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Davis KM, Petersen KS, Matthan NR, Legro RS, Kris-Etherton PM. Effect of Incorporating 1 Avocado per Day Versus Habitual Diet on Vascular Function in Adults With Abdominal Obesity: An Ancillary Study of HAT, a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e030497. [PMID: 38726886 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.030497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal obesity is associated with endothelial dysfunction and poorer vascular health. Avocado consumption improves postprandial endothelial function; however, the longer-term effects remain unclear. It was hypothesized that the daily addition of 1 avocado to a habitual diet for 6 months would improve flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity in individuals with abdominal obesity (waist circumference ≥35 in for women, ≥40 in for men), compared with a habitual diet low in avocados. METHODS AND RESULTS HAT (Habitual Diet and Avocado Trial) was a multicenter, randomized, controlled, parallel-arm study that investigated the health effects of adding 1 avocado per day to a habitual diet in individuals with abdominal obesity. At the Pennsylvania State University, University Park study center (n=134; age, 50 ± 13 years; women, 78%; body mass index, 32.6 ± 4.8 kg/m2), markers of vascular function were measured, including endothelial function, assessed via brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, and arterial stiffness, assessed via carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity. Between-group differences in 6-month change in flow-mediated dilation and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity were assessed using independent t tests. Prespecified subgroup analyses were conducted using linear regression. No significant between-group differences in flow-mediated dilation (mean difference=-0.62% [95% CI, -1.70 to 0.46]) or carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (0.25 m/s [95% CI, -0.13 to 0.63]) were observed. Results of the subgroup analyses were consistent with the primary analyses. CONCLUSIONS Longer-term consumption of 1 avocado per day as part of a habitual diet did not improve measures of vascular function compared with a habitual diet low in avocados in individuals with abdominal obesity. REGISTRATION URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03528031.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Davis
- Department of Nutritional Sciences Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
- Department of Psychology Wayne State University Detroit MI USA
| | - Kristina S Petersen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
| | - Nirupa R Matthan
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Center on Aging Tufts University Boston MA USA
| | - Richard S Legro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Pennsylvania State University Hershey PA USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences Pennsylvania State University Hershey PA USA
| | - Penny M Kris-Etherton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
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Neves BB, Pinto S, Pais R, Batista J, Domingues MR, Melo T. Looking into the lipid profile of avocado and byproducts: Using lipidomics to explore value-added compounds. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13351. [PMID: 38682674 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Consumer priorities in healthy diets and lifestyle boosted the demand for nutritious and functional foods as well as plant-based ingredients. Avocado has become a food trend due to its nutritional and functional values, which in turn is increasing its consumption and production worldwide. Avocado edible portion has a high content of lipids, with the pulp and its oil being rich in monounsaturated fatty acids and essential omega - 3 and omega - 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). These fatty acids are mainly esterified in triacylglycerides, the major lipids in pulp, but also in minor components such as polar lipids (phospholipids and glycolipids). Polar lipids of avocado have been overlooked despite being recently highlighted with functional properties as well. The growth in the industry of avocado products is generating an increased amount of their byproducts, such as seed and peels (nonedible portions), still undervalued. The few studies on avocado byproducts pointed out that they also contain interesting lipids, with seeds particularly rich in polar lipids bearing PUFA, and thus can be reused as a source of add-value phytochemical. Mass spectrometry-based lipidomics approaches appear as an essential tool to unveil the complex lipid signature of avocado and its byproducts, contributing to the recognition of value-added lipids and opening new avenues for their use in novel biotechnological applications. The present review provides an up-to-date overview of the lipid signature from avocado pulp, peel, seed, and its oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna B Neves
- Mass Spectrometry Center, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sara Pinto
- Mass Spectrometry Center, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rita Pais
- Mass Spectrometry Center, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana Batista
- Mass Spectrometry Center, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Rosário Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Center, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tânia Melo
- Mass Spectrometry Center, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
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Yamaji T, Harada T, Kajikawa M, Maruhashi T, Kishimoto S, Yusoff FM, Chayama K, Goto C, Nakashima A, Tomiyama H, Takase B, Kohro T, Suzuki T, Ishizu T, Ueda S, Yamazaki T, Furumoto T, Kario K, Inoue T, Watanabe K, Takemoto Y, Hano T, Sata M, Ishibashi Y, Node K, Maemura K, Ohya Y, Furukawa T, Ito H, Yamashina A, Koba S, Higashi Y. Role of Small Dense Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Receiving Statin Treatment. J Atheroscler Thromb 2024; 31:478-500. [PMID: 37926523 PMCID: PMC10999715 DOI: 10.5551/jat.64416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM There is little information on the relationships of serum small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (sdLDL-C) levels and serum triglyceride (TG) levels with cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) who are receiving statins. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships of serum TG levels and sdLDL-C levels as residual risks for cardiovascular events in patients with CAD and type 2 DM who were being treated with statins. METHODS The subjects were divided into four groups based on TG levels and sdLDL-C levels: sdLDL-C of <40.0 mg/dL and TG of <150 mg/dL, sdLDL-C of ≥ 40.0 mg/dL and TG of <150 mg/dL, sdLDL-C of <40.0 mg/dL and TG of ≥ 150 mg/dL, and sdLDL-C of ≥ 40.0 mg/dL and TG of ≥ 150 mg/dL. During a median follow-up period of 1419 days, cardiovascular events occurred in 34 patients. RESULTS The incidences of cardiovascular events were significantly higher in patients with sdLDL-C of ≥ 40.0 mg/dL and TG of <150 mg/dL and in patients with sdLDL-C of ≥ 40.0 mg/dL and TG of ≥ 150 mg/dL, but not in patients with sdLDL-C of <40.0 mg/dL and TG of ≥ 150 mg/dL, than in patients with sdLDL-C of <40.0 mg/dL and TG of <150 mg/dL. CONCLUSIONS Under the condition of treatment with statins, patients with CAD and type 2 DM who had sdLDL-C levels of ≥ 40.0 mg/dL had a high risk for cardiovascular events even though serum TG levels were controlled at <150 mg/dL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Yamaji
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takahiro Harada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masato Kajikawa
- Division of Regeneration and Medicine, Medical Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Maruhashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shinji Kishimoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Farina Mohamad Yusoff
- Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chikara Goto
- Department of Physical Therapy, Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ayumu Nakashima
- Division of Regeneration and Medicine, Medical Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Bonpei Takase
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Takahide Kohro
- Department of Clinical Informatics, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Toru Suzuki
- Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Tomoko Ishizu
- Cardiovascular Division, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Ueda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of the Ryukyu School of Medicine, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Yamazaki
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Systems, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoo Furumoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazuomi Kario
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Teruo Inoue
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kentaro Watanabe
- Department of Neurology, Hematology, Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetelogy (DNHMED), Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Takemoto
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuzo Hano
- Department of Medical Education and Population-based Medicine, Postgraduate School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masataka Sata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ishibashi
- Department of General Medicine, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Koichi Node
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Koji Maemura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Course of Medical and Dental Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ohya
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Taiji Furukawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
| | - Akira Yamashina
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Koba
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihito Higashi
- Division of Regeneration and Medicine, Medical Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Allen TS, Doede AL, King CM, Pacheco LS, Talavera GA, Denenberg JO, Eastman AS, Criqui MH, Allison MA. Nutritional Avocado Intervention Improves Physical Activity Measures in Hispanic/Latino Families: A Cluster RCT. AJPM FOCUS 2023; 2:100145. [PMID: 37941823 PMCID: PMC10628653 DOI: 10.1016/j.focus.2023.100145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Nutrition and physical activity are key components for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. There remains a paucity of trial data on the effect of specific nutritional interventions on physical activity and sedentary time. One question is how a common nutrient-dense food such as avocado may impact physical activity and sedentary time in Hispanic/Latino families, a group that reports the lowest levels of physical activity. Design This is a 6-month clustered RCT. Setting/participants Seventy-two families (235 individuals) who identified as Hispanic/Latino were enrolled through the San Ysidro Health Center (San Diego, CA) between April 2017 and June 2018. Intervention After a 2-week run-in period, 35 families were randomized to the intervention arm (14 avocados/family/week), and 37 families were assigned to the control arm (3 avocados/family/week). Main outcome measures Linear mixed-effects models were used to assess changes in physical activity (MET minutes per week) between the groups during the 6-month trial. Secondary outcomes included sedentary time (minutes/week), BMI, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Results An adherence goal of >80% was achieved for both arms. Total mean physical activity increased by 2,197 MET minutes per week more in the intervention group (p<0.01) than in the control group, driven by between-group differences in moderate (p<0.01) versus vigorous (p=0.06) physical activity. After accounting for longitudinal repeated measures per participant and nested family effects, total adult physical activity remained significantly higher in the intervention than in the control group (+1,163 MET minutes per week on average per participant), with a significant intervention interaction term (p<0.01). There were no significant changes in sedentary time, BMI, or blood pressure. Conclusions Higher allocation of avocados was associated with significantly higher physical activity and no adverse changes in BMI or blood pressure, suggesting that this nutritional intervention may have beneficial pleiotropic effects.Trial registration: This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02903433.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Shrout Allen
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Aubrey L. Doede
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Colin M.B. King
- School of Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Lorena S. Pacheco
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Julie O. Denenberg
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Amelia S. Eastman
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Michael H. Criqui
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Matthew A. Allison
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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5
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Nora CL, Zhang L, Castro RJ, Marx A, Carman HB, Lum T, Tsimikas S, Hong MY. Effects of mixed nut consumption on LDL cholesterol, lipoprotein(a), and other cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese adults. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 33:1529-1538. [PMID: 37263914 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Elevated LDL-C, lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], and inflammation are associated with greater risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular events. Consumption of individual nut types decreases these risk factors but knowledge about the effect of mixed nuts on Lp(a) is limited. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of consuming 42.5 g/day of mixed nuts on LDL-C, Lp(a), and inflammatory markers in individuals with overweight or obesity. METHODS AND RESULTS In a 16-week randomized control trial, 29 participants with overweight or obesity (BMI 25-40 kg/m2) consumed either 42.5 g/day of mixed nuts (cashews, almonds, macadamia nuts, Brazil nuts, pecans, pistachios, walnuts, and peanuts) or 69 g/day isocaloric pretzels. Blood samples were collected at baseline, week 8, and week 16 for analysis on total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, Lp(a), inflammation markers, glucose, insulin, adiponectin and liver function enzymes. No significant differences were seen in TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, Lp(a), or liver function enzymes between the two groups. Participants consuming mixed nuts had significantly lower body fat percentage and diastolic blood pressure, and higher adiponectin (all P ≤ 0.05). C-reactive protein (CRP) and 8-oxo-deoxyguanosis (8-oxodG) showed non-significant decreasing trends and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) had a non-significant increasing trend in the mixed nut group. CONCLUSION Consumption of mixed nuts had no evidence of an effect on LDL-C or Lp(a) throughout the intervention. Notably, mixed nut consumption lowered body fat percentage without significant changes in body weight or BMI. Future studies with larger sample sizes investigating the changing trends of CRP, 8-oxodG, and TAC are warranted. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTER NCT03375866.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Nora
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Liyue Zhang
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Robert J Castro
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Amanda Marx
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Hannah B Carman
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Tiffany Lum
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Sotirios Tsimikas
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Mee Young Hong
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.
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Ford NA, Spagnuolo P, Kraft J, Bauer E. Nutritional Composition of Hass Avocado Pulp. Foods 2023; 12:2516. [PMID: 37444254 DOI: 10.3390/foods12132516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Avocados (Persea americana) are a unique fruit that can provide health benefits when included in a healthy diet. As health care moves towards precision health and targeted therapies or preventative medicine, it is critical to understand foods and their dietary components. The nutritional composition and plant physiology of the Hass avocado is strikingly different from other fruits. This paper reviews the nutrient and bioactive composition of the edible portion of the Hass avocado (pulp) reported in the literature and from commercial lab analyses of the current market supply of fresh Hass avocados. These results provide comprehensive data on what nutrients and bioactives are in avocado and the quantity of these nutrients. We discuss the reasons for nutrient composition variations and review some potential health benefits of bioactive compounds found in Hass avocados.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki A Ford
- Avocado Nutrition Center, 25212 Marguerite Pkwy Ste. 250, Mission Viejo, CA 92692, USA
| | - Paul Spagnuolo
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd., Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Jana Kraft
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Vermont, 570 Main Street, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Ella Bauer
- Avocado Nutrition Center, 25212 Marguerite Pkwy Ste. 250, Mission Viejo, CA 92692, USA
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Okobi OE, Odoma VA, Okunromade O, Louise-Oluwasanmi O, Itua B, Ndubuisi C, Ogbeifun OE, Nwatamole BC, Elimihele TA, Adekunle JO, Adekunle AA, Obi CB, Evbayekha EO. Effect of Avocado Consumption on Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cureus 2023; 15:e41189. [PMID: 37525782 PMCID: PMC10387226 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.41189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
High cholesterol levels are a significant risk factor for heart disease, the leading cause of death worldwide. Lowering cholesterol plays a crucial role in maintaining good health. One approach to reducing cholesterol is through dietary modifications, and avocados have been recognized as a potential food choice for this purpose. Avocados are rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), fiber, and plant sterols, which have cholesterol-lowering effects. Incorporating avocados into a low-fat diet can be beneficial. This study design followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and conducted databases in Cochrane, SCOPUS, PubMed, and Web of Science up until May 2023, combining keywords related to avocados and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The study focused on randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and excluded observational studies, meta-analyses, surveys, abstracts, and reviews. Seven RCTs were included in the study, all reporting total cholesterol (TC) levels. The findings of the study showed that individuals who followed an avocado diet experienced reduced TC levels compared to those who followed a habitual diet or a low-fat diet. The avocado group exhibited lower TC levels compared to the control group in both the habitual diet and low-fat diet subgroups. When considering high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, the control group had higher HDL levels than the avocado group in the habitual diet subgroup, while the avocado group had higher HDL levels than the control group in the low-fat diet subgroup. In both the habitual diet and low-fat diet subgroups, the avocado group had lower levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) compared to the control group. The study concluded that incorporating avocados into the diet can be a beneficial dietary strategy for individuals aiming to lower their cholesterol levels and promote heart health. The avocado diet was associated with decreased LDL levels, but it did not significantly impact triglyceride (TG) levels or fasting glucose levels. Systolic blood pressure values showed minimal changes with the avocado diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okelue E Okobi
- Family Medicine, Larkin Community Hospital, Miami, USA
- Family Medicine, Lakeside Medical Center, Belle Glade, USA
| | - Victor A Odoma
- Cardiology/Oncology, Indiana University (IU) Health Bloomington Hospital, Bloomington, USA
| | - Omolola Okunromade
- Public Health, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, USA
| | | | - Blessing Itua
- Internal Medicine, Annotto Bay Hospital, St. Mary, JAM
| | | | | | - Bright C Nwatamole
- Cardiology, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield , GBR
| | - Thomas A Elimihele
- Clinical Research, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Joy O Adekunle
- Internal Medicine, Lagos State Health Service (LHSC), Lagos, NGA
| | - Akeem A Adekunle
- Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, NGA
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Cheng FW, Ford NA, Wood AC, Tracy R. Avocado consumption and markers of inflammation: results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Eur J Nutr 2023:10.1007/s00394-023-03134-8. [PMID: 36947255 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03134-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Since avocado consumption has been linked to a possible reduction in inflammation, we investigated associations between avocado consumption and markers of inflammation in a population-based multi-ethnic cohort [Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)]. METHODS We used a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) at MESA exam 1 to capture avocado/guacamole consumption. To calculate daily servings of avocado/guacamole, we used both frequency and serving size data from the FFQ. We classified participants into three consumer groups: rare or never (daily serving ≤ 0.03), medium (0.03 < daily serving < 0.1), and heavy (0.1 ≤ daily serving). Inflammation was estimated by natural log-transformed inflammatory biomarkers (CRP, IL-2, IL-6, homocysteine, fibrinogen, TNF-a soluble receptors). We used multivariate general linear regression models to assess associations accounting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, educational level, income, energy intake, smoking status, physical activity, diet quality, body mass index, and diabetes type. RESULTS Among 5794 MESA participants, the average age and BMI were 62.25 y ± 10.26 and 28.28 ± 5.41 kg/m2, respectively, and 48% of the sample were men. Participants self-reported as Hispanic (22.30%), Caucasian (39.92%), African-American (25.39%), and Chinese (12.39%). Over 60% had higher than a high school education and 40% made $50,000 or more a year. Regarding avocado/guacamole consumption, 79% were categorized as rare or never, 12% as medium, and 9% as heavy. When adjusted for relevant confounders, there were no significant differences among the three consumer groups for any inflammatory marker. CONCLUSION In this cross-sectional study, we did not find that consumption of avocado/guacamole was associated with levels of inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feon W Cheng
- Avocado Nutrition Center, Mission Viejo, CA, USA
| | - Nikki A Ford
- Avocado Nutrition Center, Mission Viejo, CA, USA.
| | - Alexis C Wood
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Russell Tracy
- Laboratory for Clinical Biochemistry Research, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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Lytle JR, Price T, Crouse SF, Smith DR, Walzem RL, Smith SB. Consuming High-Fat and Low-Fat Ground Beef Depresses High-Density and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentrations, and Reduces Small, Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein Particle Abundance. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020337. [PMID: 36678207 PMCID: PMC9861690 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that consumption of high-fat (HF) ground beef (24% fat) would not affect plasma concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) or low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), whereas low-fat (LF) ground beef (5% fat) would decrease HDL-C and LDL-C concentrations. In a randomized 2-period crossover, controlled feeding trial, 25 men (mean age and body mass index, 40 years and 31.2) consumed 115-g HF or LF patties, 5/week for 5 weeks with a 4-week washout. The HF treatment increased % energy from fat (p = 0.006) and saturated fat (p = 0.004) and tended (p = 0.060) to depress % energy from carbohydrates. The HF and LF treatments decreased the plasma concentrations of HDL-C (p = 0.001) and LDL-C (p = 0.011). Both ground beef treatments decreased the abundance of HDL3a and increased the abundance of HDL3 (p ≤ 0.003); the LF treatment also decreased the abundance of HDL2b and HDL2a (p ≤ 0.012). The HF and LF treatments decreased the abundance of LDL3 and LDL4 (p ≤ 0.024) and the HF treatment also decreased LDL5 (p = 0.041). Contrary to our hypothesis, the HF treatment decreased plasma HDL-C and LDL-C concentrations despite increased saturated fat intake, and both treatments decreased the abundance of smaller, denser LDL subfractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Lytle
- Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Tara Price
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Stephen F. Crouse
- Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Dana R. Smith
- Independent Nutrition Consultant, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Rosemary L. Walzem
- Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Graduate Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Stephen B. Smith
- Graduate Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-979-845-3939
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10
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Bhatia HS, Wilkinson MJ. Lipoprotein(a): Evidence for Role as a Causal Risk Factor in Cardiovascular Disease and Emerging Therapies. J Clin Med 2022; 11:6040. [PMID: 36294361 PMCID: PMC9604626 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11206040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is an established risk factor for multiple cardiovascular diseases. Several lines of evidence including mechanistic, epidemiologic, and genetic studies support the role of Lp(a) as a causal risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and aortic stenosis/calcific aortic valve disease (AS/CAVD). Limited therapies currently exist for the management of risk associated with elevated Lp(a), but several targeted therapies are currently in various stages of clinical development. In this review, we detail evidence supporting Lp(a) as a causal risk factor for ASCVD and AS/CAVD, and discuss approaches to managing Lp(a)-associated risk.
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11
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Consumption of avocado and associations with nutrient, food and anthropometric measures in a representative survey of Australians: a secondary analysis of the 2011-2012 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey. Br J Nutr 2022; 128:932-939. [PMID: 34585653 PMCID: PMC9361124 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521003913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Avocados are a rich source of nutrients including monounsaturated fats, dietary fibre, potassium and Mg, as well as phytochemicals. However, no epidemiological analysis for the associations between avocado consumption and participant anthropometric measures has been conducted in Australia. The present study aimed to perform a secondary analysis of the 2011-2012 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (NNPAS) to quantify avocado consumption in the Australian population and explore the associations between avocado intakes, consumption of nutrients and food groups based on the Australian Dietary Guidelines and anthropometric measurements. Usual avocado consumption in the 2011-2012, NNPAS was determined using the multiple source method regression model. The relationship between avocado consumption and intakes of key nutrients and food groups and participant weight, BMI and waist circumference were examined using linear regression. Mean avocado intake was 2·56 (95 % CI: 2·37, 2·75) grams per day with 15·9 % of Australians considered to be 'avocado consumers' (n 21 526 456 population size; n 12 153 observations). Greater consumption (g) of avocados was associated with significantly higher consumption of monounsaturated fats, polyunsaturated fats, dietary fibre, vitamin E, Mg and potassium, as well as 'whole grains', 'vegetables', 'fruit' and 'meat and alternatives' food groups. Greater consumption (g) of avocados was associated with significantly lower consumption of carbohydrates and discretionary foods. When adjusted for covariates, greater consumption of avocados was significantly associated with a lower body weight (P = 0·034), BMI (P < 0·001) and waist circumference (P < 0·001). Avocados may be incorporated into an eating pattern and may be beneficial in weight management.
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12
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Avocado consumption is associated with a reduction in hypertension incidence in Mexican women. Br J Nutr 2022; 129:1976-1983. [PMID: 35979778 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522002690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Avocado is a fruit rich in dietary fibre, potassium, Mg, mono and PUFA and bioactive phytochemicals, which are nutritional components that have been associated with cardiovascular health. Yet, despite the boom in avocado consumption, we lack evidence on its association with CVD risk in the general population. To estimate the prospective association between avocado consumption and incident hypertension in Mexican women, we estimated the association in participants from the Mexican Teachers’ Cohort who were ≥ 25 years, free of hypertension, CVD and cancer at baseline (n 67 383). We assessed baseline avocado consumption with a semi-quantitative FFQ (never to six or more times per week). Incident hypertension cases were identified if participants self-reported a diagnosis and receiving treatment. To assess the relation between categories of avocado consumption (lowest as reference) and incident hypertension, we estimated incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95 % CI using Poisson regression models and adjusting for confounding. We identified 4002 incident cases of hypertension during a total of 158 706 person-years for a median follow-up of 2·2 years. The incidence rate of hypertension was 25·1 cases per 1000 person-years. Median avocado consumption was 1·0 (interquartile range: 0·23, 1·0) serving per week (half an avocado). After adjustment for confounding, consuming 5 + servings per week of avocado was associated with a 17 % decrease in the rate of hypertension, compared with non- or low consumers (IRR = 0·83; 95 % CI: 0·70, 0·99; Ptrend = 0·01). Frequent consumption of avocado was associated with a lower incidence of hypertension.
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13
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Effects of Ascorbic Acid and Melatonin Treatments on Antioxidant System in Fresh-Cut Avocado Fruits During Cold Storage. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-022-02892-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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14
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Cao X, Xia J, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Xia H, Wang S, Liao W, Sun G. The Effect of MUFA-Rich Food on Lipid Profile: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized and Controlled-Feeding Trials. Foods 2022; 11:foods11131982. [PMID: 35804797 PMCID: PMC9266110 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the effects of mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) on lipid profile are still controversial, a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was conducted in the present study to assess the effect of MUFA-rich food on lipid profiles. The study was designed, conducted, and reported according to the guidelines of the 2020 preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement. A systematic and comprehensive search was performed in several databases from inception up to 30 January 2022. The results showed that the intake of edible oil-derived MUFA (EDM) could increase the blood HDL-C level (mean difference = 0.08; 95%CI: -0.01, 0.17, p = 0.03), but did not affect the level of TC, TG, or LDL-C. Moreover, the consumption of other food-derived MUFA (ODM) significantly decreased TG concentration (mean difference = -0.35; 95%CI: -0.61, -0.09, p = 0.01)), but did not affect the level of TC, LDL-C, or HDL-C. Findings from this study suggest that MUFA-rich food might be beneficial to modulate the blood lipid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (X.C.); (J.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (H.X.); (S.W.); (G.S.)
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiayue Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (X.C.); (J.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (H.X.); (S.W.); (G.S.)
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuhao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (X.C.); (J.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (H.X.); (S.W.); (G.S.)
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (X.C.); (J.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (H.X.); (S.W.); (G.S.)
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hui Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (X.C.); (J.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (H.X.); (S.W.); (G.S.)
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shaokang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (X.C.); (J.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (H.X.); (S.W.); (G.S.)
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wang Liao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (X.C.); (J.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (H.X.); (S.W.); (G.S.)
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
- China-DRIs Expert Committee on Macronutrients, Beijing 100052, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Guiju Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (X.C.); (J.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (H.X.); (S.W.); (G.S.)
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
- China-DRIs Expert Committee on Macronutrients, Beijing 100052, China
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15
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Zhang X, Xiao D, Guzman G, Edirisinghe I, Burton-Freeman B. Avocado Consumption for 12 Weeks and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Adults with Overweight or Obesity and Insulin Resistance. J Nutr 2022; 152:1851-1861. [PMID: 35700149 PMCID: PMC9486596 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diets emphasizing unsaturated fat and high fiber are associated with reducing cardiometabolic risk factors. Avocados are rich in MUFA and PUFA fats and fiber. OBJECTIVES Assess replacement of carbohydrate energy with avocado energy for 12 wk on glucose homeostasis and cardiometabolic risk factors in self-selecting free-living adults who are overweight or with obesity and have insulin resistance. METHODS In a single-center, randomized, 2-arm, controlled, 12-wk parallel trial, adults [n = 93; male/female: 39/54; mean ± SD age: 42 ± 12 y; BMI: 32.6 ± 3.9 (in kg/m2); HOMA-IR: 2.7 ± 1.7] were counseled to exchange avocado (AV) or control food (C; low fat, low fiber, energy matched) for carbohydrate food in their usual diet for 12 wk. The primary outcome was the change in Matsuda Insulin Sensitivity Index (MISI) after 12-wk interventions. Secondary outcomes were changes in fasting and post-oral glucose tolerance test glycemic variables, fasting lipids, endothelial activation and inflammation markers. Automated Self-Administered 24-h Dietary Assessment Tool captured weekly dietary intake. Intervention effects were mainly determined by ANCOVA using PC-SAS version 9.4. RESULTS Dietary total, MUFA, and PUFA fat; fiber; and vegetable intake were higher in the AV group compared with the C group (P < 0.05), and no change in body weight or composition was observed (P > 0.05). Differences between the changes in MISI after AV compared with C were not different (Δ0-12 wk, P = 0.1092). Differences in fasting insulin (Δ0-12 wk, P = 0.0855) and improved glycated hemoglobin (Δ0-12 wk, P = 0.0632) after AV compared with C were suggested. C-reactive protein was significantly lower after AV compared with C at 12 wk (P = 0.0418). Select biomarkers of endothelial activation and lipoproteins by NMR were also influenced by AV compared with C food intake. CONCLUSIONS Avocado intake was associated with a healthier dietary pattern and trends favoring improved glucose control and reduced biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk when replacing avocado energy for carbohydrate energy in free-living adults who are overweight or with obesity and have insulin resistance. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02695433.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhuiqun Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Center for Nutrition Research and Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Di Xiao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Center for Nutrition Research and Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gabriela Guzman
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Center for Nutrition Research and Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Indika Edirisinghe
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Center for Nutrition Research and Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
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16
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Abstract
An elevated level of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a genetically regulated, independent, causal risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, the extensive variability in Lp(a) levels between individuals and population groups cannot be fully explained by genetic factors, emphasizing a potential role for non-genetic factors. In this review, we provide an overview of current evidence on non-genetic factors influencing Lp(a) levels with a particular focus on diet, physical activity, hormones and certain pathological conditions. Findings from randomized controlled clinical trials show that diets lower in saturated fats modestly influence Lp(a) levels and often in the opposing direction to LDL cholesterol. Results from studies on physical activity/exercise have been inconsistent, ranging from no to minimal or moderate change in Lp(a) levels, potentially modulated by age and the type, intensity, and duration of exercise modality. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in postmenopausal women lowers Lp(a) levels with oral being more effective than transdermal estradiol; the type of HRT, dose of estrogen and addition of progestogen do not modify the Lp(a)-lowering effect of HRT. Kidney diseases result in marked elevations in Lp(a) levels, albeit dependent on disease stages, dialysis modalities and apolipoprotein(a) phenotypes. In contrast, Lp(a) levels are reduced in liver diseases in parallel with the disease progression, although population studies have yielded conflicting results on the associations between Lp(a) levels and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Overall, current evidence supports a role for diet, hormones and related conditions, and liver and kidney diseases in modifying Lp(a) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byambaa Enkhmaa
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Center for Precision Medicine and Data Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Lars Berglund
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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17
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Pacheco LS, Li Y, Rimm EB, Manson JE, Sun Q, Rexrode K, Hu FB, Guasch-Ferré M. Avocado Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in US Adults. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e024014. [PMID: 35352568 PMCID: PMC9075418 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.024014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Epidemiologic studies on the relationship between avocado intake and long-term cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk are lacking. Methods and Results This study included 68 786 women from the NHS (Nurses' Health Study) and 41 701 men from the HPFS (Health Professionals Follow-up Study; 1986-2016) who were free of cancer, coronary heart disease, and stroke at baseline. Diet was assessed using validated food frequency questionnaires at baseline and then every 4 years. Cox proportional hazards regressions were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% CIs. A total of 14 274 incident cases of CVD (9185 coronary heart disease events and 5290 strokes) were documented over 30 years of follow-up. After adjusting for lifestyle and other dietary factors, compared with nonconsumers, those with analysis-specific higher avocado intake (≥2 servings/week) had a 16% lower risk of CVD (pooled hazard ratio, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.75-0.95) and a 21% lower risk of coronary heart disease (pooled hazard ratio, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.68-0.91). No significant associations were observed for stroke. Per each half serving/day increase in avocado intake, the pooled hazard ratio for CVD was 0.80 (95% CI, 0.71-0.91). Replacing half a serving/day of margarine, butter, egg, yogurt, cheese, or processed meats with the equivalent amount of avocado was associated with a 16% to 22% lower risk of CVD. Conclusions Higher avocado intake was associated with lower risk of CVD and coronary heart disease in 2 large prospective cohorts of US men and women. The replacement of certain fat-containing foods with avocado could lead to lower risk of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena S Pacheco
- Department of Nutrition Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston MA
| | - Yanping Li
- Department of Nutrition Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston MA
| | - Eric B Rimm
- Department of Nutrition Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston MA.,Department of Epidemiology Harvard School of Public Health Boston MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Department of Epidemiology Harvard School of Public Health Boston MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA.,Division of Preventive Medicine Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Nutrition Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston MA.,Department of Epidemiology Harvard School of Public Health Boston MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA.,Joslin Diabetes Center Boston MA
| | - Kathryn Rexrode
- Division of Preventive Medicine Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA.,Division of Women's Health Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Frank B Hu
- Department of Nutrition Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston MA.,Department of Epidemiology Harvard School of Public Health Boston MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA.,Division of Preventive Medicine Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Marta Guasch-Ferré
- Department of Nutrition Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA
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Chiu THT, Kao YC, Wang LY, Chang HR, Lin CL. A Dietitian-Led Vegan Program May Improve GlycA, and Other Novel and Traditional Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Patients With Dyslipidemia: A Pilot Study. Front Nutr 2022; 9:807810. [PMID: 35399690 PMCID: PMC8984941 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.807810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systematic inflammation and lipid profiles are two major therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases. The effect of a nutritionally balanced vegan diet on systematic inflammation and lipoprotein subclass awaits further examination. Objective To investigate the change in novel and traditional cardiometabolic risk factors before and after a dietitian-led vegan program, and to test the bioavailability of vitamin B12 in Taiwanese purple laver as part of a vegan diet. Design A one-arm pilot intervention study. Participants/Setting Nine patients with dyslipidemia participated in this 12-week vegan program. Main Outcome Measures Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) detected GlycA signals (systematic inflammation) and lipoprotein subclass (atherogenicity); trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO); and other cardiometabolic risk factors. Statistical Analyses Performed Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results In this 12-week vegan intervention emphasizing whole foods, systematic inflammation improved as indicated by a reduction in GlycA (median: −23 μmol/L, p = 0.01). LDL-c (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) (median −24 mg/dl, p = 0.04) and LDL-p (low-density lipoprotein particles) (median −75 nmol/L, p = 0.02) both decreased significantly. VLDL (very-low-density lipoprotein) and chylomicron particles showed a decreasing trend (−23.6 nmol/L, p = 0.05). Without caloric restriction, body mass index (BMI) (−0.7 kg/m2, p = 0.03), waist circumferences (−2.0 cm, p < 0.001), HbA1c (−0.2%, p = 0.02), and (HOMA-IR) homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (−0.7, p = 0.04) have all improved. The change in the TMAO and vitamin B12 status as measured by holo-transcobalamin appeared to depend on baseline diets, TMAO, and vitamin B12 status. Conclusions A dietitian-led vegan program may improve systematic inflammation and other novel and traditional cardiometabolic risk factors in high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina H. T. Chiu
- Department of Nutritional Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chun Kao
- Department of Nutrition Therapy, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Yi Wang
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Consulting Center, Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Ren Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Huai-Ren Chang
| | - Chin-Lon Lin
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan
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Conceição AR, Fraiz GM, Rocha DMUP, Bressan J. Can avocado intake improve weight loss in adults with excess weight? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Res 2022; 102:45-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Pistell PJ, Utsuki T, Francis J, Ebenezer PJ, Terrebonne J, Roth GS, Ingram DK. An Avocado Extract Enriched in Mannoheptulose Prevents the Negative Effects of a High-Fat Diet in Mice. Nutrients 2021; 14:155. [PMID: 35011030 PMCID: PMC8746741 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Beginning at 16 weeks of age and continuing for 44 weeks, male C57BL/6J were fed either a control (CON) diet; a high-fat (HF) diet (60% unsaturated); or the HF diet containing an extract of unripe avocados (AvX) enriched in the 7-carbon sugar mannoheptulose (MH), designed to act as a glycolytic inhibitor (HF + MH). Compared to the CON diet, mice on the HF diet exhibited higher body weights; body fat; blood lipids; and leptin with reduced adiponectin levels, insulin sensitivity, VO2max, and falls from a rotarod. Mice on the HF + MH diet were completely protected against these changes in the absence of significant diet effects on food intake. Compared to the CON diet, oxidative stress was also increased by the HF diet indicated by higher levels of total reactive oxygen species, superoxide, and peroxynitrite measured in liver samples by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, whereas the HF + MH diet attenuated these changes. Compared to the CON, the HF diet increased signaling in the mechanistic target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, and the addition of the MH-enriched AvX to this diet attenuated these changes. Beyond generating further interest in the health benefits of avocados, these results draw further new attention to the effects of this rare sugar, MH, as a botanical intervention for preventing obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Pistell
- Department of Psychology, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, MD 21252, USA;
| | - Tadanobu Utsuki
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, 720 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Joseph Francis
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (J.F.); (P.J.E.)
| | - Philip J. Ebenezer
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (J.F.); (P.J.E.)
| | - Jennifer Terrebonne
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, 5600 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA;
| | - George S. Roth
- GeroScience, Inc., 19895 Southern Hills, Baton Rouge, LA 70809, USA;
| | - Donald K. Ingram
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, 5600 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA;
- GeroScience, Inc., 19895 Southern Hills, Baton Rouge, LA 70809, USA;
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Dreher ML, Cheng FW, Ford NA. A Comprehensive Review of Hass Avocado Clinical Trials, Observational Studies, and Biological Mechanisms. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124376. [PMID: 34959933 PMCID: PMC8705026 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This first comprehensive review of fresh Hass avocados includes 19 clinical trials, five observational studies, and biological mechanisms. We identified four primary avocado health effects: (1) reducing cardiovascular disease risk in healthy overweight or obese adults with dyslipidemia by lowering non-HDL-C profiles, triglycerides, LDL oxidation, small atherogenic LDL particles and promoting postprandial vascular endothelial health for better peripheral blood flow; (2) lowering the risk of being overweight or obese, supporting weight loss, and reducing visceral fat tissue in overweight or obese women; (3) improving cognitive function in older normal-weight adults and in young to middle age overweight or obese adults especially in frontal cortex executive function; and (4) stimulating improved colonic microbiota health in overweight or obese adults by promoting healthier microflora and fecal metabolites. We also identified a unique combination of four Hass avocado nutritional features that appear to be primarily responsible for these health effects: (1) a 6 to 1 unsaturated (rich in oleic acid) to saturated fat ratio similar to olive oil; (2) a source of multifunctional prebiotic and viscous fiber; (3) a relatively low energy density of 1.6 kcal/g (79% of edible Hass avocado weight consists of water and fiber with a creamy, smooth texture); and (4) its oleic acid and water emulsion increases carotenoid absorption from low-fat fruits and vegetables (e.g., salsa or salad) when consumed with avocados. They are also a good source of micronutrients and polyphenols, and are very low in sodium and available carbohydrates supporting secondary health and wellness benefits. Hass avocado health effects are best demonstrated when consumed in a healthy dietary plan such as the Mediterranean diet. More extensive and longer clinical trials are needed to further enhance our understanding of the Hass avocado’s health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L. Dreher
- Nutrition Science Solutions, LLC, 900 S Rainbow Ranch Rd., Wimberley, TX 78676, USA;
| | - Feon W. Cheng
- Avocado Nutrition Center, 25212 Marguerite Pkwy Ste. 250, Mission Viejo, CA 92692, USA;
| | - Nikki A. Ford
- Avocado Nutrition Center, 25212 Marguerite Pkwy Ste. 250, Mission Viejo, CA 92692, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-949-341-3250
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22
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Stadler JT, Marsche G. Dietary Strategies to Improve Cardiovascular Health: Focus on Increasing High-Density Lipoprotein Functionality. Front Nutr 2021; 8:761170. [PMID: 34881279 PMCID: PMC8646038 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.761170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with increasing incidence. A cornerstone of cardiovascular disease prevention is lifestyle modification through dietary changes to influence various risk factors such as obesity, hypertension and diabetes. The effects of diet on cardiovascular health are complex. Some dietary components and metabolites directly affect the composition and structure of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and increase anti-inflammatory and vasoprotective properties. HDLs are composed of distinct subpopulations of particles of varying size and composition that have several dynamic and context-dependent functions. The identification of potential dietary components that improve HDL functionality is currently an important research goal. One of the best-studied diets for cardiovascular health is the Mediterranean diet, consisting of fish, olive oil, fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes/nuts, and moderate consumption of alcohol, most commonly red wine. The Mediterranean diet, especially when supplemented with extra virgin olive oil rich in phenolic compounds, has been shown to markedly improve metrics of HDL functionality and reduce the burden, or even prevent the development of cardiovascular disease. Particularly, the phenolic compounds of extra virgin olive oil seem to exert the significant positive effects on HDL function. Moreover, supplementation of anthocyanins as well as antioxidants such as lycopene or the omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid improve parameters of HDL function. In this review, we aim to highlight recent discoveries on beneficial dietary patterns as well as nutritional components and their effects on cardiovascular health, focusing on HDL function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia T. Stadler
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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23
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Pacheco LS, Bradley RD, Denenberg JO, Anderson CAM, Allison MA. Effects of Different Allotments of Avocados on the Nutritional Status of Families: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13114021. [PMID: 34836276 PMCID: PMC8623192 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Avocados are a nutrient-dense plant-food, but limited trial-derived evidence exists about the effects of avocado intake on family nutritional status. We investigated the impact of two levels of avocado allotment, plus a standard nutrition education intervention on the nutritional status of Hispanic/Latino families. Seventy-two families consisting of at least three members of ≥5 years of age and residing in the same home, free of severe chronic disease, not on specific diets, and self-identified of Hispanic heritage, were randomized to one of two levels of avocado allotment (low = 3/week/family or high = 14/week/family) for 6 months plus 12 bi-weekly nutrition education sessions. The primary outcomes included change in a family’s total energy and macro- and micronutrient intakes. Primary analysis was intention-to-treat with unpaired, two-sided t-tests to assess mean changes between groups at 6 months. At 6 months, the high avocado allotment group had a significant reduction in energy intake, carbohydrate, animal and vegetable protein, saturated and polyunsaturated fat, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, and vitamin D intakes (all p < 0.05). A high allotment of avocados significantly reduced self-reported energy intake by 29% kcal/family/day, compared to a 3% kcal/family/day reduction in families who received a low allotment. Culturally-appropriate plant-food interventions may alter the nutritional status of at-risk families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena S. Pacheco
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (R.D.B.); (J.O.D.); (C.A.M.A.)
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, Hardy Tower Room 119, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-617-981-4381
| | - Ryan D. Bradley
- The Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (R.D.B.); (J.O.D.); (C.A.M.A.)
| | - Julie O. Denenberg
- The Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (R.D.B.); (J.O.D.); (C.A.M.A.)
| | - Cheryl A. M. Anderson
- The Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (R.D.B.); (J.O.D.); (C.A.M.A.)
| | - Matthew A. Allison
- Department of Family Medicine in the School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
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24
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Cheng FW, Ford NA, Taylor MK. US Older Adults That Consume Avocado or Guacamole Have Better Cognition Than Non-consumers: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2014. Front Nutr 2021; 8:746453. [PMID: 34722611 PMCID: PMC8551489 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.746453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The goal of this study is to examine how avocado relates to cognitive function among older adults. Methods: A total of 2,886 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2014 participants aged 60 or older met the eligibility criteria and were included of our cross-sectional study. Participants were binarily classified as avocado consumers (i.e., reported consuming any avocado/guacamole in either 24-h dietary recalls) or non-consumers. Cognitive performance was evaluated with: Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's disease (CERAD)-immediate and delayed recall (IWR/DWR), the Animal Fluency test, and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test. We calculated the education-dependent z-scores for each subject because education level can impact cognitive function. Global cognitive score, an average of the z-scores for each cognitive test, was calculated in participants who had completed all four tests. To account for relevant covariates, we tested for mean differences in cognition between consumers and non-consumers using independent sample t-tests and ANCOVA, special cases of ordinary least squares regression. Results: Avocado consumers had significantly better cognitive scores across all cognitive tests and the global cognition score (p < 0.05) in the unadjusted model. Some mean differences attenuated after adjusting for potential confounders, but others remained significant. Compared to non-consumers, avocado consumers had significantly higher z-scores of 0.15, 0.15, and 0.11 for CERAD IWR and DWR, and global cognition score, respectively (all p < 0.05 in adjusted models). Conclusion: Avocado consumption was associated with significantly better IWR, DWR, and the overall global cognition score, which remained significant when controlling for all relevant confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feon W Cheng
- Avocado Nutrition Center, Mission Viejo, CA, United States
| | - Nikki A Ford
- Avocado Nutrition Center, Mission Viejo, CA, United States
| | - Matthew K Taylor
- Medical Center Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, United States.,Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Kansas, Fairway, KS, United States
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25
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Falkenhain K, Roach LA, McCreary S, McArthur E, Weiss EJ, Francois ME, Little JP. Effect of carbohydrate-restricted dietary interventions on LDL particle size and number in adults in the context of weight loss or weight maintenance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:1455-1466. [PMID: 34159352 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND LDL particle size and number (LDL-P) are emerging lipid risk factors. Nonsystematic reviews have suggested that diets lower in carbohydrates and higher in fats may result in increased LDL particle size when compared with higher-carbohydrate diets. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to systematically review available evidence and conduct meta-analyses of studies addressing the association of carbohydrate restriction with LDL particle size and LDL-P. METHODS We searched 6 electronic databases on 4 January, 2021 for randomized trials of any length that reported on dietary carbohydrate restriction (intervention) compared with higher carbohydrate intake (control). We calculated standardized mean differences (SMDs) in LDL particle size and LDL-P between the intervention and control groups of eligible studies, and pooled effect sizes using random-effects models. We performed prespecified subgroup analyses and examined the effect of potential explanatory factors. Internal validity and publication bias were assessed using Cochrane's risk-of-bias tool and funnel plots, respectively. Studies that could not be meta-analyzed were summarized qualitatively. RESULTS This review summarizes findings from 38 randomized trials including a total of 1785 participants. Carbohydrate-restricted dietary interventions were associated with an increase in LDL peak particle size (SMD = 0.50; 95% CI: 0.15, 0.86; P < 0.01) and a reduction in LDL-P (SMD = -0.24; 95% CI: -0.43, -0.06; P = 0.02). The effect of carbohydrate-restricted dietary interventions on LDL peak particle size appeared to be partially explained by differences in weight loss between intervention groups and exploratory analysis revealed a shift from small dense to larger LDL subclasses. No statistically significant association was found between carbohydrate-restricted dietary interventions and mean LDL particle size (SMD = 0.20; 95% CI: -0.29, 0.69; P = 0.37). CONCLUSIONS The available evidence indicates that dietary interventions restricted in carbohydrates increase LDL peak particle size and decrease the numbers of total and small LDL particles.This review was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/ as CRD42020188745.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Falkenhain
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lauren A Roach
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine, and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sara McCreary
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eric McArthur
- London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ethan J Weiss
- School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Monique E Francois
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine, and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jonathan P Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
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26
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Froyen E. The effects of fat consumption on low-density lipoprotein particle size in healthy individuals: a narrative review. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:86. [PMID: 34362390 PMCID: PMC8348839 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one contributor to death in the United States and worldwide. A risk factor for CVD is high serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations; however, LDL particles exist in a variety of sizes that may differentially affect the progression of CVD. The small, dense LDL particles, compared to the large, buoyant LDL subclass, are considered to be more atherogenic. It has been suggested that replacing saturated fatty acids with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids decreases the risk for CVD. However, certain studies are not in agreement with this recommendation, as saturated fatty acid intake did not increase the risk for CVD, cardiovascular events, and/or mortality. Furthermore, consumption of saturated fat has been demonstrated to increase large, buoyant LDL particles, which may explain, in part, for the differing outcomes regarding fat consumption on CVD risk. Therefore, the objective was to review intervention trials that explored the effects of fat consumption on LDL particle size in healthy individuals. PubMed and Web of Science were utilized during the search process for journal articles. The results of this review provided evidence that fat consumption increases large, buoyant LDL and/or decreases small, dense LDL particles, and therefore, influences CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Froyen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Huntley College of Agriculture, California State Polytechnic University, 3801 West Temple Avenue, Pomona, CA, 91768, USA.
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27
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Khan NA, Edwards CG, Thompson SV, Hannon BA, Burke SK, Walk ADM, Mackenzie RWA, Reeser GE, Fiese BH, Burd NA, Holscher HD. Avocado Consumption, Abdominal Adiposity, and Oral Glucose Tolerance Among Persons with Overweight and Obesity. J Nutr 2021; 151:2513-2521. [PMID: 34191028 PMCID: PMC8417923 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although intake of Hass avocado has been cross-sectionally linked to lower abdominal obesity, knowledge of the effects of avocado consumption on abdominal adiposity and glycemic outcomes remains limited. OBJECTIVE The effects of avocado consumption on abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, oral-glucose-tolerance test (OGTT), and estimated β-cell function were evaluated. METHODS A total of 105 adults aged 25-45 y (61% female) with BMI ≥25 kg/m2 were randomly assigned to an intervention (N = 53) that received a daily meal with 1 fresh Hass avocado or a control (N = 52) that received an isocaloric meal with similar ingredients without avocado for 12 wk. DXA was used to assess the primary outcomes of abdominal adiposity [visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT), and the ratio of VAT to SAAT (VS Ratio)]. Fasted glucose and insulin were used to assess the primary outcomes of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index) and β-cell function (Insulinogenic index) were estimated using an OGTT. Changes between groups were compared using an ANCOVA. Secondary analyses were conducted based on sex. RESULTS The control group exhibited a greater reduction in SAAT [-54.5 ± 155.8 g (control) compared with 17.4 ± 155.1 g (treatment), P = 0.017] and increase in VS Ratio [0.007 ± 0.047 (control) compared with -0.011 ± 0.044 (treatment), P = 0.024]. Among females, the treatment group exhibited a greater reduction in VAT [1.6 ± 89.8 g (control) compared with -32.9 ± 81.6 g (treatment), P = 0.021] and VS Ratio [0.01 ± 0.05 (control) compared with -0.01 ± 0.03 (treatment), P = 0.001]. Among males, there was no significant difference between groups in changes in abdominal adiposity or glycemic outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Daily consumption of 1 fresh Hass avocado changed abdominal adiposity distribution among females but did not facilitate improvements in peripheral insulin sensitivity or β-cell function among adults with overweight and obesity.This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02740439.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caitlyn G Edwards
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sharon V Thompson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Bridget A Hannon
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sarah K Burke
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gaineville, FL, USA
| | - Anne D M Walk
- Department of Psychology, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL, USA
| | - Richard W A Mackenzie
- Department of Life Science, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Ginger E Reeser
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Barbara H Fiese
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA,Family Resiliency Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Hannah D Holscher
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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28
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Cervantes-Paz B, Yahia EM. Avocado oil: Production and market demand, bioactive components, implications in health, and tendencies and potential uses. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:4120-4158. [PMID: 34146454 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Avocado is a subtropical/tropical fruit with creamy texture, peculiar flavor, and high nutritional value. Due to its high oil content, a significant quantity of avocado fruit is used for the production of oil using different methods. Avocado oil is rich in lipid-soluble bioactive compounds, but their content depends on different factors. Several phytochemicals in the oil have been linked to prevention of cancer, age-related macular degeneration, and cardiovascular diseases and therefore have generated an increase in consumer demand for avocado oil. The aim of this review is to critically and systematically analyze the worldwide production and commercialization of avocado oil, its extraction methods, changes in its fat-soluble phytochemical content, health benefits, and new trends and applications. There is a lack of information on the production and commercialization of the different types of avocado oil, but there are abundant data on extraction methods using solvents, centrifugation-assisted aqueous extraction, mechanical extraction by cold pressing (varying concentration and type of enzymes, temperature and time of reaction, and dilution ratio), ultrasound-assisted extraction, and supercritical fluid to enhance the yield and quality of oil. Extensive information is available on the content of fatty acids, although it is limited on carotenoids and chlorophylls. The effect of avocado oil on cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases has been demonstrated through in vitro and animal studies, but not in humans. Avocado oil continues to be of interest to the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries and is also generating increased attention in other areas including structured lipids, nanotechnology, and environmental care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braulio Cervantes-Paz
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Juriquilla, México.,Instituto de Investigación de Zonas Desérticas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Elhadi M Yahia
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Juriquilla, México
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29
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Olavarría VV, Campodónico P, Vollrath V, von Geldern P, Velásquez C, Pavez P, Valente B, Donoso P, Ginesta A, Cavada G, Mazzon E, Navia V, Guzmán M, Brinck P, Lavados PM. Effects of an Avocado-based Mediterranean Diet on Serum Lipids for Secondary Prevention after Ischemic Stroke Trial (ADD-SPISE): Study protocol. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e26425. [PMID: 34128908 PMCID: PMC8213277 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000026425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: A poor or unhealthy diet is responsible for an important fraction of ischemic stroke risk. Adherence to dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean diet, rich in monounsaturated fatty acids mainly from olive oil, is associated with a lower stroke risk. Furthermore, lowering low-density cholesterol (LDL-C) levels decreases stroke recurrence. Interestingly, Avocado-substituted diets, which are also rich in monounsaturated fatty acids, significantly decrease LDL cholesterol levels. This study aims to evaluate whether a Mediterranean diet based on Avocados reduces LDL-C compared to a low-fat high-complex carbohydrate diet after 3 months of the intervention in patients who had a recent acute ischemic stroke. The trial will also assess safety and feasibility. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Prospective, randomized open-label, blinded outcome assessment clinical trial. Participants are patients within a month of being admitted with an ischemic stroke, who consent and fulfil the eligibility criteria. Patients are randomly assigned to either diet intervention in a 1:1 ratio on top of the usual secondary prevention treatment. The intervention diet is: A).. Avocado-based Mediterranean diet with intake of 1/2 portion of Avocado per day and B).. The control diet is a low-fat high-complex carbohydrate diet. The main efficacy outcome is a reduction in plasma LDL-C levels at 3 months of the dietary intervention. Secondary outcomes include changes in the levels of serum lipid profile and serum inflammation markers, safety, and feasibility. A sample size of 200 patients was estimated to provide 80% power and 5% level of significance (10% loss and 5% crossover) to detect a minimum difference of 4.6 mg/dL in LDL-C after 3 months of intervention. CONCLUSION: We hypothesize that an Avocado-based Mediterranean diet will further reduce the levels of LDL-cholesterol at 3 months compared to the control diet, and that the intervention is safe and feasible. REGISTRATION: The study is registered under ADDSPISE at www.clinicaltrials.gov. Identifier NCT03524742. Protocol ID CAS-605 version 3.0 (May 2nd, 2019).
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica V. Olavarría
- Unidad de Neurología Vascular, Servicio de Neurología, Departamento de Neurología y Psiquiatría
- Departamento de Paciente Crítico, Clínica Alemana de Santiago
| | - Paola Campodónico
- Centro de Química Médica, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo
| | | | | | | | - Patricia Pavez
- Servicio de Alimentación, Hospital Clínico Félix Bulnes Cerda
| | | | | | - Alexandra Ginesta
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Padre Hurtado, Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Sur Oriente
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Departamento de Enfermedades Digestivas
| | - Gabriel Cavada
- Unidad de Investigación y Ensayos Clínicos, Departamento de Desarrollo Académico e Investigación, Clínica Alemana de Santiago
| | - Enrico Mazzon
- Unidad de Neurología Vascular, Servicio de Neurología, Departamento de Neurología y Psiquiatría
- Departamento de Paciente Crítico, Clínica Alemana de Santiago
| | - Víctor Navia
- Servicio de Neurología, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Padre Hurtado, Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Sur Oriente
| | - Matías Guzmán
- Servicio de Neurología, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Padre Hurtado, Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Sur Oriente
| | - Pablo Brinck
- Departamento de Urgencia, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo M. Lavados
- Unidad de Neurología Vascular, Servicio de Neurología, Departamento de Neurología y Psiquiatría
- Unidad de Investigación y Ensayos Clínicos, Departamento de Desarrollo Académico e Investigación, Clínica Alemana de Santiago
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30
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Ethanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Avocado (Persea americana) Seeds Attenuates Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Male Albino Rats. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-020-04994-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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31
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Huang L, Xiao D, Zhang X, Sandhu AK, Chandra P, Kay C, Edirisinghe I, Burton-Freeman B. Strawberry Consumption, Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, and Vascular Function: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Adults with Moderate Hypercholesterolemia. J Nutr 2021; 151:1517-1526. [PMID: 33758944 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Certain fruits, such as strawberries, may impart cardiometabolic benefits due to their phytochemical content. OBJECTIVES Study aims were to assess the effects of strawberry intake on cardiometabolic risk factors and vascular endothelial function in adults with moderate hypercholesterolemia. METHODS This study was a randomized, controlled, double-blinded, 2-arm, 2-period (4-wk/period) crossover trial. Adults (n = 34; male/female 1:1; mean ± SEM age, 53 ± 1 y; BMI, 31 ± 1 kg/m2; LDL cholesterol, 133 ± 3 mg/dL) were randomly allocated to 1 of 2 study sequences in a 1:1 ratio. Participants drank study beverages twice daily containing freeze-dried strawberry powder (2 × 25 g) or energy-, volume-matched control powder for 4 wk separated by a 4-wk washout. The primary outcome variable was the difference in fasting LDL cholesterol after 4-wk interventions. Secondary outcomes were metabolic markers, inflammation, quantitative (poly)phenolic metabolomics, flow-mediated dilation (FMD), and blood pressure (BP), with the latter (FMD, BP) also assessed acutely at 1 h and 2 h after a 50-g bolus strawberry or control beverage. Mixed-model analysis of repeated measures via PROC MIXED, PC-SAS was performed on primary and secondary outcome variables. RESULTS LDL cholesterol did not differ after the 4-wk interventions (P > 0.05), nor did fasting total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, FMD, or BP (all P > 0.05). Significant intervention-by-hour interaction for FMD (P = 0.03) and BP (P = 0.05) revealed increased FMD at 1 h after strawberry compared with control by 1.5 ± 0.38% (P = 0.0008) and attenuated systolic BP at 2 h by 3.1 ± 0.99 mmHg (P = 0.02). Select phenolic metabolites increased significantly (P < 0.05) in blood following strawberry consumption while others decreased, including 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propanoic acid-3-O-glucuronide, which was significantly correlated with increased FMD (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Strawberries may improve vascular health, independent of other metabolic changes. The effect may be related to changes in microbial-derived phenolic metabolites after strawberry consumption influencing endothelial function. Data support inclusion of strawberries in a heart-healthy diet in adults with moderate hypercholesterolemia.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02612090.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leailin Huang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Di Xiao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xuhuiqun Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amandeep K Sandhu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Preeti Chandra
- Food Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Colin Kay
- Food Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Indika Edirisinghe
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Britt Burton-Freeman
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
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Thompson SV, Bailey MA, Taylor AM, Kaczmarek JL, Mysonhimer AR, Edwards CG, Reeser GE, Burd NA, Khan NA, Holscher HD. Avocado Consumption Alters Gastrointestinal Bacteria Abundance and Microbial Metabolite Concentrations among Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr 2020; 151:753-762. [PMID: 32805028 PMCID: PMC8030699 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avocados are rich in dietary fiber and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), nutrients that have been independently connected to metabolic health benefits and the gastrointestinal microbiota. OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate the impact of avocado consumption on the gastrointestinal microbiota and microbial metabolites, secondary outcomes of the Persea americana for Total Health (PATH) study, and conduct exploratory analyses to assess relations between the fecal microbiota, fecal metabolites, and health markers. METHODS Adults [n = 163, 25-45 y, BMI (kg/m2) ≥ 25.0] were enrolled in the PATH study, a 12-wk investigator-blinded trial where participants were batch randomized to match the 2 groups by age, sex, visceral adiposity, and fasting glucose concentrations. Participants consumed isocaloric meals with or without avocado (175 g, men; 140 g, women) once daily for 12 wk. The fecal microbiota was assessed with 16S ribosomal RNA gene (V4 region) sequencing and analysis using DADA2 and QIIME2. Fecal fatty acid and bile acid concentrations were quantified using GC and LC-MS. Per-protocol (≥80% meal consumption) and intent-to-treat analyses were conducted using univariate ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U tests. Bivariate correlations were conducted between fecal microbiota, fecal metabolites, and health measures. RESULTS The avocado treatment increased ɑ diversity and enriched Faecalibacterium, Lachnospira, and Alistipes between 26% and 65% compared with the control group. The avocado group had 18% greater fecal acetate, 70% greater stearic acid, and 98% greater palmitic acid concentrations than the control group, while the concentrations of the bile acids cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid were 91% and 57% lower, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Daily avocado consumption resulted in lower fecal bile acid concentrations, greater fecal fatty acid and SCFAs, and greater relative abundances of bacteria capable of fiber fermentation, providing evidence that this nutrient-dense food affects digestive physiology, as well as the composition and metabolic functions of the intestinal microbiota. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02740439.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon V Thompson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Melisa A Bailey
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Andrew M Taylor
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Jennifer L Kaczmarek
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Annemarie R Mysonhimer
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Caitlyn G Edwards
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Ginger E Reeser
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA,Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Naiman A Khan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA,Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
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Diet and Lp(a): Does Dietary Change Modify Residual Cardiovascular Risk Conferred by Lp(a)? Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12072024. [PMID: 32646066 PMCID: PMC7400957 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is an independent, causal, genetically determined risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). We provide an overview of current knowledge on Lp(a) and CVD risk, and the effect of pharmacological agents on Lp(a). Since evidence is accumulating that diet modulates Lp(a), the focus of this paper is on the effect of dietary intervention on Lp(a). We identified seven trials with 15 comparisons of the effect of saturated fat (SFA) replacement on Lp(a). While replacement of SFA with carbohydrate, monounsaturated fat (MUFA), or polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) consistently lowered low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), heterogeneity in the Lp(a) response was observed. In two trials, Lp(a) increased with carbohydrate replacement; one trial showed no effect and another showed Lp(a) lowering. MUFA replacement increased Lp(a) in three trials; three trials showed no effect and one showed lowering. PUFA or PUFA + MUFA inconsistently affected Lp(a) in four trials. Seven trials of diets with differing macronutrient compositions showed similar divergence in the effect on LDL-C and Lp(a). The identified clinical trials show diet modestly affects Lp(a) and often in the opposing direction to LDL-C. Further research is needed to understand how diet affects Lp(a) and its properties, and the lack of concordance between diet-induced LDL-C and Lp(a) changes.
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Avocado (Persea americana) pulp improves cardiovascular and autonomic recovery following submaximal running: a crossover, randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled trial. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10703. [PMID: 32612186 PMCID: PMC7329896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67577-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that regular avocado consumption presents advantageous effects on cardiovascular system. However, little attention has been paid to the use of avocado as a dietary supplement, in particular, for individuals involved in physical exercise training. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effect of acute avocado pulp intake on cardiovascular and autonomic recovery subsequent to moderate exercise. Using a crossover, randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled trial design, 16 healthy female adults underwent two protocols: Avocado pulp (600 mg in capsule) and placebo (600 mg starch in capsule). After the ingestion of Avocado pulp or placebo, the subjects were seated for 60 min at rest, followed by running on a treadmill at a submaximal level and then remained seated for 60 min during recovery from the exercise. Heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV) [rMSSD, SD1, HF (ms2)] and skin conductance were evaluated before and during exercise, as well as during recovery. HR, systolic blood pressure, HRV and skin conductance recovered faster when subjects were given avocado pulp prior to exercise. In conclusion, avocado pulp improved cardiovascular and autonomic recovery after exercise, suggesting a reduced risk of cardiovascular events after exertion. The current results support the beneficial effects of ingestion of avocado prior to submaximal treadmill running.
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Hannon BA, Edwards CG, Thompson SV, Reeser GE, Burd NA, Holscher HD, Teran-Garcia M, Khan NA. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Related to Lipoprotein Metabolism Are Associated with Blood Lipid Changes following Regular Avocado Intake in a Randomized Control Trial among Adults with Overweight and Obesity. J Nutr 2020; 150:1379-1387. [PMID: 32195538 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avocados are rich in unsaturated fat and fiber; clinical trials have investigated their effects on metabolic disease. There is high variability in individual changes following avocado consumption, which may be in part due to individual genetic differences. OBJECTIVE Secondary analyses of the Persea americana for Total Health (PATH) Study were used to examine how single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) impact blood lipid changes following a daily meal containing avocado compared with control. METHODS Adults (n = 115, 37% male) aged 25-45 y with overweight and obesity were randomly assigned to receive a daily isocaloric meal with (intervention) or without (control) a standardized amount (males: 175 g; females: 140 g) of avocado for 12 wk. Control meals were higher in saturated fat (17% of energy compared with 7%) and lower in fiber (4 g compared with 16 g) than intervention meals. Whole venous blood was taken at baseline and 12 wk to determine total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglyceride (TG) concentrations. Seventeen SNPs in 10 genes related to lipoprotein metabolism were genotyped. Effects of SNP, diet, and SNP-diet interactions were determined using general linear models. RESULTS No group-by-time effects were detected for changes in TC (P = 0.96), HDL cholesterol (P = 0.28), or TG (P = 0.06) over 12 wk. Three SNP-diet interactions were associated with final TC concentrations: ANGPTL3-rs10889337 (P = 0.01), ANGPTL4-rs2278236 (P = 0.02), and CD36-rs10499859 (P = 0.01). SNPs in GCKR and LPL were associated with TC changes (P = 0.01). The interaction between GCKR-rs1260326 and diet was such that C-homozygotes receiving avocado (n = 23) had final TC concentrations that were significantly lower than the C-homozygotes in the control group (n = 20) (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Results from these exploratory analyses indicate that avocado consumption may help manage dyslipidemia in adults with overweight and obesity; however, effectiveness may differ by genetic profile. Understanding the role of genetic variation in variability following dietary intervention can potentially inform personalized nutrition recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget A Hannon
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Caitlyn G Edwards
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sharon V Thompson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ginger E Reeser
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Hannah D Holscher
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Margarita Teran-Garcia
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Naiman A Khan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Ford NA, Liu AG. The Forgotten Fruit: A Case for Consuming Avocado Within the Traditional Mediterranean Diet. Front Nutr 2020; 7:78. [PMID: 32548125 PMCID: PMC7272688 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mediterranean diet is rich in fruits and vegetables and includes an abundant intake of oleic-acid-rich olive oil. People who adhere to a Mediterranean diet have reduced risk for numerous chronic diseases. As obesity rates rise globally, people who choose to follow a traditional Mediterranean diet and/or make improvements in food choices may reduce their risk of metabolic dysfunction and disease. Incorporating non-traditional fruits and vegetables into the Mediterranean diet could provide greater flexibility in suitable food choices for people who struggle to adhere to recommended healthy dietary patterns, and it could also provide greater adaptability for people living outside of the Mediterranean region who are interested in adopting the diet. The avocado fruit thrives in a Mediterranean climate, is produced in the region, and is rich in oleic acid and fiber, yet avocados are not commonly consumed within the traditional Mediterranean diet. Based on the existing research studies on the health benefits of avocado consumption and the continued investigation into the nutritional attributes of the avocado, a case can be made for including avocados as part of the Mediterranean dietary pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki A Ford
- Avocado Nutrition Center, Mission Viejo, CA, United States
| | - Ann G Liu
- Independent Researcher, Valencia, CA, United States
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Escalante-Araiza F, Gutiérrez-Salmeán G. Traditional Mexican foods as functional agents in the treatment of cardiometabolic risk factors. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:1353-1364. [PMID: 32338032 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1758028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Major cardiometabolic risk phenotypes include insulin resistance (IR), hyperinsulinemia, overweight, obesity and dyslipidemia, which contribute to the current prevalent chronic disease pandemia worldwide. Among traditional treatments, dietary habits represent one of the most difficult and controversial aspects to implement in handling metabolic disturbances. The use of herbal remedies by latinos and hispanics, as part of self-care of metabolic diseases has been well documented in several studies, mainly because they are "natural", consistent with their culture, family-related, accessible, and affordable. Phytochemicals are present in fruits, vegetables and various plants, and constitute nonessential nutrients such as vitamins or minerals, many of them being consumed in a popular way or used as herbal remedies or dietary supplements. In this narrative review, we present evidence on traditional endemic Mexican foods such as cacao, corn, common bean, prickle pear, chili, avocado and salba-chia as functional agents to improve the metabolic status in risk phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Escalante-Araiza
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Norte, Huixquilucan, Estado de México, México
| | - Gabriela Gutiérrez-Salmeán
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Norte, Huixquilucan, Estado de México, México
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Small dense low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (sdLDL-C): Analysis, effects on cardiovascular endpoints and dietary strategies. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 63:503-509. [PMID: 32353373 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lipid profile screening is crucial for the prevention, evaluation and treatment of cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD). Small dense low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (sdLDL-C) is an emerging biomarker associated with CVD and several comorbidities. The aim of this literature review is to discuss the potential importance of sdLDL-C as a surrogate biomarker for managing CVD by explaining its pathophysiology and promising treatments. The current synthesis demonstrates the impact of sdLDL-C on CV ailments, which are related to arterial pathologies and dysregulated lipid profiles. Several drug classes used for the treatment of dyslipidemia decrease the sdLDL-C concentrations. For instance, statins, fibrates, ezetimibe, nicotinic acid, resin and orlistat are pharmacological sdLDL-C-lowering agents. Regarding nutritional strategies, simple carbohydrate types, such as fructose, are common in Western diets and should be reduced or avoided due to their potential in increasing synthesis of sdLDL-C subclasses. Dairy products, avocado, pistachios, soy-based diet (except for hydrogenated soybean oil) and corn oil seem to be suitable food choices for a therapeutic diet aiming to control sdLDL-C concentrations. However, thus far dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids is unsubstantiated for decreasing sdLDL-C concentration. In conclusion, coupled with the traditional lipid profile, measurement or even the estimation of sdLDL-C as a routine screening should be encouraged, whereas more insights into the control of sdLDL-C are imperative. Appropriate clinical reference ranges for sdLDL-C are also needed.
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Talebi S, Bagherniya M, Atkin SL, Askari G, Orafai HM, Sahebkar A. The beneficial effects of nutraceuticals and natural products on small dense LDL levels, LDL particle number and LDL particle size: a clinical review. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:66. [PMID: 32276631 PMCID: PMC7149933 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01250-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are globally the major causes of morbidity and mortality. Evidence shows that smaller and denser low-dense lipoprotein (sdLDL) particles are independent atherogenic risk factors for CVD due to their greater susceptibility to oxidation, and permeability in the endothelium of arterial walls. sdLDL levels are an independent risk factor and of more predictive value than total LDL-C for the assessment of coronary artery disease and metabolic syndrome. Functional food ingredients have attracted significant attention for the management of dyslipidemia and subsequently increase cardio-metabolic health. However, to date there is no study that has investigated the effect of these bioactive natural compounds on sdLDL levels. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to summarize the evidence accrued on the effect of special dietary ingredients such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, nutraceuticals and herbal medicines on the levels of sdLDL, LDL particle number, and LDL particle size. Based on the results of the existing clinical trials this review suggests that natural products such as medicinal plants, nutraceuticals and omega-3 fatty acids can be used as adjunct or complementary therapeutic agents to reduce sdLDL levels, LDL particle numbers or increase LDL particle size and subsequently may prevent and treat CVD, with the advantage that theses natural agents are generally safe, accessible, and inexpensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepide Talebi
- Students' Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagherniya
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Gholamreza Askari
- Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein M Orafai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zahraa University, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran. .,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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40
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Wang L, Tao L, Hao L, Stanley TH, Huang KH, Lambert JD, Kris-Etherton PM. A Moderate-Fat Diet with One Avocado per Day Increases Plasma Antioxidants and Decreases the Oxidation of Small, Dense LDL in Adults with Overweight and Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr 2020; 150:276-284. [PMID: 31616932 PMCID: PMC7373821 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avocados are a nutrient-dense source of MUFAs and are rich in antioxidants. Avocados have an additional LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering effect beyond that observed when their MUFAs are substituted for SFAs, especially on small, dense LDL (sdLDL) particles, which are susceptible to in vivo oxidation and associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). OBJECTIVES We investigated whether a healthy diet with 1 avocado daily decreased the following secondary outcomes: circulating oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and related oxidative stress markers. METHODS A randomized, crossover, controlled feeding trial was conducted with 45 men and women, aged 21-70 y, with overweight or obesity and elevated LDL-C (25th-90th percentile). Three cholesterol-lowering diets were provided (5 wk each) in random sequences: a lower-fat (LF) diet (24% calories from fat-7% SFAs, 11% MUFAs, 6% PUFAs) and 2 moderate-fat (MF) diets (34% calories from fat-6% SFAs, 17% MUFAs, 9% PUFAs): the avocado (AV) diet included 1 Hass avocado (∼136 g) per day, and the MF diet used high oleic acid oils to match the fatty acid profile of 1 avocado. A general linear mixed model was used to analyze the treatment effects. RESULTS Compared with baseline, the AV diet significantly decreased circulating oxLDL (-7.0 U/L, -8.8%, P = 0.0004) and increased plasma lutein concentration (19.6 nmol/L, 68.7%, P < 0.0001), and both changes differed significantly from that after the MF and LF diets (P ≤ 0.05). The change in oxLDL caused by the AV diet was significantly correlated with the changes in the number of sdLDL particles (r = 0.32, P = 0.0002) but not large, buoyant LDL particles. CONCLUSIONS One avocado a day in a heart-healthy diet decreased oxLDL in adults with overweight and obesity, and the effect was associated with the reduction in sdLDL. This trial was registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01235832.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Ling Tao
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Lei Hao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Todd H Stanley
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Kuan-Hsun Huang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Joshua D Lambert
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Penny M Kris-Etherton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA,Address correspondence to PMK-E (e-mail: )
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Jimenez P, Garcia P, Quitral V, Vasquez K, Parra-Ruiz C, Reyes-Farias M, Garcia-Diaz DF, Robert P, Encina C, Soto-Covasich J. Pulp, Leaf, Peel and Seed of Avocado Fruit: A Review of Bioactive Compounds and Healthy Benefits. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2020.1717520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Jimenez
- Departamento De Nutricion, Facultad De Medicina, Universidad De Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula Garcia
- Departamento De Nutricion, Facultad De Medicina, Universidad De Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vilma Quitral
- Escuela De Nutricion Y Dietetica, Facultad De Salud, Universidad Santo Tomas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karla Vasquez
- Departamento De Nutricion, Facultad De Medicina, Universidad De Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Parra-Ruiz
- Departamento De Nutricion, Facultad De Medicina, Universidad De Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marjorie Reyes-Farias
- Departamento De Nutricion, Facultad De Medicina, Universidad De Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego F Garcia-Diaz
- Departamento De Nutricion, Facultad De Medicina, Universidad De Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paz Robert
- Departamento De Ciencia De Los Alimentos Y Tecnologia Quimica, Facultad De Ciencias Quimicas Y Farmaceuticas, Universidad De Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Encina
- Departamento De Ciencia De Los Alimentos Y Tecnologia Quimica, Facultad De Ciencias Quimicas Y Farmaceuticas, Universidad De Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jessica Soto-Covasich
- Programa de Doctorado en Biotecnologia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso-Universidad Tecnica Federico Santa Maria
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Bhuyan DJ, Alsherbiny MA, Perera S, Low M, Basu A, Devi OA, Barooah MS, Li CG, Papoutsis K. The Odyssey of Bioactive Compounds in Avocado ( Persea americana) and Their Health Benefits. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8100426. [PMID: 31554332 PMCID: PMC6826385 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8100426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Persea americana, commonly known as avocado, has recently gained substantial popularity and is often marketed as a “superfood” because of its unique nutritional composition, antioxidant content, and biochemical profile. However, the term “superfood” can be vague and misleading, as it is often associated with unrealistic health claims. This review draws a comprehensive summary and assessment of research performed in the last few decades to understand the nutritional and therapeutic properties of avocado and its bioactive compounds. In particular, studies reporting the major metabolites of avocado, their antioxidant as well as bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties, are summarized and assessed. Furthermore, the potential of avocado in novel drug discovery for the prevention and treatment of cancer, microbial, inflammatory, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases is highlighted. This review also proposes several interesting future directions for avocado research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deep Jyoti Bhuyan
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Muhammad A Alsherbiny
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt.
| | - Saumya Perera
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Mitchell Low
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Amrita Basu
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech.
| | - Okram Abemsana Devi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Community Science, Assam Agricultural University, Assam 785013, India.
| | - Mridula Saikia Barooah
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Community Science, Assam Agricultural University, Assam 785013, India.
| | - Chun Guang Li
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Konstantinos Papoutsis
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Functional Foods and Bioactive Compounds: A Review of Its Possible Role on Weight Management and Obesity's Metabolic Consequences. MEDICINES 2019; 6:medicines6030094. [PMID: 31505825 PMCID: PMC6789755 DOI: 10.3390/medicines6030094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Weight management and obesity prevention is a basic aim of health organizations in order to decrease the prevalence of various metabolic disorders. The aim of the present review article was the evaluation of the possible role of functional foods and their bioactive compounds as alternative way to promote weight management and prevent obesity and its metabolic consequences. Methods: Approximately 100 articles were selected from Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct, by using relative key words, and based mainly on recent animal, clinical or epidemiological studies. Results: The literature review highlighted the possible effect of specific functional foods such as coffee, green tea, berries, nuts, olive oil, pomegranate, avocado, and ginger. Specific bioactive compounds of those foods—such as caffeine, catechins, gallic acid, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, polyphenols, oleuropein, capsaicin, and quercetin—may contribute to weight management, obesity prevention, and obesity’s metabolic consequences. The possible mechanisms include effect on satiety, lipid absorption, fatty acids beta oxidation, stimulation of thermogenesis, etc. Conclusions: Functional foods, as part of a balanced diet, could be useful in the direction of weight management and decrease of obesity’s’ metabolic consequences. However, the scientific evidence is unclear and in most cases controversial and more clinical and epidemiological studies are needed in order to further investigate the mechanisms of their possible effect.
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Heskey C, Oda K, Sabaté J. Avocado Intake, and Longitudinal Weight and Body Mass Index Changes in an Adult Cohort. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030691. [PMID: 30909592 PMCID: PMC6471050 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Avocados contain nutrients and bioactive compounds that may help reduce the risk of becoming overweight/obese. We prospectively examined the effect of habitual avocado intake on changes in weight and body mass index (BMI). In the Adventist Health Study (AHS-2), a longitudinal cohort (~55,407; mean age ~56 years; U.S. and Canada), avocado intake (standard serving size 32 g/day) was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Self-reported height and weight were collected at baseline. Self-reported follow-up weight was collected with follow-up questionnaires between four and 11 years after baseline. Using the generalized least squares (GLS) approach, we analyzed repeated measures of weight in relation to avocado intake. Marginal logistic regression analyses were used to calculate the odds of becoming overweight/obese, comparing low (>0 to <32 g/day) and high (≥32 g/day) avocado intake to non-consumers (reference). Avocado consumers who were normal weight at baseline, gained significantly less weight than non-consumers. The odds (OR (95% CI)) of becoming overweight/obese between baseline and follow-up was 0.93 (0.85, 1.01), and 0.85 (0.60, 1.19) for low and high avocado consumers, respectively. Habitual consumption of avocados may reduce adult weight gain, but odds of overweight/obesity are attenuated by differences in initial BMI values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Heskey
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, 24951 North Circle Drive, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - Keiji Oda
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, 24951 North Circle Drive, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - Joan Sabaté
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, 24951 North Circle Drive, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
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Janse Van Rensburg WJ. Lifestyle Change Alone Sufficient to Lower Cholesterol in Male Patient With Moderately Elevated Cholesterol: A Case Report. Am J Lifestyle Med 2019; 13:148-155. [PMID: 30800020 DOI: 10.1177/1559827618806841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of deaths. Elevated cholesterol levels to above the normal reference range is a major risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease. Current guidelines recommend the use of cholesterol-lowering drugs to lower cholesterol levels to within the normal reference range. However, the American Heart Association further recommends a change in lifestyle in managing cholesterol levels. Thus, cholesterol-lowering drugs may not be needed if a lifestyle-change alone is sufficient in lowering cholesterol levels to within normal ranges. Unfortunately, limited examples exist in academic literature to illustrate the effectiveness of lifestyle change alone in lowering of cholesterol levels. Case report. We report a case of a 33-year-old man, with moderately elevated cholesterol levels and a family history of cardiovascular disease. Method. The man followed an altered healthy fat diet accompanied with moderate exercise for 6 weeks, without the addition of cholesterol-lowering agents. Results. At the 6-week follow-up, he was able to decrease his total cholesterol by 40.25% and low-density lipid cholesterol by 52.8%, to within normal ranges. The cholesterol levels remained within normal ranges after 6 months. Conclusion. This case illustrates that in some individuals, lifestyle change alone is sufficient to lower moderately elevated cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Janse Van Rensburg
- Human Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Haematology and Cell Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa
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Dreher ML. Whole Fruits and Fruit Fiber Emerging Health Effects. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1833. [PMID: 30487459 PMCID: PMC6315720 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Less than 10% of most Western populations consume adequate levels of whole fruits and dietary fiber with typical intake being about half of the recommended levels. Evidence of the beneficial health effects of consuming adequate levels of whole fruits has been steadily growing, especially regarding their bioactive fiber prebiotic effects and role in improved weight control, wellness and healthy aging. The primary aim of this narrative review article is to examine the increasing number of health benefits which are associated with the adequate intake of whole fruits, especially fruit fiber, throughout the human lifecycle. These potential health benefits include: protecting colonic gastrointestinal health (e.g., constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel diseases, and diverticular disease); promoting long-term weight management; reducing risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome; defending against colorectal and lung cancers; improving odds of successful aging; reducing the severity of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; enhancing psychological well-being and lowering the risk of depression; contributing to higher bone mineral density in children and adults; reducing risk of seborrheic dermatitis; and helping to attenuate autism spectrum disorder severity. Low whole fruit intake represents a potentially more serious global population health threat than previously recognized, especially in light of the emerging research on whole fruit and fruit fiber health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Dreher
- Nutrition Science Solutions, LLC, Wimberley, 78676 TX, USA.
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Pandian JD, Gall SL, Kate MP, Silva GS, Akinyemi RO, Ovbiagele BI, Lavados PM, Gandhi DBC, Thrift AG. Prevention of stroke: a global perspective. Lancet 2018; 392:1269-1278. [PMID: 30319114 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31269-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Along with the rising global burden of disability attributed to stroke, costs of stroke care are rising, providing the impetus to direct our research focus towards effective measures of stroke prevention. In this Series paper, we discuss strategies for reducing the risk of the emergence of disease (primordial prevention), preventing the onset of disease (primary prevention), and preventing the recurrence of disease (secondary prevention). Our focus includes global strategies and campaigns, and measurements of the effectiveness of worldwide preventive interventions, with an emphasis on low-income and middle-income countries. Our findings reveal that effective tobacco control, adequate nutrition, and development of healthy cities are important strategies for primordial prevention, whereas polypill strategies, use of mobile technology (mHealth), along with salt reduction and other dietary interventions, are effective in the primary prevention of stroke. An effective collaboration between various health-care sectors, government policies, and campaigns can successfully implement secondary prevention strategies, through surveillance and registries, such as the WHO's non-communicable diseases programmes, across high-income and low-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyaraj D Pandian
- Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India.
| | - Seana L Gall
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Mahesh P Kate
- Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India
| | - Gisele S Silva
- Programa Integrado de Neurologia, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rufus O Akinyemi
- Neuroscience and Ageing Research Unit, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Bruce I Ovbiagele
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pablo M Lavados
- Vascular Neurology Unit, Neurology Service, Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; Department of Neurological Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dorcas B C Gandhi
- College of Physiotherapy, Christian Medical College and Hospital Ludhiana, Ludhiana, India
| | - Amanda G Thrift
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Avocado Fruit on Postprandial Markers of Cardio-Metabolic Risk: A Randomized Controlled Dose Response Trial in Overweight and Obese Men and Women. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091287. [PMID: 30213052 PMCID: PMC6164649 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Avocados are distinctive fruits having both fats and fibers along with various micronutrients and bioactive phytochemicals. This study aimed to assess the effects of replacing carbohydrate energy in meals with half or whole avocado on postprandial indices of metabolic and vascular health. A single-center, randomized, controlled, 3-arm, 6 h, crossover study was conducted in overweight/obese middle-aged adults (n = 31). Participants consumed energy-matched breakfast meals containing 0 g (Control), 68 g (Half-A) or 136 g (Whole-A) fresh Hass avocado on 3 separate occasions. Post-meal glycemic (p < 0.0001), insulinemic (p < 0.0001) and flow mediated vasodilation (FMD) responses were reduced compared to Control meal (p < 0.01), independent of dose. Nuclear magnetic resonance analyses indicated lower concentrations of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and higher concentrations of larger high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles after the Whole-A vs. the Control meal (p = 0.02, p < 0.05, respectively). Race/ethnicity influenced sub-class lipoprotein concentrations (p < 0.05). Oxidized low-density-lipoproteins, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and interleukin-6 were not different among meals. Tumor necrosis factor-α tended to be lower after Whole-A vs. Control meal (p = 0.07). Replacing carbohydrate components with avocados in a meal improved FMD, a measure of endothelial function, and improved glycemic and lipoprotein profiles in overweight/obese adults. The study provides insight on the acute cardio-metabolic benefits of incorporating avocados into a meal.
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Rodriguez-Garcia E, Ruiz-Nava J, Santamaria-Fernandez S, Fernandez-Garcia JC, Vargas-Candela A, Yahyaoui R, Tinahones FJ, Bernal-Lopez MR, Gomez-Huelgas R. Implications of the Mediterranean diet and physical exercise on the lipid profile of metabolically healthy obese women as measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H NMR). Chem Phys Lipids 2018; 213:68-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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50
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Odanga JJ, Mohamed S, Mwalusepo S, Olubayo F, Nyankanga R, Khamis F, Rwomushana I, Johansson T, Ekesi S. Spatial Distribution of Bactrocera dorsalis and Thaumatotibia leucotreta in Smallholder Avocado Orchards along Altitudinal Gradient of Taita Hills and Mount Kilimanjaro. INSECTS 2018; 9:insects9020071. [PMID: 29921826 PMCID: PMC6023484 DOI: 10.3390/insects9020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Avocado (Persea americana) fruits are an important source of income and a nutritious food for small-scale growers and other stakeholders involved in farming along the Afrotropical highlands of Taita Hills and Mount Kilimanjaro in Kenya and Tanzania, respectively. Avocado fruits are infested by several insect pests, namely the Asian invasive fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), and the false codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). However, there is inadequate information on the distribution patterns of these pests in small-scale avocado cropping systems in the East African highlands. This study was initiated to generate a spatial distribution map of B. dorsalis and T. leucotreta in avocado orchards at Taita Hills and Mount Kilimanjaro in Kenya and Tanzania, respectively. The two pests were monitored by using their respective parapheromone lures for two years between August 2012 and July 2014. Fruit damage was assessed by computing the proportion of infested fruits for B. dorsalis, whereas the damage score was used for T. leucotreta. Our results indicated that the mean number of B. dorsalis per trap per day differed significantly across elevation, being highest in lowland zone for both Taita Hills (15.90) and Mount Kilimanjaro (24.45). Similarly, the percentage infestation of ground collected fruits by B. dorsalis varied with altitude, being lowest at highlands above 1500 m.a.s.l. (0.66% and 0.83% for Taita Hills and Mount Kilimanjaro, respectively). Conversely, the mean number of T. leucotreta did not vary with altitude in either study area. However, the damage score for T. leucotreta infestation was significantly lower in the highlands of both transects (7.0% and11.1% for Taita Hills and Mount Kilimanjaro, respectively). These findings describe spatial trends that are important in formulating strategies aimed at suppressing the populations of B. dorsalis and T. leucotreta in East African avocado cropping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Odanga
- ICIPE-International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, University of Nairobi, Kenya, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Invertebrate Zoology Section, National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Samira Mohamed
- ICIPE-International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Sizah Mwalusepo
- ICIPE-International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Department of General Studies, Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 2958, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Florence Olubayo
- Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, University of Nairobi, Kenya, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Richard Nyankanga
- Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, University of Nairobi, Kenya, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Fathiya Khamis
- ICIPE-International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Ivan Rwomushana
- CABI-Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International, Africa Regional Centre, P.O. Box 633-000621, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Tino Johansson
- ICIPE-International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 68, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- ICIPE-International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
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