride, and body weight) that could contribute to renoprotection. These data further validate the concept that targeting metabolic dysregulation in CKD could be a potential therapeutic approach. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: We demonstrate in the present study that the pharmacological activation of AMPK using a small-molecule agent provided renoprotection and improved systemic and cellular metabolism. We further indicate that modulation of renal mitochondrial quality control probably contributed to renoprotection and was distinct from the effects of enalapril. Our findings suggest that improving renal mitochondrial biogenesis and function and attenuating fibrosis and lipotoxicity by targeting key metabolic nodes could be a potential therapeutic approach in management of CKD that could complement the current standard of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhou
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases (X.Z., R.H., Y.Z., F.L., S.C.S., Y.K., S.P., D.E.K., M.H.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (E.S.M.), and Medicinal Chemistry (I.K.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Eric S Muise
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases (X.Z., R.H., Y.Z., F.L., S.C.S., Y.K., S.P., D.E.K., M.H.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (E.S.M.), and Medicinal Chemistry (I.K.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Robin Haimbach
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases (X.Z., R.H., Y.Z., F.L., S.C.S., Y.K., S.P., D.E.K., M.H.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (E.S.M.), and Medicinal Chemistry (I.K.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Iyassu K Sebhat
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases (X.Z., R.H., Y.Z., F.L., S.C.S., Y.K., S.P., D.E.K., M.H.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (E.S.M.), and Medicinal Chemistry (I.K.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Yonghua Zhu
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases (X.Z., R.H., Y.Z., F.L., S.C.S., Y.K., S.P., D.E.K., M.H.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (E.S.M.), and Medicinal Chemistry (I.K.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Franklin Liu
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases (X.Z., R.H., Y.Z., F.L., S.C.S., Y.K., S.P., D.E.K., M.H.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (E.S.M.), and Medicinal Chemistry (I.K.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Sandra C Souza
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases (X.Z., R.H., Y.Z., F.L., S.C.S., Y.K., S.P., D.E.K., M.H.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (E.S.M.), and Medicinal Chemistry (I.K.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Yanqing Kan
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases (X.Z., R.H., Y.Z., F.L., S.C.S., Y.K., S.P., D.E.K., M.H.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (E.S.M.), and Medicinal Chemistry (I.K.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Shirly Pinto
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases (X.Z., R.H., Y.Z., F.L., S.C.S., Y.K., S.P., D.E.K., M.H.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (E.S.M.), and Medicinal Chemistry (I.K.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - David E Kelley
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases (X.Z., R.H., Y.Z., F.L., S.C.S., Y.K., S.P., D.E.K., M.H.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (E.S.M.), and Medicinal Chemistry (I.K.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Maarten Hoek
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases (X.Z., R.H., Y.Z., F.L., S.C.S., Y.K., S.P., D.E.K., M.H.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (E.S.M.), and Medicinal Chemistry (I.K.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
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23
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Fehrenbach DJ, Abais-Battad JM, Dasinger JH, Lund H, Mattson DL. Salt-sensitive increase in macrophages in the kidneys of Dahl SS rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F361-F374. [PMID: 31215801 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00096.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats have shown that renal CD3+ T cells and ED-1+ macrophages are involved in the development of salt-sensitive hypertension and renal damage. The present study demonstrated that the increase in renal immune cells, which accompanies renal hypertrophy and albuminuria in high-salt diet-fed Dahl SS rats, is absent in Sprague-Dawley and SSBN13 rats that are protected from the SS disease phenotype. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that >70% of the immune cells in the SS kidney are M1 macrophages. PCR profiling of renal myeloid cells showed a salt-induced upregulation in 9 of 84 genes related to Toll-like receptor signaling, with notable upregulation of the Toll-like receptor 4/CD14/MD2 complex. Because of the prominent increase in macrophages in the SS kidney, we used liposome-encapsulated clodronate (Clod) to deplete macrophages and assess their contribution to salt-sensitive hypertension and renal damage. Dahl SS animals were administered either Clod-containing liposomes (Clod-Lipo), Clod, or PBS-containing liposomes as a vehicle control. Clod-Lipo treatment depleted circulating and splenic macrophages by ∼50%; however, contrary to our hypothesis, Clod-Lipo-treated animals developed an exacerbated salt-sensitive response with respect to blood pressure and albuminuria, which was accompanied by increased renal T and B cells. Interestingly, those treated with Clod also demonstrated an exacerbated phenotype, but it was less severe than Clod-Lipo-treated animals and independent of changes to the number of renal immune cells. Here, we have shown that renal macrophages in Dahl SS animals sustain a M1 proinflammatory phenotype in response to increased dietary salt and highlighted potential adverse effects of Clod-Lipo macrophage depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Fehrenbach
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, Wisconsin
| | | | - John Henry Dasinger
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, Wisconsin
| | - Hayley Lund
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, Wisconsin
| | - David L Mattson
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, Wisconsin
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24
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Morales-Loredo H, Jones D, Barrera A, Mendiola PJ, Garcia J, Pace C, Murphy M, Kanagy NL, Gonzalez Bosc LV. A dual blocker of endothelin A/B receptors mitigates hypertension but not renal dysfunction in a rat model of chronic kidney disease and sleep apnea. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 316:F1041-F1052. [PMID: 30810064 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00018.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by recurrent episodes of pharyngeal collapse during sleep, resulting in intermittent hypoxia (IH), and is associated with a high incidence of hypertension and accelerated renal failure. In rodents, endothelin (ET)-1 contributes to IH-induced hypertension, and ET-1 levels inversely correlate with glomerular filtration rate in patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease (CKD). Therefore, we hypothesized that a dual ET receptor antagonist, macitentan (Actelion Pharmaceuticals), will attenuate and reverse hypertension and renal dysfunction in a rat model of combined IH and CKD. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received one of three diets (control, 0.2% adenine, and 0.2% adenine + 30 mg·kg-1·day-1 macitentan) for 2 wk followed by 2 wk of recovery diet. Rats were then exposed for 4 wk to air or IH (20 short exposures/h to 5% O2-5% CO2 7 h/day during sleep). Macitentan prevented the increases in mean arterial blood pressure caused by CKD, IH, and the combination of CKD + IH. However, macitentan did not improve kidney function, fibrosis, and inflammation. After CKD was established, rats were exposed to air or IH for 2 wk, and macitentan feeding continued for 2 more wk. Macitentan reversed the hypertension in IH, CKD, and CKD + IH groups without improving renal function. Our data suggest that macitentan could be an effective antihypertensive in patients with CKD and irreversible kidney damage as a way to protect the heart, brain, and eyes from elevated arterial pressure, but it does not reverse toxin-induced tubule atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Morales-Loredo
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center , Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - David Jones
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center , Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Adelaeda Barrera
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center , Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Perenkita J Mendiola
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center , Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Joshua Garcia
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center , Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Carolyn Pace
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center , Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Minerva Murphy
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center , Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Nancy L Kanagy
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center , Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Laura V Gonzalez Bosc
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center , Albuquerque, New Mexico
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25
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Mathematical model of hemodynamic mechanisms and consequences of glomerular hypertension in diabetic mice. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2018; 5:2. [PMID: 30564457 PMCID: PMC6288095 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-018-0077-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many preclinically promising therapies for diabetic kidney disease fail to provide efficacy in humans, reflecting limited quantitative translational understanding between rodent models and human disease. To quantitatively bridge interspecies differences, we adapted a mathematical model of renal function from human to mice, and incorporated adaptive and pathological mechanisms of diabetes and nephrectomy to describe experimentally observed changes in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and proteinuria in db/db and db/db UNX (uninephrectomy) mouse models. Changing a small number of parameters, the model reproduced interspecies differences in renal function. Accounting for glucose and Na+ reabsorption through sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), increasing blood glucose and Na+ intake from normal to db/db levels mathematically reproduced glomerular hyperfiltration observed experimentally in db/db mice. This resulted from increased proximal tubule sodium reabsorption, which elevated glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pgc) in order to restore sodium balance through increased GFR. Incorporating adaptive and injurious effects of elevated Pgc, we showed that preglomerular arteriole hypertrophy allowed more direct transmission of pressure to the glomerulus with a smaller mean arterial pressure rise; Glomerular hypertrophy allowed a higher GFR for a given Pgc; and Pgc-driven glomerulosclerosis and nephron loss reduced GFR over time, while further increasing Pgc and causing moderate proteinuria, in agreement with experimental data. UNX imposed on diabetes increased Pgc further, causing faster GFR decline and extensive proteinuria, also in agreement with experimental data. The model provides a mechanistic explanation for hyperfiltration and proteinuria progression that will facilitate translation of efficacy for novel therapies from mouse models to human. Many drugs for diabetic kidney disease appear to work in rodents, but fail in humans, reflecting incomplete understanding of disease processes. A team led by Melissa Hallow at the University of Georgia has developed a mathematical model that explains how elevated blood glucose in diabetes causes kidney injury in mice. They first showed that normal human, rat, or mouse kidney physiology could be reproduced with the same model by changing a small number of parameters. They then showed that diabetes-induced increases in sodium reabsorption cause unintuitive changes in kidney function that increase pressure on glomerular capillaries, causing protein leakage and nephron loss. The model reproduced faster disease progression observed in diabetic mice who have had one kidney removed. This mathematical understanding of diabetic kidney injury may improve translation of novel therapies from mice to human.
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26
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Yan Y, Zhang T, Li S, Liu Y, Bazzano L, He J, Mi J, Chen W. Black-White Difference in the Impact of Long-Term Blood Pressure From Childhood on Adult Renal Function: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Hypertens 2018; 31:1300-1306. [PMID: 30010953 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpy109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To examine racial difference in the impact of long-term burden of blood pressure (BP) from childhood on adult renal function between middle-aged blacks and whites. METHODS The study cohort consisted of 1,646 whites and 866 blacks aged 20-51 years at follow-up who had BP measured at least 4 times since childhood, with a mean follow-up period of 25.3 years. The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated as a measure of long-term burden of BP from childhood to adulthood. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated based on serum creatinine to assess renal function in adulthood. RESULTS Black vs. white adults had significantly higher values of eGFR and long-term burden of systolic BP for both males and females. In multivariable linear regression analyses, adjusting for sex, adult age, body mass index, smoking, and alcohol use, adult eGFR was significantly and negatively associated with adult systolic BP (standardized regression coefficient [β] = -0.10, P = 0.005) and diastolic BP (β = -0.11, P = 0.003) in blacks, but not in whites. The total BP AUC values were also significantly and negatively associated with adult eGFR (β = -0.10, P = 0.005 for systolic BP and β = -0.09, P = 0.013 for diastolic BP) in blacks only. Childhood BP was not significantly associated with adult eGFR in blacks and whites. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that black-white disparities in the influence of elevated BP on the development of renal dysfunction occur in middle adulthood, which underscores the importance of BP control in the black population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinkun Yan
- Department of Epidemiology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shengxu Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lydia Bazzano
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jie Mi
- Department of Epidemiology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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27
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Scarfe L, Schock-Kusch D, Ressel L, Friedemann J, Shulhevich Y, Murray P, Wilm B, de Caestecker M. Transdermal Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Mice. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30394397 PMCID: PMC6235579 DOI: 10.3791/58520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transdermal analysis of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is an established technique that is used to assess renal function in mouse and rat models of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. The measurement system consists of a miniaturized fluorescence detector that is directly attached to the skin on the back of conscious, freely moving animals, and measures the excretion kinetics of the exogenous GFR tracer, fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated sinistrin (an inulin analog). This system has been described in detail in rats. However, because of their smaller size, measurement of transcutaneous GFR in mice presents additional technical challenges. In this paper we therefore provide the first detailed practical guide to the use of transdermal GFR monitors in mice based on the combined experience of three different investigators who have been performing this assay in mice over a number of years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Scarfe
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool
| | | | - Lorenzo Ressel
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool
| | | | | | - Patricia Murray
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool
| | - Bettina Wilm
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool;
| | - Mark de Caestecker
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center;
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28
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Zhou X, Zhang J, Haimbach R, Zhu W, Mayer-Ezell R, Garcia-Calvo M, Smith E, Price O, Kan Y, Zycband E, Zhu Y, Hoek M, Cox JM, Ma L, Kelley DE, Pinto S. An integrin antagonist (MK-0429) decreases proteinuria and renal fibrosis in the ZSF1 rat diabetic nephropathy model. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2018; 5. [PMID: 28971604 PMCID: PMC5625158 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple integrins have been implicated in modulating renal function. Modulation of integrin function can lead to pathophysiological processes associated with diabetic nephropathy such as alterations in the glomerular filtration barrier and kidney fibrosis. The complexity of these pathophysiological changes implies that multiple integrin subtypes might need to be targeted to ameliorate the progression of renal disease. To address this hypothesis, we investigated the effects of MK‐0429, a compound that was originally developed as an αvβ3 inhibitor for the treatment of osteoporosis, on renal function and fibrosis. We demonstrated that MK‐0429 is an equipotent pan‐inhibitor of multiple av integrins. MK‐0429 dose‐dependently inhibited podocyte motility and also suppressed TGF‐β‐induced fibrosis marker gene expression in kidney fibroblasts. Moreover, in the obese ZSF1 rat model of diabetic nephropathy, chronic treatment with MK‐0429 resulted in significant reduction in proteinuria, kidney fibrosis, and collagen accumulation. In summary, our results suggest that inhibition of multiple integrin subtypes might lead to meaningful impact on proteinuria and renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033
| | - Ji Zhang
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033
| | - Robin Haimbach
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033
| | - Rosemary Mayer-Ezell
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033
| | - Margarita Garcia-Calvo
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033
| | - Elizabeth Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033
| | - Olga Price
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033
| | - Yanqing Kan
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033
| | - Emanuel Zycband
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033
| | - Yonghua Zhu
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033
| | - Maarten Hoek
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033
| | - Jason M Cox
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033
| | - Lijun Ma
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033
| | - David E Kelley
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033
| | - Shirly Pinto
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033
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Street JM, Koritzinsky EH, Bellomo TR, Hu X, Yuen PST, Star RA. The role of adenosine 1a receptor signaling on GFR early after the induction of sepsis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 314:F788-F797. [PMID: 29117994 PMCID: PMC6031909 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00051.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis and acute kidney injury (AKI) synergistically increase morbidity and mortality in the ICU. How sepsis reduces glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and causes AKI is poorly understood; one proposed mechanism includes tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF). When sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubules is reduced in normal animals, the macula densa senses increased luminal sodium chloride, and then adenosine-1a receptor (A1aR) signaling triggers tubuloglomerular feedback, reducing GFR through afferent arteriole vasoconstriction. We measured GFR and systemic hemodynamics early during cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis in wild-type and A1aR-knockout mice. A miniaturized fluorometer was attached to the back of each mouse and recorded the clearance of FITC-sinistrin via transcutaneous fluorescence to monitor GFR. Clinical organ injury markers and cytokines were measured and hemodynamics monitored using implantable transducer telemetry devices. In wild-type mice, GFR was stable within 1 h after surgery, declined by 43% in the next hour, and then fell to less than 10% of baseline after 2 h and 45 min. In contrast, in A1aR-knockout mice GFR was 37% below baseline immediately after surgery and then gradually declined over 4 h. A1aR-knockout mice had similar organ injury and inflammatory responses, albeit with lower heart rate. We conclude that transcutaneous fluorescence can accurately monitor GFR and detect changes rapidly during sepsis. Tubuloglomerular feedback plays a complex role in sepsis; initially, TGF helps maintain GFR in the 1st hour, and over the subsequent 3 h, TGF causes GFR to plummet. By 18 h, TGF has no cumulative effect on renal or extrarenal organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Street
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Erik H Koritzinsky
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tiffany R Bellomo
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xuzhen Hu
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Peter S T Yuen
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert A Star
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
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30
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Evans LC, Dayton A, Yang C, Liu P, Kurth T, Ahn KW, Komas S, Stingo FC, Laud PW, Vannucci M, Liang M, Cowley AW. Transcriptomic analysis reveals inflammatory and metabolic pathways that are regulated by renal perfusion pressure in the outer medulla of Dahl-S rats. Physiol Genomics 2018; 50:440-447. [PMID: 29602296 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00034.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies exploring the development of hypertension have traditionally been unable to distinguish which of the observed changes are underlying causes from those that are a consequence of elevated blood pressure. In this study, a custom-designed servo-control system was utilized to precisely control renal perfusion pressure to the left kidney continuously during the development of hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. In this way, we maintained the left kidney at control blood pressure while the right kidney was exposed to hypertensive pressures. As each kidney was exposed to the same circulating factors, differences between them represent changes induced by pressure alone. RNA sequencing analysis identified 1,613 differently expressed genes affected by renal perfusion pressure. Three pathway analysis methods were applied, one a novel approach incorporating arterial pressure as an input variable allowing a more direct connection between the expression of genes and pressure. The statistical analysis proposed several novel pathways by which pressure affects renal physiology. We confirmed the effects of pressure on p-Jnk regulation, in which the hypertensive medullas show increased p-Jnk/Jnk ratios relative to the left (0.79 ± 0.11 vs. 0.53 ± 0.10, P < 0.01, n = 8). We also confirmed pathway predictions of mitochondrial function, in which the respiratory control ratio of hypertensive vs. control mitochondria are significantly reduced (7.9 ± 1.2 vs. 10.4 ± 1.8, P < 0.01, n = 6) and metabolomic profile, in which 14 metabolites differed significantly between hypertensive and control medullas ( P < 0.05, n = 5). These findings demonstrate that subtle differences in the transcriptome can be used to predict functional changes of the kidney as a consequence of pressure elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C Evans
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Alex Dayton
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Pengyuan Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Center of Systems Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Theresa Kurth
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Kwang Woo Ahn
- Division of Biostatistics, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Steve Komas
- Cancer Center, Redox and Bioenergetics Shared Resource, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - Purushottam W Laud
- Center for Patient Care and Outcomes Research, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - Mingyu Liang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Center of Systems Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Allen W Cowley
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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31
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Elaidy SM, Hussain MA, El-Kherbetawy MK. Time-dependent therapeutic roles of nitazoxanide on high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats: effects on hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma receptors. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 96:485-497. [PMID: 29244961 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Targeting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) is an approved strategy in facing insulin resistance (IR) for diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2. The PPAR-γ modulators display improvements in the insulin-sensitizing and adverse effects of the traditional thiazolidinediones. Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is proposed as a PPAR-γ receptor ligand with agonistic post-transcriptional effects. Currently, NTZ antidiabetic activities versus pioglitazone (PIO) in a high-fat diet/streptozotocin rat model of type 2 diabetes was explored. Diabetic adult male Wistar rats were treated orally with either PIO (2.7 mg·kg-1·day-1) or NTZ (200 mg·kg-1·day-1) for 14, 21, and 28 days. Body masses, fasting blood glucose, IR, lipid profiles, and liver and kidney functions of rats were assayed. Hepatic glucose metabolism and PPAR-γ protein expression levels as well as hepatic, pancreatic, muscular, and renal histopathology were evaluated. Significant time-dependent euglycemic and insulin-sensitizing effects with preservation of liver and kidney functions were offered by NTZ. Higher hepatic levels of glucose-6-phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzymes and PPAR-γ protein expressions were acquired by NTZ and PIO, respectively. NTZ could be considered an oral therapeutic strategy for DM type 2. Further systematic NTZ/PPAR-γ receptor subtype molecular activations are recommended. Simultaneous use of NTZ with other approved antidiabetics should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah M Elaidy
- a Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Mona A Hussain
- b Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Portsaid University, Portsaid, Egypt
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32
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Mondritzki T, Steinbach SML, Boehme P, Hoffmann J, Kullmann M, Schock-Kusch D, Vogel J, Kolkhof P, Sandner P, Bischoff E, Hüser J, Dinh W, Truebel H. Transcutaneous glomerular filtration rate measurement in a canine animal model of chronic kidney disease. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2017; 90:7-12. [PMID: 29100965 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Quantitative assessment of renal function by measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is an important part of safety and efficacy evaluation in preclinical drug development. Existing methods are often time consuming, imprecise and associated with animal burden. Here we describe the comparison between GFR determinations with sinistrin (PS-GFR) and fluorescence-labelled sinistrin-application and its transcutaneous detection (TD-GFR) in a large animal model of chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS TD-GFR measurements compared to a standard method using i.v. sinistrin were performed in a canine model. Animals were treated with one-sided renal wrapping (RW) followed by renal artery occlusion (RO). Biomarker and remote hemodynamic measurements were performed. Plasma sinistrin in comparison to transcutaneous derived GFR data were determined during healthy conditions, after RW and RW+RO. RESULTS RW alone did not led to any significant changes in renal function, neither with PS-GFR nor TD-GFR. Additional RO showed a rise in blood pressure (+68.0mmHg), plasma urea (+28.8mmol/l), creatinine (+224,4μmol/l) and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA™; +12.6μg/dl). Plasma sinistrin derived data confirmed the expected drop (-44.7%, p<0.0001) in GFR. The calculated transcutaneous determined Fluorescein Isothiocyanate (FITC)-sinistrin GFR showed no differences to plasma sinistrin GFR at all times. Both methods were equaly sensitive to diagnose renal dysfunction in the affected animals. DISCUSSION Renal function assessment using TD-GFR is a valid method to improve preclinical drug discovery and development. Furthermore, TD-GFR method offers advantages in terms of reduced need for blood sampling and thus decreasing animal burden compared to standard procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mondritzki
- Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany; University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany.
| | - Sarah M L Steinbach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2026, USA
| | - Philip Boehme
- Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany; University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Julia Vogel
- Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany; University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | | | - Peter Sandner
- Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany; Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Wilfried Dinh
- Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany; University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany; Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Hubert Truebel
- Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany; University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
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33
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Evans LC, Petrova G, Kurth T, Yang C, Bukowy JD, Mattson DL, Cowley AW. Increased Perfusion Pressure Drives Renal T-Cell Infiltration in the Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rat. Hypertension 2017; 70:543-551. [PMID: 28696224 PMCID: PMC5589123 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Renal T-cell infiltration is a key component of salt-sensitive hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats. Here, we use an electronic servo-control technique to determine the contribution of renal perfusion pressure to T-cell infiltration in the SS rat kidney. An aortic balloon occluder placed around the aorta between the renal arteries was used to maintain perfusion pressure to the left kidney at control levels, ≈128 mm Hg, during 7 days of salt-induced hypertension, whereas the right kidney was exposed to increased renal perfusion pressure that averaged 157±4 mm Hg by day 7 of high-salt diet. The number of infiltrating T cells was compared between the 2 kidneys. Renal T-cell infiltration was significantly blunted in the left servo-controlled kidney compared with the right uncontrolled kidney. The number of CD3+, CD3+CD4+, and CD3+CD8+ T cells were all significantly lower in the left servo-controlled kidney. This effect was not specific to T cells because CD45R+ (B cells) and CD11b/c+ (monocytes and macrophages) cell infiltrations were all exacerbated in the hypertensive kidneys. Increased renal perfusion pressure was also associated with augmented renal injury, with increased protein casts and glomerular damage in the hypertensive kidney. Levels of norepinephrine were comparable between the 2 kidneys, suggestive of equivalent sympathetic innervation. Renal infiltration of T cells was not reversed by the return of renal perfusion pressure to control levels after 7 days of salt-sensitive hypertension. We conclude that increased pressure contributes to the initiation of renal T-cell infiltration during the progression of salt-sensitive hypertension in SS rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C Evans
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Galina Petrova
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Theresa Kurth
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Chun Yang
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - John D Bukowy
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - David L Mattson
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Allen W Cowley
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.
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34
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Huang J, Gretz N. Light-Emitting Agents for Noninvasive Assessment of Kidney Function. ChemistryOpen 2017; 6:456-471. [PMID: 28794936 PMCID: PMC5542756 DOI: 10.1002/open.201700065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The noninvasive assessment of kidney function and diagnosis of kidney disease have long been challenges. Traditional methods are not routinely available, because the existing protocols are cumbersome, time consuming, and invasive. In the past few years, significant progress in the area of diagnosing kidney function and disease on the basis of light-emitting agents has been made. Herein, we briefly review light-emitting agents, including organic fluorescent agents and inorganic renal clearable luminescent nanoparticles for the noninvasive and real-time monitoring of kidney function and disease. Moreover, some significant requirements and strategies regarding the design of ideal glomerular filtration rate agents and renal clearable nanoparticles are discussed. Finally, we discuss future challenges in expediting clinical translation of these developed light-emitting agents, along with considerations of the efforts that need to be made to develop new agents and diagnosing kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaguo Huang
- Medical Research Center, Medical Faculty MannheimUniversity of HeidelbergTheodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–368167MannheimGermany
| | - Norbert Gretz
- Medical Research Center, Medical Faculty MannheimUniversity of HeidelbergTheodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–368167MannheimGermany
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35
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Endres BT, Sandoval RM, Rhodes GJ, Campos-Bilderback SB, Kamocka MM, McDermott-Roe C, Staruschenko A, Molitoris BA, Geurts AM, Palygin O. Intravital imaging of the kidney in a rat model of salt-sensitive hypertension. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 313:F163-F173. [PMID: 28404591 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00466.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide and a major risk factor for renal failure and cardiovascular disease. The role of albuminuria, a common feature of hypertension and robust predictor of cardiorenal disorders, remains incompletely understood. The goal of this study was to investigate the mechanisms leading to albuminuria in the kidney of a rat model of hypertension, the Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rat. To determine the relative contributions of the glomerulus and proximal tubule (PT) to albuminuria, we applied intravital two-photon-based imaging to investigate the complex renal physiological changes that occur during salt-induced hypertension. Following a high-salt diet, SS rats exhibited elevated blood pressure, increased glomerular sieving of albumin (GSCalb = 0.0686), relative permeability to albumin (+Δ16%), and impaired volume hemodynamics (-Δ14%). Serum albumin but not serum globulins or creatinine concentration was decreased (-0.54 g/dl), which was concomitant with increased filtration of albumin (3.7 vs. 0.8 g/day normal diet). Pathologically, hypertensive animals had significant tubular damage, as indicated by increased prevalence of granular casts, expansion and necrosis of PT epithelial cells (+Δ2.20 score/image), progressive augmentation of red blood cell velocity (+Δ269 µm/s) and micro vessel diameter (+Δ4.3 µm), and increased vascular injury (+Δ0.61 leakage/image). Therefore, development of salt-induced hypertension can be triggered by fast and progressive pathogenic remodeling of PT epithelia, which can be associated with changes in albumin handling. Collectively, these results indicate that both the glomerulus and the PT contribute to albuminuria, and dual treatment of glomerular filtration and albumin reabsorption may represent an effective treatment of salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley T Endres
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ruben M Sandoval
- Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - George J Rhodes
- Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Malgorzata M Kamocka
- Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Alexander Staruschenko
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Bruce A Molitoris
- Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Aron M Geurts
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; .,Department of Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Oleg Palygin
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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36
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Ilatovskaya DV, Palygin O, Levchenko V, Endres BT, Staruschenko A. The Role of Angiotensin II in Glomerular Volume Dynamics and Podocyte Calcium Handling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:299. [PMID: 28331185 PMCID: PMC5428415 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00406-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocytes are becoming a primary focus of research efforts due to their association with progressive glomeruli damage in disease states. Loss of podocytes can occur as a result of excessive intracellular calcium influx, and we have previously shown that angiotensin II (Ang II) via canonical transient receptor potential 6 (TRPC6) channels caused increased intracellular Ca2+ flux in podocytes. We showed here with patch-clamp electrophysiology that Ang II activates TRPC channels; then using confocal calcium imaging we demonstrated that Ang II–dependent stimulation of Ca2+ influx in the podocytes is precluded by blocking either AT1 or AT2 receptors (ATRs). Application of Ang(1–7) had no effect on intracellular calcium. Ang II-induced calcium flux was decreased upon inhibition of TRPC channels with SAR7334, SKF 96365, clemizole hydrochloride and La3+, but not ML204. Using a novel 3D whole-glomerulus imaging ex vivo assay, we revealed the involvement of both ATRs in controlling glomerular permeability; additionally, using specific inhibitors and activators of TRPC6, we showed that these channels are implicated in the regulation of glomerular volume dynamics. Therefore, we provide evidence demonstrating the critical role of Ang II/TRPC6 axis in the control of glomeruli function, which is likely important for the development of glomerular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria V Ilatovskaya
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53226, USA
| | - Oleg Palygin
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53226, USA
| | - Vladislav Levchenko
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53226, USA
| | - Bradley T Endres
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53226, USA
| | - Alexander Staruschenko
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53226, USA.
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37
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Newsome AD, Davis GK, Ojeda NB, Alexander BT. Complications during pregnancy and fetal development: implications for the occurrence of chronic kidney disease. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2017; 15:211-220. [PMID: 28256177 PMCID: PMC5543771 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2017.1294066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Numerous epidemiological studies indicate an inverse association between birth weight and the risk for chronic kidney disease. Areas covered: Historically, the first studies to address the developmental origins of chronic disease focused on the inverse relationship between birth weight and blood pressure. A reduction in nephron number was a consistent finding in low birth weight individuals and experimental models of developmental insult. Recent studies indicate that a congenital reduction in renal reserve in conjunction with an increase in blood pressure that has its origins in fetal life increases vulnerability to renal injury and disease. Expert commentary: Limited experimental studies have investigated the mechanisms that contribute to the developmental origins of kidney disease. Several studies suggest that enhanced susceptibility to renal injury following a developmental insult is altered by sex and age. More in-depth studies are needed to clarify how low birth weight contributes to enhanced renal risk, and how sex and age influence this adverse relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley D. Newsome
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Gwendolyn K. Davis
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Norma B. Ojeda
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Barbara T. Alexander
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
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38
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Huang J, Gretz N, Weinfurter S. Filtration markers and determination methods for the assessment of kidney function. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 790:92-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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39
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Bidwell GL, Mahdi F, Shao Q, Logue OC, Waller JP, Reese C, Chade AR. A kidney-selective biopolymer for targeted drug delivery. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 312:F54-F64. [PMID: 27784692 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00143.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving drug delivery to the kidney using renal-targeted therapeutics is a promising but underdeveloped area. We aimed to develop a kidney-targeting construct for renal-specific drug delivery. Elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) are nonimmunogenic protein-based carriers that can stabilize attached small-molecule and peptide therapeutics. We modified ELP at its NH2-terminus with a cyclic, seven-amino acid kidney-targeting peptide (KTP) and at its COOH-terminus with a cysteine residue for tracer conjugation. Comparative in vivo pharmacokinetics and biodistribution in rat and swine models and in vitro cell binding studies using human renal cells were performed. KTP-ELP had a longer plasma half-life than ELP in both animal models and was similarly accumulated in kidneys at levels fivefold higher than untargeted ELP, showing renal levels 15- to over 150-fold higher than in other major organs. Renal fluorescence histology demonstrated high accumulation of KTP-ELP in proximal tubules and vascular endothelium. Furthermore, a 14-day infusion of a high dose of ELP or KTP-ELP did not affect body weight, glomerular filtration rate, or albuminuria, or induce renal tissue damage compared with saline-treated controls. In vitro experiments showed higher binding of KTP-ELP to human podocytes, proximal tubule epithelial, and glomerular microvascular endothelial cells than untargeted ELP. These results show the high renal selectivity of KTP-ELP, support the notion that the construct is not species specific, and demonstrate that it does not induce acute renal toxicity. The plasticity of ELP for attachment of any class of therapeutics unlocks the possibility of applying ELP technology for targeted treatment of renal disease in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene L Bidwell
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi; .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Fakhri Mahdi
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Qingmei Shao
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Omar C Logue
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Jamarius P Waller
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Caleb Reese
- Belhaven University, Jackson, Mississippi; and
| | - Alejandro R Chade
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Medicine, and Radiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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40
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Su Z, Widomski D, Ma J, Namovic M, Nikkel A, Leys L, Olson L, Salte K, Donnelly-Roberts D, Esbenshade T, McGaraughty S. Longitudinal Changes in Measured Glomerular Filtration Rate, Renal Fibrosis and Biomarkers in a Rat Model of Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy. Am J Nephrol 2016; 44:339-353. [PMID: 27736813 PMCID: PMC5389169 DOI: 10.1159/000449324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obese ZSF-1 rats display many features of human type II diabetes including nephropathy (DN). The study aimed to further understand the relevance of this model to DN, for which glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal fibrosis and several urinary/tissue biomarkers was followed over 24 weeks in ZSF-1 rats. METHODS Intact/sham or uninephrectomized male and female ZSF-1 rats were studied. GFR was measured by transdermal clearance of fluorescein isothiocyanate-sinistrin. Urine was collected every 2-4 weeks for biomarker analysis. Renal tissue was examined histologically for fibrosis and for levels of inflammatory and fibrotic genes. RESULTS Male obese ZSF-1 rats demonstrated metabolic syndrome and proteinuria. Female counterparts were hyperlipidemic with delayed proteinuria, but were not hyperglycemic. Kidney hyperfiltration was observed in male obese rats in weeks 2-4 after surgery, and subsequently declined to levels significantly lower than controls. Tubulointerstitial/glomerular fibrosis in male obese rats was significantly elevated by week 12 post surgery and continued to expand in the ensuing weeks, particularly in uninephrectomized rats. Female rats had less severe fibrosis. Except for epidermal growth factor which decreased, the levels of several key inflammatory, injury and fibrotic factors were elevated in both tissue (mRNA) and urine (protein) of male obese rats. CONCLUSION Male obese ZSF-1 rats represent an important DN model, manifesting key pathophysiological features including metabolic syndrome, proteinuria, progressive tubular and glomerular fibrosis, and transient hyperfiltration followed by progressive decline in renal function. Uninephrectomy significantly accelerated disease progression. Females were less severe in disease manifestation. Several urinary and tissue biomarkers were identified in the male obese rats that tracked with disease progression.
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41
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Hilliard LM, Denton KM. Transcutaneous assessment of glomerular filtration rate in unanesthetized rats using a small animal imager: impact on arterial pressure, heart rate, and activity. Physiol Rep 2016. [PMCID: PMC5064127 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda M. Hilliard
- Cardiovascular Program; Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Departments of Physiology; Monash University; Melbourne Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Kate M. Denton
- Cardiovascular Program; Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Departments of Physiology; Monash University; Melbourne Victoria 3800 Australia
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42
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Huang J, Weinfurter S, Pinto PC, Pretze M, Kränzlin B, Pill J, Federica R, Perciaccante R, Ciana LD, Masereeuw R, Gretz N. Fluorescently Labeled Cyclodextrin Derivatives as Exogenous Markers for Real-Time Transcutaneous Measurement of Renal Function. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:2513-2526. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaguo Huang
- Medical
Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefanie Weinfurter
- Medical
Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Pedro Caetano Pinto
- Division
of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Pretze
- Molecular
Imaging and Radiochemistry, Department of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear
Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Bettina Kränzlin
- Medical
Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Johannes Pill
- Medical
Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division
of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Norbert Gretz
- Medical
Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
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43
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Improved kinetic model for the transcutaneous measurement of glomerular filtration rate in experimental animals. Kidney Int 2016; 90:1377-1385. [PMID: 27665115 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transcutaneous measurement of the glomerular filtration rate (tGFR) is now frequently used in animal studies. tGFR allows consecutive measurements on the same animal, including multiple measurements on a daily basis, because no blood sampling is required. Here we derive and validate a novel kinetic model for the description of transcutaneously measured FITC-Sinistrin excretion kinetics. In contrast to standard 1- to 3-compartment models, our model covers the complete kinetic, including injection and distribution of the tracer in the plasma compartment. Because the model describes the complete progression of the measurement, it allows further refinement by correcting for baseline shifts observed occasionally during measurement. Possible reasons for shifts in the background signal include photo bleaching of the skin, autofluorescence, changes of physiological state of the animals during the measurements, or effects arising from the attachment of the measurement device. Using the new 3-compartment kinetic model with modulated baseline (tGFR3cp.b.m), tGFR measurements in rats can reach comparable precision as those from GFR measurements assessed using a gold standard technique based on constant infusion of a tracer. Moreover, the variability of simultaneous (parallel) measurements, as well as repeated tGFR measurements in the same animals, showed higher precision when tGFR3cp.b.m was compared with the 1-compartment tGFR1cp model.
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44
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Herrera Pérez Z, Weinfurter S, Gretz N. Transcutaneous Assessment of Renal Function in Conscious Rodents. J Vis Exp 2016:e53767. [PMID: 27078159 PMCID: PMC4841314 DOI: 10.3791/53767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard to assess overall kidney function. However, traditional methods to evaluate GFR are cumbersome and time-consuming. In addition, serial blood or urine samples are required, with the associated stress for the experimental animals. A recent technique significantly reduces the investment in time and resources, minimizing the invasiveness and the animal stress, but being equally valid as the traditional approaches. The method measures transcutaneously renal function. Using an optical device and the exogenous renal marker fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-sinistrin, this technique is capable of measuring the elimination kinetics of the marker through the skin. With neither blood nor urine samples nor the associated laboratory assays needed, the results of the transcutaneous measurement are almost instantaneously available. The method has been already validated in different species and successfully applied in several models of renal pathology. Moreover, due to its minimally invasive characteristics, it is suitable for sequential measurements within the same animal. Here is provided a detailed protocol to carry out the transcutaneous assessment of renal function in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Norbert Gretz
- Medical Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg;
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45
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Albertoni Borghese MF, Ortiz MC, Balonga S, Moreira Szokalo R, Majowicz MP. The Role of Endothelin System in Renal Structure and Function during the Postnatal Development of the Rat Kidney. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148866. [PMID: 26872270 PMCID: PMC4752218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal development in rodents, unlike in humans, continues during early postnatal period. We aimed to evaluate whether the pharmacological inhibition of Endothelin system during this period affects renal development, both at structural and functional level in male and female rats. Newborn rats were treated orally from postnatal day 1 to 20 with vehicle or bosentan (Actelion, 20 mg/kg/day), a dual endothelin receptor antagonist (ERA). The animals were divided in 4 groups: control males, control females, ERA males and ERA females. At day 21, we evaluated renal function, determined the glomerular number by a maceration method and by morphometric analysis and evaluated possible structural renal alterations by three methods: 〈alpha〉-Smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) immunohistochemistry, Masson's trichrome and Sirius red staining. The pharmacological inhibition of Endothelin system with a dual ERA during the early postnatal period of the rat did not leads to renal damage in the kidneys of male and female rats. However, ERA administration decreased the number of glomeruli, the juxtamedullary filtration surface area and the glomerular filtration rate and increased the proteinuria. These effects could predispose to hypertension or renal diseases in the adulthood. On the other hand, these effects were more pronounced in male rats, suggesting that there are sex differences that could be greater later in life. These results provide evidence that Endothelin has an important role in rat renal postnatal development. However these results do not imply that the same could happen in humans, since human renal development is complete at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- María F. Albertoni Borghese
- Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María C. Ortiz
- Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sabrina Balonga
- Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rocío Moreira Szokalo
- Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica P. Majowicz
- Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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46
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Pérez-Ramírez IF, Enciso-Moreno JA, Guevara-González RG, Gallegos-Corona MA, Loarca-Piña G, Reynoso-Camacho R. Modulation of renal dysfunction by Smilax cordifolia and Eryngium carlinae , and their effect on kidney proteome in obese rats. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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47
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Shmarlouski A, Schock-Kusch D, Shulhevich Y, Buschmann V, Rohlicke T, Herdt D, Radle M, Hesser J, Stsepankou D. A Novel Analysis Technique for Transcutaneous Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate With Ultralow Dose Marker Concentrations. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2015; 63:1742-50. [PMID: 26595905 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2015.2501544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A novel high-precision approach [lifetime-decomposition measurement (LTDM)] for the assessment of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) based on clearance measurements of exogenous filtration marker. METHODS The time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) acquisition in combination with a new decomposition method allows the separation of signal and background from transcutaneous measurements of GFR. RESULTS The performance of LTDM is compared versus the commercially available NIC-kidney patch-based system for transcutaneous GFR measurement. Measurements are performed in awake Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Using the standard concentration required for the NIC-kidney system [7-mg/100-g body weight (b.w.) FITC-Sinistrin] as reference, the mean difference (bias) of the elimination curves GFR between LTDM and NIC-kidney was 4.8%. On the same animal and same day, the capability of LTDM to measure GFR with a FITC-Sinistrin dose reduced by a factor of 200 (35-μg/100-g b.w.) was tested as well. The mean differences (half lives with low dose using LTDM compared with those using first, the NIC-Kidney system and its standard concentration, and second, LTDM with the same concentration as for the NIC-Kidney system) were 3.4% and 4.5%, respectively. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that with the LTDM strategy substantial reductions in marker concentrations are possible at the same level of accuracy. SIGNIFICANCE LTDM aims to resolve the issue of the currently necessary large doses of fluorescence tracer required for transcutaneous GFR measurement. Due to substantially less influences from autofluorescence and artifacts, the proposed method outperforms other existing techniques for accurate percutaneous organ function measurement.
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48
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Scarfe L, Rak-Raszewska A, Geraci S, Darssan D, Sharkey J, Huang J, Burton NC, Mason D, Ranjzad P, Kenny S, Gretz N, Lévy R, Kevin Park B, García-Fiñana M, Woolf AS, Murray P, Wilm B. Measures of kidney function by minimally invasive techniques correlate with histological glomerular damage in SCID mice with adriamycin-induced nephropathy. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13601. [PMID: 26329825 PMCID: PMC4556979 DOI: 10.1038/srep13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Maximising the use of preclinical murine models of progressive kidney disease as test beds for therapies ideally requires kidney function to be measured repeatedly in a safe, minimally invasive manner. To date, most studies of murine nephropathy depend on unreliable markers of renal physiological function, exemplified by measuring blood levels of creatinine and urea, and on various end points necessitating sacrifice of experimental animals to assess histological damage, thus counteracting the principles of Replacement, Refinement and Reduction. Here, we applied two novel minimally invasive techniques to measure kidney function in SCID mice with adriamycin-induced nephropathy. We employed i) a transcutaneous device that measures the half-life of intravenously administered FITC-sinistrin, a molecule cleared by glomerular filtration; and ii) multispectral optoacoustic tomography, a photoacoustic imaging device that directly visualises the clearance of the near infrared dye, IRDye 800CW carboxylate. Measurements with either technique showed a significant impairment of renal function in experimental animals versus controls, with significant correlations with the proportion of scarred glomeruli five weeks after induction of injury. These technologies provide clinically relevant functional data and should be widely adopted for testing the efficacies of novel therapies. Moreover, their use will also lead to a reduction in experimental animal numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Scarfe
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Aleksandra Rak-Raszewska
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Stefania Geraci
- Medical Research Centre, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Darsy Darssan
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jack Sharkey
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jiaguo Huang
- Medical Research Centre, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - David Mason
- Centre for Cell Imaging, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Parisa Ranjzad
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Simon Kenny
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Norbert Gretz
- Medical Research Centre, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Raphaël Lévy
- Centre for Cell Imaging, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - B Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marta García-Fiñana
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Adrian S Woolf
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Patricia Murray
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Bettina Wilm
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Frenay ARS, Yazdani S, Boersema M, van der Graaf AM, Waanders F, van den Born J, Navis GJ, van Goor H. Incomplete Restoration of Angiotensin II-Induced Renal Extracellular Matrix Deposition and Inflammation Despite Complete Functional Recovery in Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129732. [PMID: 26061812 PMCID: PMC4464893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Some diseases associated with a temporary deterioration in kidney function and/or development of proteinuria show an apparently complete functional remission once the initiating trigger is removed. While it was earlier thought that a transient impairment of kidney function is harmless, accumulating evidence now suggests that these patients are more prone to developing renal failure later in life. We therefore sought to investigate to what extent renal functional changes, inflammation and collagen deposition are reversible after cessation of disease induction, potentially explaining residual sensitivity to damage. Using a rat model of Angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertensive renal disease we show the development of severe hypertension (212 ± 10.43 vs. 146 ± 1.4 mmHg, p<0.001) and proteinuria (51.4 ± 6.3 vs. 14.7 ± 2.0 mg/24h, p<0.01) with declined creatinine clearance (2.0 ± 0.5 vs. 4.9 ± 0.6 mL/min, p<0.001) to occur after 3 weeks of Ang II infusion. At the structural level, Ang II infusion resulted in interstitial inflammation (18.8 ± 4.8 vs. 3.6 ± 0.5 number of macrophages, p<0.001), renal interstitial collagen deposition and lymphangiogenesis (4.1 ± 0.4 vs. 2.2 ± 0.4 number of lymph vessels, p<0.01). Eight weeks after cessation of Ang II, all clinical parameters, pre-fibrotic changes such as myofibroblast transformation and increase in lymph vessel number (lymphangiogenesis) returned to control values. However, glomerular desmin expression, glomerular and periglomerular macrophages and interstitial collagens remained elevated. These dormant abnormalities indicate that after transient renal function decline, inflammation and collagen deposition may persist despite normalization of the initiating pathophysiological stimulus perhaps rendering the kidney more vulnerable to further damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Roos S. Frenay
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Saleh Yazdani
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Miriam Boersema
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anne Marijn van der Graaf
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Femke Waanders
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jacob van den Born
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerjan J. Navis
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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50
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Evans LC, Ryan RP, Broadway E, Skelton MM, Kurth T, Cowley AW. Null mutation of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase subunit p67phox protects the Dahl-S rat from salt-induced reductions in medullary blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. Hypertension 2015; 65:561-8. [PMID: 25489057 PMCID: PMC4326559 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.04468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Null mutations in the p67(phox) subunit of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase confer protection from salt sensitivity on Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Here, we track the sequential changes in medullary blood flow (MBF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urinary protein, and mean arterial pressure in SSp67(phox) null rats and wild-type littermates during 21 days of 4.0% NaCl high-salt (HS) diet. Optical fibers were implanted in the renal medulla and MBF was measured in conscious rats by laser Doppler flowmetry. Separate groups of rats were prepared with femoral venous catheters and GFR was measured by the transcutaneous assessment of fluorescein isothiocyanate-sinistrin disappearance curves. Mean arterial blood pressure was measured by telemetry. In wild-type rats, HS caused a rapid reduction in MBF, which was significantly lower than control values by HS day-6. Reduced MBF was associated with a progressive increase in mean arterial pressure, averaging 170±5 mm Hg by HS salt day-21. A significant reduction in GFR was evident on day-14 HS, after the onset of hypertension and reduced MBF. In contrast, HS had no significant effect on MBF in SSp67(phox) null rats and the pressor response to sodium was blunted, averaging 150±3 mm Hg on day-21 HS. GFR was maintained throughout the study and proteinuria was reduced. In summary, when p67(phox) is not functional in the salt-sensitive rats, HS does not cause reduced MBF and salt-sensitive hypertension is attenuated, and consequently renal injury is reduced and GFR is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C Evans
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Robert P Ryan
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Elizabeth Broadway
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Meredith M Skelton
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Theresa Kurth
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Allen W Cowley
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.
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