1
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Jiang YY, Wei RY, Tang K, Wang Z, Tan NH. Ginsenoside Rg1 promotes neurite growth of retinal ganglion cells through cAMP/PKA/CREB pathways. J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:163-170. [PMID: 38465221 PMCID: PMC10920000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mechanisms of synaptic plasticity in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are complex and the current knowledge cannot explain. Growth and regeneration of dendrites together with synaptic formation are the most important parameters for evaluating the cellular protective effects of various molecules. The effect of ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) on the growth of retinal ganglion cell processes has been poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on the neurite growth of RGCs. Methods Expression of proteins and mRNA were detected by Western blot and qPCR. cAMP levels were determined by ELISA. In vivo effects of Rg1 on RGCs were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin, and immunohistochemistry staining. Results This study found that Rg1 promoted the growth and synaptic plasticity of RGCs neurite by activating the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathways. Meanwhile, Rg1 upregulated the expression of GAP43, Rac1 and PAX6, which are closely related to the growth of neurons. Meantime, H89, an antagonist of PKA, could block this effect of Rg1. In addition, we preliminarily explored the effect of Rg1 on enhancing the glycolysis of RGCs, which could be one of the mechanisms for its neuroprotective effects. Conclusion Rg1 promoted neurite growth of RGCs through cAMP/PKA/CREB pathways. This study may lay a foundation for its clinical use of optic nerve diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kai Tang
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning-hua Tan
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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2
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Zueva MV, Neroeva NV, Zhuravleva AN, Bogolepova AN, Kotelin VV, Fadeev DV, Tsapenko IV. Fractal Phototherapy in Maximizing Retina and Brain Plasticity. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 36:585-637. [PMID: 38468055 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47606-8_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The neuroplasticity potential is reduced with aging and impairs during neurodegenerative diseases and brain and visual system injuries. This limits the brain's capacity to repair the structure and dynamics of its activity after lesions. Maximization of neuroplasticity is necessary to provide the maximal CNS response to therapeutic intervention and adaptive reorganization of neuronal networks in patients with degenerative pathology and traumatic injury to restore the functional activity of the brain and retina.Considering the fractal geometry and dynamics of the healthy brain and the loss of fractality in neurodegenerative pathology, we suggest that the application of self-similar visual signals with a fractal temporal structure in the stimulation therapy can reactivate the adaptive neuroplasticity and enhance the effectiveness of neurorehabilitation. This proposition was tested in the recent studies. Patients with glaucoma had a statistically significant positive effect of fractal photic therapy on light sensitivity and the perimetric MD index, which shows that methods of fractal stimulation can be a novel nonpharmacological approach to neuroprotective therapy and neurorehabilitation. In healthy rabbits, it was demonstrated that a long-term course of photostimulation with fractal signals does not harm the electroretinogram (ERG) and retina structure. Rabbits with modeled retinal atrophy showed better dynamics of the ERG restoration during daily stimulation therapy for a week in comparison with the controls. Positive changes in the retinal function can indirectly suggest the activation of its adaptive plasticity and the high potential of stimulation therapy with fractal visual stimuli in a nonpharmacological neurorehabilitation, which requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V Zueva
- Department of Clinical Physiology of Vision, Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V Neroeva
- Department of Pathology of the Retina and Optic Nerve, Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia N Zhuravleva
- Department of Glaucoma, Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna N Bogolepova
- Department of neurology, neurosurgery and medical genetics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladislav V Kotelin
- Department of Clinical Physiology of Vision, Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis V Fadeev
- Scientific Experimental Center Department, Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina V Tsapenko
- Department of Clinical Physiology of Vision, Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
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3
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Choe S, Jang M, Kim YK, Park KH, Jeoung JW. Clinical usefulness of layer-by-layer deviation maps of Spectralis OCT: comparison with Cirrus OCT. Br J Ophthalmol 2023; 107:1645-1651. [PMID: 36002236 DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2022-321054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To compare the diagnostic abilities of Spectralis (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) and Cirrus (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, California, USA) spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (OCT) for retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) defect detection among patients with preperimetric glaucoma (PPG) and early glaucoma (EG). METHODS In this cross-sectional study, a total of 144 eyes (47 healthy, 43 PPG, 54 EG; MD≥-6 dB) of 144 participants underwent Spectralis and Cirrus OCT on the same day. The presence of RNFL defect on red-free RNFL photography and the respective deviation maps of Spectralis and Cirrus OCT was rated. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs), sensitivities and specificities were analysed for each deviation layer to discriminate healthy eyes from PPG and EG eyes. RESULTS The RNFL, ganglion cell layer (GCL) and retinal layers of Spectralis OCT and the RNFL and macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer of Cirrus OCT showed high diagnostic performance (all AUCs >0.8) in discriminating PPG and EG eyes from healthy eyes. Among them, RNFL layer of Cirrus OCT had the largest AUC (0.840 for PPG, 0.959 for EG) but showed no statistical differences from RNFL and retinal layers of Spectralis OCT. The inner plexiform layer (IPL) of Spectralis OCT had the smallest AUC (0.563 for PPG, 0.799 for EG). CONCLUSIONS The Spectralis and Cirrus OCT deviation maps showed good diagnostic abilities except for the IPL layer of Spectralis. In the clinical setting, both Spectralis and Cirrus OCT can be useful for detection of RNFL defects in PPG and EG eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyeon Choe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mirinae Jang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Kook Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki Ho Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Wook Jeoung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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4
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Yao X, Yang H, Han H, Kou X, Jiang Y, Luo M, Zhou Y, Wang J, Fan X, Wang X, Li MJ, Yan H. Genome-wide analysis of genetic pleiotropy and causal genes across three age-related ocular disorders. Hum Genet 2023; 142:507-522. [PMID: 36917350 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-023-02542-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), cataract, and glaucoma are leading causes of blindness worldwide. Previous genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have revealed a variety of susceptible loci associated with age-related ocular disorders, yet the genetic pleiotropy and causal genes across these diseases remain poorly understood. By leveraging large-scale genetic and observational data from ocular disease GWASs and UK Biobank (UKBB), we found significant pairwise genetic correlations and consistent epidemiological associations among these ocular disorders. Cross-disease meta-analysis uncovered seven pleiotropic loci, three of which were replicated in an additional cohort. Integration of variants in pleiotropic loci and multiple single-cell omics data identified that Müller cells and astrocytes were likely trait-related cell types underlying ocular comorbidity. In addition, we comprehensively integrated eye-specific gene expression quantitative loci (eQTLs), epigenomic profiling, and 3D genome data to prioritize causal pleiotropic genes. We found that pleiotropic genes were essential in nerve development and eye pigmentation, and targetable by aflibercept and pilocarpine for the treatment of AMD and glaucoma. These findings will not only facilitate the mechanistic research of ocular comorbidities but also benefit the therapeutic optimization of age-related ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueming Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Hongxi Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Han Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Xuejing Kou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yuhan Jiang
- Department of Bioinformatics, The Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Menghan Luo
- Department of Bioinformatics, The Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yao Zhou
- Department of Bioinformatics, The Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, The Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xutong Fan
- Department of Bioinformatics, The Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| | - Mulin Jun Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China. .,Department of Bioinformatics, The Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| | - Hua Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China. .,Laboratory of Molecular Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China. .,School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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5
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Hu T, Meng S, Zhang Q, Song S, Tan C, Huang J, Chen D. Astrocyte derived TSP2 contributes to synaptic alteration and visual dysfunction in retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:196. [PMID: 36471420 PMCID: PMC9720934 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00932-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite current intervention measures/therapies are able to ameliorate neuronal death following retinal injuries/diseases, the recovery of visual function remains unsatisfactory. Previous studies revealed that the retinal synapse and neurite changed during the early stage after retinopathy, which was considered to be detrimental to visual signal transmission. However, the specific profiles and the mechanisms underlying retinal neurite and synaptic alteration after retinal pathologies remain poorly understood. METHODS Here, we revealed the spatiotemporal pattern of neurite and synaptic alteration following retinal pathologies using a rat model of acute RI/R induced by high intraocular pressure (HIOP) with Western blotting, Immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy. We further explored the potential role of activated astrocytes and their derived thrombospondin 2 (TSP2) in RI/R induced retinal neurite and synaptic alteration and visual dysfunction through viral transduction and drug injection. RESULTS We found a defasciculation of RGC axons, a compensatory increase of presynaptic proteins (synaptophysin and synapsin 1) and synaptic vesicles between bipolar cells and ganglion cells in the inner plexiform layer (IPL), and the degenerated visual function preceded the neuronal death in rat retinae. These events were accompanied by the activation of astrocytes. Furthermore, we showed that suppressing the activation of astrocytes (intravitreal injection of fluorocitric acid, FC), TSP2 knockdown (TSP2 shRNA-AAV transduction), and competitively inhibiting the binding of TSP2 and α2δ1 (intraperitoneal injection of gabapentin, GBP) effectively alleviated the retinal synaptic and neurite alteration and the visual dysfunction following RI/R injury. CONCLUSIONS (1) At the early stage following RI/R injury, the rat retinae develop a degeneration of ganglion cell axons and the resulting compensatory synaptic remodeling between bipolar cells and ganglion cells in IPL. These changes occur earlier than the massive loss of neurons in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). (2) Activated astrocytes may secret TSP2, which bind to α2δ1, to mediate the degeneration of rat retinal ganglion cell axons, compensatory synaptic remodeling in IPL, and visual dysfunction following RI/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu Hu
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008 Hunan People’s Republic of China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, 410008 Hunan People’s Republic of China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuhan Meng
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008 Hunan People’s Republic of China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, 410008 Hunan People’s Republic of China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianyue Zhang
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008 Hunan People’s Republic of China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, 410008 Hunan People’s Republic of China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan People’s Republic of China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, No. 172 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013 Hunan People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuang Song
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, No.238 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078 Hunan People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Tan
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, No. 172 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013 Hunan People’s Republic of China
| | - Jufang Huang
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, No. 172 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013 Hunan People’s Republic of China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, 410008 Hunan People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Chen
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, No. 172 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013 Hunan People’s Republic of China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, 410008 Hunan People’s Republic of China
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6
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Mattern L, Otten K, Miskey C, Fuest M, Izsvák Z, Ivics Z, Walter P, Thumann G, Johnen S. Molecular and Functional Characterization of BDNF-Overexpressing Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Established by Sleeping Beauty Transposon-Mediated Gene Transfer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12982. [PMID: 36361771 PMCID: PMC9656812 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
More and more patients suffer from multifactorial neurodegenerative diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). However, their pathological mechanisms are still poorly understood, which complicates the development of effective therapies. To improve treatment of multifactorial diseases, cell-based gene therapy can be used to increase the expression of therapeutic factors. To date, there is no approved therapy for dry AMD, including late-stage geographic atrophy. We present a treatment option for dry AMD that transfers the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene into retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells by electroporation using the plasmid-based Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system. ARPE-19 cells and primary human RPE cells were co-transfected with two plasmids encoding the SB100X transposase and the transposon carrying a BDNF transcription cassette. We demonstrated efficient expression and secretion of BDNF in both RPE cell types, which were further increased in ARPE-19 cell cultures exposed to hydrogen peroxide. BDNF-transfected cells exhibited lower apoptosis rates and stimulated neurite outgrowth in human SH-SY5Y cells. This study is an important step in the development of a cell-based BDNF gene therapy that could be applied as an advanced therapy medicinal product to treat dry AMD or other degenerative retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Mattern
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Katrin Otten
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Csaba Miskey
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Matthias Fuest
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Zsuzsanna Izsvák
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Zoltán Ivics
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Peter Walter
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Thumann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Experimental Ophthalmology, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Johnen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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7
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Trinh M, Eshow N, Alonso-Caneiro D, Kalloniatis M, Nivison-Smith L. Reticular Pseudodrusen Are Associated With More Advanced Para-Central Photoreceptor Degeneration in Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:12. [PMID: 36251316 PMCID: PMC9586134 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.11.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine retinal topographical differences between intermediate age-related macular degeneration (iAMD) with reticular pseudodrusen (RPD) versus iAMD without RPD, using high-density optical coherence tomography (OCT) cluster analysis. Methods Single eyes from 153 individuals (51 with iAMD+RPD, 51 with iAMD, and 51 healthy) were propensity-score matched by age, sex, and refraction. High-density OCT grid-wise (60 × 60 grids, each approximately 0.01 mm2 area) thicknesses were custom-extracted from macular cube scans, then compared between iAMD+RPD and iAMD eyes with correction for confounding factors. These "differences (µm)" were clustered and results de-convoluted to reveal mean difference (95% confidence interval [CI]) and topography of the inner retina (retinal nerve fiber, ganglion cell, inner plexiform, and inner nuclear layers) and outer retina (outer plexiform/Henle's fiber/outer nuclear layers, inner and outer segments, and retinal pigment epithelium-to-Bruch's membrane [RPE-BM]). Differences were also converted to Z-scores using normal data. Results In iAMD+RPD compared to iAMD eyes, the inner retina was thicker (up to +5.89 [95% CI = +2.44 to +9.35] µm, P < 0.0001 to 0.05), the outer para-central retina was thinner (up to -3.21 [95% CI = -5.39 to -1.03] µm, P < 0.01 to 0.001), and the RPE-BM was thicker (+3.38 [95% CI = +1.05 to +5.71] µm, P < 0.05). The majority of effect sizes (Z-scores) were large (-3.13 to +1.91). Conclusions OCT retinal topography differed across all retinal layers between iAMD eyes with versus without RPD. Greater para-central photoreceptor thinning in RPD eyes was suggestive of more advanced degeneration, whereas the significance of inner retinal thickening was unclear. In the future, quantitative evaluation of photoreceptor thicknesses may help clinicians monitor the potential deleterious effects of RPD on retinal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Trinh
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Natalie Eshow
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Alonso-Caneiro
- Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Kalloniatis
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine (Optometry), Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa Nivison-Smith
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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8
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Haverkamp S, Reinhard K, Peichl L, Mietsch M. No evidence for age-related alterations in the marmoset retina. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:945295. [PMID: 36120100 PMCID: PMC9479465 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.945295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological aging process of the retina is accompanied by various and sometimes extensive changes: Macular degeneration, retinopathies and glaucoma are the most common findings in the elderly and can potentially lead to irreversible visual disablements up to blindness. To study the aging process and to identify possible therapeutic targets to counteract these diseases, the use of appropriate animal models is mandatory. Besides the most commonly used rodent species, a non-human primate, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) emerged as a promising animal model of human aging over the last years. However, the visual aging process in this species is only partially characterized, especially with regard to retinal aberrations. Therefore, we assessed here for the first time potential changes in retinal morphology of the common marmoset of different age groups. By cell type specific immunolabeling, we analyzed different cell types and distributions, potential photoreceptor and ganglion cell loss, and structural reorganization. We detected no signs of age-related differences in staining patterns or densities of various cell populations. For example, there were no signs of photoreceptor degeneration, and there was only minimal sprouting of rod bipolar cells in aged retinas. Altogether, we describe here the maintenance of a stable neuronal architecture, distribution and number of different cell populations with only mild aberrations during the aging process in the common marmoset retina. These findings are in stark contrast to previously reported findings in rodent species and humans and deserve further investigations to identify the underlying mechanisms and possible therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Haverkamp
- Department of Computational Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior—Caesar, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katja Reinhard
- Retinal Circuits and Optogenetics, Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leo Peichl
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Matthias Mietsch
- Laboratory Animal Science Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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9
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Wu J, Rountree CM, Kare SS, Ramkumar PK, Finan JD, Troy JB. Progress on Designing a Chemical Retinal Prosthesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:898865. [PMID: 35774083 PMCID: PMC9239740 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.898865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The last major review of progress toward a chemical retinal prosthesis was a decade ago. Many important advancements have been made since then with the aim of producing an implantable device for animal testing. We review that work here discussing the potential advantages a chemical retinal prosthesis may possess, the spatial and temporal resolutions it might provide, the materials from which an implant might be constructed and its likely effectiveness in stimulating the retina in a natural fashion. Consideration is also given to implant biocompatibility, excitotoxicity of dispensed glutamate and known changes to photoreceptor degenerate retinas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Robert R. McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Corey M. Rountree
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sai-Siva Kare
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Pradeep Kumar Ramkumar
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - John D. Finan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - John B. Troy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Robert R. McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: John B. Troy,
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10
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Peretiahina D, Shakun K, Ulianov V, Ulianova N. The Role of Retinal Plasticity in the Formation of Irreversible Retinal Deformations in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Curr Eye Res 2022; 47:1043-1049. [PMID: 35577414 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2059810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To construct a realistic physical model of viscoelastic retinal stretching and, on its basis, derive a universal quantitative criterion of irreversible retinal deformations during age-related macular degeneration. METHODS In this work, standard methods of nonlinear fracture mechanics of ductile and viscoelastic materials were applied to study the evolution of retinal deformation progress in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration in the area of large druses or subretinal or sub-retinal pigment epithelium fluid accumulation. A two-dimensional rhombic model of viscoelastic Kelvin-Feucht primitives was used to reconstruct the parameters included in the approximation of the creep strain growth rate. A clinical case of a patient with age-related macular degeneration and retinal pigment epithelium detachment in the macula was taken as a basis for theoretical research. The patient underwent retinal optical coherent tomography on DRI Swept-Source OCT. RESULTS A closed realistic theoretical model of retinal stretching in the projection of retinal pigment epithelium elevation due to its detachment or drusen based on a two-dimensional rhombic Kelvin-Feucht primitives model was constructed. The calculation of stress in the retinal tissue with consistent consideration of creep effects was performed. CONCLUSIONS The time of critical retinal loading - a new quantitative criterion for the irreversibility of retinal stretching in age-related macular degeneration is proposed. This criterion allows the prediction of the functional outcome of antiangiogenic therapy in patients with age-related macular degeneration with identical initial retinal morphometric parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Peretiahina
- Ophthalmology Department, Odessa National Medical University, Odessa, Ukraine
| | - Konstantin Shakun
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, National University "Odessa Maritime Academy", Odessa, Ukraine
| | - Vadym Ulianov
- Department of Histology and Medical Biology, Lesya Ukrainka Volyn National University, Lutsk, Ukraine
| | - Nadiia Ulianova
- Regional Ophthalmological Center, Volyn Regional Clinical Hospital, Lutsk, Ukraine.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Lesya Ukrainka Volyn National University, Lutsk, Ukraine
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11
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Trinh M, Kalloniatis M, Alonso-Caneiro D, Nivison-Smith L. High-Density Optical Coherence Tomography Analysis Provides Insights Into Early/Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration Retinal Layer Changes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:36. [PMID: 35622354 PMCID: PMC9150835 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.5.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To topographically map all of the thickness differences in individual retinal layers between early/intermediate age-related macular degeneration (AMDearly/AMDint) and normal eyes and to determine interlayer relationships. Methods Ninety-six AMDtotal (48 AMDearly and 48 AMDint) and 96 normal eyes from 192 participants were propensity-score matched by age, sex, and refraction. Retrospective optical coherence tomography (OCT) macular cube scans were acquired, and high-density (60 × 60 0.01-mm2) grid thicknesses were custom extracted for comparison between AMDtotal and normal eyes corrected for confounding. Resultant "normal differences" underwent cluster, interlayer correlation, and dose-response analyses for the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), outer nuclear layer + Henle's fiber layer (ONL+HFL), inner and outer segment (IS/OS) thickness, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) to Bruch's membrane (BM) thickness. Results AMDtotal inner retinal clusters demonstrated extensively thinned RNFL, GCL, IPL, and paracentral INL and thickened INL elsewhere, with normal difference means ranging from -8.13 µm (95% confidence interval [CI], -11.12 to -5.13) to 1.58 µm (95% CI, 1.07-2.09) (P < 0.0001 to P < 0.05). Outer retinal clusters displayed thinned paracentral OPL/ONL+HFL, central IS/OS, and peripheral RPE-BM and thickened central RPE-BM, with means ranging from -1.31 µm (95% CI, -2.06 to -0.55) to 2.99 µm (95% CI, 0.97-5.01] (P < 0.0001 to P <0.05). Effect sizes (-2.56 to 9.93 SD), cluster sizes, and eccentricity effects varied. All interlayer correlations were negligible to moderate regardless of AMD severity. Only the RPE-BM was partly thicker with greater AMD severity (up to 5.44 µm; 95% CI, 4.88-6.00; P < 0.01). Conclusions From the early stage, AMD eyes demonstrate thickness differences compared to normal with unique topographies across all retinal layers. Poor interlayer correlations highlight that the outer retina inadequately reflects complete retinal health. The clinical importance of OCT assessment across all individual retinal layers in early/intermediate AMD requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Trinh
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Kalloniatis
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Alonso-Caneiro
- Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lisa Nivison-Smith
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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12
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McLaughlin T, Medina A, Perkins J, Yera M, Wang JJ, Zhang SX. Cellular stress signaling and the unfolded protein response in retinal degeneration: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:25. [PMID: 35346303 PMCID: PMC8962104 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00528-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The retina, as part of the central nervous system (CNS) with limited capacity for self-reparation and regeneration in mammals, is under cumulative environmental stress due to high-energy demands and rapid protein turnover. These stressors disrupt the cellular protein and metabolic homeostasis, which, if not alleviated, can lead to dysfunction and cell death of retinal neurons. One primary cellular stress response is the highly conserved unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR acts through three main signaling pathways in an attempt to restore the protein homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by various means, including but not limited to, reducing protein translation, increasing protein-folding capacity, and promoting misfolded protein degradation. Moreover, recent work has identified a novel function of the UPR in regulation of cellular metabolism and mitochondrial function, disturbance of which contributes to neuronal degeneration and dysfunction. The role of the UPR in retinal neurons during aging and under disease conditions in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa (RP), glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy (DR) has been explored over the past two decades. Each of the disease conditions and their corresponding animal models provide distinct challenges and unique opportunities to gain a better understanding of the role of the UPR in the maintenance of retinal health and function. Method We performed an extensive literature search on PubMed and Google Scholar using the following keywords: unfolded protein response, metabolism, ER stress, retinal degeneration, aging, age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy. Results and conclusion We summarize recent advances in understanding cellular stress response, in particular the UPR, in retinal diseases, highlighting the potential roles of UPR pathways in regulation of cellular metabolism and mitochondrial function in retinal neurons. Further, we provide perspective on the promise and challenges for targeting the UPR pathways as a new therapeutic approach in age- and disease-related retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd McLaughlin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ira G. Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Andy Medina
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ira G. Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Jacob Perkins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ira G. Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Maria Yera
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ira G. Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.,Neuroscience Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Joshua J Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ira G. Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.,Neuroscience Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sarah X Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ira G. Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA. .,Neuroscience Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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13
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Trinh M, Khou V, Kalloniatis M, Nivison-Smith L. Location-Specific Thickness Patterns in Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration Reveals Anatomical Differences in Multiple Retinal Layers. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:13. [PMID: 34661608 PMCID: PMC8525852 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.13.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To examine individual retinal layers’ location-specific patterns of thicknesses in intermediate age-related macular degeneration (iAMD) using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods OCT macular cube scans were retrospectively acquired from 84 iAMD eyes of 84 participants and 84 normal eyes of 84 participants propensity-score matched on age, sex, and spherical equivalent refraction. Thicknesses of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), outer nuclear layer + Henle's fiber layer (ONL+HFL), inner- and outer-segment layers (IS/OS), and retinal pigment epithelium to Bruch's membrane (RPE-BM) were calculated across an 8 × 8 grid (total 24° × 24° area). Location-specific analysis was performed using cluster(normal) and grid(iAMD)-to-cluster(normal) comparisons. Results In iAMD versus normal eyes, the central RPE-BM was thickened (mean difference ± SEM up to 27.45% ± 7.48%, P < 0.001; up to 7.6 SD-from-normal), whereas there was thinned outer (OPL, ONL+HFL, and non-central RPE-BM, up to −6.76% ± 2.47%, P < 0.001; up to −1.6 SD-from-normal) and inner retina (GCL and IPL, up to −4.83% ± 1.56%, P < 0.01; up to −1.7 SD-from-normal) with eccentricity-based effects. Interlayer correlations were greater against the ONL+HFL (mean |r| ± SEM 0.19 ± 0.03, P = 0.14 to < 0.0001) than the RPE-BM (0.09 ± 0, P = 0.72 to < 0.0001). Conclusions Location-specific analysis suggests altered retinal anatomy between iAMD and normal eyes. These data could direct clinical diagnosis and monitoring of AMD toward targeted locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Trinh
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vincent Khou
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael Kalloniatis
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lisa Nivison-Smith
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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14
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Townes-Anderson E, Halasz E, Wang W, Zarbin M. Coming of Age for the Photoreceptor Synapse. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:24. [PMID: 34550300 PMCID: PMC8475281 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.12.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To discuss the potential contribution of rod and cone synapses to the loss of visual function in retinal injury and disease. Methods The published literature and the authors' own work were reviewed. Results Retinal detachment is used as a case study of rod spherule and cone pedicle plasticity after injury. Both rod and cone photoreceptors terminals are damaged after detachment although the structural changes observed are only partially overlapping. For second-order neurons, only those associated with rod spherules respond consistently to injury by remodeling. Examination of signaling pathways involved in plasticity of conventional synapses and in neural development has been and may continue to be productive in discovering novel therapeutic targets. Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibition is an example of therapy that may reduce synaptic damage by preserving normal synaptic structure of rod and cone cells. Conclusions We hypothesize that synaptic damage contributes to poor visual restoration after otherwise successful anatomical repair of retinal detachment. A similar situation may exist for patients with degenerative retinal disease. Thus, synaptic structure and function should be routinely studied, as this information may disclose therapeutic strategies to mitigate visual loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Townes-Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States
| | - Eva Halasz
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Marco Zarbin
- Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States
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15
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Pathogenic mechanisms contributing to the vulnerability of aging human photoreceptor cells. Eye (Lond) 2021; 35:2917-2929. [PMID: 34079093 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-021-01602-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In human retina, photoreceptor cell death (PCD) is a slow but conspicuous event, which continues with aging. Rods die earlier than cones, the latter continue to alter in a subtle manner until advanced aging. This review summarizes the existing information on age-related changes in photoreceptor cells, especially cones and analyses the possible associated factors. Oxidative and nitrosative stress are involved in photoreceptor alterations, which may stem from light and iron toxicity and other sources. Lipid peroxidation in macular photoreceptor outer segments and mitochondrial aberrations are prominent in aging. It is important to understand how those changes ultimately trigger PCD. The redistribution of calbindin D-28K and long/middle-wavelength-sensitive opsin in the parafoveal and perifoveal cones, anomalies in their somata and axons are strong predictors of their increasing vulnerability with aging. Signs of reduced autophagy, with autophagosomes containing organelle remnants are seen in aging photoreceptor cells. Currently, mechanisms that lead to human PCD are unknown; some observations favour apoptosis as a pathway. Since cones appear to change slowly, there is an opportunity to reverse those changes before they die. Therefore, a full understanding of how cones alter and the molecular pathways they utilize for survival must be the future research goal. Recent approaches to prevent PCD in aging and diseases are highlighted.
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16
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Kalloniatis M, Loh CS, Acosta ML, Tomisich G, Zhu Y, Nivison‐smith L, Fletcher EL, Chua J, Sun D, Arunthavasothy N. Retinal amino acid neurochemistry in health and disease. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 96:310-32. [DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kalloniatis
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand,
| | - Chee Seang Loh
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand,
| | - Monica L Acosta
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand,
| | - Guido Tomisich
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,
| | - Yuan Zhu
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
| | - Lisa Nivison‐smith
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
| | - Erica L Fletcher
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,
| | - Jacqueline Chua
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand,
| | - Daniel Sun
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand,
| | - Niru Arunthavasothy
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand,
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17
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ROCK inhibition reduces morphological and functional damage to rod synapses after retinal injury. Sci Rep 2021; 11:692. [PMID: 33436892 PMCID: PMC7804129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal detachment (RD) causes damage, including disjunction, of the rod photoreceptor-bipolar synapse, which disrupts vision and may contribute to the poor visual recovery observed after retinal reattachment surgery. We created a model of iatrogenic RD in adult female pigs to study damage to the rod-bipolar synapse after injury and the ability of a highly specific Rho-kinase (ROCK) inhibitor to preserve synaptic structure and function. This model mimics procedures used in humans when viral vectors or cells are injected subretinally for treatment of retinal disease. Synaptic disjunction by retraction of rod spherules, quantified by image analysis of confocal sections, was present 2 h after detachment and remained 2 days later even though the retina had spontaneously reattached by then. Moreover, spherule retraction occurred in attached retina 1-2 cms from detached retina. Synaptic damage was significantly reduced by ROCK inhibition in detached retina whether injected subretinally or intravitreally. Dark-adapted full-field electroretinograms were recorded in reattached retinas to assess rod-specific function. Reduction in synaptic injury correlated with increases in rod-driven responses in drug-treated eyes. Thus, ROCK inhibition helps prevent synaptic damage and improves functional outcomes after retinal injury and may be a useful adjunctive treatment in iatrogenic RD and other retinal degenerative diseases.
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18
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Borucki DM, Toutonji A, Couch C, Mallah K, Rohrer B, Tomlinson S. Complement-Mediated Microglial Phagocytosis and Pathological Changes in the Development and Degeneration of the Visual System. Front Immunol 2020; 11:566892. [PMID: 33072106 PMCID: PMC7541817 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.566892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The focus of this review is the role of complement-mediated phagocytosis in retinal and neurological diseases affecting the visual system. Complement activation products opsonize synaptic material on neurons for phagocytic removal, which is a normal physiological process during development, but a pathological process in several neurodegenerative diseases and conditions. We discuss the role of complement in the refinement and elimination of synapses in the retina and lateral geniculate nucleus, both during development and in disease states. How complement and aberrant phagocytosis promotes injury to the visual system is discussed primarily in the context of multiple sclerosis, where it has been extensively studied, although the role of complement in visual dysfunction in other diseases such as stroke and traumatic brain injury is also highlighted. Retinal diseases are also covered, with a focus on glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration. Finally, we discuss the potential of complement inhibitory strategies to treat diseases affecting the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis M. Borucki
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Amer Toutonji
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Christine Couch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Department of Health Sciences and Research, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Khalil Mallah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Baerbel Rohrer
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Stephen Tomlinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States
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19
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Trinh M, Tong J, Yoshioka N, Zangerl B, Kalloniatis M, Nivison-Smith L. Macula Ganglion Cell Thickness Changes Display Location-Specific Variation Patterns in Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:2. [PMID: 32150251 PMCID: PMC7401429 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine changes in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) of individuals with intermediate age-related macular degeneration (AMD) using grid-wise analysis for macular optical coherence tomography (OCT) volume scans. We also aim to validate the use of age-correction functions for GCL thickness in diseased eyes. Methods OCT macular cube scans covering 30° × 25° were acquired using Spectralis spectral-domain OCT for 87 eyes with intermediate AMD, 77 age-matched normal eyes, and 254 non-age-matched normal eyes. The thickness of the ganglion cell layer (GCL) was defined after segmentation at 60 locations across an 8 × 8 grid centered on the fovea, where each grid location covered 0.74 mm2 (approximately 3° × 3°) within the macula. Each GCL location of normal eyes (n = 77) were assigned to a specific iso-ganglion cell density cluster in the macula, based on patterns of age-related GCL thickness loss. Analyses were then performed comparing AMD GCL grid-wise data against corresponding spatial clusters, and significant AMD GCL thickness changes were denoted as values outside the 95% distribution limits. Results Analysis of GCL thickness changes revealed significant differences between spatial clusters, with thinning toward the fovea, and thickening toward the peripheral macula. The direction of GCL thickness changes in AMD were associated more so with thickening than thinning in all analyses. Results were corroborated by the application of GCL thickness age-correction functions. Conclusions GCL thickness changed significantly and nonuniformly within the macula of intermediate AMD eyes. Further characterization of these changes is critical to improve diagnoses and monitoring of GCL-altering pathologies.
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20
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Chang LYL, Ardiles AO, Tapia-Rojas C, Araya J, Inestrosa NC, Palacios AG, Acosta ML. Evidence of Synaptic and Neurochemical Remodeling in the Retina of Aging Degus. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:161. [PMID: 32256305 PMCID: PMC7095275 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides is regarded as the hallmark of neurodegenerative alterations in the brain of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. In the eye, accumulation of Aβ peptides has also been suggested to be a trigger of retinal neurodegenerative mechanisms. Some pathological aspects associated with Aβ levels in the brain are synaptic dysfunction, neurochemical remodeling and glial activation, but these changes have not been established in the retina of animals with Aβ accumulation. We have employed the Octodon degus in which Aβ peptides accumulated in the brain and retina as a function of age. This current study investigated microglial morphology, expression of PSD95, synaptophysin, Iba-1 and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the retina of juvenile, young and adult degus using immunolabeling methods. Neurotransmitters glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were detected using immunogold labeling and glutamate receptor subunits were quantified using Western blotting. There was an age-related increase in presynaptic and a decrease in post-synaptic retinal proteins in the retinal plexiform layers. Immunolabeling showed changes in microglial morphology characteristic of intermediate stages of activation around the optic nerve head (ONH) and decreasing activation toward the peripheral retina. Neurotransmitter expression pattern changed at juvenile ages but was similar in adults. Collectively, the results suggest that microglial activation, synaptic remodeling and neurotransmitter changes may be consequent to, or parallel to Aβ peptide and phosphorylated tau accumulation in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Y-L Chang
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alvaro O Ardiles
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Cheril Tapia-Rojas
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Center for Aging and Regeneration, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Joaquin Araya
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Center for Aging and Regeneration, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adrian G Palacios
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Monica L Acosta
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand - Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, Auckland, New Zealand
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21
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Appelbaum T, Santana E, Aguirre GD. Critical Decrease in the Level of Axon Guidance Receptor ROBO1 in Rod Synaptic Terminals Is Followed by Axon Retraction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:11. [PMID: 32176262 PMCID: PMC7405958 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.3.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To define remodeling of photoreceptor synaptic terminals and second-order retinal neurons in canine X-linked progressive retinal atrophy 1 caused by a five-nucleotide deletion in the RPGR exon ORF15. Methods Retinas of normal and mutant dogs were used for gene expression, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Cell-specific markers were used to examine disease-dependent retinal remodeling. Results In mutant retinas, a number of rod axon terminals retract into the outer nuclear layer. This neuritic atrophy preceded significant loss of rods and was evident early in disease. Rod bipolar and horizontal cell processes were found to extend into the outer nuclear layer, where they seemed to form contacts with the spherules of rod photoreceptors. No ectopic rewiring was observed. Because cytoskeletal reorganization was previously shown to underlie photoreceptor axon retraction, we examined normal and mutant retinas for expression of axon guidance receptors ROBO1 and ROBO2, which are known to regulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics. We found that the overall expression of both ROBO1 and ROBO2 is retained at the same level in premature and fully developed normal retinas. However, analysis of predisease and early disease retinas identified markedly decreased levels of ROBO1 in rod spherules compared with controls. In contrast, no differences in ROBO1 signals were noted in cone pedicles in normal and mutant retinas, where ROBO1 levels remained similarly low. Conclusions Depletion of ROBO1 in rod synaptic terminals correlates with the remodeling of axonal and dendritic processes in the outer retina of dogs with X-linked progressive retinal atrophy 1 and may play a role in the retraction of rod axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Appelbaum
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Evelyn Santana
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Gustavo D. Aguirre
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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Jorba G, Aguirre-Plans J, Junet V, Segú-Vergés C, Ruiz JL, Pujol A, Fernández-Fuentes N, Mas JM, Oliva B. In-silico simulated prototype-patients using TPMS technology to study a potential adverse effect of sacubitril and valsartan. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228926. [PMID: 32053711 PMCID: PMC7018085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Unveiling the mechanism of action of a drug is key to understand the benefits and adverse reactions of a medication in an organism. However, in complex diseases such as heart diseases there is not a unique mechanism of action but a wide range of different responses depending on the patient. Exploring this collection of mechanisms is one of the clues for a future personalized medicine. The Therapeutic Performance Mapping System (TPMS) is a Systems Biology approach that generates multiple models of the mechanism of action of a drug. Each molecular mechanism generated could be associated to particular individuals, here defined as prototype-patients, hence the generation of models using TPMS technology may be used for detecting adverse effects to specific patients. TPMS operates by (1) modelling the responses in humans with an accurate description of a protein network and (2) applying a Multilayer Perceptron-like and sampling strategy to find all plausible solutions. In the present study, TPMS is applied to explore the diversity of mechanisms of action of the drug combination sacubitril/valsartan. We use TPMS to generate a wide range of models explaining the relationship between sacubitril/valsartan and heart failure (the indication), as well as evaluating their association with macular degeneration (a potential adverse effect). Among the models generated, we identify a set of mechanisms of action associated to a better response in terms of heart failure treatment, which could also be associated to macular degeneration development. Finally, a set of 30 potential biomarkers are proposed to identify mechanisms (or prototype-patients) more prone of suffering macular degeneration when presenting good heart failure response. All prototype-patients models generated are completely theoretical and therefore they do not necessarily involve clinical effects in real patients. Data and accession to software are available at http://sbi.upf.edu/data/tpms/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillem Jorba
- Anaxomics Biotech SL, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Structural Bioinformatics Group, Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics, Department of Experimental and Health Science, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Aguirre-Plans
- Structural Bioinformatics Group, Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics, Department of Experimental and Health Science, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Valentin Junet
- Anaxomics Biotech SL, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | | | - Albert Pujol
- Anaxomics Biotech SL, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Narcís Fernández-Fuentes
- Department of Biosciences, U Science Tech, Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Baldo Oliva
- Structural Bioinformatics Group, Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics, Department of Experimental and Health Science, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Stefanov A, Novelli E, Strettoi E. Inner retinal preservation in the photoinducible I307N rhodopsin mutant mouse, a model of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:1502-1522. [PMID: 31811649 PMCID: PMC7187456 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rod‐cone degenerations, for example, retinitis pigmentosa are leading causes of blindness worldwide. Despite slow disease progression in humans, vision loss is inevitable; therefore, development of vision restoration strategies is crucial. Among others, promising approaches include optogenetics and prosthetic implants, which aim to bypass lost photoreceptors (PRs). Naturally, the efficacy of these therapeutic strategies will depend on inner retinal structural and functional preservation. The present study shows that in photoinducible I307N rhodopsin mice (Translational Vision Research Model 4 [Tvrm4]), a 12k lux light exposure eliminates PRs in the central retina in 1 week, but interneurons and their synapses are maintained for as long as 9 weeks postinduction. Despite bipolar cell dendritic retraction and moderate loss of horizontal cells, the survival rate of various cell types is very high. Significant preservation of conventional synapses and gap junctions in the inner plexiform layer is also observed. We found the number of synaptic ribbons to gradually decline and their ultrastructure to become transiently abnormal, although based on our findings intrinsic retinal architecture is maintained despite complete loss of PRs. Unlike common rodent models of PR degeneration, where the disease phenotype often interferes with retinal development, in Tvrm4 mice, the degenerative process can be induced after retinal development is complete. This time course more closely mimics the timing of disease onset in affected patients. Stability of the inner retina found in these mutants 2 months after PR degeneration suggests moderate, stereotyped remodeling in the early stages of the human disease and represents a promising finding for prompt approaches of vision restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Stefanov
- Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council - CNR, Pisa, Italy.,Regional Doctoral School of Neuroscience, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Novelli
- Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council - CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Enrica Strettoi
- Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council - CNR, Pisa, Italy
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Chenais NAL, Leccardi MJIA, Ghezzi D. Capacitive-like photovoltaic epiretinal stimulation enhances and narrows the network-mediated activity of retinal ganglion cells by recruiting the lateral inhibitory network. J Neural Eng 2019; 16:066009. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab3913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Zhang X, Zhu J, Chen X, Jie-Qiong Z, Li X, Luo L, Huang H, Liu W, Zhou X, Yan J, Lin S, Ye J. Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 Deficiency Induces Age-Related Alterations of the Retina in Young and Old Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:272. [PMID: 31281243 PMCID: PMC6596281 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related changes in visual function and retina structure are very common in aged animals, but the underlying mechanisms of these changes remain unclear. Here we report that the expression of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), a critical immune regulatory factor, is dramatically down-regulated in mouse retinas during aging. To address the role of IRF3 in the retina, we examined the structure and function of retinas in young (3–4 months) and old (22–24 months) Irf3-/- mice in comparison to age-matched wildtype (WT) mice. We found that IRF3 deletion resulted in impaired electroretinogram (ERG) responses and decreased retinal thickness in both young and old mice. In addition, numerous synapses of the outer plexiform layer (OPL) were found obviously extending into outer nuclear layer (ONL) in Irf3-/- mice, along with a reduction of the average synapse density in the OPL. These changes suggest that IRF3 deletion may accelerate retinal senescence. In support of this hypothesis, a number of classic senescence-associated markers were found in remarkably elevated level in Irf3-/- retina, including p53, p16INK4a, inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IREα), p-H2A.X and promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML). Overall, our results indicate that maintenance normal IRF3 levels is necessary for retinal structure and function and suggest that IRF3 is an important regulator of retinal senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Surgery Research, Army Medical Center of PLA (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingyi Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Surgery Research, Army Medical Center of PLA (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianjun Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhang Jie-Qiong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Surgery Research, Army Medical Center of PLA (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Surgery Research, Army Medical Center of PLA (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Linlin Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Surgery Research, Army Medical Center of PLA (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huang Huang
- Institute of Immunology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenyi Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Surgery Research, Army Medical Center of PLA (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhou
- Institute of Immunology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Surgery Research, Army Medical Center of PLA (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sen Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Surgery Research, Army Medical Center of PLA (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Surgery Research, Army Medical Center of PLA (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Nag TC, Kathpalia P, Gorla S, Wadhwa S. Localization of nitro-tyrosine immunoreactivity in human retina. Ann Anat 2019; 223:8-18. [PMID: 30716468 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is associated with retinal aging and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In both cases there are reports for the presence of markers of lipid peroxidation in retinal cells. We investigated if nitrosative stress also occurs in the human retina with aging. We examined the cellular localization of nitro-tyrosine, a biomarker of protein tyrosine nitration, in human donor retina (17-91 years; N = 15) by immunohistochemistry. Immunoreactivity (IR) to nitro-tyrosine was present in ten retinas and absent in five retinas. It was predominant in photoreceptor inner segments, cell bodies and axons. In six retinas, IR was present in abnormal, swollen axons of macular and peripheral cones. In the inner retina, weak immunoreactivity was detected in the outer and inner plexiform layer. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a variable degree of microtubule disorganization, abnormal outgrowth from the swollen macular axons (as the fibers of Henle) and few dead axons. The present study adds further evidence to the presence of aberrant photoreceptor axonal changes in the human retina and that nitro-tyrosine immunoreactivity is associated with the photoreceptor cells in select human retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas C Nag
- Department of Anatomy, Neurobiology Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Poorti Kathpalia
- Department of Anatomy, Neurobiology Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Shilpa Gorla
- Department of Anatomy, Neurobiology Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Shashi Wadhwa
- Department of Anatomy, Neurobiology Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
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Oswald J, Baranov P. Regenerative medicine in the retina: from stem cells to cell replacement therapy. Ther Adv Ophthalmol 2018; 10:2515841418774433. [PMID: 29998222 PMCID: PMC6016968 DOI: 10.1177/2515841418774433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the fast pace of the growing field of stem cell research, retinal cell replacement is finally emerging as a feasible mean to be explored for clinical application. Although neuroprotective treatments are able to slow the progression of retinal degeneration caused by diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma, they are insufficient to fully halt disease progression and unable to recover previously lost vision. Comprehensive, technological and intellectual advances over the past years, including the in vitro differentiation of retinal cells at manufacturing scale from embryonic stem (ES) cell and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell cultures, progress within the area of retinal disease modeling, and the first clinical trials have started to shape the way towards addressing this treatment gap and translating retinal cell replacement to the clinic. Here, summarize the most recent advances within retinal cell replacement from both a scientific and clinical perspective, and discuss the remaining challenges towards the delivery of the first retinal cell products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Oswald
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Petr Baranov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
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Nag TC, Kumar P, Wadhwa S. Age related distribution of 4-hydroxy 2-nonenal immunoreactivity in human retina. Exp Eye Res 2017; 165:125-135. [PMID: 28986146 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The retina is prone to be damaged by oxidative stress (OS), owing to its constant exposure to light, high rate of oxygen consumption and high membrane lipid content. Lipid peroxidation in aging human retina has been shown by biochemical means. However, information on the cellular sites of OS and antioxidant responses in aging human retina remains limited. Here, we show distribution of immunoreactivity (IR) to a marker of lipid peroxidation (4-hydroxy 2-nonenal [HNE] and antioxidant enzymes involved in counteracting lipid peroxidation (glutathione S-transferase-π1 and glutarexoxin-1) in donor human retinas at different ages (35-91 years; N = 24). Initially, HNE-IR was present in few macular cone outer segments (COS, sixth decade). With aging, IR appeared in many COS and peaked at ninth decade (14 vs 62 per 3850 μm2 area between 6 and 9 decade; p < 0.001) in the parafovea then seen elsewhere (perifoveal, mid-peripheral and nasal). IR was seen in the parafovea of all retinas, whereas it was present in 8/24 of perifoveal and 6/24 of mid-peripheral retinas, indicating that the parafovea is susceptible to undergo lipid peroxidation. Foveolar COS were immunonegative until 81 years, which developed IR later (>83 years). IR to glutathione S-transferase-π1 was moderate until eight decade and then showed a decrease in photoreceptor cells between ninth and tenth decade, while glutaredoxin-1 maintained a steady expression with aging. Damaged COS were present in aged retinas, and inner segments and photoreceptor nuclei also showed some degree of alterations. Although there was increased lipid peroxidation with aging, cone death was minimal in those retinas. The two antioxidant enzymes studied here, may play a role in protecting photoreceptors against OS with advanced aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas C Nag
- Department of Anatomy, Neurobiology Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Anatomy, Neurobiology Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Shashi Wadhwa
- Department of Anatomy, Neurobiology Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
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Petralia RS, Wang YX, Mattson MP, Yao PJ. Invaginating Presynaptic Terminals in Neuromuscular Junctions, Photoreceptor Terminals, and Other Synapses of Animals. Neuromolecular Med 2017; 19:193-240. [PMID: 28612182 PMCID: PMC6518423 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-017-8445-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Typically, presynaptic terminals form a synapse directly on the surface of postsynaptic processes such as dendrite shafts and spines. However, some presynaptic terminals invaginate-entirely or partially-into postsynaptic processes. We survey these invaginating presynaptic terminals in all animals and describe several examples from the central nervous system, including giant fiber systems in invertebrates, and cup-shaped spines, electroreceptor synapses, and some specialized auditory and vestibular nerve terminals in vertebrates. We then examine mechanoreceptors and photoreceptors, concentrating on the complex of pre- and postsynaptic processes found in basal invaginations of the cell. We discuss in detail the role of vertebrate invaginating horizontal cell processes in both chemical and electrical feedback mechanisms. We also discuss the common presence of indenting or invaginating terminals in neuromuscular junctions on muscles of most kinds of animals, and especially discuss those of Drosophila and vertebrates. Finally, we consider broad questions about the advantages of possessing invaginating presynaptic terminals and describe some effects of aging and disease, especially on neuromuscular junctions. We suggest that the invagination is a mechanism that can enhance both chemical and electrical interactions at the synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald S Petralia
- Advanced Imaging Core, NIDCD/NIH, 35A Center Drive, Room 1E614, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3729, USA.
| | - Ya-Xian Wang
- Advanced Imaging Core, NIDCD/NIH, 35A Center Drive, Room 1E614, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3729, USA
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, NIA/NIH, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Pamela J Yao
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, NIA/NIH, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
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Deafferented Adult Rod Bipolar Cells Create New Synapses with Photoreceptors to Restore Vision. J Neurosci 2017; 37:4635-4644. [PMID: 28373392 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2570-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon degeneration of photoreceptors in the adult retina, interneurons, including bipolar cells, exhibit a plastic response leading to their aberrant rewiring. Photoreceptor reintroduction has been suggested as a potential approach to sight restoration, but the ability of deafferented bipolar cells to establish functional synapses with photoreceptors is poorly understood. Here we use photocoagulation to selectively destroy photoreceptors in adult rabbits while preserving the inner retina. We find that rods and cones shift into the ablation zone over several weeks, reducing the blind spot at scotopic and photopic luminances. During recovery, rod and cone bipolar cells exhibit markedly different responses to deafferentation. Rod bipolar cells extend their dendrites to form new synapses with healthy photoreceptors outside the lesion, thereby restoring visual function in the deafferented retina. Secretagogin-positive cone bipolar cells did not exhibit such obvious dendritic restructuring. These findings are encouraging to the idea of photoreceptor reintroduction for vision restoration in patients blinded by retinal degeneration. At the same time, they draw attention to the postsynaptic side of photoreceptor reintroduction; various bipolar cell types, representing different visual pathways, vary in their response to the photoreceptor loss and in their consequent dendritic restructuring.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Loss of photoreceptors during retinal degeneration results in permanent visual impairment. Strategies for vision restoration based on the reintroduction of photoreceptors inherently rely on the ability of the remaining retinal neurons to correctly synapse with new photoreceptors. We show that deafferented bipolar cells in the adult mammalian retina can reconnect to rods and cones and restore retinal sensitivity at scotopic and photopic luminances. Rod bipolar cells extend their dendrites to form new synapses with healthy rod photoreceptors. These findings support the idea that bipolar cells might be able to synapse with reintroduced photoreceptors, thereby restoring vision in patients blinded by retinal degeneration.
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Petralia RS, Wang YX, Mattson MP, Yao PJ. The Diversity of Spine Synapses in Animals. Neuromolecular Med 2016; 18:497-539. [PMID: 27230661 PMCID: PMC5158183 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-016-8405-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Here we examine the structure of the various types of spine synapses throughout the animal kingdom. Based on available evidence, we suggest that there are two major categories of spine synapses: invaginating and non-invaginating, with distributions that vary among different groups of animals. In the simplest living animals with definitive nerve cells and synapses, the cnidarians and ctenophores, most chemical synapses do not form spine synapses. But some cnidarians have invaginating spine synapses, especially in photoreceptor terminals of motile cnidarians with highly complex visual organs, and also in some mainly sessile cnidarians with rapid prey capture reflexes. This association of invaginating spine synapses with complex sensory inputs is retained in the evolution of higher animals in photoreceptor terminals and some mechanoreceptor synapses. In contrast to invaginating spine synapse, non-invaginating spine synapses have been described only in animals with bilateral symmetry, heads and brains, associated with greater complexity in neural connections. This is apparent already in the simplest bilaterians, the flatworms, which can have well-developed non-invaginating spine synapses in some cases. Non-invaginating spine synapses diversify in higher animal groups. We also discuss the functional advantages of having synapses on spines and more specifically, on invaginating spines. And finally we discuss pathologies associated with spine synapses, concentrating on those systems and diseases where invaginating spine synapses are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald S Petralia
- Advanced Imaging Core, NIDCD/NIH, 35A Center Drive, Room 1E614, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3729, USA.
| | - Ya-Xian Wang
- Advanced Imaging Core, NIDCD/NIH, 35A Center Drive, Room 1E614, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3729, USA
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Pamela J Yao
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
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Lee WH, Higuchi H, Ikeda S, Macke EL, Takimoto T, Pattnaik BR, Liu C, Chu LF, Siepka SM, Krentz KJ, Rubinstein CD, Kalejta RF, Thomson JA, Mullins RF, Takahashi JS, Pinto LH, Ikeda A. Mouse Tmem135 mutation reveals a mechanism involving mitochondrial dynamics that leads to age-dependent retinal pathologies. eLife 2016; 5:e19264. [PMID: 27863209 PMCID: PMC5117855 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While the aging process is central to the pathogenesis of age-dependent diseases, it is poorly understood at the molecular level. We identified a mouse mutant with accelerated aging in the retina as well as pathologies observed in age-dependent retinal diseases, suggesting that the responsible gene regulates retinal aging, and its impairment results in age-dependent disease. We determined that a mutation in the transmembrane 135 (Tmem135) is responsible for these phenotypes. We observed localization of TMEM135 on mitochondria, and imbalance of mitochondrial fission and fusion in mutant Tmem135 as well as Tmem135 overexpressing cells, indicating that TMEM135 is involved in the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics. Additionally, mutant retina showed higher sensitivity to oxidative stress. These results suggest that the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics through TMEM135 is critical for protection from environmental stress and controlling the progression of retinal aging. Our study identified TMEM135 as a critical link between aging and age-dependent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hua Lee
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Hitoshi Higuchi
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Sakae Ikeda
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Erica L Macke
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Tetsuya Takimoto
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Bikash R Pattnaik
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Che Liu
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Li-Fang Chu
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, United States
| | - Sandra M Siepka
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, United States
| | - Kathleen J Krentz
- Transgenic Mouse Facility, Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - C Dustin Rubinstein
- Translational Genomics Facility, Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Robert F Kalejta
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | | | - Robert F Mullins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Joseph S Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Lawrence H Pinto
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, United States
| | - Akihiro Ikeda
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
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Taylor-Walker G, Lynn SA, Keeling E, Munday R, Johnston DA, Page A, Scott JA, Goverdhan S, Lotery AJ, Ratnayaka JA. The Alzheimer's-related amyloid beta peptide is internalised by R28 neuroretinal cells and disrupts the microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP-2). Exp Eye Res 2016; 153:110-121. [PMID: 27751744 PMCID: PMC5131630 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a common, irreversible blinding condition that leads to the loss of central vision. AMD has a complex aetiology with both genetic as well as environmental risks factors, and share many similarities with Alzheimer's disease. Recent findings have contributed significantly to unravelling its genetic architecture that is yet to be matched by molecular insights. Studies are made more challenging by observations that aged and AMD retinas accumulate the highly pathogenic Alzheimer's-related Amyloid beta (Aβ) group of peptides, for which there appears to be no clear genetic basis. Analyses of human donor and animal eyes have identified retinal Aβ aggregates in retinal ganglion cells (RGC), the inner nuclear layer, photoreceptors as well as the retinal pigment epithelium. Aβ is also a major drusen constituent; found correlated with elevated drusen-load and age, with a propensity to aggregate in retinas of advanced AMD. Despite this evidence, how such a potent driver of neurodegeneration might impair the neuroretina remains incompletely understood, and studies into this important aspect of retinopathy remains limited. In order to address this we exploited R28 rat retinal cells which due to its heterogeneous nature, offers diverse neuroretinal cell-types in which to study the molecular pathology of Aβ. R28 cells are also unaffected by problems associated with the commonly used RGC-5 immortalised cell-line, thus providing a well-established model in which to study dynamic Aβ effects at single-cell resolution. Our findings show that R28 cells express key neuronal markers calbindin, protein kinase C and the microtubule associated protein-2 (MAP-2) by confocal immunofluorescence which has not been shown before, but also calretinin which has not been reported previously. For the first time, we reveal that retinal neurons rapidly internalised Aβ1-42, the most cytotoxic and aggregate-prone amongst the Aβ family. Furthermore, exposure to physiological amounts of Aβ1-42 for 24 h correlated with impairment to neuronal MAP-2, a cytoskeletal protein which regulates microtubule dynamics in axons and dendrites. Disruption to MAP-2 was transient, and had recovered by 48 h, although internalised Aβ persisted as discrete puncta for as long as 72 h. To assess whether Aβ could realistically localise to living retinas to mediate such effects, we subretinally injected nanomolar levels of oligomeric Aβ1-42 into wildtype mice. Confocal microscopy revealed the presence of focal Aβ deposits in RGC, the inner nuclear and the outer plexiform layers 8 days later, recapitulating naturally-occurring patterns of Aβ aggregation in aged retinas. Our novel findings describe how retinal neurons internalise Aβ to transiently impair MAP-2 in a hitherto unreported manner. MAP-2 dysfunction is reported in AMD retinas, and is thought to be involved in remodelling and plasticity of post-mitotic neurons. Our insights suggest a molecular pathway by which this could occur in the senescent eye leading to complex diseases such as AMD. Molecular basis of complex retinopathies such as AMD is incompletely understood. The Alzheimer's-related Aβ peptides are rapidly internalised by retinal neurons. Internalised Aβ is retained within neurons and transiently impairs MAP-2. Subretinally injected Aβ mimics its naturally-occurring distribution in aged retinas.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Taylor-Walker
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SGH, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Savannah A Lynn
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SGH, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Eloise Keeling
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SGH, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Rosie Munday
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SGH, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - David A Johnston
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, University of Southampton, SGH, MP12, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Anton Page
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, University of Southampton, SGH, MP12, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer A Scott
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SGH, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Srini Goverdhan
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SGH, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Lotery
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SGH, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; Eye Unit, University Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - J Arjuna Ratnayaka
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SGH, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom.
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Masuzzo A, Dinet V, Cavanagh C, Mascarelli F, Krantic S. Amyloidosis in Retinal Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurol 2016; 7:127. [PMID: 27551275 PMCID: PMC4976396 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As a part of the central nervous system, the retina may reflect both physiological processes and abnormalities related to pathologies that affect the brain. Amyloidosis due to the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) was initially regarded as a specific and exclusive characteristic of neurodegenerative alterations seen in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. More recently, it was discovered that amyloidosis-related alterations, similar to those seen in the brain of Alzheimer's patients, also occur in the retina. Remarkably, these alterations were identified not only in primary retinal pathologies, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and glaucoma, but also in the retinas of Alzheimer's patients. In this review, we first briefly discuss the biogenesis of Aβ, a peptide involved in amyloidosis. We then discuss some pathological aspects (synaptic dysfunction, mitochondrial failure, glial activation, and vascular abnormalities) related to the neurotoxic effects of Aβ. We finally highlight common features shared by AD, AMD, and glaucoma in the context of Aβ amyloidosis and further discuss why the retina, due to the transparency of the eye, can be considered as a "window" to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Masuzzo
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités , Paris , France
| | - Virginie Dinet
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités , Paris , France
| | - Chelsea Cavanagh
- Department of Neuroscience, Douglas Hospital Research Center , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Frederic Mascarelli
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités , Paris , France
| | - Slavica Krantic
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités , Paris , France
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Yu SS, Tang X, Ho YS, Chang RCC, Chiu K. Links between the Brain and Retina: The Effects of Cigarette Smoking-Induced Age-Related Changes in Alzheimer's Disease and Macular Degeneration. Front Neurol 2016; 7:119. [PMID: 27512384 PMCID: PMC4961692 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sha Sha Yu
- Laboratory of Retina Brain Research, Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Tang
- Tianjin Eye Hospital , Tianjin , China
| | - Yuen-Shan Ho
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong , China
| | - Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, LKS Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin Chiu
- Laboratory of Retina Brain Research, Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Human neural progenitor cells decrease photoreceptor degeneration, normalize opsin distribution and support synapse structure in cultured porcine retina. Brain Res 2016; 1646:522-534. [PMID: 27369448 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Retinal neurodegenerative disorders like retinitis pigmentosa, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and retinal detachment decrease retinal functionality leading to visual impairment. The pathological events are characterized by photoreceptor degeneration, synaptic disassembly, remodeling of postsynaptic neurons and activation of glial cells. Despite intense research, no effective treatment has been found for these disorders. The current study explores the potential of human neural progenitor cell (hNPC) derived factors to slow the degenerative processes in adult porcine retinal explants. Retinas were cultured for 3 days with or without hNPCs as a feeder layer and investigated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), immunohistochemical, western blot and quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) techniques. TUNEL showed that hNPCs had the capacity to limit photoreceptor cell death. Among cone photoreceptors, hNPC coculture resulted in better maintenance of cone outer segments and reduced opsin mislocalization. Additionally, maintained synaptic structural integrity and preservation of second order calbindin positive horizontal cells was also observed. However, Müller cell gliosis only seemed to be alleviated in terms of reduced Müller cell density. Our observations indicate that at 3 days of coculture, hNPC derived factors had the capacity to protect photoreceptors, maintain synaptic integrity and support horizontal cell survival. Human neural progenitor cell applied treatment modalities may be an effective strategy to help maintain retinal functionality in neurodegenerative pathologies. Whether hNPCs can independently hinder Müller cell gliosis by utilizing higher concentrations or by combination with other pharmacological agents still needs to be determined.
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Jones BW, Pfeiffer RL, Ferrell WD, Watt CB, Tucker J, Marc RE. Retinal Remodeling and Metabolic Alterations in Human AMD. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:103. [PMID: 27199657 PMCID: PMC4848316 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive retinal degeneration resulting in central visual field loss, ultimately causing debilitating blindness. AMD affects 18% of Americans from 65 to 74, 30% older than 74 years of age and is the leading cause of severe vision loss and blindness in Western populations. While many genetic and environmental risk factors are known for AMD, we currently know less about the mechanisms mediating disease progression. The pathways and mechanisms through which genetic and non-genetic risk factors modulate development of AMD pathogenesis remain largely unexplored. Moreover, current treatment for AMD is palliative and limited to wet/exudative forms. Retina is a complex, heterocellular tissue and most retinal cell classes are impacted or altered in AMD. Defining disease and stage-specific cytoarchitectural and metabolic responses in AMD is critical for highlighting targets for intervention. The goal of this article is to illustrate cell types impacted in AMD and demonstrate the implications of those changes, likely beginning in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), for remodeling of the the neural retina. Tracking heterocellular responses in disease progression is best achieved with computational molecular phenotyping (CMP), a tool that enables acquisition of a small molecule fingerprint for every cell in the retina. CMP uncovered critical cellular and molecular pathologies (remodeling and reprogramming) in progressive retinal degenerations such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP). We now applied these approaches to normal human and AMD tissues mapping progression of cellular and molecular changes in AMD retinas, including late-stage forms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan W Jones
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Rebecca L Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of UtahSalt Lake City, UT, USA; Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of UtahSalt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - William D Ferrell
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Carl B Watt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - James Tucker
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robert E Marc
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Seasonal and post-trauma remodeling in cone-dominant ground squirrel retina. Exp Eye Res 2016; 150:90-105. [PMID: 26808487 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
With a photoreceptor mosaic containing ∼85% cones, the ground squirrel is one of the richest known mammalian sources of these important retinal cells. It also has a visual ecology much like the human's. While the ground squirrel retina is understandably prominent in the cone biochemistry, physiology, and circuitry literature, far less is known about the remodeling potential of its retinal pigment epithelium, neurons, macroglia, or microglia. This review aims to summarize the data from ground squirrel retina to this point in time, and to relate them to data from other brain areas where appropriate. We begin with a survey of the ground squirrel visual system, making comparisons with traditional rodent models and with human. Because this animal's status as a hibernator often goes unnoticed in the vision literature, we then present a brief primer on hibernation biology. Next we review what is known about ground squirrel retinal remodeling concurrent with deep torpor and with rapid recovery upon re-warming. Notable here is rapidly-reversible, temperature-dependent structural plasticity of cone ribbon synapses, as well as pre- and post-synaptic plasticity throughout diverse brain regions. It is not yet clear if retinal cell types other than cones engage in torpor-associated synaptic remodeling. We end with the small but intriguing literature on the ground squirrel retina's remodeling responses to insult by retinal detachment. Notable for widespread loss of (cone) photoreceptors, there is surprisingly little remodeling of the RPE or Müller cells. Microglial activation appears minimal, and remodeling of surviving second- and third-order neurons seems absent, but both require further study. In contrast, traumatic brain injury in the ground squirrel elicits typical macroglial and microglial responses. Overall, the data to date strongly suggest a heretofore unrecognized, natural checkpoint between retinal deafferentiation and RPE and Müller cell remodeling events. As we continue to discover them, the unique ways by which ground squirrel retina responds to hibernation or injury may be adaptable to therapeutic use.
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de Souza CF, Nivison-Smith L, Christie DL, Polkinghorne P, McGhee C, Kalloniatis M, Acosta ML. Macromolecular markers in normal human retina and applications to human retinal disease. Exp Eye Res 2016; 150:135-48. [PMID: 26769220 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Macromolecular cell markers are essential for the classification and characterization of the highly complex and cellularly diverse vertebrate retina. Although a plethora of markers are described in the current literature, the immunoreactivity of these markers in normal human tissue has not been fully determined. This is problematic as they are quintessential to the characterization of morphological changes associated with human retinal disease. This review provides an overview of the macromolecular markers currently available to assess human retinal cell types. We draw on immunohistochemical studies conducted in our laboratories to describe marker immunoreactivity in human retina alongside comparative descriptions in non-human tissues. Considering the growing number of eye banks services offering healthy and diseased human retinal tissue, this review provides a point of reference for future human retina studies and highlights key species specific disease applications of some macromolecular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clairton F de Souza
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Lisa Nivison-Smith
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - David L Christie
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Phillip Polkinghorne
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand; New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Charles McGhee
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand; New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Michael Kalloniatis
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand; Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Monica L Acosta
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand; New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
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Kalloniatis M, Nivison-Smith L, Chua J, Acosta ML, Fletcher EL. Using the rd1 mouse to understand functional and anatomical retinal remodelling and treatment implications in retinitis pigmentosa: A review. Exp Eye Res 2015; 150:106-21. [PMID: 26521764 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) reflects a range of inherited retinal disorders which involve photoreceptor degeneration and retinal pigmented epithelium dysfunction. Despite the multitude of genetic mutations being associated with the RP phenotype, the clinical and functional manifestations of the disease remain the same: nyctalopia, visual field constriction (tunnel vision), photopsias and pigment proliferation. In this review, we describe the typical clinical phenotype of human RP and review the anatomical and functional remodelling which occurs in RP determined from studies in the rd/rd (rd1) mouse. We also review studies that report a slowing down or show an acceleration of retinal degeneration and finally we provide insights on the impact retinal remodelling may have in vision restoration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kalloniatis
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - L Nivison-Smith
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - J Chua
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - M L Acosta
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - E L Fletcher
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Lorach H, Kung J, Beier C, Mandel Y, Dalal R, Huie P, Wang J, Lee S, Sher A, Jones BW, Palanker D. Development of Animal Models of Local Retinal Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015. [PMID: 26207299 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-16011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Development of nongenetic animal models of local retinal degeneration is essential for studies of retinal pathologies, such as chronic retinal detachment or age-related macular degeneration. We present two different methods to induce a highly localized retinal degeneration with precise onset time, that can be applied to a broad range of species in laboratory use. METHODS A 30-μm thin polymer sheet was implanted subretinally in wild-type (WT) rats. The effects of chronic retinal separation from the RPE were studied using histology and immunohistochemistry. Another approach is applicable to species with avascular retina, such as rabbits, where the photoreceptors and RPE were thermally ablated over large areas, using a high power scanning laser. RESULTS Photoreceptors above the subretinal implant in rats degenerated over time, with 80% of the outer nuclear layer disappearing within a month, and the rest by 3 months. Similar loss was obtained by selective photocoagulation with a scanning laser. Cells in the inner nuclear layer and ganglion cell layer were preserved in both cases. However, there were signs of rewiring and decrease in the size of the bipolar cell terminals in the damaged areas. CONCLUSIONS Both methods induce highly reproducible degeneration of photoreceptors over a defined area, with complete preservation of the inner retinal neurons during the 3-month follow-up. They provide a reliable platform for studies of local retinal degeneration and development of therapeutic strategies in a wide variety of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Lorach
- Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States 3Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer Kung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Corinne Beier
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, United States
| | - Yossi Mandel
- Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States 5Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Roopa Dalal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Philip Huie
- Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Jenny Wang
- Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Seungjun Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Alexander Sher
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, United States
| | - Bryan William Jones
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Daniel Palanker
- Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States
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Shin JA, Eom YS, Yu WQ, Grzywacz NM, Craft CM, Lee EJ. TIMP-1 affects the spatial distribution of dendritic processes of second-order neurons in a rat model of Retinitis Pigmentosa. Exp Eye Res 2015; 140:41-52. [PMID: 26277580 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited disorder that may lead to blindness. In the rhodopsin S334ter-line-3 rat model of RP, the death of rods induces spatial rearrangement of cones into regular ring mosaics. Using this model, we discovered that the ring mosaics are restored to a homogeneous distribution upon application of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1). In this study, we further investigated the cone migration and spatial distribution of second-order neurons and their connections to cones in the presence or absence of TIMP-1 using immunohistochemistry to identify retinal neurons and their connections with cones. M-opsin cell bodies and their outer segments were evaluated to determine whether TIMP-1 delays the degeneration of outer segments of cones. We observed that during cone rearrangement into ring mosaics in RP retina, dendritic processes of second-order neurons undergo remodeling to maintain their synaptic connections with the cones in the rings. TIMP-1 treatment induced the cones to rearrange and dendritic processes of second-order neurons to return to a more homogeneous spatial distribution. In addition, TIMP-1 treatment protected the outer segments of cones at later stages of retinal degeneration. Our findings clearly demonstrate that despite their dramatic spatial rearrangement, cones and second-order neuron processes maintain their synaptic connections before and after TIMP-1 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-A Shin
- Mary D. Allen Laboratory for Vision Research, USC Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, USA; Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, South Korea
| | - Yun Sung Eom
- Mary D. Allen Laboratory for Vision Research, USC Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, USA; Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wan-Qing Yu
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Norberto M Grzywacz
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; University of Southern California Viterbi School of Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington D.C, USA; Department of Physics, Georgetown University, Washington D.C, USA
| | - Cheryl Mae Craft
- Mary D. Allen Laboratory for Vision Research, USC Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, USA; Department of Cell & Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eun-Jin Lee
- Mary D. Allen Laboratory for Vision Research, USC Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Higuchi H, Macke EL, Lee WH, Miller SA, Xu JC, Ikeda S, Ikeda A. Genetic basis of age-dependent synaptic abnormalities in the retina. Mamm Genome 2014; 26:21-32. [PMID: 25273269 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-014-9546-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the normal aging process will help us determine the mechanisms of how age-related diseases are caused and progress. A/J inbred mice have been shown to exhibit accelerated aging phenotypes in the retina including increased inflammation and photoreceptor cell degeneration, which resemble human aging symptoms. C57BL/6J (B6) inbred mice are less susceptible for these abnormalities, indicating the existence of genetic factor(s) that affect their severity. In this study, we determined that another age-dependent phenotype, ectopic synapse formation, is also accelerated in the A/J retina compared to the B6 retina. Through genetic mapping utilizing recombinant inbred strains, we identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on chromosome 7 and 19, which contribute to abnormal retinal synapses as well as other age-dependent phenotypes. Using consomic single chromosome substitution lines where a single chromosome is from A/J and the rest of the genome is B6, we investigated the individual effect of each QTL on retinal aging phenotypes. We observed that both QTLs independently contribute to abnormal retinal synapses, reduction in the number of cone cells, and an up-regulation of retinal stress marker, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Mice with a single chromosome substitution on chromosome 19 also exhibited an increase in inflammatory cells, which is characteristic of aging and age-related macular degeneration. Thus, we identified QTLs that are independently capable of affecting the severity and progression of age-dependent retinal abnormalities in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Higuchi
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Zhou L, Wang H, Luo J, Xiong K, Zeng L, Chen D, Huang J. Regulatory effects of inhibiting the activation of glial cells on retinal synaptic plasticity. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:385-93. [PMID: 25206825 PMCID: PMC4146193 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.128240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Various retinal injuries induced by ocular hypertension have been shown to induce plastic changes in retinal synapses, but the potential regulatory mechanism of synaptic plasticity after retinal injury was still unclear. A rat model of acute ocular hypertension was established by injecting saline intravitreally for an hour, and elevating the intraocular pressure to 14.63 kPa (110 mmHg). Western blot assay and immunofluorescence results showed that synaptophysin expression had a distinct spatiotemporal change that increased in the inner plexiform layer within 1 day and spread across the outer plexiform layer after 3 days. Glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in retinae was greatly increased after 3 days, and reached a peak at 7 days, which was also consistent with the peak time of synaptophysin expression in the outer plexiform layer following the increased intraocular pressure. Fluorocitrate, a glial metabolic inhibitor, was intravitreally injected to inhibit glial cell activation following high intraocular pressure. This significantly inhibited the enhanced glial fibrillary acidic protein expression induced by high intraocular pressure injury. Synaptophysin expression also decreased in the inner plexiform layer within a day and the widened distribution in the outer plexiform layer had disappeared by 3 days. The results suggested that retinal glial cell activation might play an important role in the process of retinal synaptic plasticity induced by acute high intraocular pressure through affecting the expression and distribution of synaptic functional proteins, such as synaptophysin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Zhou
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jia Luo
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Kun Xiong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Leping Zeng
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jufang Huang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Vessey KA, Greferath U, Aplin FP, Jobling AI, Phipps JA, Ho T, De Iongh RU, Fletcher EL. Adenosine triphosphate-induced photoreceptor death and retinal remodeling in rats. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:2928-50. [PMID: 24639102 PMCID: PMC4265795 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many common causes of blindness involve the death of retinal photoreceptors, followed by progressive inner retinal cell remodeling. For an inducible model of retinal degeneration to be useful, it must recapitulate these changes. Intravitreal administration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has recently been found to induce acute photoreceptor death. The aim of this study was to characterize the chronic effects of ATP on retinal integrity. Five-week-old, dark agouti rats were administered 50 mM ATP into the vitreous of one eye and saline into the other. Vision was assessed using the electroretinogram and optokinetic response and retinal morphology investigated via histology. ATP caused significant loss of visual function within 1 day and loss of 50% of the photoreceptors within 1 week. At 3 months, 80% of photoreceptor nuclei were lost, and total photoreceptor loss occurred by 6 months. The degeneration and remodeling were similar to those found in heritable retinal dystrophies and age-related macular degeneration and included inner retinal neuronal loss, migration, and formation of new synapses; Müller cell gliosis, migration, and scarring; blood vessel loss; and retinal pigment epithelium migration. In addition, extreme degeneration and remodeling events, such as neuronal and glial migration outside the neural retina and proliferative changes in glial cells, were observed. These extreme changes were also observed in the 2-year-old P23H rhodopsin transgenic rat model of retinitis pigmentosa. This ATP-induced model of retinal degeneration may provide a valuable tool for developing pharmaceutical therapies or for testing electronic implants aimed at restoring vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstan A Vessey
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne,Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Ursula Greferath
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne,Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Felix P Aplin
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne,Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital,East Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, Australia
- The Bionics Institute,East Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, Australia
| | - Andrew I Jobling
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne,Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Joanna A Phipps
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne,Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Tracy Ho
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne,Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Robbert U De Iongh
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne,Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Erica L Fletcher
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne,Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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Park HYL, Kim JH, Park CK. Alterations of the synapse of the inner retinal layers after chronic intraocular pressure elevation in glaucoma animal model. Mol Brain 2014; 7:53. [PMID: 25116810 PMCID: PMC4237962 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-014-0053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendrites of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) synapse with axon terminals of bipolar cells in the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Changes in RGC dendrites and synapses between bipolar cells in the inner retinal layer may critically alter the function of RGCs in glaucoma. Recently, synaptic plasticity has been observed in the adult central nervous system, including the outer retinal layers. However, few studies have focused on changes in the synapses between RGCs and bipolar cells in glaucoma. In the present study, we used a rat model of ocular hypertension induced by episcleral vein cauterization to investigate changes in synaptic structure and protein expression in the inner retinal layer at various time points after moderate intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation. RESULTS Synaptophysin, a presynaptic vesicle protein, increased throughout the IPL, outer plexiform layer, and outer nuclear layer after IOP elevation. Increased synaptophysin after IOP elevation was expressed in bipolar cells in the innermost IPL. The RGC marker, SMI-32, co-localized with synaptophysin in RGC dendrites and were significantly increased at 1 week and 4 weeks after IOP elevation. Both synaptophysin and postsynaptic vesicle protein, PSD-95, were increased after IOP elevation by western blot analysis. Ribbon synapses in the IPL were quantified and structurally evaluated in retinal sections by transmission electron microscopy. After IOP elevation the total number of ribbon synapses decreased. There were increases in synapse diameter and synaptic vesicle number and decreases in active zone length and the number of docked vesicles after IOP elevation. CONCLUSIONS Although the total number of synapses decreased as RGCs were lost after IOP elevation, there are attempts to increase synaptic vesicle proteins and immature synapse formation between RGCs and bipolar cells in the inner retinal layers after glaucoma induction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chan Kee Park
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Seoul St, Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, #505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Korea.
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Cuenca N, Fernández-Sánchez L, Campello L, Maneu V, De la Villa P, Lax P, Pinilla I. Cellular responses following retinal injuries and therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 43:17-75. [PMID: 25038518 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Retinal neurodegenerative diseases like age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and retinitis pigmentosa each have a different etiology and pathogenesis. However, at the cellular and molecular level, the response to retinal injury is similar in all of them, and results in morphological and functional impairment of retinal cells. This retinal degeneration may be triggered by gene defects, increased intraocular pressure, high levels of blood glucose, other types of stress or aging, but they all frequently induce a set of cell signals that lead to well-established and similar morphological and functional changes, including controlled cell death and retinal remodeling. Interestingly, an inflammatory response, oxidative stress and activation of apoptotic pathways are common features in all these diseases. Furthermore, it is important to note the relevant role of glial cells, including astrocytes, Müller cells and microglia, because their response to injury is decisive for maintaining the health of the retina or its degeneration. Several therapeutic approaches have been developed to preserve retinal function or restore eyesight in pathological conditions. In this context, neuroprotective compounds, gene therapy, cell transplantation or artificial devices should be applied at the appropriate stage of retinal degeneration to obtain successful results. This review provides an overview of the common and distinctive features of retinal neurodegenerative diseases, including the molecular, anatomical and functional changes caused by the cellular response to damage, in order to establish appropriate treatments for these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Cuenca
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain; Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies "Ramon Margalef", University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Laura Fernández-Sánchez
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Laura Campello
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Victoria Maneu
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Pedro De la Villa
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Pedro Lax
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Isabel Pinilla
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lozano Blesa University Hospital, Aragon Institute of Health Sciences, Zaragoza, Spain
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Retinal neurodegenerative changes in the adult insulin receptor substrate-2 deficient mouse. Exp Eye Res 2014; 124:1-10. [PMID: 24792588 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Insulin receptor substrate-2 (Irs2) mediates peripheral insulin action and is essential for retinal health. Previous investigations have reported severe photoreceptor degeneration and abnormal visual function in Irs2-deficient mice. However, molecular changes in the Irs2(-)(/)(-) mouse retina have not been described. In this study, we examined retinal degenerative changes in neuronal and glial cells of adult (9- and 12-week old) Irs2(-)(/)(-) mice by immunohistochemistry. 9-week old Irs2(-)(/)(-) mice showed significant thinning of outer retinal layers, concomitant to Müller and microglial cell activation. Photoreceptor cells displayed different signs of degeneration, such as outer/inner segment atrophy, redistribution of rod- and cone-opsins and spatial disorganization of cone cells. This was accompanied by synaptic changes at the outer plexiform layer, including the retraction of rod-spherules, reduction of photoreceptor synaptic ribbons and synaptic remodeling in second order neurons (i.e. loss and sprouting of dendritic processes in rod bipolar and horizontal cells). By 12 weeks of age, the thickness of inner retinal layers was severely affected. Although inner plexiform layer stratification remained unchanged at this stage, rod bipolar cell axon terminals were significantly depleted. Significant loss of Brn3a(+) retinal ganglion cells occurred in 12-week old Irs2(-)(/)(-) mice, in contrast to younger ages. Adult Irs2(-)(/)(-) mice showed clear hallmarks of neurodegeneration and disruption of the inner retina with increasing age. Pharmacological stimulation of Irs2 signaling pathway may provide additional neuroprotection in certain degenerative retinopathies.
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49
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Chen YY, Liu SL, Hu DP, Xing YQ, Shen Y. N -methyl- N -nitrosourea-induced retinal degeneration in mice. Exp Eye Res 2014; 121:102-13. [PMID: 24509257 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mouse retinal degeneration models have been investigated for many years in the hope of understanding the mechanism of photoreceptor cell death. N -methyl- N -nitrosourea (MNU) has been previously shown to induce outer retinal degeneration in mice. After MNU was intraperitoneally injected in C57/BL mice, we observed a gradual decrease in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness associated with photoreceptor outer segment loss, bipolar cell dendritic retraction and reactive gliosis. Reactive gliosis was confirmed by increased GFAP protein levels. More serious damage to the central retina as opposed to the peripheral retina was found in the MNU-induced retinal degeneration model. Retinal ganglion cells (RGC) appear to be spared for at least two months after MNU treatment. Following retinal vessel labelling, we observed vascular complexes in the distal vessels, indicating retinal vessel damage. In the remnant retinal photoreceptor of the MNU-treated mouse, concentrated colouring nuclei were detected by electron microscopy, together with the loss of mitochondria and displaced remnant synaptic ribbons in the photoreceptor. We also observed decreased mitochondrial protein levels and increased amounts of nitrosylation/nitration in the photoreceptors. The mechanism of MNU-induced apoptosis may result from oxidative stress or the loss of retinal blood supply. MNU-induced mouse retinal degeneration in the outer retina is a useful animal model for photoreceptor degeneration diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Chen
- Dept of Ophthalmology, Wuhan Univ, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, China; Eye Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shi-Liang Liu
- Dept of Ophthalmology, Wuhan Univ, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, China; Eye Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan-Ping Hu
- Dept of Ophthalmology, Wuhan Univ, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, China; Eye Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi-Qiao Xing
- Dept of Ophthalmology, Wuhan Univ, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, China; Eye Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yin Shen
- Dept of Ophthalmology, Wuhan Univ, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, China; Eye Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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50
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Ardeljan D, Chan CC. Aging is not a disease: distinguishing age-related macular degeneration from aging. Prog Retin Eye Res 2013; 37:68-89. [PMID: 23933169 PMCID: PMC3830684 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a disease of the outer retina, characterized most significantly by atrophy of photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium accompanied with or without choroidal neovascularization. Development of AMD has been recognized as contingent on environmental and genetic risk factors, the strongest being advanced age. In this review, we highlight pathogenic changes that destabilize ocular homeostasis and promote AMD development. With normal aging, photoreceptors are steadily lost, Bruch's membrane thickens, the choroid thins, and hard drusen may form in the periphery. In AMD, many of these changes are exacerbated in addition to the development of disease-specific factors such as soft macular drusen. Para-inflammation, which can be thought of as an intermediate between basal and robust levels of inflammation, develops within the retina in an attempt to maintain ocular homeostasis, reflected by increased expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 coupled with shifts in macrophage plasticity from the pro-inflammatory M1 to the anti-inflammatory M2 polarization. In AMD, imbalances in the M1 and M2 populations together with activation of retinal microglia are observed and potentially contribute to tissue degeneration. Nonetheless, the retina persists in a state of chronic inflammation and increased expression of certain cytokines and inflammasomes is observed. Since not everyone develops AMD, the vital question to ask is how the body establishes a balance between normal age-related changes and the pathological phenotypes in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ardeljan
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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