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Liao J, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhang J, Wu F, Liu G, Huang W, Zhang Y. Human ApoC3 overexpression aggravates hyperlipidemia but mitigates diet-induced coronary atherosclerotic disease in SR-BI and LDL receptor double knockout mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159449. [PMID: 38163622 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Liao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, PR China; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Yao Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, PR China
| | - Jinjin Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, PR China
| | - Feng Wu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, PR China
| | - George Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, PR China.
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Kim DH, Lee S, Noh SG, Lee J, Chung HY. FoxO6-mediated ApoC3 upregulation promotes hepatic steatosis and hyperlipidemia in aged rats fed a high-fat diet. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:4095-4115. [PMID: 38441531 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
FoxO6, an identified factor, induces hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis during aging by activating hepatic lipoprotein secretion and lipogenesis leading to increased ApoC3 concentrations in the bloodstream. However, the intricate mechanisms underlying hepatic steatosis induced by elevated FoxO6 under hyperglycemic conditions remain intricate and require further elucidation. In order to delineate the regulatory pathway involving ApoC3 controlled by FoxO6 and its resultant functional impacts, we employed a spectrum of models including liver cell cultures, aged rats subjected to HFD, transgenic mice overexpressing FoxO6 (FoxO6-Tg), and FoxO6 knockout mice (FoxO6-KO). Our findings indicate that FoxO6 triggered ApoC3-driven lipid accumulation in the livers of aged rats on an HFD and in FoxO6-Tg, consequently leading to hepatic steatosis and hyperglycemia. Conversely, the absence of FoxO6 attenuated the expression of genes involved in lipogenesis, resulting in diminished hepatic lipid accumulation and mitigated hyperlipidemia in murine models. Additionally, the upregulation of FoxO6 due to elevated glucose levels led to increased ApoC3 expression, consequently instigating cellular triglyceride mediated lipid accumulation. The transcriptional activation of FoxO6 induced by both the HFD and high glucose levels resulted in hepatic steatosis by upregulating ApoC3 and genes associated with gluconeogenesis in aged rats and liver cell cultures. Our conclusions indicate that the upregulation of ApoC3 by FoxO6 promotes the development of hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hepatic steatosis in vivo, and in vitro. Taken together, our findings underscore the significance of FoxO6 in driving hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis specifically under hyperglycemic states by enhancing the expression of ApoC3 in aged rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Hyun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Seulah Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Gyun Noh
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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Malick WA, Do R, Rosenson RS. Severe hypertriglyceridemia: Existing and emerging therapies. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 251:108544. [PMID: 37848164 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Severe hypertriglyceridemia (sHTG), defined as a triglyceride (TG) concentration ≥ 500 mg/dL (≥ 5.7 mmol/L) is an important risk factor for acute pancreatitis. Although lifestyle, some medications, and certain conditions such as diabetes may lead to HTG, sHTG results from a combination of major and minor genetic defects in proteins that regulate TG lipolysis. Familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS) is a rare disorder caused by complete loss of function in lipoprotein lipase (LPL) or LPL activating proteins due to two homozygous recessive traits or compound heterozygous traits. Multifactorial chylomicronemia syndrome (MCS) and sHTG are due to the accumulation of rare heterozygous variants and polygenic defects that predispose individuals to sHTG phenotypes. Until recently, treatment of sHTG focused on lifestyle interventions, control of secondary factors, and nonselective pharmacotherapies that had modest TG-lowering efficacy and no corresponding reductions in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events. Genetic discoveries have allowed for the development of novel pathway-specific therapeutics targeting LPL modulating proteins. New targets directed towards inhibition of apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III), angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3), angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4), and fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) offer far more efficacy in treating the various phenotypes of sHTG and opportunities to reduce the risk of acute pancreatitis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas A Malick
- Metabolism and Lipids Program, The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai Heart, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ron Do
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert S Rosenson
- Metabolism and Lipids Program, The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai Heart, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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4
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Rosenson RS, Gaudet D, Ballantyne CM, Baum SJ, Bergeron J, Kershaw EE, Moriarty PM, Rubba P, Whitcomb DC, Banerjee P, Gewitz A, Gonzaga-Jauregui C, McGinniss J, Ponda MP, Pordy R, Zhao J, Rader DJ. Evinacumab in severe hypertriglyceridemia with or without lipoprotein lipase pathway mutations: a phase 2 randomized trial. Nat Med 2023; 29:729-737. [PMID: 36879129 PMCID: PMC10033404 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02222-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe hypertriglyceridemia (sHTG) is an established risk factor for acute pancreatitis. Current therapeutic approaches for sHTG are often insufficient to reduce triglycerides and prevent acute pancreatitis. This phase 2 trial ( NCT03452228 ) evaluated evinacumab (angiopoietin-like 3 inhibitor) in three cohorts of patients with sHTG: cohort 1, familial chylomicronemia syndrome with bi-allelic loss-of-function lipoprotein lipase (LPL) pathway mutations (n = 17); cohort 2, multifactorial chylomicronemia syndrome with heterozygous loss-of-function LPL pathway mutations (n = 15); and cohort 3, multifactorial chylomicronemia syndrome without LPL pathway mutations (n = 19). Fifty-one patients (males, n = 27; females, n = 24) with a history of hospitalization for acute pancreatitis were randomized 2:1 to intravenous evinacumab 15 mg kg-1 or placebo every 4 weeks over a 12-week double-blind treatment period, followed by a 12-week single-blind treatment period. The primary end point was the mean percent reduction in triglycerides from baseline after 12 weeks of evinacumab exposure in cohort 3. Evinacumab reduced triglycerides in cohort 3 by a mean (s.e.m.) of -27.1% (37.4) (95% confidence interval -71.2 to 84.6), but the prespecified primary end point was not met. No notable differences in adverse events between evinacumab and placebo treatment groups were seen during the double-blind treatment period. Although the primary end point of a reduction in triglycerides did not meet the prespecified significance level, the observed safety and changes in lipid and lipoprotein levels support the further evaluation of evinacumab in larger trials of patients with sHTG. Trial registration number: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03452228 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Rosenson
- Metabolism and Lipids Unit, Mount Sinai Heart, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Daniel Gaudet
- Clinical Lipidology and Rare Lipid Disorders Unit, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal Community Gene Medicine Center, and ECOGENE-21 Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Seth J Baum
- Excel Medical Clinical Trials and Department of Integrated Medical Sciences, Charles E Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Jean Bergeron
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Erin E Kershaw
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Patrick M Moriarty
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Paolo Rubba
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - David C Whitcomb
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jian Zhao
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Department of Genetics and Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Dedousis N, Teng L, Kanshana JS, Kohan AB. A single-day mouse mesenteric lymph surgery in mice: an updated approach to study dietary lipid absorption, chylomicron secretion, and lymphocyte dynamics. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100284. [PMID: 36152881 PMCID: PMC9646667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestine plays a crucial role in regulating whole-body lipid metabolism through its unique function of absorbing dietary fat. In the small intestine, absorptive epithelial cells emulsify hydrophobic dietary triglycerides (TAGs) prior to secreting them into mesenteric lymphatic vessels as chylomicrons. Except for short- and medium-chain fatty acids, which are directly absorbed from the intestinal lumen into portal vasculature, the only way for an animal to absorb dietary TAG is through the chylomicron/mesenteric lymphatic pathway. Isolating intestinal lipoproteins, including chylomicrons, is extremely difficult in vivo because of the dilution of postprandial lymph in the peripheral blood. In addition, once postprandial lymph enters the circulation, chylomicron TAGs are rapidly hydrolyzed. To enhance isolation of large quantities of pure postprandial chylomicrons, we have modified the Tso group's highly reproducible gold-standard double-cannulation technique in rats to enable single-day surgery and lymph collection in mice. Our technique has a significantly higher survival rate than the traditional 2-day surgical model and allows for the collection of greater than 400 μl of chylous lymph with high postprandial TAG concentrations. Using this approach, we show that after an intraduodenal lipid bolus, the mesenteric lymph contains naïve CD4+ T-cell populations that can be quantified by flow cytometry. In conclusion, this experimental approach represents a quantitative tool for determining dietary lipid absorption, intestinal lipoprotein dynamics, and mesenteric immunity. Our model may also be a powerful tool for studies of antigens, the microbiome, pharmacokinetics, and dietary compound absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Dedousis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lihong Teng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jitendra S Kanshana
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alison B Kohan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Wen Y, Chen YQ, Konrad RJ. The Regulation of Triacylglycerol Metabolism and Lipoprotein Lipase Activity. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 6:e2200093. [PMID: 35676229 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol (TG) metabolism is tightly regulated to maintain a pool of TG within circulating lipoproteins that can be hydrolyzed in a tissue-specific manner by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) to enable the delivery of fatty acids to adipose or oxidative tissues as needed. Elevated serum TG concentrations, which result from a deficiency of LPL activity or, more commonly, an imbalance in the regulation of tissue-specific LPL activities, have been associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease through multiple studies. Among the most critical LPL regulators are the angiopoietin-like (ANGPTL) proteins ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, and ANGPTL8, and a number of different apolipoproteins including apolipoprotein A5 (ApoA5), apolipoprotein C2 (ApoC2), and apolipoprotein C3 (ApoC3). These ANGPTLs and apolipoproteins work together to orchestrate LPL activity and therefore play pivotal roles in TG partitioning, hydrolysis, and utilization. This review summarizes the mechanisms of action, epidemiological findings, and genetic data most relevant to these ANGPTLs and apolipoproteins. The interplay between these important regulators of TG metabolism in both fasted and fed states is highlighted with a holistic view toward understanding key concepts and interactions. Strategies for developing safe and effective therapeutics to reduce circulating TG by selectively targeting these ANGPTLs and apolipoproteins are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Yan Q Chen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Robert J Konrad
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
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7
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Wieczorek E, Ćwiklińska A, Jankowski M. Hypertriglyceridemia, a causal risk factor for atherosclerosis, and its laboratory assessment. Clin Chem Lab Med 2022; 60:1145-1159. [PMID: 35687325 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and clinical studies show a causal association between serum triglyceride (TG) level, the number of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) and their remnants, and the increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. In light of current guidelines for dyslipidemia management, the laboratory parameters reflecting TRL content are recommended as part of the routine lipid analysis process and used for CVD risk assessment, especially in people with hypertriglyceridemia (HTG), diabetes mellitus, obesity and low levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), in which high residual CVD risk is observed. The basic routinely available laboratory parameters related with TRL are serum TG and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) levels, but there are also other biomarkers related to TRL metabolism, the determination of which can be helpful in identifying the basis of HTG development or assessing CVD risk or can be the target of pharmacological intervention. In this review, we present the currently available laboratory parameters related to HTG. We summarise their link with TRL metabolism and HTG development, the determination methods as well as their clinical significance, the target values and interpretation of the results in relation to the current dyslipidemia guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Wieczorek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Ćwiklińska
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Maciej Jankowski
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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La Rose AM, Groenen AG, Halmos B, Bazioti V, Rutten MG, Krishnamurthy KA, Koster MH, Kloosterhuis NJ, Smit M, Havinga R, Mithieux G, Rajas F, Kuipers F, Oosterveer MH, Westerterp M. Increased atherosclerosis in a mouse model of glycogen storage disease type 1a. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2022; 31:100872. [PMID: 35782606 PMCID: PMC9248218 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2022.100872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD Ia) is an inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism. Despite severe hyperlipidemia, GSD Ia patients show limited atherogenesis compared to age-and-gender matched controls. Employing a GSD Ia mouse model that resembles the severe hyperlipidemia in patients, we here found increased atherogenesis in GSD Ia. These data provide a rationale for investigating atherogenesis in GSD Ia in a larger patient cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk M. La Rose
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk G. Groenen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Benedek Halmos
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Venetia Bazioti
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn G.S. Rutten
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kishore A. Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam H. Koster
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Niels J. Kloosterhuis
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke Smit
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rick Havinga
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gilles Mithieux
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM UMR-S1213, Lyon, France
| | - Fabienne Rajas
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM UMR-S1213, Lyon, France
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike H. Oosterveer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marit Westerterp
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Corresponding author at: Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, ERIBA Building 3226 room 04.14, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Peng X, Wu H. Inflammatory Links Between Hypertriglyceridemia and Atherogenesis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2022; 24:297-306. [PMID: 35274230 PMCID: PMC9575332 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-022-01006-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent studies indicate an association between hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). The purpose of this review is to discuss the potential mechanism connecting HTG and ASCVD risk and the potential efficacy of HTG-targeting therapies in ASCVD prevention. RECENT FINDINGS HTG, with elevations in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TGRL) and their remnants, are causal ASCVD risk factors. The mechanisms whereby HTG increases ASCVD risk are not well understood but may include multiple factors. Inflammation plays a crucial role in atherosclerosis. TGRL compared to low-density lipoproteins (LDL) correlate better with inflammation. TGRL remnants can penetrate endothelium and interact with macrophages leading to foam cell formation and inflammation in arterial walls, thereby contributing to atherogenesis. In addition, circulating monocytes can take up TGRL and become lipid-laden foamy monocytes, which infiltrate the arterial wall and may also contribute to atherogenesis. Novel therapies targeting HTG or inflammation are in development and have potential of reducing residual ASCVD risk associated with HTG. Clinical and preclinical studies show a causal role of HTG in promoting ASCVD, in which inflammation plays a vital role. Novel therapies targeting HTG or inflammation have potential of reducing residual ASCVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Peng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huaizhu Wu
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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10
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La Rose AM, Bazioti V, Hoogerland JA, Svendsen AF, Groenen AG, van Faassen M, Rutten MGS, Kloosterhuis NJ, Dethmers-Ausema B, Nijland JH, Mithieux G, Rajas F, Kuipers F, Lukens MV, Soehnlein O, Oosterveer MH, Westerterp M. Hepatocyte-specific glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency disturbs platelet aggregation and decreases blood monocytes upon fasting-induced hypoglycemia. Mol Metab 2021; 53:101265. [PMID: 34091064 PMCID: PMC8243524 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD Ia) is a rare inherited metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC1) gene. When untreated, GSD Ia leads to severe fasting-induced hypoglycemia. Although current intensive dietary management aims to prevent hypoglycemia, patients still experience hypoglycemic events. Poor glycemic control in GSD Ia is associated with hypertriglyceridemia, hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma, and also with an increased bleeding tendency of unknown origin. METHODS To evaluate the effect of glycemic control on leukocyte levels and coagulation in GSD Ia, we employed hepatocyte-specific G6pc1 deficient (L-G6pc-/-) mice under fed or fasted conditions, to match good or poor glycemic control in GSD Ia, respectively. RESULTS We found that fasting-induced hypoglycemia in L-G6pc-/- mice decreased blood leukocytes, specifically proinflammatory Ly6Chi monocytes, compared to controls. Refeeding reversed this decrease. The decrease in Ly6Chi monocytes was accompanied by an increase in plasma corticosterone levels and was prevented by the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone. Further, fasting-induced hypoglycemia in L-G6pc-/- mice prolonged bleeding time in the tail vein bleeding assay, with reversal by refeeding. This could not be explained by changes in coagulation factors V, VII, or VIII, or von Willebrand factor. While the prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin time as well as total platelet counts were not affected by fasting-induced hypoglycemia in L-G6pc-/- mice, ADP-induced platelet aggregation was disturbed. CONCLUSIONS These studies reveal a relationship between fasting-induced hypoglycemia, decreased blood monocytes, and disturbed platelet aggregation in L-G6pc-/- mice. While disturbed platelet aggregation likely accounts for the bleeding phenotype in GSD Ia, elevated plasma corticosterone decreases the levels of proinflammatory monocytes. These studies highlight the necessity of maintaining good glycemic control in GSD Ia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk M La Rose
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Venetia Bazioti
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joanne A Hoogerland
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur F Svendsen
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk G Groenen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn van Faassen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn G S Rutten
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Niels J Kloosterhuis
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bertien Dethmers-Ausema
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - J Hendrik Nijland
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gilles Mithieux
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM UMR-S1213, Lyon, France
| | - Fabienne Rajas
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM UMR-S1213, Lyon, France
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michaël V Lukens
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute for Experimental Pathology (ExPat), Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZBME), University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (FyFa), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maaike H Oosterveer
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marit Westerterp
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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11
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Liu G, Lai P, Guo J, Wang Y, Xian X. Genetically-engineered hamster models: applications and perspective in dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular disease. MEDICAL REVIEW (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2021; 1:92-110. [PMID: 37724074 PMCID: PMC10388752 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2021-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing countries, in which atherosclerosis triggered by dyslipidemia is the major pathological basis. Over the past 40 years, small rodent animals, such as mice, have been widely used for understanding of human atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) with the advantages of low cost and ease of maintenance and manipulation. However, based on the concept of precision medicine and high demand of translational research, the applications of mouse models for human ASCVD study would be limited due to the natural differences in metabolic features between mice and humans even though they are still the most powerful tools in this research field, indicating that other species with biological similarity to humans need to be considered for studying ASCVD in future. With the development and breakthrough of novel gene editing technology, Syrian golden hamster, a small rodent animal replicating the metabolic characteristics of humans, has been genetically modified, suggesting that gene-targeted hamster models will provide new insights into the precision medicine and translational research of ASCVD. The purpose of this review was to summarize the genetically-modified hamster models with dyslipidemia to date, and their potential applications and perspective for ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Pingping Lai
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiabao Guo
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xunde Xian
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
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12
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Jimenes DR, Teixeira Junior NR, Pereira AV, Berti JA, Barbosa CP, Sant'Ana DDMG. Human apoCIII transgenic mice with epicardial adipose tissue inflammation and PRESERVATION of the cardiac plexus. Exp Gerontol 2021; 148:111261. [PMID: 33647361 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypertriglyceridemia is a result of the increase in the serum levels of lipoproteins, which are responsible for the transport of triglycerides and can be caused by genetic and/or metabolic factors. Animal models which either express or lack genes related to changes in the lipoproteins profile are useful to understand lipid metabolism. Apolipoprotein CIII (apoCIII) is an important modulator of hepatic production and peripheral removal of triglycerides. Mice that overexpress the apoCIII gene become hypertriglyceridemic, showing high concentrations of free fatty acids in the blood. Since hypertriglyceridemia is related to atherosclerosis, and the latter refers to cardiac alterations, this study aimed at evaluating the morphological, morphometric and quantitative profiles of the cardiac plexus, as well as the morphometric and histopathological aspects of the epicardial adipose tissue in human apoCIII transgenic mice. Therefore, 8-12-month-old male C57BL/6 mice that overexpressed human apoCIII (CIII) and their respective controls were used. Our results showed that overexpression of human apoCIII did not modify morphological or quantitative parameters of cardiac plexus neurons; however, age increased both, the area and the number of such cells. Furthermore, there was a direct correlation of this dyslipidemia to the thickening of periganglionar type 1 collagens. On the other hand, this overexpression caused epicardial adipose tissue inflammation and an increase in the area of the adipocytes, thus, favoring the recruitment of inflammatory cells in this tissue. In conclusion, this overexpression is harmful since it is related to an increase in cardiac adiposity, as well as to a predisposition to an inflammatory environment in the epicardial fat and to the incidence of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Rodrigues Jimenes
- Program of Graduate Studies in Bioscience and Physiopathology - State University of Maringá (PBF-UEM), Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | - Débora de Mello Gonçales Sant'Ana
- Program of Graduate Studies in Bioscience and Physiopathology - State University of Maringá (PBF-UEM), Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences (DFS-UEM), Brazil
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13
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Valladolid-Acebes I, Berggren PO, Juntti-Berggren L. Apolipoprotein CIII Is an Important Piece in the Type-1 Diabetes Jigsaw Puzzle. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020932. [PMID: 33477763 PMCID: PMC7832341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is increasing worldwide, but also the autoimmune form, type-1 diabetes (T1D), is affecting more people. The latest estimation from the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) is that 1.1 million children and adolescents below 20 years of age have T1D. At present, we have no primary, secondary or tertiary prevention or treatment available, although many efforts testing different strategies have been made. This review is based on the findings that apolipoprotein CIII (apoCIII) is increased in T1D and that in vitro studies revealed that healthy β-cells exposed to apoCIII became apoptotic, together with the observation that humans with higher levels of the apolipoprotein, due to mutations in the gene, are more susceptible to developing T1D. We have summarized what is known about apoCIII in relation to inflammation and autoimmunity in in vitro and in vivo studies of T1D. The aim is to highlight the need for exploring this field as we still are only seeing the top of the iceberg.
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14
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Wu SA, Kersten S, Qi L. Lipoprotein Lipase and Its Regulators: An Unfolding Story. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:48-61. [PMID: 33277156 PMCID: PMC8627828 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is one of the most important factors in systemic lipid partitioning and metabolism. It mediates intravascular hydrolysis of triglycerides packed in lipoproteins such as chylomicrons and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Since its initial discovery in the 1940s, its biology and pathophysiological significance have been well characterized. Nonetheless, several studies in the past decade, with recent delineation of LPL crystal structure and the discovery of several new regulators such as angiopoietin-like proteins (ANGPTLs), glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein-binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1), lipase maturation factor 1 (LMF1) and Sel-1 suppressor of Lin-12-like 1 (SEL1L), have completely transformed our understanding of LPL biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangcheng Alivia Wu
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI48105, USA.
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition Metabolism and Genomics group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ling Qi
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI48105, USA; Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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15
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Yan H, Niimi M, Matsuhisa F, Zhou H, Kitajima S, Chen Y, Wang C, Yang X, Yao J, Yang D, Zhang J, Murakami M, Nakajima K, Wang Y, Liu E, Liang J, Chen YE, Fan J. Apolipoprotein CIII Deficiency Protects Against Atherosclerosis in Knockout Rabbits. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2095-2107. [PMID: 32757647 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apo (apolipoprotein) CIII mediates the metabolism of triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins. High levels of plasma apoCIII are positively correlated with the plasma TG levels and increase the cardiovascular risk. However, whether apoCIII is directly involved in the development of atherosclerosis has not been fully elucidated. Approach and Results: To examine the possible roles of apoCIII in lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis, we generated apoCIII KO (knockout) rabbits using ZFN (zinc finger nuclease) technique. On a normal standard diet, apoCIII KO rabbits exhibited significantly lower plasma levels of TG than those of WT (wild type) rabbits while total cholesterol and HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol levels were unchanged. Analysis of lipoproteins isolated by sequential ultracentrifugation revealed that reduced plasma TG levels in KO rabbits were accompanied by prominent reduction of VLDLs (very-low-density lipoproteins) and IDLs (intermediate-density lipoproteins). In addition, KO rabbits showed faster TG clearance rate after intravenous fat load than WT rabbits. On a cholesterol-rich diet, KO rabbits exhibited constantly and significantly lower levels of plasma total cholesterol and TG than WT rabbits, which was caused by a remarkable reduction of β-VLDLs-the major atherogenic lipoproteins. β-VLDLs of KO rabbits showed higher uptake by cultured hepatocytes and were cleared faster from the circulation than β-VLDLs isolated from WT rabbits. Both aortic and coronary atherosclerosis was significantly reduced in KO rabbits compared with WT rabbits. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that apoCIII deficiency facilitates TG-rich lipoprotein catabolism, and therapeutic inhibition of apoCIII expression may become a novel means not only for the treatment of hyperlipidemia but also for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhao Yan
- From the Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan (H.Y., M.N., H.Z., Y.C., C.W., J.F.).,CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, China (H.Y.)
| | - Manabu Niimi
- From the Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan (H.Y., M.N., H.Z., Y.C., C.W., J.F.)
| | - Fumikazu Matsuhisa
- Division of Biological Science and Development, Analytical Research Center for Experimental Sciences, Saga University, Japan (F.M., S.K.)
| | - Huanjin Zhou
- From the Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan (H.Y., M.N., H.Z., Y.C., C.W., J.F.)
| | - Shuji Kitajima
- Division of Biological Science and Development, Analytical Research Center for Experimental Sciences, Saga University, Japan (F.M., S.K.)
| | - Yajie Chen
- From the Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan (H.Y., M.N., H.Z., Y.C., C.W., J.F.)
| | - Chuan Wang
- From the Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan (H.Y., M.N., H.Z., Y.C., C.W., J.F.)
| | - Xiawen Yang
- Division of Molecular Signaling, Department of the Advanced Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan (X.Y., J.Y.)
| | - Jian Yao
- Division of Molecular Signaling, Department of the Advanced Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan (X.Y., J.Y.)
| | - Dongshan Yang
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor (D.Y., J.Z., Y.E.C.)
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor (D.Y., J.Z., Y.E.C.)
| | - Masami Murakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan (M.M., K.N.)
| | - Katsuyuki Nakajima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan (M.M., K.N.)
| | - Yao Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China (Y.W., J.F.)
| | - Enqi Liu
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease and Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China (E.L.)
| | - Jingyan Liang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, China (J.L.)
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor (D.Y., J.Z., Y.E.C.)
| | - Jianglin Fan
- From the Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan (H.Y., M.N., H.Z., Y.C., C.W., J.F.).,School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China (Y.W., J.F.)
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16
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Bozzetto L, Berntzen BJ, Kaprio J, Rissanen A, Taskinen MR, Pietiläinen KH. A higher glycemic response to oral glucose is associated with higher plasma apolipoprotein C3 independently of BMI in healthy twins. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:459-466. [PMID: 31753785 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plasma apolipoprotein C3 (ApoC3) is associated with higher plasma triglyceride and type 2 diabetes incidence. We evaluated whether body mass index (BMI) or glucose metabolism were associated with ApoC3 in healthy monozygotic (MZ) twins. METHODS AND RESULTS Forty-seven MZ twin-pairs (20 man, 27 women), aged 23-42 years, were divided in subgroups according to discordance or concordance for (a) BMI (within-pair difference (Δ) in BMI≥3.0 or<3.0 kg/m2), or (b) 2-h glucose iAUC, during oral glucose tolerance test (ΔGlucose iAUC ≥97.5 or<97.5 mmol × 120 minutes). Within these discordant or concordant subgroups, we tested (Wilcoxon signed-rank test) co-twin differences in ApoC3, adiposity measures, insulin-resistance and beta-cell function indices, and plasma and lipoprotein lipids. In BMI-Discordant (p = 0.92) or BMI-Concordant (p = 0.99) subgroups, ApoC3 did not differ between leaner and heavier co-twins. In the Glucose-Discordant subgroup, ApoC3 was significantly higher in twins with higher Glucose iAUC than in their co-twins with the lower Glucose iAUC (10.03 ± 0.78 vs. 8.48 ± 0.52 mg/dl; M ± SE; p = 0.032). Co-twins with higher Glucose iAUC also had higher waist circumference, body fat percentage, liver fat content, worse insulin-sensitivity and beta-cell function and higher cholesterol and triglyceride in plasma VLDL, IDL, and LDL. In Glucose-Concordant twin-pairs, no significant differences were observed in the explored variables. In all twin-pairs, ΔApoC3 correlated with Δ in lipids and glucose metabolism variables, the closest relationship being between ΔApoC3 and ΔVLDL triglyceride (r = 0.74, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS While ApoC3 was not related to acquired differences in BMI, it associated with early dysregulation of glucose metabolism independently of obesity and genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutgarda Bozzetto
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University Naples, Italy.
| | - Bram J Berntzen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, Finnish Twin Cohort Study, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aila Rissanen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi H Pietiläinen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Obesity Center, Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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17
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Jasaszwili M, Billert M, Strowski MZ, Nowak KW, Skrzypski M. Adropin as A Fat-Burning Hormone with Multiple Functions-Review of a Decade of Research. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030549. [PMID: 32012786 PMCID: PMC7036858 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adropin is a unique hormone encoded by the energy homeostasis-associated (Enho) gene. Adropin is produced in the liver and brain, and also in peripheral tissues such as in the heart and gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, adropin is present in the circulatory system. A decade after its discovery, there is evidence that adropin may contribute to body weight regulation, glucose and lipid homeostasis, and cardiovascular system functions. In this review, we summarize and discuss the physiological, metabolic, and pathophysiological factors regulating Enho as well as adropin. Furthermore, we review the literature addressing the role of adropin in adiposity and type 2 diabetes. Finally, we elaborate on the role of adropin in the context of the cardiovascular system, liver diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariami Jasaszwili
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (M.J.); (M.B.); (K.W.N.)
| | - Maria Billert
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (M.J.); (M.B.); (K.W.N.)
| | - Mathias Z. Strowski
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, D-13353 Berlin, Germany;
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, Park-Klinik Weissensee, D-13086 Berlin, Germany
| | - Krzysztof W. Nowak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (M.J.); (M.B.); (K.W.N.)
| | - Marek Skrzypski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (M.J.); (M.B.); (K.W.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-618-486-137; Fax: +48-618-487-197
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18
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Potential osteomyelitis biomarkers identified by plasma metabolome analysis in mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:839. [PMID: 31964942 PMCID: PMC6972943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteomyelitis, which often arises from a surgical-site infection, is a serious problem in orthopaedic surgery. However, there are no specific biomarkers for osteomyelitis. Here, to identify specific plasma biomarkers for osteomyelitis, we conducted metabolome analyses using a mouse osteomyelitis model and bioluminescence imaging. We divided adult male pathogen-free BALB/C mice into control, sham-control, and infected groups. In the infected group, a bioluminescent Staphylococcus aureus strain was inoculated into the femur, and osteomyelitis was detected by bioluminescence imaging. We next analysed the metabolome, by comprehensively measuring all of the small molecules. This analysis identified 279 metabolites, 12 of which were significantly higher and 45 were significantly lower in the infected group than in the sham-control and control groups. Principal component analysis identified sphingosine as the highest loading factor. Several acyl carnitines and fatty acids, particularly ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, were significantly lower in the infected group. Several metabolites in the tricarboxylic acid cycle were lower in the infected group than in the other groups. Thus, we identified two sphingolipids, sphinganine and sphingosine, as positive biomarkers for mouse osteomyelitis, and two components in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, two-oxoglutarate and succinic acid, as negative biomarkers.
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19
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Borén J, Packard CJ, Taskinen MR. The Roles of ApoC-III on the Metabolism of Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins in Humans. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:474. [PMID: 32849270 PMCID: PMC7399058 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally. It is well-established based on evidence accrued during the last three decades that high plasma concentrations of cholesterol-rich atherogenic lipoproteins are causatively linked to CVD, and that lowering these reduces atherosclerotic cardiovascular events in humans (1-9). Historically, most attention has been on low-density lipoproteins (LDL) since these are the most abundant atherogenic lipoproteins in the circulation, and thus the main carrier of cholesterol into the artery wall. However, with the rise of obesity and insulin resistance in many populations, there is increasing interest in the role of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) and their metabolic remnants, with accumulating evidence showing they too are causatively linked to CVD. Plasma triglyceride, measured either in the fasting or non-fasting state, is a useful index of the abundance of TRLs and recent research into the biology and genetics of triglyceride heritability has provided new insight into the causal relationship of TRLs with CVD. Of the genetic factors known to influence plasma triglyceride levels variation in APOC3- the gene for apolipoprotein (apo) C-III - has emerged as being particularly important as a regulator of triglyceride transport and a novel therapeutic target to reduce dyslipidaemia and CVD risk (10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Jan Borén
| | - Chris J. Packard
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- Research Programs Unit, Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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20
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) is known to inhibit lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and function as an important regulator of triglyceride metabolism. In addition, apoC-III has also more recently been identified as an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which apoC-III induces hypertriglyceridemia and promotes atherogenesis, as well as the findings from recent clinical trials using novel strategies for lowering apoC-III. Recent Findings Genetic studies have identified subjects with heterozygote loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in APOC3, the gene coding for apoC-III. Clinical characterization of these individuals shows that the LOF variants associate with a low-risk lipoprotein profile, in particular reduced plasma triglycerides. Recent results also show that complete deficiency of apoC-III is not a lethal mutation and is associated with very rapid lipolysis of plasma triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL). Ongoing trials based on emerging gene-silencing technologies show that intervention markedly lowers apoC-III levels and, consequently, plasma triglyceride. Unexpectedly, the evidence points to apoC-III not only inhibiting LPL activity but also suppressing removal of TRLs by LPL-independent pathways. Summary Available data clearly show that apoC-III is an important cardiovascular risk factor and that lifelong deficiency of apoC-III is cardioprotective. Novel therapies have been developed, and results from recent clinical trials indicate that effective reduction of plasma triglycerides by inhibition of apoC-III might be a promising strategy in management of severe hypertriglyceridemia and, more generally, a novel approach to CHD prevention in those with elevated plasma triglyceride.
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21
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Ramms B, Patel S, Nora C, Pessentheiner AR, Chang MW, Green CR, Golden GJ, Secrest P, Krauss RM, Metallo CM, Benner C, Alexander VJ, Witztum JL, Tsimikas S, Esko JD, Gordts PLSM. ApoC-III ASO promotes tissue LPL activity in the absence of apoE-mediated TRL clearance. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1379-1395. [PMID: 31092690 PMCID: PMC6672034 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m093740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertriglyceridemia results from accumulation of triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) in the circulation and is associated with increased CVD risk. ApoC-III is an apolipoprotein on TRLs and a prominent negative regulator of TG catabolism. We recently established that in vivo apoC-III predominantly inhibits LDL receptor-mediated and LDL receptor-related protein 1-mediated hepatic TRL clearance and that apoC-III-enriched TRLs are preferentially cleared by syndecan-1 (SDC1). In this study, we determined the impact of apoE, a common ligand for all three receptors, on apoC-III metabolism using apoC-III antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) treatment in mice lacking apoE and functional SDC1 (Apoe−/−Ndst1f/fAlb-Cre+). ApoC-III ASO treatment significantly reduced plasma TG levels in Apoe−/−Ndst1f/fAlb-Cre+ mice without reducing hepatic VLDL production or improving hepatic TRL clearance. Further analysis revealed that apoC-III ASO treatment lowered plasma TGs in Apoe−/−Ndst1f/fAlb-Cre+ mice, which was associated with increased LPL activity in white adipose tissue in the fed state. Finally, clinical data confirmed that ASO-mediated lowering of APOC-III via volanesorsen can reduce plasma TG levels independent of the APOE isoform genotype. Our data indicate that apoE determines the metabolic impact of apoC-III as we establish that apoE is essential to mediate inhibition of TRL clearance by apoC-III and that, in the absence of functional apoE, apoC-III inhibits tissue LPL activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Ramms
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine,University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Sohan Patel
- Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Chelsea Nora
- Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Max W Chang
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine,University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Courtney R Green
- Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Gregory J Golden
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine,University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Patrick Secrest
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine,University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | | | - Christopher Benner
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine,University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | | | | | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine,University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Philip L S M Gordts
- Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA .,Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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22
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Apolipoprotein (apo) C-III is a key player in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism and strongly associated with elevated plasma triglyceride levels. Several new studies added important insights on apoC-III and its physiological function confirming its promise as a valid therapeutic target. RECENT FINDINGS APOC3 is expressed in liver and intestine and regulates triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) catabolism and anabolism. The transcriptional regulation in both organs requires different regulatory elements. Clinical and preclinical studies established that apoC-III raises plasma triglyceride levels predominantly by inhibiting hepatic TRL clearance. Mechanistic insights into missense variants indicate accelerated renal clearance of apoC-III variants resulting in enhanced TRL catabolism. In contrast, an APOC3 gain-of-function variant enhances de novo lipogenesis and hepatic TRL production. Multiple studies confirmed the correlation between increased apoC-III levels and cardiovascular disease. This has opened up new therapeutic avenues allowing targeting of specific apoC-III properties in triglyceride metabolism. SUMMARY Novel in vivo models and APOC3 missense variants revealed unique mechanisms by which apoC-III inhibits TRL catabolism. Clinical trials with Volanesorsen, an APOC3 antisense oligonucleotide, report very promising lipid-lowering outcomes. However, future studies will need to address if acute apoC-III lowering will have the same clinical benefits as a life-long reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Ramms
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Philip L S M Gordts
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, California, USA
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23
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Taskinen MR, Borén J. Why Is Apolipoprotein CIII Emerging as a Novel Therapeutic Target to Reduce the Burden of Cardiovascular Disease? Curr Atheroscler Rep 2017; 18:59. [PMID: 27613744 PMCID: PMC5018018 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-016-0614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
ApoC-III was discovered almost 50 years ago, but for many years, it did not attract much attention. However, as epidemiological and Mendelian randomization studies have associated apoC-III with low levels of triglycerides and decreased incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), it has emerged as a novel and potentially powerful therapeutic approach to managing dyslipidemia and CVD risk. The atherogenicity of apoC-III has been attributed to both direct lipoprotein lipase-mediated mechanisms and indirect mechanisms, such as promoting secretion of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs), provoking proinflammatory responses in vascular cells and impairing LPL-independent hepatic clearance of TRL remnants. Encouraging results from clinical trials using antisense oligonucleotide, which selectively inhibits apoC-III, indicate that modulating apoC-III may be a potent therapeutic approach to managing dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- Heart and Lung Centre, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Research Programs' Unit, Diabetes & Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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24
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Zvintzou E, Lhomme M, Chasapi S, Filou S, Theodoropoulos V, Xapapadaki E, Kontush A, Spyroulias G, Tellis CC, Tselepis AD, Constantinou C, Kypreos KE. Pleiotropic effects of apolipoprotein C3 on HDL functionality and adipose tissue metabolic activity. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1869-1883. [PMID: 28701354 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m077925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
APOC3 is produced mainly by the liver and intestine and approximately half of plasma APOC3 associates with HDL. Though it was believed that APOC3 associates with HDL by simple binding to preexisting particles, recent data support that biogenesis of APOC3-containing HDL (APOC3-HDL) requires Abca1. Moreover, APOC3-HDL contributes to plasma triglyceride homeostasis by preventing APOC3 association with triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Interestingly, APOC3-HDL also shows positive correlation with the morbidly obese phenotype. However, the roles of APOC3 in HDL functionality and adipose tissue metabolic activity remain unknown. Therefore, here we investigated the direct effects of APOC3 expression on HDL structure and function, as well as white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) metabolic activity. C57BL/6 mice were infected with an adenovirus expressing human APOC3 or a recombinant attenuated control adenovirus expressing green fluorescent protein and blood and tissue samples were collected at 5 days postinfection. HDL was then analyzed for its apolipoprotein and lipid composition and particle functionality. Additionally, purified mitochondria from BAT and WAT were analyzed for uncoupling protein 1, cytochrome c (Cytc), and Cytc oxidase subunit 4 protein levels as an indirect measure of their metabolic activity. Serum metabolomic analysis was performed by NMR. Combined, our data show that APOC3 modulates HDL structure and function, while it selectively promotes BAT metabolic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Zvintzou
- Pharmacology Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias TK 26500, Greece
| | - Marie Lhomme
- ICANalytics and INSERM UMR_S 1166, ICAN, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Stella Chasapi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Serafoula Filou
- Pharmacology Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias TK 26500, Greece
| | | | - Eva Xapapadaki
- Pharmacology Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias TK 26500, Greece
| | - Anatol Kontush
- Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, ICAN, 75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Constantinos C Tellis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Alexandros D Tselepis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Caterina Constantinou
- Pharmacology Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias TK 26500, Greece
| | - Kyriakos E Kypreos
- Pharmacology Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias TK 26500, Greece
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25
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Larsson M, Allan CM, Jung RS, Heizer PJ, Beigneux AP, Young SG, Fong LG. Apolipoprotein C-III inhibits triglyceride hydrolysis by GPIHBP1-bound LPL. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1893-1902. [PMID: 28694296 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m078220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
apoC-III is often assumed to retard the intravascular processing of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) by inhibiting LPL, but that view is based largely on studies of free LPL. We now recognize that intravascular LPL is neither free nor loosely bound, but instead is tightly bound to glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored HDL-binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1) on endothelial cells. Here, we revisited the effects of apoC-III on LPL, focusing on apoC-III's capacity to affect the activity of GPIHBP1-bound LPL. We found that TRLs from APOC3 transgenic mice bound normally to GPIHBP1-bound LPL on cultured cells in vitro and to heart capillaries in vivo. However, the triglycerides in apoC-III-enriched TRLs were hydrolyzed more slowly by free LPL, and the inhibitory effect of apoC-III on triglyceride lipolysis was exaggerated when LPL was bound to GPIHBP1 on the surface of agarose beads. Also, recombinant apoC-III reduced triglyceride hydrolysis by free LPL only modestly, but the inhibitory effect was greater when the LPL was bound to GPIHBP1. A mutant apoC-III associated with low plasma triglyceride levels (p.A23T) displayed a reduced capacity to inhibit free and GPIHBP1-bound LPL. Our results show that apoC-III potently inhibits triglyceride hydrolysis when LPL is bound to GPIHBP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Larsson
- Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Christopher M Allan
- Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Rachel S Jung
- Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Patrick J Heizer
- Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Anne P Beigneux
- Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Stephen G Young
- Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 .,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Loren G Fong
- Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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Cheng X, Yamauchi J, Lee S, Zhang T, Gong Z, Muzumdar R, Qu S, Dong HH. APOC3 Protein Is Not a Predisposing Factor for Fat-induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:3692-3705. [PMID: 28115523 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.765917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by excessive fat accumulation in liver, is prevalent in obesity. Genetic factors that link obesity to NAFLD remain obscure. Apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3) is a lipid-binding protein with a pivotal role in triglyceride metabolism. Humans with APOC3 gain-of-function mutations and mice with APOC3 overproduction are associated with hypertriglyceridemia. Nonetheless, it remains controversial whether APOC3 is culpable for diet-induced NAFLD. To address this fundamental issue, we fed APOC3-transgenic and wild-type littermates a high fructose diet or high fat diet, followed by determination of the effect of APOC3 on hepatic lipid metabolism and inflammation and the progression of NAFLD. To gain mechanistic insight into NAFLD, we determined the impact of APOC3 on hepatic triglyceride synthesis and secretion versus fatty acid oxidation. APOC3-transgenic mice were hypertriglyceridemic, culminating in marked elevation of triglycerides, cholesterols, and non-esterified fatty acids in plasma. Despite the prevailing hypertriglyceridemia, APOC3-transgenic mice, relative to wild-type littermates, had similar weight gain and hepatic lipid content without alterations in hepatic expression of key genes involved in triglyceride synthesis and secretion and fatty acid oxidation. APOC3-transgenic and wild-type mice had similar Kupffer cell content without alterations in hepatic expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. APOC3 neither exacerbated diet-induced adiposity nor aggravated the degree of steatosis in high fructose or high fat-fed APOC3-transgenic mice. These effects ensued independently of weight gain even after 10-month high fat feeding. We concluded that APOC3, whose dysregulation is liable for hypertriglyceridemia, is not a predisposing factor for linking overnutrition to NAFLD in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Cheng
- From the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China and.,the Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Jun Yamauchi
- the Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Sojin Lee
- the Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Ting Zhang
- the Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Zhenwei Gong
- the Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Radhika Muzumdar
- the Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Shen Qu
- From the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China and
| | - H Henry Dong
- the Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
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27
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Gordts PLSM, Nock R, Son NH, Ramms B, Lew I, Gonzales JC, Thacker BE, Basu D, Lee RG, Mullick AE, Graham MJ, Goldberg IJ, Crooke RM, Witztum JL, Esko JD. ApoC-III inhibits clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins through LDL family receptors. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2855-66. [PMID: 27400128 DOI: 10.1172/jci86610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertriglyceridemia is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and plasma triglycerides (TGs) correlate strongly with plasma apolipoprotein C-III (ApoC-III) levels. Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) for ApoC-III reduce plasma TGs in primates and mice, but the underlying mechanism of action remains controversial. We determined that a murine-specific ApoC-III-targeting ASO reduces fasting TG levels through a mechanism that is dependent on low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs) and LDLR-related protein 1 (LRP1). ApoC-III ASO treatment lowered plasma TGs in mice lacking lipoprotein lipase (LPL), hepatic heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) receptors, LDLR, or LRP1 and in animals with combined deletion of the genes encoding HSPG receptors and LDLRs or LRP1. However, the ApoC-III ASO did not lower TG levels in mice lacking both LDLR and LRP1. LDLR and LRP1 were also required for ApoC-III ASO-induced reduction of plasma TGs in mice fed a high-fat diet, in postprandial clearance studies, and when ApoC-III-rich or ApoC-III-depleted lipoproteins were injected into mice. ASO reduction of ApoC-III had no effect on VLDL secretion, heparin-induced TG reduction, or uptake of lipids into heart and skeletal muscle. Our data indicate that ApoC-III inhibits turnover of TG-rich lipoproteins primarily through a hepatic clearance mechanism mediated by the LDLR/LRP1 axis.
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28
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Liu YZ, Cheng X, Zhang T, Lee S, Yamauchi J, Xiao X, Gittes G, Qu S, Jiang CL, Dong HH. Effect of Hypertriglyceridemia on Beta Cell Mass and Function in ApoC3 Transgenic Mice. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:14695-705. [PMID: 27226540 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.707885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertriglyceridemia results from increased production and decreased clearance of triglyceride-rich very low-density lipoproteins, a pathological condition that accounts for heightened risk of ischemic vascular diseases in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Despite its intimate association with insulin resistance, whether hypertriglyceridemia constitutes an independent risk for beta cell dysfunction in diabetes is unknown. Answering this fundamental question is stymied by the fact that hypertriglyceridemia is intertwined with hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in obese and diabetic subjects. To circumvent this limitation, we took advantage of apolipoprotein C3 (ApoC3)-transgenic mice, a model with genetic predisposition to hypertriglyceridemia. We showed that ApoC3-transgenic mice, as opposed to age/sex-matched wild-type littermates, develop hypertriglyceridemia with concomitant elevations in plasma cholesterol and non-esterified fatty acid levels. Anti-insulin and anti-glucagon dual immunohistochemistry in combination with morphometric analysis revealed that ApoC3-transgenic and wild-type littermates had similar beta cell and alpha cell masses as well as islet size and architecture. These effects correlated with similar amplitudes of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and similar degrees of postprandial glucose excursion in ApoC3-transgenic versus wild-type littermates. Oil Red O histology did not visualize lipid infiltration into islets, correlating with the lack of ectopic triglyceride and cholesterol depositions in the pancreata of ApoC3-transgenic versus wild-type littermates. ApoC3-transgenic mice, despite persistent hypertriglyceridemia, maintained euglycemia under both fed and fasting conditions without manifestation of insulin resistance and fasting hyperinsulinemia. Thus, hypertriglyceridemia per se is not an independent risk factor for beta cell dysfunction in ApoC3 transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Zi Liu
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, and the Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China, and
| | - Xiaoyun Cheng
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, and the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, and
| | - Sojin Lee
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, and
| | - Jun Yamauchi
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, and
| | - Xiangwei Xiao
- the Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - George Gittes
- the Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Shen Qu
- the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Chun-Lei Jiang
- the Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China, and
| | - H Henry Dong
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, and
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29
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Abstract
More than 60 genomic loci have been implicated by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and exome-wide association studies as conferring an increased risk of myocardial infarction and coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the causal gene and variant is often unclear. Using the functional analysis of genetic variants in experimental animal models, we anticipate understanding which candidate gene at a specific locus is associated with atherosclerosis and revealing the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms, ultimately leading to the identification of causal pathways in atherosclerosis and may provide novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Guo
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Laiyuan Wang
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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30
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Suzuki T, Sawada S, Ishigaki Y, Tsukita S, Kodama S, Sugisawa T, Imai J, Yamada T, Yamaguchi T, Murano T, Katagiri H. Lipoprotein Lipase Deficiency (R243H) in a Type 2 Diabetes Patient with Multiple Arterial Aneurysms. Intern Med 2016; 55:1131-6. [PMID: 27150867 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.55.5239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) deficiency is a rare monogenic disorder that manifests as severe hypertriglyceridemia. Whether or not LPL deficiency accelerates the development of atherosclerosis remains controversial. We herein report a 66-year-old woman who was homozygous for the R243H LPL mutation. She had developed multiple arterial aneurysms and systemic atherosclerosis despite good control of other atherogenic risk factors, including diabetes. Furthermore, although intensive pharmaceutical therapies had been minimally effective, medium chain triglyceride (MCT) therapy reduced the serum triglyceride levels. Thus, this case suggests important role that mutated LPL protein plays in the progression of atherosclerosis and that MCT therapy is potentially effective, even for severe hypertriglyceridemia due to LPL deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Suzuki
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, Tohoku University Hospital, Japan
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31
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Norata GD, Tsimikas S, Pirillo A, Catapano AL. Apolipoprotein C-III: From Pathophysiology to Pharmacology. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:675-687. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Li H, Han Y, Qi R, Wang Y, Zhang X, Yu M, Tang Y, Wang M, Shu YN, Huang W, Liu X, Rodrigues B, Han M, Liu G. Aggravated restenosis and atherogenesis in ApoCIII transgenic mice but lack of protection in ApoCIII knockouts: the effect of authentic triglyceride-rich lipoproteins with and without ApoCIII. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 107:579-89. [PMID: 26160324 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Previously, our group and others have demonstrated a causative relationship between severe hypertriglyceridaemia and atherogenesis in mice. Furthermore, clinical investigations have shown high levels of plasma Apolipoprotein C-III (ApoCIII) associated with hypertriglyceridaemia and even cardiovascular disease. However, it remains unclear whether ApoCIII affects restenosis in vivo, and whether such an effect is mediated by ApoCIII alone, or in combination with hypertriglyceridaemia. We sought to investigate ApoCIII in restenosis and clarify how smooth muscle cells (SMCs) respond to authentic triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) with or without ApoCIII (TRLs ± ApoCIII). METHODS AND RESULTS ApoCIII transgenic (ApoCIIItg) and knockout (ApoCIII-/-) mice underwent endothelial denudation to model restenosis. Here, ApoCIIItg mice displayed severe hypertriglyceridaemia and increased neointimal formation compared with wild-type (WT) or ApoCIII-/- mice. Furthermore, increased proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells, Mac-3, and vascular cell adhesion protein-1 (VCAM-1) expression, and 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE) production were found in lesion sites. ApoCIIItg and ApoCIII-/- mice were then crossed to low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (Ldlr-/-) mice and fed an atherogenic diet. ApoCIIItg/Ldlr-/- mice had significantly increased atherosclerotic lesions. However, there was no statistical difference in restenosis between ApoCIII-/- and WT mice, and in atherosclerosis between ApoCIII/Ldlr double knockout and Ldlr-/- mice. SMCs were then incubated in vitro with authentic TRLs ± ApoCIII isolated from extreme hypertriglyceridaemia glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein-binding protein 1-deficient (GPIHBP1-/-) mice crossed with ApoCIIItg or ApoCIII-/- mice. It was shown that TRLs + ApoCIII promoted SMC proliferation, VCAM-1 expression, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and activated the Akt pathway. Scavenging ROS significantly reduced SMC activation caused by TRLs + ApoCIII. CONCLUSIONS Severe hypertriglyceridaemia resulting from ApoCIII overexpression promotes restenosis and atherosclerosis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that TRLs + ApoCIII promotes SMC proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yingchun Han
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Rong Qi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Maomao Yu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yin Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mengyu Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ya-Nan Shu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, No. 361, Zhongshan East Rd, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Brian Rodrigues
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Mei Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, No. 361, Zhongshan East Rd, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - George Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
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Qamar A, Khetarpal SA, Khera AV, Qasim A, Rader DJ, Reilly MP. Plasma apolipoprotein C-III levels, triglycerides, and coronary artery calcification in type 2 diabetics. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1880-8. [PMID: 26069232 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins have emerged as causal risk factors for developing coronary heart disease independent of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Apolipoprotein C-III (ApoC-III) modulates triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism through inhibition of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic uptake of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Mutations causing loss-of-function of ApoC-III lower triglycerides and reduce coronary heart disease risk, suggestive of a causal role for ApoC-III. Little data exist about the relationship of ApoC-III, triglycerides, and atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Here, we examined the relationships between plasma ApoC-III, triglycerides, and coronary artery calcification in patients with T2DM. APPROACH AND RESULTS Plasma ApoC-III levels were measured in a cross-sectional study of 1422 subjects with T2DM but without clinically manifest coronary heart disease. ApoC-III levels were positively associated with total cholesterol (Spearman r=0.36), triglycerides (r=0.59), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r=0.16), fasting glucose (r=0.16), and glycosylated hemoglobin (r=0.12; P<0.0001 for all). In age, sex, and race-adjusted analysis, ApoC-III levels were positively associated with coronary artery calcification (Tobit regression ratio, 1.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.27-2.50 per SD increase in ApoC-III; P<0.001). As expected for an intermediate mediator, these findings were attenuated when adjusted for both triglycerides (Tobit regression ratio, 1.43; 95% confidence interval, 0.94-2.18; P=0.086) and separately for very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Tobit regression ratio, 1.14; 95% confidence interval, 0.75-1.71; P=0.53). CONCLUSIONS In persons with T2DM, increased plasma ApoC-III is associated with higher triglycerides, less favorable cardiometabolic phenotypes, and higher coronary artery calcification, a measure of subclinical atherosclerosis. Therapeutic inhibition of ApoC-III may thus be a novel strategy for reducing plasma triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and cardiovascular risk in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Qamar
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.Q., S.A.K., D.J.R., M.P.R.); Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.V.K.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco (A.Q.)
| | - Sumeet A Khetarpal
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.Q., S.A.K., D.J.R., M.P.R.); Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.V.K.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco (A.Q.)
| | - Amit V Khera
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.Q., S.A.K., D.J.R., M.P.R.); Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.V.K.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco (A.Q.)
| | - Atif Qasim
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.Q., S.A.K., D.J.R., M.P.R.); Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.V.K.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco (A.Q.)
| | - Daniel J Rader
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.Q., S.A.K., D.J.R., M.P.R.); Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.V.K.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco (A.Q.).
| | - Muredach P Reilly
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.Q., S.A.K., D.J.R., M.P.R.); Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.V.K.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco (A.Q.).
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Liu C, Gates KP, Fang L, Amar MJ, Schneider DA, Geng H, Huang W, Kim J, Pattison J, Zhang J, Witztum JL, Remaley AT, Dong PD, Miller YI. Apoc2 loss-of-function zebrafish mutant as a genetic model of hyperlipidemia. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:989-98. [PMID: 26044956 PMCID: PMC4527288 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.019836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein C-II (APOC2) is an obligatory activator of lipoprotein lipase. Human patients with APOC2 deficiency display severe hypertriglyceridemia while consuming a normal diet, often manifesting xanthomas, lipemia retinalis and pancreatitis. Hypertriglyceridemia is also an important risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease. Animal models to study hypertriglyceridemia are limited, with no Apoc2-knockout mouse reported. To develop a genetic model of hypertriglyceridemia, we generated an apoc2 mutant zebrafish characterized by the loss of Apoc2 function. apoc2 mutants show decreased plasma lipase activity and display chylomicronemia and severe hypertriglyceridemia, which closely resemble the phenotype observed in human patients with APOC2 deficiency. The hypertriglyceridemia in apoc2 mutants is rescued by injection of plasma from wild-type zebrafish or by injection of a human APOC2 mimetic peptide. Consistent with a previous report of a transient apoc2 knockdown, apoc2 mutant larvae have a minor delay in yolk consumption and angiogenesis. Furthermore, apoc2 mutants fed a normal diet accumulate lipid and lipid-laden macrophages in the vasculature, which resemble early events in the development of human atherosclerotic lesions. In addition, apoc2 mutant embryos show ectopic overgrowth of pancreas. Taken together, our data suggest that the apoc2 mutant zebrafish is a robust and versatile animal model to study hypertriglyceridemia and the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of associated human diseases. Highlighted Article: Apoc2 loss-of-function zebrafish display severe hypertriglyceridemia, which is characteristic of human patients with defective lipoprotein lipase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Keith P Gates
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Programs in Genetic Disease and Development and Aging, and Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Longhou Fang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marcelo J Amar
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiopulmonary Branch, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dina A Schneider
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Honglian Geng
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jungsu Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Pattison
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Joseph L Witztum
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiopulmonary Branch, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - P Duc Dong
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Programs in Genetic Disease and Development and Aging, and Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yury I Miller
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Wyler von Ballmoos MC, Haring B, Sacks FM. The risk of cardiovascular events with increased apolipoprotein CIII: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Lipidol 2015; 9:498-510. [PMID: 26228667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein CIII (apoC-III) is an atherogenic protein found on HDL, VLDL and LDL. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to review the literature on the association of blood apoC-III level with cardiovascular events and the dose-response relationship for this association. METHODS AND RESULTS MEDLINE, EMBASE, BIOSIS, CINAHL, Clinicaltrials.gov, grey-literature sources, contact with investigators, and reference lists of studies, without language restrictions, were reviewed. Twelve studies (5 retrospective and 7 prospective) with a total of 3163 cases of cardiovascular events met inclusion criteria for this systematic review. The pooled standardized mean difference showed significantly higher levels of apoC-III in the non-HDL fraction of plasma (representing apoC-III in VLDL and LDL) in those with cardiovascular disease compared with controls; no difference for apoC-III levels in HDL; and, a trend toward higher total plasma apoC-III in the cases. Pooled risk estimates from the meta-analysis were 2.48 (1.48-4.32; non-HDL apoC-III), 1.09 (0.65-1.82; HDL apoC-III), and 1.33 (1.07-1.66; total apoC-III) for a cardiovascular event with a 5-mg/dL increase in apoC-III. CONCLUSIONS The current body of literature includes several methodologically sound studies that together provide consistent evidence for an association of cardiovascular events with blood apoC-III level in total plasma or in VLDL and LDL. More data are needed to determine importance of levels of apoC-III in specific lipoproteins for cardiovascular risk assessment and management and to elucidate the interaction between triglycerides and apoC-III in relation to risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz C Wyler von Ballmoos
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Froedtert Memorial Hospital, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | - Bernhard Haring
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University of Würzburg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Frank M Sacks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Sacks FM. The crucial roles of apolipoproteins E and C-III in apoB lipoprotein metabolism in normolipidemia and hypertriglyceridemia. Curr Opin Lipidol 2015; 26:56-63. [PMID: 25551803 PMCID: PMC4371603 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To describe the roles of apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) and apoE in VLDL and LDL metabolism RECENT FINDINGS ApoC-III can block clearance from the circulation of apolipoprotein B (apoB) lipoproteins, whereas apoE mediates their clearance. Normolipidemia is sustained by hepatic secretion of VLDL and IDL subspecies that contain both apoE and apoC-III (VLDL E+C-III+). Most of this VLDL E+C-III+ is speedily lipolyzed, reduced in apoC-III content, and cleared from the circulation as apoE containing dense VLDL, IDL, and light LDL. In contrast, in hypertriglyceridemia, most VLDL is secreted with apoC-III but without apoE, and so it is not cleared until it loses apoC-III during lipolysis to dense LDL. In normolipidemia, the liver also secretes IDL and large and medium-size LDL, whereas in hypertriglyceridemia, the liver secretes more dense LDL with and without apoC-III. These pathways establish the hypertriglyceridemic phenotype and link it metabolically to dense LDL. Dietary carbohydrate compared with unsaturated fat suppresses metabolic pathways mediated by apoE that are qualitatively similar to those suppressed in hypertriglyceridemia. SUMMARY The opposing actions of apoC-III and apoE on subspecies of VLDL and LDL, and the direct secretion of LDL in several sizes, establish much of the basic structure of human apoB lipoprotein metabolism in normal and hypertriglyceridemic humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank M Sacks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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A rare variant in APOC3 is associated with plasma triglyceride and VLDL levels in Europeans. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4871. [PMID: 25225788 PMCID: PMC4167609 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis of rich catalogues of genetic variation from population-based sequencing provides an opportunity to screen for functional effects. Here we report a rare variant in APOC3 (rs138326449-A, minor allele frequency ~0.25% (UK)) associated with plasma triglyceride (TG) levels (-1.43 s.d. (s.e.=0.27 per minor allele (P-value=8.0 × 10(-8))) discovered in 3,202 individuals with low read-depth, whole-genome sequence. We replicate this in 12,831 participants from five additional samples of Northern and Southern European origin (-1.0 s.d. (s.e.=0.173), P-value=7.32 × 10(-9)). This is consistent with an effect between 0.5 and 1.5 mmol l(-1) dependent on population. We show that a single predicted splice donor variant is responsible for association signals and is independent of known common variants. Analyses suggest an independent relationship between rs138326449 and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. This represents one of the first examples of a rare, large effect variant identified from whole-genome sequencing at a population scale.
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Hu ZJ, Ren LP, Wang C, Liu B, Song GY. Associations between apolipoprotein CIII concentrations and microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:951-956. [PMID: 25120629 PMCID: PMC4113638 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalbuminuria (MAU) is a strong predictor of diabetic nephropathy (DN), which is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Dyslipidemia exists in the majority of patients with DM and contributes to micro- and macrovascular complications associated with DM. Apolipoprotein CIII (apoCIII) is an inhibitor of the activity of lipoprotein lipase, which metabolizes triglyceride (TG) in very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and facilitates its clearance from plasma. The aim of the present study was to investigate the associations between apoCIII and MAU and the effects of atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes. In total, 120 subjects were divided into type 2 diabetes and type 2 DN groups, while 60 healthy subjects were selected as controls. The patients with DN were administered 20 mg atorvastatin daily for 16 weeks. Blood pressure, body mass index (BMI) and levels of HbA1c, FBG, TG, VLDL-cholesterol (VLDL-C), apoCIII and MAU were markedly elevated in the type 2 diabetes and type 2 DN groups compared with those in the control group (P<0.01), while high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were decreased significantly (P<0.01). All patients with type 2 DN showed significantly elevated blood pressure, apoCIII levels, MAU, course of the disease and rate of stroke and retinopathy compared with the patients with type 2 diabetes (P<0.01). MAU was significantly positively correlated with the course of the disease, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, BMI and HbA1c, FBG, TG, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, VLDL-C and apoCIII levels (P<0.05), whereas negatively correlated with HDL-C levels (r=−0.194, P=0.020). Logistic regression analysis showed that apoCIII levels were independently associated with MAU (odds ratio, 1.100; 95% confidence interval, 1.037–1.153; P<0.001). Atorvastatin improved the lipid profile and MAU in patients with type 2 DN (P<0.01). Therefore, the present study demonstrated that an independent positive correlation exists between the levels of apoCIII and MAU in patients with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, atorvastatin may be used to improve the lipid profile and MAU in type 2 DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Juan Hu
- Department of Nephrology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Lu-Ping Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Yao Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
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Kuivenhoven JA, Hegele RA. Mining the genome for lipid genes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:1993-2009. [PMID: 24798233 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mining of the genome for lipid genes has since the early 1970s helped to shape our understanding of how triglycerides are packaged (in chylomicrons), repackaged (in very low density lipoproteins; VLDL), and hydrolyzed, and also how remnant and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are cleared from the circulation. Gene discoveries have also provided insights into high-density lipoprotein (HDL) biogenesis and remodeling. Interestingly, at least half of these key molecular genetic studies were initiated with the benefit of prior knowledge of relevant proteins. In addition, multiple important findings originated from studies in mouse, and from other types of non-genetic approaches. Although it appears by now that the main lipid pathways have been uncovered, and that only modulators or adaptor proteins such as those encoded by LDLRAP1, APOA5, ANGPLT3/4, and PCSK9 are currently being discovered, genome wide association studies (GWAS) in particular have implicated many new loci based on statistical analyses; these may prove to have equally large impacts on lipoprotein traits as gene products that are already known. On the other hand, since 2004 - and particularly since 2010 when massively parallel sequencing has become de rigeur - no major new insights into genes governing lipid metabolism have been reported. This is probably because the etiologies of true Mendelian lipid disorders with overt clinical complications have been largely resolved. In the meantime, it has become clear that proving the importance of new candidate genes is challenging. This could be due to very low frequencies of large impact variants in the population. It must further be emphasized that functional genetic studies, while necessary, are often difficult to accomplish, making it hazardous to upgrade a variant that is simply associated to being definitively causative. Also, it is clear that applying a monogenic approach to dissect complex lipid traits that are mostly of polygenic origin is the wrong way to proceed. The hope is that large-scale data acquisition combined with sophisticated computerized analyses will help to prioritize and select the most promising candidate genes for future research. We suggest that at this point in time, investment in sequence technology driven candidate gene discovery could be recalibrated by refocusing efforts on direct functional analysis of the genes that have already been discovered. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: From Genome to Function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Albert Kuivenhoven
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A Hegele
- Blackburn Cardiovascular Genetics Laboratory, Robarts Research Institute, 4288A-1151 Richmond Street North, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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Baldi S, Bonnet F, Laville M, Morgantini C, Monti L, Hojlund K, Ferrannini E, Natali A. Influence of apolipoproteins on the association between lipids and insulin sensitivity: a cross-sectional analysis of the RISC Study. Diabetes Care 2013; 36:4125-31. [PMID: 24130363 PMCID: PMC3836122 DOI: 10.2337/dc13-0682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated whether the association of insulin sensitivity with HDL cholesterol (HDL) and triglycerides is influenced by major plasma apolipoproteins, as suggested by recent experimental evidence. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This study included a cross-sectional analysis of the RISC Study, a multicenter European clinical investigation in 1,017 healthy volunteers balanced in sex (women 54%) and age strata (range 30-60 years). Insulin sensitivity (M/I in µmol ⋅ min(-1) ⋅ kgFFM(-1) ⋅ nM(-1)) was measured by the clamp technique and apolipoproteins (ApoB, -C3, -A1, and -E) by Multiplex Technology. RESULTS The center-, sex-, and age-adjusted standardized regression coefficients (STDβ) with M/I were similar for HDL and triglycerides (+19.9 ± 1.9 vs. -20.0 ± 2.0, P < 0.0001). Further adjustment for triglycerides (or HDL), BMI, and adiponectin (or nonesterified fatty acid) attenuated the strength of the association of M/I with both HDL (STDβ +6.4 ± 2.3, P < 0.01) and triglycerides (-9.5 ± 2.1, P < 0.001). Neither ApoA1 nor ApoE and ApoB showed any association with M/I independent from plasma HDL cholesterol and triglycerides. ApoC3, in contrast, in both men and women, was positively associated with M/I independently of plasma lipids. A relative enrichment of plasma lipids with ApoC3 is associated with lower body fat percentage and lower plasma alanine amino transferase. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that HDL cholesterol modulates insulin sensitivity through a mechanism that is partially mediated by BMI and adiponectin but not by ApoA1. Similarly, the influence of triglycerides on insulin sensitivity is in part mediated by BMI and is unrelated to ApoE or ApoB, but it is significantly modulated by ApoC3, which appears to protect from the negative effect of plasma lipids.
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Larsson M, Vorrsjö E, Talmud P, Lookene A, Olivecrona G. Apolipoproteins C-I and C-III inhibit lipoprotein lipase activity by displacement of the enzyme from lipid droplets. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:33997-34008. [PMID: 24121499 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.495366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoproteins (apo) C-I and C-III are known to inhibit lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity, but the molecular mechanisms for this remain obscure. We present evidence that either apoC-I or apoC-III, when bound to triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, prevent binding of LPL to the lipid/water interface. This results in decreased lipolytic activity of the enzyme. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that hydrophobic amino acid residues centrally located in the apoC-III molecule are critical for attachment to lipid emulsion particles and consequently inhibition of LPL activity. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins stabilize LPL and protect the enzyme from inactivating factors such as angiopoietin-like protein 4 (angptl4). The addition of either apoC-I or apoC-III to triglyceride-rich particles severely diminished their protective effect on LPL and rendered the enzyme more susceptible to inactivation by angptl4. These observations were seen using chylomicrons as well as the synthetic lipid emulsion Intralipid. In the presence of the LPL activator protein apoC-II, more of apoC-I or apoC-III was needed for displacement of LPL from the lipid/water interface. In conclusion, we show that apoC-I and apoC-III inhibit lipolysis by displacing LPL from lipid emulsion particles. We also propose a role for these apolipoproteins in the irreversible inactivation of LPL by factors such as angptl4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Larsson
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Evelina Vorrsjö
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Philippa Talmud
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom
| | - Aivar Lookene
- Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Gunilla Olivecrona
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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Graham MJ, Lee RG, Bell TA, Fu W, Mullick AE, Alexander VJ, Singleton W, Viney N, Geary R, Su J, Baker BF, Burkey J, Crooke ST, Crooke RM. Antisense oligonucleotide inhibition of apolipoprotein C-III reduces plasma triglycerides in rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans. Circ Res 2013; 112:1479-90. [PMID: 23542898 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.300367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Elevated plasma triglyceride levels have been recognized as a risk factor for the development of coronary heart disease. Apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) represents both an independent risk factor and a key regulatory factor of plasma triglyceride concentrations. Furthermore, elevated apoC-III levels have been associated with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. To date, no selective apoC-III therapeutic agent has been evaluated in the clinic. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that selective inhibition of apoC-III with antisense drugs in preclinical models and in healthy volunteers would reduce plasma apoC-III and triglyceride levels. METHODS AND RESULTS Rodent- and human-specific second-generation antisense oligonucleotides were identified and evaluated in preclinical models, including rats, mice, human apoC-III transgenic mice, and nonhuman primates. We demonstrated the selective reduction of both apoC-III and triglyceride in all preclinical pharmacological evaluations. We also showed that inhibition of apoC-III was well tolerated and not associated with increased liver triglyceride deposition or hepatotoxicity. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase I clinical study was performed in healthy subjects. Administration of the human apoC-III antisense drug resulted in dose-dependent reductions in plasma apoC-III, concomitant lowering of triglyceride levels, and produced no clinically meaningful signals in the safety evaluations. CONCLUSIONS Antisense inhibition of apoC-III in preclinical models and in a phase I clinical trial with healthy subjects produced potent, selective reductions in plasma apoC-III and triglyceride, 2 known risk factors for cardiovascular disease. This compelling pharmacological profile supports further clinical investigations in hypertriglyceridemic subjects.
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Chen Z, Gropler MC, Mitra MS, Finck BN. Complex interplay between the lipin 1 and the hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 α (HNF4α) pathways to regulate liver lipid metabolism. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51320. [PMID: 23236470 PMCID: PMC3517414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipin 1 is a bifunctional protein that serves as a metabolic enzyme in the triglyceride synthesis pathway and regulates gene expression through direct protein-protein interactions with DNA-bound transcription factors in liver. Herein, we demonstrate that lipin 1 is a target gene of the hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α), which induces lipin 1 gene expression in cooperation with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) through a nuclear receptor response element in the first intron of the lipin 1 gene. The results of a series of gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies demonstrate that lipin 1 coactivates HNF4α to activate the expression of a variety of genes encoding enzymes involved in fatty acid catabolism. In contrast, lipin 1 reduces the ability of HNF4α to induce the expression of genes encoding apoproteins A4 and C3. Although the ability of lipin to diminish HNF4α activity on these promoters required a direct physical interaction between the two proteins, lipin 1 did not occupy the promoters of the repressed genes and enhances the intrinsic activity of HNF4α in a promoter-independent context. Thus, the induction of lipin 1 by HNF4α may serve as a mechanism to affect promoter selection to direct HNF4α to promoters of genes encoding fatty acid oxidation enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouji Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Matthew C. Gropler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mayurranjan S. Mitra
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Brian N. Finck
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chang PY, Lee CM, Hsu HC, Lin HJ, Chien KL, Chen MF, Chen CH, Lee YT, Yang CY. Identification of the HDL-ApoCIII to VLDL-ApoCIII ratio as a predictor of coronary artery disease in the general population: the Chin-Shan Community Cardiovascular Cohort (CCCC) study in Taiwan. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:162. [PMID: 23173569 PMCID: PMC3543287 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Apolipoprotein (Apo) levels are considered more reliable than plasma lipoprotein levels for predicting coronary artery disease (CAD). However, a unanimous Apo marker for CAD has not been identified. In the Chin-Shan Community Cardiovascular Cohort (CCCC), we sought to identify a common Apo marker for predicting CAD in the general population. Methods We examined the cross-sectional association between Apo markers and CAD in the CCCC from 1990 to 2001. Among 3,602 subjects, 90 had angiographically proven CAD (>50% stenosis in ≥1 vessel), and 200 did not have CAD. These subjects were divided into the following 4 groups for analysis: normolipidemic (total cholesterol [TC] <200 mg/dL, triglyceride [TG] <150 mg/dL), hypertriglyceridemic (TC <200 mg/dL, TG ≥150 mg/dL), hypercholesterolemic (TC ≥200 mg/dL, TG <150 mg/dL), and hyperlipidemic (TC ≥200 mg/dL, TG ≥150 mg/dL). Results Compatible with findings in other populations, our results showed that CAD patients in the CCCC had higher ApoB and lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and ApoAI concentrations than non-CAD subjects, but the differences were not significant in all groups. Plasma concentrations of ApoE and lipoprotein (a) were not consistently correlated with CAD. In contrast, the ratio of HDL-ApoCIII to very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-ApoCIII was the only universal determinant for CAD in the normolipidemic group (P=0.0018), the hypertriglyceridemic group (P=0.0001), the hypercholesterolemic group (P=0.0001), and the hyperlipidemic group (P=0.0001). Overall, a high HDL-ApoCIII/VLDL-ApoCIII ratio was observed in all CAD patients, including those with a normal lipid profile. In multivariate analyses, the HDL-ApoCIII/VLDL-ApoCIII ratio was the strongest predictor for CAD among all lipid factors investigated (odds ratio, 2.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.46–2.84; P<0.0001). Conclusions A high HDL-ApoCIII to VLDL-ApoCIII ratio is a better marker for predicting CAD than are the conventional lipid markers or ApoAI and ApoB. High HDL-ApoCIII and low VLDL-ApoCIII values in CAD, irrespective of lipid variations, suggest that ApoCIII is markedly transported from VLDL to HDL in this disease. Measurement of plasma ApoCIII may improve CAD prediction in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No, 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
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Brouwers MCGJ, van Greevenbroek MMJ, Stehouwer CDA, de Graaf J, Stalenhoef AFH. The genetics of familial combined hyperlipidaemia. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2012; 8:352-62. [PMID: 22330738 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2012.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Almost 40 years after the first description of familial combined hyperlipidaemia (FCHL) as a discrete entity, the genetic and metabolic basis of this prevalent disease has yet to be fully unveiled. In general, two strategies have been applied to elucidate its complex genetic background, the candidate-gene and the linkage approach, which have yielded an extensive list of genes associated with FCHL or its related traits, with a variable degree of scientific evidence. Some genes influence the FCHL phenotype in many pedigrees, whereas others are responsible for the affected state in only one kindred, thereby adding to the genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of FCHL. This Review outlines the individual genes that have been described in FCHL and how these genes can be incorporated into the current concept of metabolic pathways resulting in FCHL: adipose tissue dysfunction, hepatic fat accumulation and overproduction, disturbed metabolism and delayed clearance of apolipoprotein-B-containing particles. Genes that affect metabolism and clearance of plasma lipoprotein particles have been most thoroughly studied. The adoption of new traits, in addition to the classic plasma lipid traits, could aid in the identification of new genes implicated in other pathways in FCHL. Moreover, systems genetic analysis, which integrates genetic polymorphisms with data on gene expression levels, lipidomics or metabolomics, will attribute functions to genetic variants in addition to revealing new genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn C G J Brouwers
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Lee HY, Birkenfeld AL, Jornayvaz FR, Jurczak MJ, Kanda S, Popov V, Frederick DW, Zhang D, Guigni B, Bharadwaj KG, Choi CS, Goldberg IJ, Park JH, Petersen KF, Samuel VT, Shulman GI. Apolipoprotein CIII overexpressing mice are predisposed to diet-induced hepatic steatosis and hepatic insulin resistance. Hepatology 2011; 54:1650-60. [PMID: 21793029 PMCID: PMC3205235 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and insulin resistance have recently been found to be associated with increased plasma concentrations of apolipoprotein CIII (APOC3) in humans carrying single nucleotide polymorphisms within the insulin response element of the APOC3 gene. To examine whether increased expression of APOC3 would predispose mice to NAFLD and hepatic insulin resistance, human APOC3 overexpressing (ApoC3Tg) mice were metabolically phenotyped following either a regular chow or high-fat diet (HFD). After HFD feeding, ApoC3Tg mice had increased hepatic triglyceride accumulation, which was associated with cellular ballooning and inflammatory changes. ApoC3Tg mice also manifested severe hepatic insulin resistance assessed by a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, which could mostly be attributed to increased hepatic diacylglycerol content, protein kinase C-ϵ activation, and decreased insulin-stimulated Akt2 activity. Increased hepatic triglyceride content in the HFD-fed ApoC3Tg mice could be attributed to a ≈ 70% increase in hepatic triglyceride uptake and ≈ 50% reduction hepatic triglyceride secretion. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that increase plasma APOC3 concentrations predispose mice to diet-induced NAFLD and hepatic insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT,Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | - Francois R Jornayvaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | - Michael J Jurczak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | - Shoichi Kanda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | - Violeta Popov
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | - David W Frederick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | - Blas Guigni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | | | - Cheol Soo Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | | | - Jae-Hak Park
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, Korea
| | - Kitt F Petersen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT,Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | - Varman T Samuel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT,Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT,Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
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Ppar-Alpha in Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism, Vascular Inflammation and Atherosclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9232-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic immunoinflammatory disease involving medium and large arteries, resulting from a complex interaction between genetic and environmental risk factors. Acute atherosclerotic vascular disease largely results from thrombosis that supervenes on a disrupted atherosclerotic plaque. A healthy lifestyle coupled with management of modifiable risk factors reduces the adverse clinical consequences of atherothrombosis. Reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels using statins and other agents is the primary pharmacologic approach to stabilize atherosclerosis, but a large residual risk burden remains, stimulating the search for additional therapies for atherosclerosis management. This review focuses on new and emerging therapeutic strategies targeting atherosclerosis.
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Kim J, Park HH, Choi I, Kim YO, Cho KH. Severely modified lipoprotein properties without a change in cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity in patients with acute renal failure secondary to Hantaan virus infection. BMB Rep 2010; 43:535-40. [PMID: 20797315 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2010.43.8.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) often exhibit altered serum lipid and lipoprotein profile during the oliguric phase of the disease. Serum lipid and lipoprotein profiles were assessed during the oliguric and recovery phases in six male patients with HFRS. In the oliguric phase of HFRS, the apolipoprotein (apo) C-III content in high-density lipoproteins (HDL) was elevated, whereas the apoA-I content was lowered. The level of expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes were severely reduced during the oliguric phase, while the cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity and protein level were unchanged between the phases. In the oliguric phase, electromobility of HDL2 and HDL3 was faster than in the recovery phase. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size was smaller and the distribution was less homogeneous. Patients with HFRS in the oliguric phase had severely modified lipoproteins in composition and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoe Kim
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Seoul, Korea
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Hypertriglyceridemia and delayed clearance of fat load in transgenic rabbits expressing human apolipoprotein CIII. Transgenic Res 2010; 20:867-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-010-9467-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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