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Crabtree JR, Mulenga C, Tran K, Hussain A, Boente CS, Ali A, Feinberg K, Borschel GH. Corneal Neurotization: Essentials for The Facial Paralysis Surgeon. Facial Plast Surg 2024; 40:424-432. [PMID: 38378042 DOI: 10.1055/a-2272-6077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Deficits in corneal innervation lead to neurotrophic keratopathy (NK). NK is frequently associated with facial palsy, and corneal damage can be accelerated by facial palsy deficits. Corneal nerves are important regulators of limbal stem cells, which play a critical role in epithelial maintenance and healing. Nonsurgical treatments of NK have undergone recent innovation, and growth factors implicated in corneal epithelial renewal are a promising therapeutic avenue. However, surgical intervention with corneal neurotization (CN) remains the only definitive treatment of NK. CN involves the transfer of unaffected sensory donor nerve branches to the affected cornea, and a variety of donor nerves and approaches have been described. CN can be performed in a direct or indirect manner; employ the supraorbital, supratrochlear, infraorbital, or great auricular nerves; and utilize autograft, allograft, or nerve transfer alone. Unfortunately, comparative studies of these factors are limited due to the procedure's novelty and varied recovery timelines after CN. Regardless of the chosen approach, CN has been shown to be a safe and effective procedure to restore corneal sensation and improve visual acuity in patients with NK.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Khoa Tran
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana
| | - Arif Hussain
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana
| | - Charline S Boente
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana
| | - Asim Ali
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Gregory H Borschel
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana
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2
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Chakravarty N, Hemani D, Paravastu R, Ahmad Z, Palani SN, Arumugaswami V, Kumar A. Mpox Virus and its ocular surface manifestations. Ocul Surf 2024; 34:108-121. [PMID: 38972544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The Mpox virus (MPXV) is the causative agent of human Mpox disease - a debilitating rash illness similar to smallpox. Although Clade I MPXV has remained endemic to West and Central Africa, Clade II MPXV has been responsible for many outbreaks worldwide. The most recent outbreak in 2022 resulted from the rapid spread of a new clade of MPXV, classified into Clade IIb - a distinct lineage from the previously circulating viral strains. The rapid spread and increased severity of Mpox disease by the Clade IIb strain have raised the serious public health imperative of better understanding the host and viral determinants during MPXV infection. In addition to typical skin rashes, including in the periorbital area, MPXV causes moderate to severe ophthalmic manifestations - most commonly, ocular surface complications (e.g., keratitis, conjunctivitis, blepharitis). While ocular manifestations of Clade I Mpox within the Congo basin have been well-reported, global incidence trends of ocular Mpox cases by Clade IIb are still emerging. Given the demonstrated ability of all MPXV strains to auto-inoculate ocular tissue, alongside the enhanced transmissibility of the Clade IIb virus, there is an urgent need to elucidate the mechanisms by which MPXV causes ocular anomalies. In this review, we discuss the viral and genomic structures of MPXV, the epidemiology, and pathology of systemic and ocular Mpox, as well as potential prophylactic and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Chakravarty
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; School of Medicine, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, CA, USA
| | - Darshi Hemani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ramya Paravastu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sankara Naynar Palani
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Rahman SMT, Zhou W, Deiters A, Haugh JM. Dissection of MKK6 and p38 Signaling Using Light-Activated Protein Kinases. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300551. [PMID: 37856284 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Stress-activated signaling pathways orchestrate cellular behaviors and fates. Studying the precise role(s) of stress-activated protein kinases is challenging, because stress conditions induce adaptation and impose selection pressure. To meet this challenge, we have applied an optogenetic system with a single plasmid to express light-activated p38α or its upstream activator, MKK6, in conjunction with live-cell fluorescence microscopy. In starved cells, decaging of constitutively active p38α or MKK6 by brief exposure to UV light elicits rapid p38-mediated signaling, release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, and apoptosis with different kinetics. In parallel, light activation of p38α also suppresses autophagosome formation, similarly to stimulation with growth factors that activate PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 signaling. Active MKK6 negatively regulates serum-induced ERK activity, which is p38-independent as previously reported. Here, we reproduce that result with the one plasmid system and show that although decaging active p38α does not reduce basal ERK activity in our cells, it can block growth factor-stimulated ERK signaling in serum-starved cells. These results clarify the roles of MKK6 and p38α in dynamic signaling programs, which act in concert to actuate apoptotic death while suppressing cell survival mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shah Md Toufiqur Rahman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7905, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Wenyuan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Alexander Deiters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Jason M Haugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7905, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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4
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Lucena-Neto FD, Falcão LFM, Vieira-Junior AS, Moraes ECS, David JPF, Silva CC, Sousa JR, Duarte MIS, Vasconcelos PFC, Quaresma JAS. Monkeypox Virus Immune Evasion and Eye Manifestation: Beyond Eyelid Implications. Viruses 2023; 15:2301. [PMID: 38140542 PMCID: PMC10747317 DOI: 10.3390/v15122301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV), belonging to the Poxviridae family and Orthopoxvirus genus, is closely related to the smallpox virus. Initial prodromal symptoms typically include headache, fever, and lymphadenopathy. This review aims to detail various ocular manifestations and immune evasion associated with the monkeypox viral infection and its complications, making it appropriate as a narrative review. Common external ocular manifestations of MPXV typically involve a generalized pustular rash, keratitis, discharges, and dried secretions related to conjunctival pustules, photophobia, and lacrimation. Orthopoxviruses can evade host immune responses by secreting proteins that antagonize the functions of host IFNγ, CC and CXC chemokines, IL-1β, and the complement system. One of the most important transcription factors downstream of pattern recognition receptors binding is IRF3, which controls the expression of the crucial antiviral molecules IFNα and IFNβ. We strongly recommend that ophthalmologists include MPXV as part of their differential diagnosis when they encounter similar cases presenting with ophthalmic manifestations such as conjunctivitis, blepharitis, or corneal lesions. Furthermore, because non-vaccinated individuals are more likely to exhibit these symptoms, it is recommended that healthcare administrators prioritize smallpox vaccination for at-risk groups, including very young children, pregnant women, older adults, and immunocompromised individuals, especially those in close contact with MPXV cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco D. Lucena-Neto
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, State University of Pará, Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (F.D.L.-N.); (L.F.M.F.); (A.S.V.-J.); (C.C.S.); (J.R.S.); (P.F.C.V.)
| | - Luiz F. M. Falcão
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, State University of Pará, Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (F.D.L.-N.); (L.F.M.F.); (A.S.V.-J.); (C.C.S.); (J.R.S.); (P.F.C.V.)
| | - Adolfo S. Vieira-Junior
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, State University of Pará, Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (F.D.L.-N.); (L.F.M.F.); (A.S.V.-J.); (C.C.S.); (J.R.S.); (P.F.C.V.)
| | - Evelly C. S. Moraes
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (E.C.S.M.); (J.P.F.D.)
| | - Joacy P. F. David
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (E.C.S.M.); (J.P.F.D.)
| | - Camilla C. Silva
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, State University of Pará, Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (F.D.L.-N.); (L.F.M.F.); (A.S.V.-J.); (C.C.S.); (J.R.S.); (P.F.C.V.)
| | - Jorge R. Sousa
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, State University of Pará, Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (F.D.L.-N.); (L.F.M.F.); (A.S.V.-J.); (C.C.S.); (J.R.S.); (P.F.C.V.)
| | - Maria I. S. Duarte
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, São Paulo University, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil;
| | - Pedro F. C. Vasconcelos
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, State University of Pará, Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (F.D.L.-N.); (L.F.M.F.); (A.S.V.-J.); (C.C.S.); (J.R.S.); (P.F.C.V.)
| | - Juarez A. S. Quaresma
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, State University of Pará, Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (F.D.L.-N.); (L.F.M.F.); (A.S.V.-J.); (C.C.S.); (J.R.S.); (P.F.C.V.)
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (E.C.S.M.); (J.P.F.D.)
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, São Paulo University, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil;
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
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Ji W, Sun Z, Yang Y, Hu M, Zhang Q, Fu J, Chen J, Huang Y, Cheng Y. Downregulation of RUNX1-Activated Osteopontin Facilitates Burn Wound Healing by Activating the MAPK Pathways. J Burn Care Res 2023; 44:1371-1381. [PMID: 36913234 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irad036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Burn wounds require intervention to ensure timely progression to reduce morbidity and mortality. The migrative and proliferative capabilities of keratinocytes are impaired in wounds. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) can degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM), allowing epithelial cells to migrate. As reported, osteopontin can regulate cell migration, cell adhesion, and ECM invasion in endothelial and epithelial cells, and its expression is significantly increased in chronic wounds. Therefore, this study investigates the biological functions of osteopontin and its related mechanisms involved in burn wounds. We established cellular and animal models of burn injury. Levels of osteopontin, RUNX1, MMPs, collagen I, CK19, PCNA, and pathway-associated proteins were measured by RT-qPCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining. Cell viability and migration were examined by CCK-8 and wound scratch assays. Histological changes were analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin staining and Masson's trichrome staining. For in vitro analysis, osteopontin silencing facilitated the growth and migration of HaCaT cells and promoted ECM degradation in HaCaT cells. Mechanistically, RUNX1 bound to osteopontin promoter, and RUNX1 upregulation attenuated the promoting efficacy of osteopontin silencing on cell growth and migration and ECM degradation. Additionally, RUNX1-activated osteopontin inactivated the MAPK signaling pathway. For in vivo analysis, osteopontin depletion facilitated burn wound healing by promoting reepithelialization and ECM degradation. In conclusion, RUNX1 activates the osteopontin expression at the transcriptional level and osteopontin depletion facilitates the recovery of burn wounds by promoting the migration of keratinocytes and reepithelization and ECM degradation by activating the MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ji
- Department of Plastic surgery, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan Third Hospital), Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Zhibo Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yanqing Yang
- Department of Plastic surgery, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan Third Hospital), Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Meng Hu
- Department of Plastic surgery, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan Third Hospital), Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Plastic surgery, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan Third Hospital), Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Jie Fu
- Department of Plastic surgery, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan Third Hospital), Wuhan 430060, China
| | - JunWei Chen
- Department of Plastic surgery, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan Third Hospital), Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Plastic surgery, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan Third Hospital), Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yanyang Cheng
- Department of Paediatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
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6
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Polopalli S, Saha A, Niri P, Kumar M, Das P, Kamboj DV, Chattopadhyay P. ROCK Inhibitors as an Alternative Therapy for Corneal Grafting: A Systematic Review. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2023; 39:585-599. [PMID: 37738326 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2023.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, corneal blindness is affecting >10 million individuals worldwide, and there is a significant unmet medical need because only 1.5% of transplantation needs are met globally due to a lack of high-quality grafts. In light of this global health disaster, researchers are developing corneal substitutes that can resemble the human cornea in vivo and replace human donor tissue. Thus, this review examines ROCK (Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinases) inhibitors as a potential corneal wound-healing (CWH) therapy by reviewing the existing clinical and nonclinical findings. The systematic review was done from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for CWH, corneal injury, corneal endothelial wound healing, ROCK inhibitors, Fasudil, Netarsudil, Ripasudil, Y-27632, clinical trial, clinical study, case series, case reports, preclinical study, in vivo, and in vitro studies. After removing duplicates, all downloaded articles were examined. The literature search included the data till January 2023. This review summarized the results of ROCK inhibitors in clinical and preclinical trials. In a clinical trial, various ROCK inhibitors improved CWH in individuals with open-angle glaucoma, cataract, iris cyst, ocular hypertension, and other ocular diseases. ROCK inhibitors also improved ocular wound healing by increasing cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation in vitro and in vivo. ROCK inhibitors have antifibrotic, antiangiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic characteristics in CWH, according to the existing research. ROCK inhibitors were effective topical treatments for corneal infections. Ripasudil, Y-27632, H-1152, Y-39983, and AMA0526 are a few new ROCK inhibitors that may help CWH and replace human donor tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanyam Polopalli
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory (DRL), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Tezpur, India
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Achintya Saha
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Pakter Niri
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory (DRL), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Tezpur, India
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory (DRL), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Tezpur, India
| | - Parikshit Das
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory (DRL), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Tezpur, India
| | - Dev Vrat Kamboj
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory (DRL), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Tezpur, India
| | - Pronobesh Chattopadhyay
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory (DRL), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Tezpur, India
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7
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Tang Y, Du E, Wang G, Qin F, Meng Z, Dai L, Wang Y, Ren S. A negative feedback loop centered on SMAD3 expression in transforming growth factor β1-induced corneal myofibroblast differentiation. Exp Eye Res 2023; 236:109654. [PMID: 37734427 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
SMAD3 downregulation is documented in transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1)-induced corneal fibroblasts differentiation to myofibroblasts ("fibroTOmyoDiff") or corneal wound healing. However, the exact regulatory mechanism of TGF-β1/SMAD3 pathway in this context remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role and related mechanism of SMAD3 down-regulation in TGF-β1-induced human corneal fibroTOmyoDiff. By detecting expression changes of SMAD family during this process, we demonstrated that SMAD3 protein expression was dramatically decreased in the process and the decrease occurred mainly in SMAD3 gene transcription. Furthermore, SMAD3 overexpression using lentivirus infection and knockdown using sgRNA lentivirus infection or siRNAs revealed that SMAD3 overexpression enhanced TGF-β1-induced corneal fibroTOmyoDiff and vice versa. In addition, specific siRNAs and inhibitors targeting particular signaling pathway were used to figure out the intracellular signaling pathway regulating SMAD3, and the result showed that the decease of SMAD3 induced by TGF-β1 stimulation in human corneal fibroblasts (HCFs) was strikingly prevented by SMAD4 knockdown or p38 signaling inhibitor SB203580 treatment. Collectively, these results demonstrate that, in TGF-β1 induced corneal fibroTOmyoDiff, down-regulation of SMAD3 expression regulated by SMAD4 and p38 signaling pathways forms a negative feedback loop of TGFβ signaling to avoid excessive activation of the signaling, which suggest that SMAD3 may be a key target for corneal fibrosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlan Tang
- Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Enming Du
- Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Fangyuan Qin
- Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Zhihong Meng
- Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Lijuan Dai
- Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Yiqiang Wang
- Wisdom Lake Academy of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Shengwei Ren
- Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.
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Feinberg K, Tajdaran K, Mirmoeini K, Daeschler SC, Henriquez MA, Stevens KE, Mulenga CM, Hussain A, Hamrah P, Ali A, Gordon T, Borschel GH. The Role of Sensory Innervation in Homeostatic and Injury-Induced Corneal Epithelial Renewal. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12615. [PMID: 37628793 PMCID: PMC10454376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The cornea is the window through which we see the world. Corneal clarity is required for vision, and blindness occurs when the cornea becomes opaque. The cornea is covered by unique transparent epithelial cells that serve as an outermost cellular barrier bordering between the cornea and the external environment. Corneal sensory nerves protect the cornea from injury by triggering tearing and blink reflexes, and are also thought to regulate corneal epithelial renewal via unknown mechanism(s). When protective corneal sensory innervation is absent due to infection, trauma, intracranial tumors, surgery, or congenital causes, permanent blindness results from repetitive epithelial microtraumas and failure to heal. The condition is termed neurotrophic keratopathy (NK), with an incidence of 5:10,000 people worldwide. In this report, we review the currently available therapeutic solutions for NK and discuss the progress in our understanding of how the sensory nerves induce corneal epithelial renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Feinberg
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kiana Tajdaran
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Kaveh Mirmoeini
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Simeon C. Daeschler
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, BG Trauma Hospital, Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 67071 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Mario A. Henriquez
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Katelyn E. Stevens
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Chilando M. Mulenga
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Arif Hussain
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Cornea Service, New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Asim Ali
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3A9, Canada
| | - Tessa Gordon
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Gregory H. Borschel
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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9
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MAPK Pathways in Ocular Pathophysiology: Potential Therapeutic Drugs and Challenges. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040617. [PMID: 36831285 PMCID: PMC9954064 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways represent ubiquitous cellular signal transduction pathways that regulate all aspects of life and are frequently altered in disease. Once activated through phosphorylation, these MAPKs in turn phosphorylate and activate transcription factors present either in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus, leading to the expression of target genes and, as a consequence, they elicit various biological responses. The aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive review focusing on the roles of MAPK signaling pathways in ocular pathophysiology and the potential to influence these for the treatment of eye diseases. We summarize the current knowledge of identified MAPK-targeting compounds in the context of ocular diseases such as macular degeneration, cataract, glaucoma and keratopathy, but also in rare ocular diseases where the cell differentiation, proliferation or migration are defective. Potential therapeutic interventions are also discussed. Additionally, we discuss challenges in overcoming the reported eye toxicity of some MAPK inhibitors.
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10
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Lema C, Baidouri H, Sun M, Pohl S, Cookson S, Redfern R, McDermott AM. Anti-inflammatory and wound healing potential of medicinal maggot excretions/secretions at the ocular surface. Ocul Surf 2022; 26:244-254. [PMID: 36130696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the skin, Lucilia sericata maggot excretions/secretions (ES) accelerate wound healing and limit inflammation. This study aimed to determine whether ES have similar beneficial effects at the ocular surface. METHODS Human corneal epithelial cells (HCEC) were cultured with ES and cell viability was determined by the MTT assay. Additionally, mRNA expression of growth factors, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and cytokines was assessed by qPCR. ES ability to modulate TLR-induced IL-6 and IL-8 expression was determined by qPCR and ELISA. ES potential to promote corneal healing was evaluated in vitro by a migration assay in HCEC, and in vivo using a mouse model. RESULTS ES did not impair HCEC viability up to 25 μg/ml. Among the factors evaluated, only hBD-2 was upregulated (2.5-fold) by 1.5 μg/ml ES after 6 hrs (P = 0.04). In HCEC, ES reduced Poly I:C-induced IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA (P ≤ 0.001) and protein (P ≤ 0.0001) expression. A similar effect was observed with Flagellin (TLR5 agonist) but it was less robust for FSL-1 (TLR2/6 agonist) and Pam3CSK4 (TLR1/2 agonist). The greatest in vitro migration effect was observed with 6.2 μg/ml ES after 44 hrs where gap area compared to vehicle was 53.3 ± 3.7% vs. 72.6 ± 5.4% (P = 0.001). In the mouse model, the maximum healing effect was present with 1.5 μg/ml ES after 12 hrs with a wound area of 19.0 ± 2.7% vs. 60.1 ± 21.6% (P = 0.003) or 77% reduction of the wound area compared to the negative control. CONCLUSIONS ES significantly reduce in vitro TLR-induced production of inflammatory cytokines and promote corneal wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Lema
- University of Houston, College of Optometry, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Hasna Baidouri
- University of Houston, College of Optometry, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Mingxia Sun
- University of Houston, College of Optometry, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Susanne Pohl
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Sharon Cookson
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Rachel Redfern
- University of Houston, College of Optometry, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
| | - Alison M McDermott
- University of Houston, College of Optometry, Houston, TX, 77204, USA; Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
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11
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Mallis P, Michalopoulos E, Sarri EF, Papadopoulou E, Theodoropoulou V, Katsimpoulas M, Stavropoulos-Giokas C. Evaluation of the Regenerative Potential of Platelet-Lysate and Platelet-Poor Plasma Derived from the Cord Blood Units in Corneal Wound Healing Applications: An In Vitro Comparative Study on Corneal Epithelial Cells. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:4415-4438. [PMID: 36286018 PMCID: PMC9600746 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cord blood platelet lysate (CB-PL) and cord blood platelet poor plasma (CB-PPP) have been applied with success in wound healing applications. Pathologies such as Sjogrens’s Syndrome (SS) and chronic graft versus host disease (cGVHD) can lead to severe ophthalmology issues. The application of CB-PL and CB-PPP may be strongly considered for damaged cornea healing. This study aimed to the evaluation of the beneficial properties of CB-PL and CB-PPP in corneal wound healing applications. Methods: Initially, the CB-PL and CB-PPP were produced from donated cord blood units (CBUs), followed by biochemical analysis. Corneal epithelial cells (CECs) were isolated from wistar rats and then cultured with medium containing 20% v/v either of CB-PL or CB-PPP. To define the impact of CB-PL and CB-PPP, biochemical, morphological analysis, scratch-wound assays, and immunoassays in CECs were performed. Results: CB-PL and CB-PPP were characterized by good biochemical parameters, regarding their quality characteristics and biomolecule content. CECs’ morphological features did not change after their cultivation with CB-PL or CB-PPP. A scratch wound assay and molecular analysis of CECs expanded with CB-PL indicated higher migratory capacity compared to those cultured with CB-PPP. Conclusion: CB-PL and CB-PPP exhibited good properties with respect to cell migration and proliferation, and could be considered an alternative source for eye drop production, to possibly be used in cornea wound healing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Mallis
- Hellenic Cord Blood Bank (HCBB), Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou, 115 27 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-21-065-9734 or +30-697-161-6467; Fax: +30-210-659-7345
| | - Efstathios Michalopoulos
- Hellenic Cord Blood Bank (HCBB), Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Eirini Faidra Sarri
- Hellenic Cord Blood Bank (HCBB), Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Elena Papadopoulou
- Hellenic Cord Blood Bank (HCBB), Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Theodoropoulou
- Hellenic Cord Blood Bank (HCBB), Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Michalis Katsimpoulas
- Experimental Surgery Unit, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Βιοmedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Catherine Stavropoulos-Giokas
- Hellenic Cord Blood Bank (HCBB), Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou, 115 27 Athens, Greece
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12
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Peng G, Tang X, Gui Y, Yang J, Ye L, Wu L, Ding YH, Wang L. Transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1: A potential therapeutic target for fibrotic diseases. Front Physiol 2022; 13:951980. [PMID: 36045746 PMCID: PMC9420870 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.951980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1), belonging to the TRPV channel family, is a non-selective, calcium-dependent, cation channel implicated in several pathophysiological processes. Collagen, an extracellular matrix component, can accumulate under pathological conditions and may lead to the destruction of tissue structure, organ dysfunction, and organ failure. Increasing evidence indicates that TRPV1 plays a role in the development and occurrence of fibrotic diseases, including myocardial, renal, pancreatic, and corneal fibrosis. However, the mechanism by which TRPV1 regulates fibrosis remains unclear. This review highlights the comprehensive role played by TRPV1 in regulating pro-fibrotic processes, the potential of TRPV1 as a therapeutic target in fibrotic diseases, as well as the different signaling pathways associated with TRPV1 and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxin Peng
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Tang
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Gui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lifang Ye
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liuyang Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ya hui Ding
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lihong Wang,
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13
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Xiaojie W, Banda J, Qi H, Chang AK, Bwalya C, Chao L, Li X. Scarless wound healing: Current insights from the perspectives of TGF-β, KGF-1, and KGF-2. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2022; 66:26-37. [PMID: 35690568 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The process of wound healing involves a complex and vast interplay of growth factors and cytokines that coordinate the recruitment and interaction of various cell types. A series of events involving inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling eventually leads to the restoration of the damaged tissue. Abrogation in the regulation of these events has been shown to result in excessive scarring or non-healing wounds. While the process of wound healing is not fully elucidated, it has been documented that the early events of wound healing play a key role in the outcome of the wound. Furthermore, high levels of inflammation have been shown to lead to scarring. The regulation of these events may result in scarless wound healing, especially in adults. The inhibition of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and the administration of keratinocyte growth factors (KGF), KGF-1 and KGF-2, has in recent years yielded positive results in the acceleration of wound closure and reduced scarring. Here, we encapsulate recent knowledge on the roles of TGF-β, KGF1, and KGF2 in wound healing and scar formation and highlight the areas that need further investigation. We also discuss potential future directions for the use of growth factors in wound management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hui Qi
- Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | | | | | - Lu Chao
- Wenzhou Medical University, China
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14
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Wang Y, Xu L, Zhao J, Liang J, Zhang Z, Li Q, Zhang J, Wan P, Wu Z. Reconstructing auto tissue engineering lamellar cornea with aspartic acid modified acellular porcine corneal stroma and preconditioned limbal stem cell for corneal regeneration. Biomaterials 2022; 289:121745. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Cherng JH, Lin CAJ, Liu CC, Yeh JZ, Fan GY, Tsai HD, Chung CF, Hsu SD. Hemostasis and Anti-Inflammatory Abilities of AuNPs-Coated Chitosan Dressing for Burn Wounds. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12071089. [PMID: 35887586 PMCID: PMC9321560 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12071089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Burn injuries are a common hazard in the military, as fire is likely to be weaponized. Thus, it is important to find an effective substance to accelerate burn wound healing. This study used chitosan and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as wound dressings and investigated their effectiveness in femoral artery hemorrhage swine and rat burn models. Chitosan dressing has significant hemostatic properties compared with gauze. Histological results showed that burn wounds treated with chitosan or AuNP-coated chitosan dressings exhibited more cells and a continuous structure of the epidermis and dermis than those of the control and untreated lesion groups. Furthermore, both chitosan dressings have been shown to positively regulate the expression of genes- and cytokines/chemokines-related to the wound healing process; AuNP-coated chitosan significantly lessened severe sepsis and inflammation, balanced the activities of pro-fibrotic and anti-fibrotic ligands for tissue homeostasis, regulated angiogenesis, and inhibited apoptosis activity, thereby being beneficial for the burn microenvironment. Hence, chitosan alone or in combination with AuNPs represents a prospective therapeutic substance as a burn dressing which might be helpful for burn wound care. This study provides a novel hemostasis dressing for modern warfare that is simple to use by most medical and paramedical personnel handling for burn treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juin-Hong Cherng
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan;
- Department and Graduate Institute of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-An J. Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biomedical Engineering in Cancer, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Che Liu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan;
| | - Jue-Zong Yeh
- Department of Pharmacy, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan;
| | - Gang-Yi Fan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan;
- Laboratory of Adult Stem Cell and Tissue Regeneration, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; (H.-D.T.); (C.-F.C.)
| | - Hsin-Da Tsai
- Laboratory of Adult Stem Cell and Tissue Regeneration, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; (H.-D.T.); (C.-F.C.)
| | - Chun-Fang Chung
- Laboratory of Adult Stem Cell and Tissue Regeneration, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; (H.-D.T.); (C.-F.C.)
| | - Sheng-Der Hsu
- Division of Traumatology, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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16
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Alpha-Lipoic Acid Promotes Intestinal Epithelial Injury Repair by Regulating MAPK Signaling Pathways. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:1894379. [PMID: 35712055 PMCID: PMC9197635 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1894379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells are an essential barrier in human gastrointestinal tract, and healing of epithelial wound is a key process in many intestinal diseases. α-Lipoic acid (ALA) was shown to have antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, which could be helpful in intestinal epithelial injury repair. The effects of ALA in human colonic epithelial cells NCM460 and human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells Caco-2 were studied. ALA significantly promoted NCM460 and Caco-2 migration, increased mucosal tight junction factors ZO-1 and OCLN expression, and ALA accelerated cell injury repair of both cells in wound healing assay. Western blot analysis indicated that ALA inhibited a variety of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways in the epithelial cells. In conclusion, ALA was beneficial to repair of intestinal epithelial injury by regulating MAPK signaling pathways.
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17
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Sin ZW, Mohan CD, Chinnathambi A, Govindasamy C, Rangappa S, Rangappa KS, Jung YY, Ahn KS. Leelamine Exerts Antineoplastic Effects in Association with Modulating Mitogen‑Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Cascade. Nutr Cancer 2022; 74:3375-3387. [PMID: 35579498 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2022.2059092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is a prominent signaling cascade that modulates cell proliferation, apoptosis, stress response, drug resistance, immune response, and cell motility. Activation of MAPK by various small molecules/natural compounds has been demonstrated to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. Herein, the effect of leelamine (LEE, a triterpene derived from bark of pine trees) on the activation of MAPK in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and breast cancer (BC) cells was investigated. LEE induced potent cytotoxicity of HCC (HepG2 and HCCLM3) and BC (MDA-MB-231 and MCF7) cells over normal counterparts (MCF10A). LEE significantly enhanced the phosphorylation of p38 and JNK MAPKs in a dose-dependent fashion and it did not affect the phosphorylation of ERK in HCC and BC cells. The apoptosis-driving effect of LEE was further demonstrated by cleavage of procaspase-3/Bid and suppression of prosurvival proteins (Bcl-xL and XIAP). Furthermore, LEE also reduced the SDF1-induced-migration and -invasion of HCC and BC cells. Taken together, the data demonstrated that LEE promotes apoptosis and induces an anti-motility effect by activating p38 and JNK MAPKs in HCC and BC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Wayne Sin
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Arunachalam Chinnathambi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chandramohan Govindasamy
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shobith Rangappa
- Adichunchanagiri Institute for Molecular Medicine, Adichunchanagiri University, BG Nagara, India
| | | | - Young Yun Jung
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Seok Ahn
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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18
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Peterson C, Chandler HL. Insulin facilitates corneal wound healing in the diabetic environment through the RTK-PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis in vitro. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 548:111611. [PMID: 35231580 PMCID: PMC9053186 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic patients can develop degenerative corneal changes, termed diabetic keratopathy, during the course of their disease. Topical insulin has been shown to reduce corneal wound area and restore sensitivity in diabetic rats, and both the insulin receptor (IR) and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) stimulate cell signaling of the PI3K-Akt pathway. The purpose of this study was to assess a mechanism by which improved wound healing occurs by characterizing expression within the PI3K-Akt pathway in corneal epithelial and stromal cells. In vitro scratch tests were used to evaluate wound healing outcomes under variable glucose conditions in the presence or absence of insulin. Protein expression of intracellular kinases in the PI3K pathway, stromal cell markers, and GLUT-1 was evaluated by immunoblotting.TGF-β1 expression was evaluated by ELISA. Insulin promoted in vitro wound healing in all cell types. In human corneal epithelial cells, insulin did not induce PI3K-Akt signaling; however, in all other cell types evaluated, insulin increased expression of PI3K-Akt signaling proteins compared to vehicle control. Fibroblasts variably expressed α-SMA under all treatment conditions, with significant increases in α-SMA and TGF-β1 occurring in a dose-dependent manner with glucose concentration. These results indicate that insulin can promote corneal cellular migration and proliferation by inducing Akt signaling. Exogenous insulin therapy may serve as a novel target of therapeutic intervention for diabetic keratopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Peterson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Vision Science, The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - H L Chandler
- Department of Vision Science, The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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19
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Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Acidified Metastatic Melanoma Cells Stimulate Growth, Migration, and Stemness of Normal Keratinocytes. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030660. [PMID: 35327461 PMCID: PMC8945455 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is a highly malignant tumor. Melanoma cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs), which contribute to the growth, metastasis, and malignancy of neighboring cells by transfer of tumor-promoting miRNAs, mRNA, and proteins. Melanoma microenvironment acidification promotes tumor progression and determines EVs’ properties. We studied the influence of EVs derived from metastatic melanoma cells cultivated at acidic (6.5) and normal (7.4) pH on the morphology and homeostasis of normal keratinocytes. Acidification of metastatic melanoma environment made EVs more prooncogenic with increased expression of prooncogenic mi221 RNA, stemless factor CD133, and pro-migration factor SNAI1, as well as with downregulated antitumor mir7 RNA. Incubation with EVs stimulated growth and migration both of metastatic melanoma cells and keratinocytes and changed the morphology of keratinocytes to stem-like phenotype, which was confirmed by increased expression of the stemness factors KLF and CD133. Activation of the AKT/mTOR and ERK signaling pathways and increased expression of epidermal growth factor receptor EGFR and SNAI1 were detected in keratinocytes upon incubation with EVs. Moreover, EVs reduced the production of different cytokines (IL6, IL10, and IL12) and adhesion factors (sICAM-1, sICAM-3, sPecam-1, and sCD40L) usually secreted by keratinocytes to control melanoma progression. Bioinformatic analysis revealed the correlation between decreased expression of these secreted factors and worse survival prognosis for patients with metastatic melanoma. Altogether, our data mean that metastatic melanoma EVs are important players in the transformation of normal keratinocytes.
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20
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Understanding Drivers of Ocular Fibrosis: Current and Future Therapeutic Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111748. [PMID: 34769176 PMCID: PMC8584003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular fibrosis leads to severe visual impairment and blindness worldwide, being a major area of unmet need in ophthalmology and medicine. To date, the only available treatments are antimetabolite drugs that have significant potentially blinding side effects, such as tissue damage and infection. There is thus an urgent need to identify novel targets to prevent/treat scarring and postsurgical fibrosis in the eye. In this review, the latest progress in biological mechanisms underlying ocular fibrosis are discussed. We also summarize the current knowledge on preclinical studies based on viral and non-viral gene therapy, as well as chemical inhibitors, for targeting TGFβ or downstream effectors in fibrotic disorders of the eye. Moreover, the role of angiogenetic and biomechanical factors in ocular fibrosis is discussed, focusing on related preclinical treatment approaches. Moreover, we describe available evidence on clinical studies investigating the use of therapies targeting TGFβ-dependent pathways, angiogenetic factors, and biomechanical factors, alone or in combination with other strategies, in ocular tissue fibrosis. Finally, the recent progress in cell-based therapies for treating fibrotic eye disorders is discussed. The increasing knowledge of these disorders in the eye and the promising results from testing of novel targeted therapies could offer viable perspectives for translation into clinical use.
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21
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Brothers KM, Harvey SAK, Shanks RMQ. Transcription Factor EepR Is Required for Serratia marcescens Host Proinflammatory Response by Corneal Epithelial Cells. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10070770. [PMID: 34202642 PMCID: PMC8300729 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Relatively little is known about how the corneal epithelium responds to vision-threatening bacteria from the Enterobacterales order. This study investigates the impact of Serratia marcescens on corneal epithelial cell host responses. We also investigate the role of a bacterial transcription factor EepR, which is a positive regulator of S. marcescens secretion of cytotoxic proteases and a hemolytic surfactant. We treated transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of human corneal limbal epithelial cells with wild-type bacterial secretomes. Our results show increased expression of proinflammatory and lipid signaling molecules, while this is greatly altered in eepR mutant-treated corneal cells. Together, these data support the model that the S. marcescens transcription factor EepR is a key regulator of host-pathogen interactions, and is necessary to induce proinflammatory chemokines, cytokines, and lipids.
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22
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Lu CC, Yang JS, Chiu YJ, Tsai FJ, Hsu YM, Yin MC, Juan YN, Ho TJ, Chen HP. Dracorhodin perchlorate enhances wound healing via β-catenin, ERK/p38, and AKT signaling in human HaCaT keratinocytes. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:822. [PMID: 34131445 PMCID: PMC8193218 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dracorhodin can be isolated from the exudates of the fruit of Daemonorops draco. Previous studies suggested that dracorhodin perchlorate can promote fibroblast proliferation and enhance angiogenesis during wound healing. In the present study, the potential bioactivity of dracorhodin perchlorate in human HaCaT keratinocytes, were investigated in vitro, with specific focus on HaCaT wound healing. The results of in vitro scratch assay demonstrated the progressive closure of the wound after treatment with dracorhodin perchlorate in a time-dependent manner. An MTT assay and propidium iodide exclusion detected using flow cytometry were used to detect cell viability of HaCaT cells. Potential signaling pathways underlying the effects mediated by dracorhodin perchlorate in HaCaT cells were clarified by western blot analysis and kinase activity assays. Dracorhodin perchlorate significantly increased the protein expression levels of β-catenin and activation of AKT, ERK and p38 in HaCaT cells. In addition, dracorhodin perchlorate did not induce HaCaT cell proliferation but promoted cell migration. Other mechanisms may yet be involved in the dracorhodin perchlorate-induced wound healing process of human keratinocytes. In summary, dracorhodin perchlorate may serve to be a potential molecularly-targeted phytochemical that can improve skin wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Cheng Lu
- Department of Sport Performance, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung 40404, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jai-Sing Yang
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40447, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Jen Chiu
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veteran General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Medical Genetics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan, R.O.C.,School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yuan-Man Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Mei-Chin Yin
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40447, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Ning Juan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40447, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tsung-Jung Ho
- Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien 97002, Taiwan, R.O.C.,School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Division of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yulin 65152, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hao-Ping Chen
- Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien 97002, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan, R.O.C
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23
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Sumioka T, Iwanishi H, Okada Y, Miyajima M, Ichikawa K, Reinach PS, Matsumoto KI, Saika S. Impairment of corneal epithelial wound healing is association with increased neutrophil infiltration and reactive oxygen species activation in tenascin X-deficient mice. J Transl Med 2021; 101:690-700. [PMID: 33782532 PMCID: PMC8137452 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00576-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to uncover the role of tenascin X in modulation of healing in mouse corneas subjected to epithelium debridement. Healing in corneas with an epithelial defect was evaluated at the levels of gene and protein expression. Wound healing-related mediators and inflammatory cell infiltration were detected by histology, immunohistochemistry and real-time RT-PCR. Tenascin X protein was upregulated in the wounded wild-type (WT) corneal epithelium. The lack of tenascin X impaired closure of an epithelial defect and accelerated infiltration of neutrophils into the wound periphery as compared to the response in WT tissue. Expression of wound healing-related proinflammatory and reparative components, i.e., interleukin-6, transforming growth factor β, matrix metalloproteinases, were unaffected by the loss of tenascin X expression. Marked accumulation of malondialdehyde (a lipid peroxidation-derived product) was observed in KO healing epithelia as compared with its WT counterpart. Neutropenia induced by systemic administration of a specific antibody rescued the impairment of epithelial healing in KO corneas, with reduction of malondialdehyde levels in the epithelial cells. Finally, we showed that a chemical scavenging reactive oxygen species reversed the impairment of attenuation of epithelial repair with a reduction of tissue levels of malondialdehyde. In conclusion, loss of tenascin X prolonged corneal epithelial wound healing and increased neutrophilic inflammatory response to debridement in mice. Tenascin X contributes to the control of neutrophil infiltration needed to support the regenerative response to injury and prevent the oxidative stress mediators from rising to cytotoxic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Sumioka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Iwanishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yuka Okada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masayasu Miyajima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kana Ichikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Peter S Reinach
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ken-Ichi Matsumoto
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Izumo, Enya-cho, Japan
| | - Shizuya Saika
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan
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Wang T, Liu J, Liu H, Lee SR, Gonzalez L, Gorecka J, Shu C, Dardik A. Activation of EphrinB2 Signaling Promotes Adaptive Venous Remodeling in Murine Arteriovenous Fistulae. J Surg Res 2021; 262:224-239. [PMID: 33039109 PMCID: PMC8024410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2020.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) are the preferred mode of vascular access for hemodialysis. Before use, AVF remodel by thickening and dilating to achieve a functional conduit via an adaptive process characterized by expression of molecular markers characteristic of both venous and arterial identity. Although signaling via EphB4, a determinant of venous identity, mediates AVF maturation, the role of its counterpart EphrinB2, a determinant of arterial identity, remains unclear. We hypothesize that EphrinB2 signaling is active during AVF maturation and may be a mechanism of venous remodeling. METHODS Aortocaval fistulae were created or sham laparotomy was performed in C57Bl/6 mice, and specimens were examined on Days 7 or 21. EphrinB2 reverse signaling was activated with EphB4-Fc applied periadventitially in vivo and in endothelial cell culture medium in vitro. Downstream signaling was assessed using immunoblotting and immunofluorescence. RESULTS Venous remodeling during AVF maturation was characterized by increased expression of EphrinB2 as well as Akt1, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), and p38. Activation of EphrinB2 with EphB4-Fc increased phosphorylation of EphrinB2, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, Akt1, ERK1/2, and p38 and was associated with increased diameter and wall thickness in the AVF. Both mouse and human endothelial cells treated with EphB4-Fc increased phosphorylation of EphrinB2, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, Akt1, ERK1/2, and p38 and increased endothelial cell tube formation and migration. CONCLUSIONS Activation of EphrinB2 signaling by EphB4-Fc was associated with adaptive venous remodeling in vivo while activating endothelial cell function in vitro. Regulation of EphrinB2 signaling may be a new strategy to improve AVF maturation and patency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tun Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; The Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; The Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Haiyang Liu
- The Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Shin-Rong Lee
- The Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Luis Gonzalez
- The Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jolanta Gorecka
- The Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Chang Shu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Center of Vascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Alan Dardik
- The Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Surgery, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut.
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25
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Probiotic-Derived Polyphosphate Accelerates Intestinal Epithelia Wound Healing through Inducing Platelet-Derived Mediators. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:5582943. [PMID: 33859537 PMCID: PMC8025129 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5582943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), is an intractable intestinal inflammation associated with the disruption of the intestinal mucosa. We previously demonstrated that Lactobacillus brevis-derived long-chain polyphosphate (poly P) improved the intestinal barrier function by the upregulation of cell adhesion and relieved intestinal inflammation, thereby exerting a curing effect on colitis in vitro, in vivo, and in an investigator-initiated clinical study of UC. However, how poly P improves mucosal defects induced by intestinal inflammation has not been elucidated. In this study, we detected the accumulation of platelets in inflamed tissues induced by poly P in a dextran sulfate sodium- (DSS-) induced colitis mouse model. A light transmission aggregometry analysis and scanning electron microscopy showed that poly P promoted the platelet aggregation. An SRB assay and ki-67 staining showed that the supernatant of poly P-treated platelet-rich plasma (PRP) increased intestinal epithelial cell growth. A wound healing assay showed that the supernatant of poly P-treated PRP, but not poly P itself, accelerated wound healing. A Western blotting analysis indicated that mitogen-activated protein kinase activation was induced by the supernatant of poly P-treated human PRP in the epithelial cells and its wound healing effect was significantly decreased by the inhibition of ERK signaling. These data suggested that platelet-derived mediators induced by poly P improved intestinal inflammation through the promotion of epithelial cell growth by the activation of the ERK signaling pathway. The mechanism is a novel host-microbe interaction through mammalian platelet-derived mediators induced by bacterial molecules.
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26
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Kumara BN, Shambhu R, Prasad KS. Why chitosan could be apt candidate for glaucoma drug delivery - An overview. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 176:47-65. [PMID: 33581206 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Most of the people in the world are affected by glaucoma, which leads to irreversible blindness. Several patient friendly treatments are available, nevertheless medications lack an easy and efficient way of sustained delivery. To make the delivery with enhanced bioavailability, biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers-based drug carriers are explored. However, ocular drug delivery issues have not been resolved yet due to less adhesiveness, poor penetration ability, pH, and temperature dependent burst releases. Chitosan is found to be effective for ocular drug delivery due to excellent physio-chemical properties in terms of overcoming the existing issues. In this review, we aim to highlight why it has been chosen and the holy grail for ocular drug delivery. Besides, we have comprehensively reviewed recent patents on chitosan as a platform for ocular drug delivery and future perspectives on factors, lacunae and challenges that need to be addressed for better ocular delivery methods for glaucoma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Kumara
- Nanomaterial Research Laboratory [NMRL], Nano Division, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya [Deemed to be University], Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, India
| | - Rashmi Shambhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya [Deemed to be University], Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, India
| | - K Sudhakara Prasad
- Nanomaterial Research Laboratory [NMRL], Nano Division, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya [Deemed to be University], Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, India; Centre for Nutrition Studies, Yenepoya [Deemed to be University], Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, India.
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27
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Nuwormegbe SA, Kim SW. AMPK Activation by 5-Amino-4-Imidazole Carboxamide Riboside-1-β-D-Ribofuranoside Attenuates Alkali Injury-Induced Corneal Fibrosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:43. [PMID: 32561924 PMCID: PMC7415321 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.6.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Increased TGF-β1 synthesis after corneal alkali injury is implicated in corneal fibrosis, as it promotes transdifferentiation of keratocytes into myofibroblasts. The activation of 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) by 5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide riboside-1-β-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR) inhibits TGF-β1-induced fibrosis in other cell types. We investigated the antifibrotic effect of AICAR in corneal fibroblasts after alkali injury. Methods Mouse models of corneal alkali burn, produced by placing 2-mm-diameter filter paper soaked in 0.1-N NaOH on the right cornea for 30 seconds, were treated with the test drugs 4× daily for 21 days. The central cornea was scanned by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Corneal tissues were obtained and processed for western blotting and immunohistochemistry. For in vitro analysis, primary human corneal fibroblasts were treated directly with TGF-β1 to induce fibrosis, with or without AICAR pretreatment. Myofibroblast activation and extracellular matrix (ECM) protein synthesis were detected by western blotting, real-time PCR, and collagen gel contraction assay. Signaling proteins were analyzed by western blotting. Results Alkali injury induced the upregulation of TGF-β1 expression, which led to increased α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and fibronectin synthesis and myofibroblast differentiation. AMPK activation by AICAR significantly suppressed TGF-β1 and ECM protein expression. The antifibrotic effect of AICAR was AMPK dependent, as treatment with the AMPK inhibitor Compound C attenuated the antifibrotic response. Conclusions AMPK activation by AICAR suppresses the myofibroblast differentiation and ECM synthesis that occur after alkali injury in corneal fibroblasts.
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28
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Jin X, Rosenbohm J, Kim E, Esfahani AM, Seiffert-Sinha K, Wahl JK, Lim JY, Sinha AA, Yang R. Modulation of Mechanical Stress Mitigates Anti-Dsg3 Antibody-Induced Dissociation of Cell-Cell Adhesion. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2000159. [PMID: 33724731 PMCID: PMC7993752 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that mechanical stress in adhesive junctions plays a significant role in dictating the fate of cell-cell attachment under physiological conditions. Targeted disruption of cell-cell junctions leads to multiple pathological conditions, among them the life-threatening autoimmune blistering disease pemphigus vulgaris (PV). The dissociation of cell-cell junctions by autoantibodies is the hallmark of PV, however, the detailed mechanisms that result in tissue destruction remain unclear. Thus far, research and therapy in PV have focused primarily on immune mechanisms upstream of autoantibody binding, while the biophysical aspects of the cell-cell dissociation process leading to acantholysis are less well studied. In work aimed at illuminating the cellular consequences of autoantibody attachment, it is reported that externally applied mechanical stress mitigates antibody-induced monolayer fragmentation and inhibits p38 MAPK phosphorylation activated by anti-Dsg3 antibody. Further, it is demonstrated that mechanical stress applied externally to cell monolayers enhances cell contractility via RhoA activation and promotes the strengthening of cortical actin, which ultimately mitigates antibody-induced cell-cell dissociation. The study elevates understanding of the mechanism of acantholysis in PV and shifts the paradigm of PV disease development from a focus solely on immune pathways to highlight the key role of physical transformations at the target cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Jin
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Jordan Rosenbohm
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Eunju Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Amir Monemian Esfahani
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | | | - James K Wahl
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Jung Yul Lim
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Animesh A Sinha
- Department of Dermatology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Ruiguo Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
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29
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Thomas MU, Messex JK, Dang T, Abdulkadir SA, Jorcyk CL, Liou GY. Macrophages expedite cell proliferation of prostate intraepithelial neoplasia through their downstream target ERK. FEBS J 2020; 288:1871-1886. [PMID: 32865335 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The risk factors for prostate cancer include a high-fat diet and obesity, both of which are associated with an altered cell environment including increased inflammation. It has been shown that chronic inflammation due to a high-fat diet or bacterial infection has the potential to accelerate prostate cancer as well as its precursor, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), development. However, the underlying mechanism of how chronic inflammation promotes prostate cancer development, especially PIN, remains unclear. In this study, we showed that more macrophages were present in PIN areas as compared to the normal areas of human prostate. When co-culturing PIN cells with macrophages in 3D, more PIN cells had nuclear localized cyclin D1, indicating that macrophages enhanced PIN cell proliferation. We identified ICAM-1 and CCL2 as chemoattractants expressed by PIN cells to recruit macrophages. Furthermore, we discovered that macrophage-secreted cytokines including C5a, CXCL1, and CCL2 were responsible for increased PIN cell proliferation. These three cytokines activated ERK and JNK signaling in PIN cells through a ligand-receptor interaction. However, only blockade of ERK abolished macrophage cytokines-induced cell proliferation of PIN. Overall, our results provide a mechanistic view on how macrophages activated through chronic inflammation can expedite PIN progression during prostate cancer development. The information from our work can facilitate a comprehensive understanding of prostate cancer development, which is required for improvement of current strategies for prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikalah U Thomas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, GA, USA
| | - Justin K Messex
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, GA, USA
| | - Tu Dang
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, GA, USA
| | - Sarki A Abdulkadir
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Cheryl L Jorcyk
- Department of Biological Science, Boise State University, ID, USA
| | - Geou-Yarh Liou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, GA, USA.,Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, GA, USA
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Puri S, Coulson-Thomas YM, Gesteira TF, Coulson-Thomas VJ. Distribution and Function of Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans in the Development, Homeostasis and Pathology of the Ocular Surface. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:731. [PMID: 32903857 PMCID: PMC7438910 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ocular surface, which forms the interface between the eye and the external environment, includes the cornea, corneoscleral limbus, the conjunctiva and the accessory glands that produce the tear film. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans (PGs) have been shown to play important roles in the development, hemostasis and pathology of the ocular surface. Herein we review the current literature related to the distribution and function of GAGs and PGs within the ocular surface, with focus on the cornea. The unique organization of ECM components within the cornea is essential for the maintenance of corneal transparency and function. Many studies have described the importance of GAGs within the epithelial and stromal compartment, while very few studies have analyzed the ECM of the endothelial layer. Importantly, GAGs have been shown to be essential for maintaining corneal homeostasis, epithelial cell differentiation and wound healing, and, more recently, a role has been suggested for the ECM in regulating limbal stem cells, corneal innervation, corneal inflammation, corneal angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Reports have also associated genetic defects of the ECM to corneal pathologies. Thus, we also highlight the role of different GAGs and PGs in ocular surface homeostasis, as well as in pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudan Puri
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yvette M Coulson-Thomas
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tarsis F Gesteira
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Optimvia, LLC, Batavia, OH, United States
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Höving AL, Schmidt KE, Merten M, Hamidi J, Rott AK, Faust I, Greiner JFW, Gummert J, Kaltschmidt B, Kaltschmidt C, Knabbe C. Blood Serum Stimulates p38-Mediated Proliferation and Changes in Global Gene Expression of Adult Human Cardiac Stem Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061472. [PMID: 32560212 PMCID: PMC7349155 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During aging, senescent cells accumulate in various tissues accompanied by decreased regenerative capacities of quiescent stem cells, resulting in deteriorated organ function and overall degeneration. In this regard, the adult human heart with a generally low regenerative potential is of extreme interest as a target for rejuvenating strategies with blood borne factors that might be able to activate endogenous stem cell populations. Here, we investigated for the first time the effects of human blood plasma and serum on adult human cardiac stem cells (hCSCs) and showed significantly increased proliferation capacities and metabolism accompanied by a significant decrease of senescent cells, demonstrating a beneficial serum-mediated effect that seemed to be independent of age and sex. However, RNA-seq analysis of serum-treated hCSCs revealed profound effects on gene expression depending on the age and sex of the plasma donor. We further successfully identified key pathways that are affected by serum treatment with p38-MAPK playing a regulatory role in protection from senescence and in the promotion of proliferation in a serum-dependent manner. Inhibition of p38-MAPK resulted in a decline of these serum-mediated beneficial effects on hCSCs in terms of decreased proliferation and accelerated senescence. In summary, we provide new insights in the regulatory networks behind serum-mediated protective effects on adult human cardiac stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Höving
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (K.E.S.); (J.H.); (A.-K.R.); (J.F.W.G.)
- Institute for Laboratory- and Transfusion Medicine, Heart and Diabetes Centre NRW, Ruhr University Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (I.F.); (C.K.)
- Correspondence: (A.L.H.); (C.K.)
| | - Kazuko E. Schmidt
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (K.E.S.); (J.H.); (A.-K.R.); (J.F.W.G.)
- Institute for Laboratory- and Transfusion Medicine, Heart and Diabetes Centre NRW, Ruhr University Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (I.F.); (C.K.)
| | - Madlen Merten
- AG Molecular Neurobiology, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (M.M.); (B.K.)
| | - Jassin Hamidi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (K.E.S.); (J.H.); (A.-K.R.); (J.F.W.G.)
| | - Ann-Katrin Rott
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (K.E.S.); (J.H.); (A.-K.R.); (J.F.W.G.)
| | - Isabel Faust
- Institute for Laboratory- and Transfusion Medicine, Heart and Diabetes Centre NRW, Ruhr University Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (I.F.); (C.K.)
| | - Johannes F. W. Greiner
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (K.E.S.); (J.H.); (A.-K.R.); (J.F.W.G.)
| | - Jan Gummert
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular surgery, Heart and Diabetes Centre NRW, Ruhr-University Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany;
| | - Barbara Kaltschmidt
- AG Molecular Neurobiology, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (M.M.); (B.K.)
| | - Christian Kaltschmidt
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (K.E.S.); (J.H.); (A.-K.R.); (J.F.W.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.L.H.); (C.K.)
| | - Cornelius Knabbe
- Institute for Laboratory- and Transfusion Medicine, Heart and Diabetes Centre NRW, Ruhr University Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (I.F.); (C.K.)
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32
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Gross C, Belville C, Lavergne M, Choltus H, Jabaudon M, Blondonnet R, Constantin JM, Chiambaretta F, Blanchon L, Sapin V. Advanced Glycation End Products and Receptor (RAGE) Promote Wound Healing of Human Corneal Epithelial Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:14. [PMID: 32176265 PMCID: PMC7401750 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.3.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We used a human corneal epithelial cell (HCE) line to determine the involvement of the advanced glycation end products (AGEs) / receptor for AGEs (RAGE) couple in corneal epithelium wound healing. Methods After wounding, HCE cells were exposed to two major RAGE ligands (HMGB1 and AGEs), and wound healing was evaluated using the in vitro scratch assay. Following wound healing, the HCE cells were used to study the influence of the RAGE ligands on HCE proliferation, invasion, and migration. Activation of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway by the AGEs/RAGE couple was tested using a luciferase reporter assay. Functional transcriptional regulation by this pathway was confirmed by quantification of expression of the connexin 43 target gene. For each experiment, specific RAGE involvement was confirmed by small interfering RNA treatments. Results AGEs treatment at a dose of 100 µg/mL significantly improved the wound healing process in a RAGE-dependent manner by promoting cell migration, whereas HMGB1 had no effect. No significant influence of the AGEs/RAGE couple was observed on cell proliferation and invasion. However, this treatment induced an early activation of the NF-κB pathway and positively regulated the expression of the target gene, connexin 43, at both the mRNA and protein levels. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that the RAGE pathway is activated by AGEs treatment and is involved in the promotion of corneal epithelial wound healing. This positive action is observed only during the early stages of wound healing, as illustrated by the quick activation of the NF-κB pathway and induction of connexin 43 expression.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Connexin 43/genetics
- Connexin 43/metabolism
- Corneal Injuries/pathology
- Corneal Injuries/physiopathology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Epithelial Cells/drug effects
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelium, Corneal/cytology
- Epithelium, Corneal/drug effects
- Epithelium, Corneal/injuries
- Epithelium, Corneal/physiology
- Glycation End Products, Advanced/administration & dosage
- Glycation End Products, Advanced/pharmacology
- Glycation End Products, Advanced/physiology
- HMGB1 Protein/administration & dosage
- HMGB1 Protein/pharmacology
- Humans
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products/genetics
- Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products/physiology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Wound Healing/drug effects
- Wound Healing/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Gross
- Team “Translational approach to epithelial injury and repair”, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, GReD, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Corinne Belville
- Team “Translational approach to epithelial injury and repair”, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, GReD, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marilyne Lavergne
- Team “Translational approach to epithelial injury and repair”, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, GReD, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Héléna Choltus
- Team “Translational approach to epithelial injury and repair”, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, GReD, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Matthieu Jabaudon
- Team “Translational approach to epithelial injury and repair”, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, GReD, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Raïko Blondonnet
- Team “Translational approach to epithelial injury and repair”, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, GReD, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Michel Constantin
- Team “Translational approach to epithelial injury and repair”, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, GReD, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frédéric Chiambaretta
- Team “Translational approach to epithelial injury and repair”, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, GReD, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Ophthalmology Department, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Loïc Blanchon
- Team “Translational approach to epithelial injury and repair”, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, GReD, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Vincent Sapin
- Team “Translational approach to epithelial injury and repair”, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, GReD, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetic Department, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Zhu L, Titone R, Robertson DM. The impact of hyperglycemia on the corneal epithelium: Molecular mechanisms and insight. Ocul Surf 2019; 17:644-654. [PMID: 31238114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is reaching epidemic levels worldwide and with it, there is a significant increase in complications associated with the disease. T2DM affects virtually all organ systems including the eye. While frequently overlooked, diabetic keratopathy is the most common ocular complication of diabetes and can manifest in mild to severe forms, the latter of which poses a major threat to vision. As the initial barrier between the environment and the eye, the corneal epithelium functions in innate immune defense. Compromise of this barrier may predispose the cornea to infection and can hinder the refractive capabilities of the eye. The clinical burden in patients with diabetic keratopathy lies primarily in the inability of the corneal epithelium to repair damage and maintain its tight barrier function. Current therapies for diabetic keratopathy are supportive, centering on the prevention of infection and promotion of an optimal healing environment. With no clear disease-modifying agent identified as of yet, a thorough understanding of the pathophysiology that underlies the development of diabetic keratopathy at the cellular level is critical to identify and develop potential therapeutic agents capable of promoting corneal re-epithelialization to accelerate the wound healing process. The focus of this review is to examine what is known regarding the cellular and molecular mechanisms needed to maintain epithelial homeostasis and how it goes awry in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, United States
| | - Rossella Titone
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, United States
| | - Danielle M Robertson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, United States.
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Liu N, Zhang X, Li N, Zhou M, Zhang T, Li S, Cai X, Ji P, Lin Y. Tetrahedral Framework Nucleic Acids Promote Corneal Epithelial Wound Healing in Vitro and in Vivo. SMALL 2019; 15:e1901907. [PMID: 31192537 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201901907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Poor post-traumatic wound healing can affect the normal function of damaged tissues and organs. For example, poor healing of corneal epithelial injuries may lead to permanent visual impairment. It is of great importance to find a therapeutic way to promote wound closure. Tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs) are new promising nanomaterials, which can affect the biological behavior of cells. In the experiment, corneal wound healing is used as an example to explore the effect of tFNAs on wound healing. Results show that the proliferation and migration of human corneal epithelial cells are enhanced by exposure to tFNAs in vitro, possibly relevant to the activation of P38 and ERK1/2 signaling pathway. An animal model of corneal alkali burn is established to further identify the facilitation effect of tFNAs on corneal wound healing in vivo. Clinical evaluations and histological analyses show that tFNAs can improve the corneal transparency and accelerate the re-epithelialization of wounds. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments show that tFNAs can play a positive role in corneal epithelial wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China.,Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401147, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Ni Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Mi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Tianxu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Songhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Ping Ji
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401147, P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
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An Update on Corneal Biomechanics and Architecture in Diabetes. J Ophthalmol 2019; 2019:7645352. [PMID: 31275634 PMCID: PMC6589322 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7645352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, we have witnessed substantial progress in our understanding of corneal biomechanics and architecture. It is well known that diabetes is a systemic metabolic disease that causes chronic progressive damage in the main organs of the human body, including the eyeball. Although the main and most widely recognized ocular effect of diabetes is on the retina, the structure of the cornea (the outermost and transparent tissue of the eye) can also be affected by the poor glycemic control characterizing diabetes. The different corneal structures (epithelium, stroma, and endothelium) are affected by specific complications of diabetes. The development of new noninvasive diagnostic technologies has provided a better understanding of corneal tissue modifications. The objective of this review is to describe the advances in the knowledge of the corneal alterations that diabetes can induce.
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Graptopetalum paraguayense Inhibits Liver Fibrosis by Blocking TGF-β Signaling In Vivo and In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102592. [PMID: 31137784 PMCID: PMC6566198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Liver fibrosis is the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins, including collagen, which occurs in most types of chronic liver diseases. Advanced liver fibrosis results in cirrhosis, liver failure, and portal hypertension. Activated hepatic perivascular stellate cells, portal fibroblasts, and myofibroblasts of bone marrow origin have been identified as major collagen-producing cells in the injured liver. These cells are activated by fibrogenic cytokines, such as TGF-β1. The inhibition of TGF-β1 function or synthesis is a major target for the development of antifibrotic therapies. Our previous study showed that the water and ethanol extracts of Graptopetalum paraguayense (GP), a Chinese herbal medicine, can prevent dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in rats. METHODS We used rat hepatic stellate HSC-T6 cells and a diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced rat liver injury model to test the potential mechanism of GP extracts and its fraction, HH-F3. RESULTS We demonstrated that GP extracts and HH-F3 downregulated the expression levels of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and inhibited the proliferation and migration via suppression of the TGF-β1 pathway in rat hepatic stellate HSC-T6 cells. Moreover, the HH-F3 fraction decreased hepatic collagen content and reduced plasma AST, ALT, and γ-GT activities in a DEN-induced rat liver injury model, suggesting that GP/HH-F3 has hepatoprotective effects against DEN-induced liver fibrosis. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that GP/HH-F3 may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of liver fibrosis. The inhibition of TGF-β-mediated fibrogenesis may be a central mechanism by which GP/HH-F3 protects the liver from injury.
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Sensory nerve supports epithelial stem cell function in healing of corneal epithelium in mice: the role of trigeminal nerve transient receptor potential vanilloid 4. J Transl Med 2019; 99:210-230. [PMID: 30413814 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to understand the pathobiology of neurotrophic keratopathy, we established a mouse model by coagulating the first branch of the trigeminal nerve (V1 nerve). In our model, the sensory nerve in the central cornea disappeared and remaining fibers were sparse in the peripheral limbal region. Impaired corneal epithelial healing in the mouse model was associated with suppression of both cell proliferation and expression of stem cell markers in peripheral/limbal epithelium as well as a reduction of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) expression in tissue. TRPV4 gene knockout also suppressed epithelial repair in mouse cornea, although it did not seem to directly modulate migration of epithelium. In a co-culture experiment, TRPV4-introduced KO trigeminal ganglion upregulated nerve growth factor (NGF) in cultured corneal epithelial cells, but ganglion with a control vector did not. TRPV4 gene introduction into a damaged V1 nerve rescues the impairment of epithelial healing in association with partial recovery of the stem/progenitor cell markers and upregulation of cell proliferation and of NGF expression in the peripheral/limbal epithelium. Gene transfer of TRPV4 did not accelerate the regeneration of nerve fibers. Sensory nerve TRPV4 is critical to maintain stemness of peripheral/limbal basal cells, and is one of the major mechanisms of homeostasis maintenance of corneal epithelium.
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38
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Wei Y, Troger A, Spahiu V, Perekhvatova N, Skulachev M, Petrov A, Chernyak B, Asbell P. The Role of SKQ1 (Visomitin) in Inflammation and Wound Healing of the Ocular Surface. Ophthalmol Ther 2018; 8:63-73. [PMID: 30565203 PMCID: PMC6393248 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-018-0158-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction SkQ1 (Visomitin) is a novel mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant that holds promise in the treatment of inflammation associated with ocular surface diseases such as dry eye disease (DED) and corneal wounds. However, the specific role of SkQ1 in ocular surface epithelial tissue has yet to be explicated. The goal of this study is to identify roles of SkQ1 in conjunctival inflammation and corneal wound healing. Methods To determine the role of SkQ1 in inflammation, human conjunctival epithelial (HCjE) cell cultures were sensitized with pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) followed by treatments with SkQ1. The production of inflammatory biomarker prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and cell viability were quantitatively evaluated. To determine the role of SkQ1 in wound healing, human corneal limbus epithelial (HCLE) cell cultures were streaked to create wounds. The wound closure times, ability to support single HCLE cell proliferation and changes of cell migration in the presence of SB203580, an inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), were further compared. Results The HCjE and HCLE cultures showed no apparent cytotoxicity to SkQ1 in concentrations up to 250 nM (HCjE) or 2500 nM (HCLE). The HCLE cultures showed no toxicity to SkQ1 at all the SkQ1 concentrations tested. SkQ1 significantly suppressed PGE2 production of HCjE at concentrations < 300 nM (24 h) and 50 nM (48 h), apparently being SkQ1 dose and treatment time dependent. The wound closure rates were increased by 4% in 4 h and by 9% after 8–12 h in the presence of 50 nM SkQ1. Furthermore, as little as 25 nM of SkQ1 significantly stimulated HCLE single-cell proliferation. Lastly, the SkQ1-stimulated wound healing was completely abolished by SB203580. Conclusion Results of the current study demonstrate that SkQ1 exhibits an anti-inflammatory role and can be safely applied to ocular surface epithelium up to a concentration of 300 nM (181 ng/ml) for 24 h. SkQ1 also significantly enhances corneal epithelial wound healing, likely through enhancement of cell proliferation and migration. The data provide solid support for SkQ1 as a promising new therapeutic strategy for treatment of conjunctival inflammation as well as corneal wounds. Funding This study was sponsored by Mitotech SA Pharmaceuticals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s40123-018-0158-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wei
- The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Andrew Troger
- The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Viola Spahiu
- The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Boris Chernyak
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Penny Asbell
- The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Jafari A, Isa A, Chen L, Ditzel N, Zaher W, Harkness L, Johnsen HE, Abdallah BM, Clausen C, Kassem M. TAFA2 Induces Skeletal (Stromal) Stem Cell Migration Through Activation of Rac1-p38 Signaling. Stem Cells 2018; 37:407-416. [PMID: 30485583 PMCID: PMC7379704 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms regulating recruitment of human skeletal (stromal or mesenchymal) stem cells (hMSC) to sites of tissue injury is a prerequisite for their successful use in cell replacement therapy. Chemokine‐like protein TAFA2 is a recently discovered neurokine involved in neuronal cell migration and neurite outgrowth. Here, we demonstrate a possible role for TAFA2 in regulating recruitment of hMSC to bone fracture sites. TAFA2 increased the in vitro trans‐well migration and motility of hMSC in a dose‐dependent fashion and induced significant morphological changes including formation of lamellipodia as revealed by high‐content‐image analysis at single‐cell level. Mechanistic studies revealed that TAFA2 enhanced hMSC migration through activation of the Rac1‐p38 pathway. In addition, TAFA2 enhanced hMSC proliferation, whereas differentiation of hMSC toward osteoblast and adipocyte lineages was not altered. in vivo studies demonstrated transient upregulation of TAFA2 gene expression during the inflammatory phase of fracture healing in a closed femoral fracture model in mice, and a similar pattern was observed in serum levels of TAFA2 in patients after hip fracture. Finally, interleukin‐1β was found as an upstream regulator of TAFA2 expression. Our findings demonstrate that TAFA2 enhances hMSC migration and recruitment and thus is relevant for regenerative medicine applications. Stem Cells2019;37:407–416
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Jafari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Molecular Endocrinology & Stem Cell Research Unit (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Adiba Isa
- Molecular Endocrinology & Stem Cell Research Unit (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Li Chen
- Molecular Endocrinology & Stem Cell Research Unit (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Nicholas Ditzel
- Molecular Endocrinology & Stem Cell Research Unit (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Walid Zaher
- Molecular Endocrinology & Stem Cell Research Unit (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Linda Harkness
- Molecular Endocrinology & Stem Cell Research Unit (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Hans E Johnsen
- Department of Haematology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Basem M Abdallah
- Molecular Endocrinology & Stem Cell Research Unit (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Moustapha Kassem
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Molecular Endocrinology & Stem Cell Research Unit (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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40
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Lack of plakoglobin impairs integrity and wound healing in corneal epithelium in mice. J Transl Med 2018; 98:1375-1383. [PMID: 29802338 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0082-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We generated cornea-specific plakoglobin (Jup; junctional plakoglobin) knockout mice in order to investigate the function of plakoglobin on the maintenance of the homeostasis of corneal epithelium in mice. Cornea epithelium-specific conditional knockouts (JupCEΔ/CEΔ) (cKO) were obtained by breeding keratin12-Cre (Krt12-Cre) mice to Jup-floxed (Jupf/f) mice. Light and transmission electron microscopic and immunohistochemical analyses were carried out to determine consequence of the loss of plakoglobin on maintaining corneal epithelium integrity under mechanical stress, e.g., brushing and wound healing. Immunohistochemistry analysis demonstrated that, although Jup ablation did not affect BrdU incorporation, basal cell-like cells labeled for keratin 14 were ectopically present in the supra-basal layer in mutant corneal epithelium, suggestive of altered cell differentiation. Plakoglobin-deficient epithelium exhibits increased fragility against mechanical intervention when compared to wild-type controls under identical treatment. Closure of an epithelial defect was significantly delayed in JupCEΔ/CEΔ epithelium. Our findings indicate that the lack of plakoglobin significantly affects corneal epithelium differentiation, as well as its structural integrity. Plakoglobin is essential to the maintenance of the structure of the corneal epithelium and its wound healing.
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Yang L, Zhang S, Duan H, Dong M, Hu X, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Zhang X, Shi W, Zhou Q. Different Effects of Pro-Inflammatory Factors and Hyperosmotic Stress on Corneal Epithelial Stem/Progenitor Cells and Wound Healing in Mice. Stem Cells Transl Med 2018; 8:46-57. [PMID: 30302939 PMCID: PMC6312447 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation and severe dry eye are two important adverse factors for the successful transplant of cultured limbal stem cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of inflammation and hyperosmotic stress (a key pathological factor in dry eye) on corneal epithelial stem cells (CESCs) and corneal epithelial wound healing. We observed that the CESCs exhibited significant morphological changes when treated with interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), or hyperosmotic stress. Colony‐forming efficiency or colony‐forming size was decreased with the increasing concentrations of IL‐1β, TNF‐α, or hyperosmotic stress, which was exacerbated when treated simultaneously with pro‐inflammatory factors and hyperosmotic stress. However, the colony‐forming capacity of CESCs recovered more easily from pro‐inflammatory factor treatment than from hyperosmotic stress treatment. Moreover, when compared with pro‐inflammatory factors treatment, hyperosmotic stress treatment caused a more significant increase of apoptotic and necrotic cell numbers and cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. Furthermore, the normal ability of corneal epithelial wound healing in the mice model was suppressed by both pro‐inflammatory factors and hyperosmotic stress treatment, and especially severely by hyperosmotic stress treatment. In addition, inflammation combined with hyperosmotic stress treatment induced more serious epithelial repair delays and apoptosis in corneal epithelium. Elevated levels of inflammatory factors were found in hyperosmotic stress‐treated cells and mice corneas, which persisted even during the recovery period. The results suggested that pro‐inflammatory factors cause transient inhibition, while hyperosmotic stress causes severe apoptosis and necrosis, persistent cell cycle arrest of CESCs, and severe corneal wound healing delay. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2019;8:46–57
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Yang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Songmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoyun Duan
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Muchen Dong
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaohua Zhang
- Shandong Lunan Eye Hospital, Linyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiyun Shi
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingjun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
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Oxidative stress-modulating drugs have preferential anticancer effects - involving the regulation of apoptosis, DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, metabolism, and migration. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 58:109-117. [PMID: 30149066 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To achieve preferential effects against cancer cells but less damage to normal cells is one of the main challenges of cancer research. In this review, we explore the roles and relationships of oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis, DNA damage, ER stress, autophagy, metabolism, and migration of ROS-modulating anticancer drugs. Understanding preferential anticancer effects in more detail will improve chemotherapeutic approaches that are based on ROS-modulating drugs in cancer treatments.
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43
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Tsai T, Veitinger S, Peek I, Busse D, Eckardt J, Vladimirova D, Jovancevic N, Wojcik S, Gisselmann G, Altmüller J, Ständer S, Luger T, Paus R, Cheret J, Hatt H. Two olfactory receptors-OR2A4/7 and OR51B5-differentially affect epidermal proliferation and differentiation. Exp Dermatol 2018; 26:58-65. [PMID: 27315375 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs), which belong to the G-protein coupled receptor family, are expressed in various human tissues, including skin. Cells in non-olfactory tissues tend to express more than one individual OR gene, but function and interaction of two or more ORs in the same cell type has only been marginally analysed. Here, we revealed OR2A4/7 and OR51B5 as two new ORs in human skin cells and identified cyclohexyl salicylate and isononyl alcohol as agonists of these receptors. In cultured human keratinocytes, both odorants induce strong Ca2+ signals that are mediated by OR2A4/7 and OR51B5, as demonstrated by the receptor knockdown experiments. Activation of corresponding receptors induces a cAMP-dependent pathway. Localization studies and functional characterization of both receptors revealed several differences. OR2A4/7 is expressed in suprabasal keratinocytes and basal melanocytes of the epidermis and influences cytokinesis, cell proliferation, phosphorylation of AKT and Chk-2 and secretion of IL-1. In contrast, OR51B5 is exclusively expressed in suprabasal keratinocytes, supports cell migration and regeneration of keratinocyte monolayers, influences Hsp27, AMPK1 and p38MAPK phosphorylation and interestingly, IL-6 secretion. These findings underline that different ORs perform diverse functions in cutaneous cells, and thus offering an approach for the modulated treatment of skin diseases and wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Tsai
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sophie Veitinger
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Irina Peek
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniela Busse
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Josephine Eckardt
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | | | - Sebastian Wojcik
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Günter Gisselmann
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Sonja Ständer
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Chronic Pruritus, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Paus
- Department of Dermatology, Laboratory for Hair Research and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jeremy Cheret
- Department of Dermatology, Laboratory for Hair Research and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Jung TW, Park HS, Choi GH, Kim D, Lee T. CTRP9 Regulates Growth, Differentiation, and Apoptosis in Human Keratinocytes through TGFβ1-p38-Dependent Pathway. Mol Cells 2017; 40:906-915. [PMID: 29145717 PMCID: PMC5750709 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2017.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment of wound healing is a common problem in individuals with diabetes. Adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived cytokine, has many beneficial effects on metabolic disorders such as diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. C1q/TNF-Related Protein 9 (CTRP9), the closest paralog of adiponectin, has been reported to have beneficial effects on wound healing. In the current study, we demonstrate that CTRP9 regulates growth, differentiation, and apoptosis of HaCaT human keratinocytes. We found that CTRP9 augmented expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) by transcription factor activator protein 1 (AP-1) binding activity and phosphorylation of p38 in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated suppression of TGFβ1 reversed the increase in p38 phosphorylation induced by CTRP9. siRNA-mediated suppression of TGFβ1 or p38 significantly abrogated the effects of CTRP9 on cell proliferation and differentiation while inducing apoptosis, implying that CTRP9 stimulates wound recovery through a TGFβ1-dependent pathway in keratinocytes. Furthermore, intravenous injection of CTRP9 via tail vein suppressed mRNA expression of Ki67 and involucrin whereas it augmented TGFβ1 mRNA expression and caspase 3 activity in skin of type 1 diabetes animal models. In conclusion, our results suggest that CTRP9 has suppressive effects on hyperkeratosis, providing a potentially effective therapeutic strategy for diabetic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Woo Jung
- Research Administration Team, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620,
Korea
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620,
Korea
| | - Hyung Sub Park
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620,
Korea
| | - Geum Hee Choi
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620,
Korea
| | - Daehwan Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620,
Korea
| | - Taeseung Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620,
Korea
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080,
Korea
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45
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Abstract
Corneal epithelial cells (CECs) play an important role in the function of the cornea, and are maintained by corneal epithelial stem cells (CESCs). Recent studies have shown that neuronal growth factors affect the proliferation and migration of CESCs. Neuregulin-1 (NR-1) is a neuronal growth factor that is expressed in the early stages of brain development. The aim of this study was to determine whether NR-1 activates corneal wound healing. We observed that NR-1 activated both proliferation and migration of CECs. In addition, the colony-forming efficacy of CESCs was enhanced. In mice, NR-1 treatment improved corneal wound healing. Furthermore, the expression of markers of corneal epithelium maintenance (ΔNp63) and CESC proliferation (Bmi-1 and Abcg2) was increased. These effects were mediated by intracellular signalling pathways (Stat3, Erk1/2 and p38). Taken together, our results suggest that NR-1 accelerates the recovery of corneal wounds, and may represent a novel treatment for corneal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Yong Jeong
- a Department of Biotechnology, BK21 Plus Program, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , Korea University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Hye-Young Yoo
- a Department of Biotechnology, BK21 Plus Program, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , Korea University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Chan-Wha Kim
- a Department of Biotechnology, BK21 Plus Program, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , Korea University , Seoul , Korea
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46
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Yao B, Wang S, Xiao P, Wang Q, Hea Y, Zhang Y. MAPK signaling pathways in eye wounds: Multifunction and cooperation. Exp Cell Res 2017; 359:10-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Shu DY, Lovicu FJ. Myofibroblast transdifferentiation: The dark force in ocular wound healing and fibrosis. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 60:44-65. [PMID: 28807717 PMCID: PMC5600870 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing is one of the most complex biological processes to occur in life. Repair of tissue following injury involves dynamic interactions between multiple cell types, growth factors, inflammatory mediators and components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Aberrant and uncontrolled wound healing leads to a non-functional mass of fibrotic tissue. In the eye, fibrotic disease disrupts the normally transparent ocular tissues resulting in irreversible loss of vision. A common feature in fibrotic eye disease is the transdifferentiation of cells into myofibroblasts that can occur through a process known as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Myofibroblasts rapidly produce excessive amounts of ECM and exert tractional forces across the ECM, resulting in the distortion of tissue architecture. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) plays a major role in myofibroblast transdifferentiation and has been implicated in numerous fibrotic eye diseases including corneal opacification, pterygium, anterior subcapsular cataract, posterior capsular opacification, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, fibrovascular membrane formation associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, submacular fibrosis, glaucoma and orbital fibrosis. This review serves to introduce the pathological functions of the myofibroblast in fibrotic eye disease. We also highlight recent developments in elucidating the multiple signaling pathways involved in fibrogenesis that may be exploited in the development of novel anti-fibrotic therapies to reduce ocular morbidity due to scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Y Shu
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Frank J Lovicu
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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48
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Arun RP, Sivanesan D, Vidyasekar P, Verma RS. PTEN/FOXO3/AKT pathway regulates cell death and mediates morphogenetic differentiation of Colorectal Cancer Cells under Simulated Microgravity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5952. [PMID: 28729699 PMCID: PMC5519599 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06416-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gravity is a major physical factor determining the stress and strain around cells. Both in space experiments and ground simulation, change in gravity impacts the viability and function of various types of cells as well as in vivo conditions. Cancer cells have been shown to die under microgravity. This can be exploited for better understanding of the biology and identification of novel avenues for therapeutic intervention. Here, we described the effect of microgravity simulated using Rotational Cell Culture System-High Aspect Ratio Vessel (RCCS-HARV) on the viability and morphological changes of colorectal cancer cells. We observed DLD1, HCT116 and SW620 cells die through apoptosis under simulated microgravity (SM). Gene expression analysis on DLD1 cells showed upregulation of tumor suppressors PTEN and FOXO3; leading to AKT downregulation and further induction of apoptosis, through upregulation of CDK inhibitors CDKN2B, CDKN2D. SM induced cell clumps had elevated hypoxia and mitochondrial membrane potential that led to adaptive responses like morphogenetic changes, migration and deregulated autophagy, when shifted to normal culture conditions. This can be exploited to understand the three-dimensional (3D) biology of cancer in the aspect of stress response. This study highlights the regulation of cell function and viability under microgravity through PTEN/FOXO3/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Pranap Arun
- Stem Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Divya Sivanesan
- Stem Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | | | - Rama Shanker Verma
- Stem Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
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Nishikai-Yan Shen T, Kanazawa S, Kado M, Okada K, Luo L, Hayashi A, Mizuno H, Tanaka R. Interleukin-6 stimulates Akt and p38 MAPK phosphorylation and fibroblast migration in non-diabetic but not diabetic mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178232. [PMID: 28542434 PMCID: PMC5441644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent inflammatory environment and abnormal macrophage activation are characteristics of chronic diabetic wounds. Here, we attempted to characterize the differences in macrophage activation and temporal variations in cytokine expression in diabetic and non-diabetic wounds, with a focus on interleukin (IL)-6 mRNA expression and the p38 MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Cutaneous wound closure, CD68- and arginase-1 (Arg-1)-expressing macrophages, and cytokine mRNA expression were examined in non-diabetic and streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic mice at different time points after injury. The effect of IL-6 on p38 MAPK and Akt phosphorylation was investigated, and an in vitro scratch assay was performed to determine the role of IL-6 in primary skin fibroblast migration. Before injury, mRNA expression levels of the inflammatory markers iNOS, IL-6, and TNF-α were higher in diabetic mice; however, IL-6 expression was significantly lower 6 h post injury in diabetic wounds than that in non-diabetic wounds. Non-diabetic wounds exhibited increased p38 MAPK and Akt phosphorylation; however, no such increase was found in diabetic wounds. In fibroblasts from non-diabetic mice, IL-6 increased the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and levels of its downstream factor CREB, and also significantly increased Akt phosphorylation and levels of its upstream factor P13K. These effects of IL-6 were not detected in fibroblasts derived from the diabetic mice. In scratch assays, IL-6 stimulated the migration of primary cultured skin fibroblasts from the non-diabetic mice, and the inhibition of p38 MAPK was found to markedly suppress IL-6–stimulated fibroblast migration. These findings underscore the critical differences between diabetic and non-diabetic wounds in terms of macrophage activation, cytokine mRNA expression profile, and involvement of the IL-6-stimulated p38 MAPK–Akt signaling pathway. Aberrant macrophage activation and abnormalities in the cytokine mRNA expression profile during different phases of wound healing should be addressed when designing effective therapeutic modalities for refractory diabetic wounds.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Fibroblasts/drug effects
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/pathology
- Interleukin-6/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Phosphorylation/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Skin/drug effects
- Skin/metabolism
- Skin/pathology
- Wound Healing/drug effects
- Wound Healing/physiology
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubame Nishikai-Yan Shen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Kanazawa
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makiko Kado
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kayoko Okada
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lin Luo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayato Hayashi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mizuno
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rica Tanaka
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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50
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Resende CMM, Durso DF, Borges KBG, Pereira RM, Rodrigues GKD, Rodrigues KF, Silva JLP, Rodrigues EC, Franco GR, Alvarez-Leite JI. The polymorphism rs17782313 near MC4R gene is related with anthropometric changes in women submitted to bariatric surgery over 60 months. Clin Nutr 2017; 37:1286-1292. [PMID: 28579220 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate whether the polymorphism rs17782313 near MC4R gene influences long-term outcomes after bariatric surgery. METHODS The rs16782313 polymorphism was genotyped in 217 individuals undergoing bariatric surgery and analyzed in detail in 141 women. Data for comorbidities, BMI, excess weight loss (EWL), and body composition were obtained before and during 60 months after surgery. RESULTS The risk allele was found in 65 (47%) of the 141 women. Pre-surgical body weight and BMI were higher in carriers of the rs17782313 polymorphism (CC + CT group) than in non-carriers (TT group) (p = 0.039 and 0.047, respectively). The number of women who acquired surgical success (EWL > 50%), was lower in CC + CT group compared to TT group (p = 0.015). The minimum BMI seen during the 60 months of follow-up was higher in CC + CT group compared to TT group (p = 0.028). The number of women who presented BMI < 30 kg/m2 (no longer classified as obesity) after 24 months of surgery was inferior in CC + CT group (6 out 35 patients - 17%) than in TT group (19 out 49 patients - 37%, p = 0.043). Moreover, the number of patients maintaining BMI > 35 kg/m2 were higher carriers (18 out 35 patients - 51%) compare to non-carriers (16 out 49 patients - 32%, p = 0.045). CONCLUSION Women with extreme obesity carrying rs17782313 MC4R polymorphism present a higher pre-surgical BMI, are more unlikely to reach non-obesity BMI (<30 kg/m2) and tend to maintain a BMI > 35 kg/m2 that characterize treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danielle Fernandes Durso
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Imunologia - ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Karina Braga Gomes Borges
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas de Toxicológicas - FAFAR, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Messias Pereira
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Imunologia - ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Kathryna Fontana Rodrigues
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas de Toxicológicas - FAFAR, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Padilha Silva
- Departamento de Estatística, ICEX, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Gloria Regina Franco
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Imunologia - ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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