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Coelho I, Duarte N, Macedo MP, Penha-Gonçalves C. Insights into Macrophage/Monocyte-Endothelial Cell Crosstalk in the Liver: A Role for Trem-2. J Clin Med 2021; 10:1248. [PMID: 33802948 PMCID: PMC8002813 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10061248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver disease accounts for millions of deaths worldwide annually being a major cause of global morbidity. Hepatotoxic insults elicit a multilayered response involving tissue damage, inflammation, scar formation, and tissue regeneration. Liver cell populations act coordinately to maintain tissue homeostasis and providing a barrier to external aggressors. However, upon hepatic damage, this tight regulation is disrupted, leading to liver pathology which spans from simple steatosis to cirrhosis. Inflammation is a hallmark of liver pathology, where macrophages and endothelial cells are pivotal players in promoting and sustaining disease progression. Understanding the drivers and mediators of these interactions will provide valuable information on what may contribute to liver resilience against disease. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of macrophages and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) in homeostasis and liver pathology. Moreover, we discuss the expanding body of evidence on cell-to-cell communication between these two cell compartments and present triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (Trem-2) as a plausible mediator of this cellular interlink. This review consolidates relevant knowledge that might be useful to guide the pursue of successful therapeutic targets and pharmacological strategies for controlling liver pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Coelho
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.C.); (M.P.M.)
| | - Nádia Duarte
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal;
| | - Maria Paula Macedo
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.C.); (M.P.M.)
- APDP Diabetes Portugal, Education and Research Center (APDP-ERC), 1250-189 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine—iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos Penha-Gonçalves
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal;
- APDP Diabetes Portugal, Education and Research Center (APDP-ERC), 1250-189 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine—iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Morse C, Tabib T, Sembrat J, Buschur KL, Bittar HT, Valenzi E, Jiang Y, Kass DJ, Gibson K, Chen W, Mora A, Benos PV, Rojas M, Lafyatis R. Proliferating SPP1/MERTK-expressing macrophages in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2019; 54:1802441. [PMID: 31221805 PMCID: PMC8025672 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02441-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the changes in gene expression in cell types involved in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) will shed light on the mechanisms underlying the loss of alveolar epithelial cells and development of honeycomb cysts and fibroblastic foci. We sought to understand changes in IPF lung cell transcriptomes and gain insight into innate immune aspects of pathogenesis.We investigated IPF pathogenesis using single-cell RNA-sequencing of fresh lung explants, comparing human IPF fibrotic lower lobes reflecting late disease, upper lobes reflecting early disease and normal lungs.IPF lower lobes showed increased fibroblasts, and basal, ciliated, goblet and club cells, but decreased alveolar epithelial cells, and marked alterations in inflammatory cells. We found three discrete macrophage subpopulations in normal and fibrotic lungs, one expressing monocyte markers, one highly expressing FABP4 and INHBA (FABP4hi), and one highly expressing SPP1 and MERTK (SPP1hi). SPP1hi macrophages in fibrotic lower lobes showed highly upregulated SPP1 and MERTK expression. Low-level local proliferation of SPP1hi macrophages in normal lungs was strikingly increased in IPF lungs.Co-localisation and causal modelling supported the role for these highly proliferative SPP1hi macrophages in activation of IPF myofibroblasts in lung fibrosis. These data suggest that SPP1hi macrophages contribute importantly to lung fibrosis in IPF, and that therapeutic strategies targeting MERTK and macrophage proliferation may show promise for treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Morse
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Tracy Tabib
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Authors contributed equally to this work
| | - John Sembrat
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Dept of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kristina L Buschur
- Dept of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Eleanor Valenzi
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Dept of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yale Jiang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Immunology, Dept of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Daniel J Kass
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Dept of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kevin Gibson
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Dept of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Immunology, Dept of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ana Mora
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Dept of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Panayiotis V Benos
- Dept of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Dept of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Robert Lafyatis
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Authors contributed equally to this work
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3
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Siddiqui MA, Ashraff S, Santos D, Carline T. An overview of AVF maturation and endothelial dysfunction in an advanced renal failure. RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s41100-017-0123-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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4
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Heckmann BL, Boada-Romero E, Cunha LD, Magne J, Green DR. LC3-Associated Phagocytosis and Inflammation. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:3561-3576. [PMID: 28847720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) is a novel form of non-canonical autophagy where LC3 (microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3) is conjugated to phagosome membranes using a portion of the canonical autophagy machinery. The impact of LAP to immune regulation is best characterized in professional phagocytes, in particular macrophages, where LAP has instrumental roles in the clearance of extracellular particles including apoptotic cells and pathogens. Binding of dead cells via receptors present on the macrophage surface results in the translocation of the autophagy machinery to the phagosome and ultimately LC3 conjugation. These events promote a rapid form of phagocytosis that produces an "immunologically silent" clearance of the apoptotic cells. Consequences of LAP deficiency include a decreased capacity to clear dying cells and the establishment of a lupus-like autoimmune disease in mice. The ability of LAP to attenuate autoimmunity likely occurs through the dampening of pro-inflammatory signals upon engulfment of dying cells and prevention of autoantigen presentation to other immune cells. However, it remains unclear how LAP shapes both the activation and outcome of the immune response at the molecular level. Herein, we provide a detailed review of LAP and its known roles in the immune response and provide further speculation on the putative mechanisms by which LAP may regulate immune function, perhaps through the metabolic reprogramming and polarization of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradlee L Heckmann
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
| | - Emilio Boada-Romero
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
| | - Larissa D Cunha
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
| | - Joelle Magne
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, United States.
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5
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Herbin O, Regelmann AG, Ramkhelawon B, Weinstein EG, Moore KJ, Alexandropoulos K. Monocyte Adhesion and Plaque Recruitment During Atherosclerosis Development Is Regulated by the Adapter Protein Chat-H/SHEP1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1791-801. [PMID: 27417580 PMCID: PMC5001917 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The chronic inflammation associated with atherosclerosis is caused by lipid deposition followed by leukocyte recruitment to the arterial wall. We previously showed that the hematopoietic cell-specific adaptor protein Cas- and Hef1-associated signal transducer hematopoietic isoform (Chat-H)/SHEP1 regulated lymphocyte adhesion and migration. In this study, we analyzed the role of Chat-H in atherosclerosis development. APPROACH AND RESULTS Using Chat-H-deficient bone marrow transplantation in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice, we found that Chat-H regulated atherosclerotic plaque formation. Chat-H deficiency in hematopoietic cells associated with lower plaque complexity and fewer leukocytes in the lesions, whereas myeloid-specific deletion of Chat-H was sufficient for conferring atheroprotection. Chat-H deficiency resulted in reduced recruitment of classical Ly6c(high) and nonclassical Ly6c(low) monocytes to the plaques, which was accompanied by increased numbers of both monocyte subsets in the blood. This associated with defective adhesion of Chat-H-deficient Ly6c(high) and Ly6c(low) monocytes to vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in vitro and impaired infiltration of fluorescent bead-loaded monocytes to atherosclerotic plaques. In contrast, Chat-H was dispensable for CX3CL1 and CCR1/CCR5-dependent migration of monocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight Chat-H as a key protein that regulates atherosclerosis development by controlling monocyte adhesion and recruitment to the plaques and identify a novel target that may be exploited for treating atherosclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/deficiency
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- Antigens, Ly/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Cell Adhesion
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte
- Disease Models, Animal
- Genotype
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Monocytes/pathology
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Neutrophils/pathology
- Phenotype
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Herbin
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Medicine, The Immunology Institute, New York (O.H., E.G.W., K.A.); Quartzy, Inc, Palo Alto, CA (A.G.R.); and Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York (B.R., K.J.M.)
| | - Adam G Regelmann
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Medicine, The Immunology Institute, New York (O.H., E.G.W., K.A.); Quartzy, Inc, Palo Alto, CA (A.G.R.); and Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York (B.R., K.J.M.)
| | - Bhama Ramkhelawon
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Medicine, The Immunology Institute, New York (O.H., E.G.W., K.A.); Quartzy, Inc, Palo Alto, CA (A.G.R.); and Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York (B.R., K.J.M.)
| | - Erica G Weinstein
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Medicine, The Immunology Institute, New York (O.H., E.G.W., K.A.); Quartzy, Inc, Palo Alto, CA (A.G.R.); and Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York (B.R., K.J.M.)
| | - Kathryn J Moore
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Medicine, The Immunology Institute, New York (O.H., E.G.W., K.A.); Quartzy, Inc, Palo Alto, CA (A.G.R.); and Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York (B.R., K.J.M.)
| | - Konstantina Alexandropoulos
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Medicine, The Immunology Institute, New York (O.H., E.G.W., K.A.); Quartzy, Inc, Palo Alto, CA (A.G.R.); and Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York (B.R., K.J.M.).
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6
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Becher UM, Möller L, Tiyerili V, Vasa Nicotera M, Hauptmann F, Zimmermann K, Pfeifer A, Nickenig G, Wassmann S, Werner N. Distinct CD11b+-monocyte subsets accelerate endothelial cell recovery after acute and chronic endothelial cell damage. Int J Cardiol 2014; 173:80-91. [PMID: 24602320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial cell recovery requires replenishment of primary cells from the endothelial lineage. However, recent evidence suggests that cells of the innate immune system enhance endothelial regeneration. METHODS AND RESULTS Focusing on mature CD11b+-monocytes, we analyzed the fate and the effect of transfused CD11b+-monocytes after endothelial injury in vivo. CD11b-diphtheria-toxin-receptor-mice--a mouse model in which administration of diphtheria toxin selectively eliminates endogenous monocytes and macrophages--were treated with WT-derived CD11b+-monocytes from age-matched mice. CD11b+-monocytes improved endothelium-dependent vasoreactivity after 7 days while transfusion of WT-derived CD11b--cells had no beneficial effect on endothelial function. In ApoE-/--CD11b-DTR-mice with a hypercholesterolemia-induced chronic endothelial injury transfusion of WT-derived CD11b+-monocytes stimulated by interferon-γ (IFNγ) decreased endothelial function, whereas interleukin-4-stimulated (IL4) monocytes had no detectable effect on vascular function. Bioluminescent imaging revealed restriction of transfused CD11b+-monocytes to the endothelial injury site in CD11b-DTR-mice depleted of endogenous monocytes. In vitro co-culture experiments revealed significantly enhanced regeneration properties of human endothelial outgrowth cells (EOCs) when cultured with preconditioned-media (PCM) or monocytes of IL4-stimulated-subsets compared to the effects of IFNγ-stimulated monocytes. CONCLUSION CD11b+-monocytes play an important role in endothelial cell recovery after endothelial injury by homing to the site of vascular injury, enhancing reendothelialization and improving endothelial function. In vitro experiments suggest that IL4-stimulated monocytes enhance EOC regeneration properties most likely by paracrine induction of proliferation and cellular promotion of differentiation. These results underline novel insights in the biology of endothelial regeneration and provide additional information for the treatment of vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich M Becher
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Innere Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany
| | - Lisa Möller
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Innere Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany
| | - Vedat Tiyerili
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Innere Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany
| | - Mariuca Vasa Nicotera
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Innere Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany
| | - Felix Hauptmann
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Innere Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany
| | - Katrin Zimmermann
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Pfeifer
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany
| | - Georg Nickenig
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Innere Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany
| | - Sven Wassmann
- Kardiologische Abteilung, Innere Medizin, Isarklinik München, Germany
| | - Nikos Werner
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Innere Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany.
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PI3K p110γ deletion attenuates murine atherosclerosis by reducing macrophage proliferation but not polarization or apoptosis in lesions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72674. [PMID: 23991137 PMCID: PMC3750002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease regulated by infiltrating monocytes and T cells, among other cell types. Macrophage recruitment to atherosclerotic lesions is controlled by monocyte infiltration into plaques. Once in the lesion, macrophage proliferation in situ, apoptosis, and differentiation to an inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory phenotype (M2) are involved in progression to advanced atherosclerotic lesions. We studied the role of phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) p110γ in the regulation of in situ apoptosis, macrophage proliferation and polarization towards M1 or M2 phenotypes in atherosclerotic lesions. We analyzed atherosclerosis development in LDLR−/−p110γ+/− and LDLR−/−p110γ−/− mice, and performed expression and functional assays in tissues and primary cells from these and from p110γ+/− and p110γ−/− mice. Lack of p110γ in LDLR−/− mice reduces the atherosclerosis burden. Atherosclerotic lesions in fat-fed LDLR−/−p110γ−/− mice were smaller than in LDLR−/−p110γ+/− controls, which coincided with decreased macrophage proliferation in LDLR−/−p110γ−/− mouse lesions. This proliferation defect was also observed in p110γ−/− bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) stimulated with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), and was associated with higher intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels. In contrast, T cell proliferation was unaffected in LDLR−/−p110γ−/− mice. Moreover, p110γ deficiency did not affect macrophage polarization towards the M1 or M2 phenotypes or apoptosis in atherosclerotic plaques, or polarization in cultured BMM. Our results suggest that higher cAMP levels and the ensuing inhibition of macrophage proliferation contribute to atheroprotection in LDLR−/− mice lacking p110γ. Nonetheless, p110γ deletion does not appear to be involved in apoptosis, in macrophage polarization or in T cell proliferation.
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8
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Clanchy FI, Hamilton JA. HUVEC co-culture and haematopoietic growth factors modulate human proliferative monocyte activity. Cytokine 2012; 59:31-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Antonov AS, Antonova GN, Munn DH, Mivechi N, Lucas R, Catravas JD, Verin AD. αVβ3 integrin regulates macrophage inflammatory responses via PI3 kinase/Akt-dependent NF-κB activation. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:469-76. [PMID: 20672329 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Controlling macrophage responses to pathogenic stimuli is critical for prevention of and recovery from the inflammatory state associated with the pathogenesis of many diseases. The adhesion receptor αVβ3 integrin is thought to be an important receptor that regulates macrophage differentiation and macrophage responses to external signaling, but it has not been previously identified as a contributor to macrophage-related inflammation. Using an in vitro model of human blood monocytes (Mo) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) we demonstrate that αVβ3 ligation results in sustained increases of the transcription factor NF-κB DNA-binding activity, as compared with control isotype-matched IgG(1). Activation of NF-κB parallels the increase of NF-κB-dependent pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression in MDMs isolated from individual donors, for example, TNF-α (8- to 28-fold), IL-1β (15- to 30-fold), IL-6 (2- to 4-fold), and IL-8 (5- to 15-fold) whereas there is more than a 10-fold decrease in IL-10 mRNA level occurs. Upon ligation of the αVβ3 receptor, treatment with TNF-α (10 ng/ml) or LPS (200 ng/ml, 1,000 EU) results in the enhanced and synergistic activation of NF-κB and LPS-induced TNF-α secretion. As additional controls, an inhibitor of αVβ3 integrin, cyclic RGD (10 µg/ml; IC(50) = 7.6 µM), attenuates the effects of αVβ3 ligation, and the natural ligand of αVβ3 integrin, vitronectin, reproduces the effects of αVβ3 activation by an immobilizing anti-αVβ3 integrin mAb. We hypothesize that αVβ3 activation can maintain chronic inflammatory processes in pathological conditions and that the loss of αVβ3 ligation will allow macrophages to escape from the inflammatory state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Antonov
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
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10
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Ischemia’s Proliferative and Morphological Effects: Analyzing the Roles of Hypoxia, Hypercapnia, and Glucose. Cell Mol Bioeng 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12195-009-0098-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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11
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Rod-Shaped monocytes patrol the brain vasculature and give rise to perivascular macrophages under the influence of proinflammatory cytokines and angiopoietin-2. J Neurosci 2008; 28:10187-99. [PMID: 18842879 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3510-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The nervous system is constantly infiltrated by blood-derived sentinels known as perivascular macrophages. Their immediate precursors have not yet been identified in situ and the mechanism that governs their recruitment is mostly unknown. Here, we provide evidence that CD68(+)GR1(-) monocytes can give rise to perivascular macrophages in mice suffering from endotoxemia. After adhesion to the endothelium, these monocytes start to crawl, adopt a rod-shaped morphology when passing through capillaries, and can manifest the ability to proliferate and form a long cytoplasmic protuberance. They are attracted in greater numbers during endotoxemia by a combination of vasoregulatory molecules, including TNF (tumor necrosis factor), interleukin-1beta, and angiopoietin-2. After a period of several hours, some of them cross the endothelium to expand the population of perivascular macrophages. Depletion of adherent monocytes and perivascular macrophages can be achieved by injection of anti-angiopoietin-2 peptide-Fc fusion protein. This study extends our understanding of the behavior of monocytes at the blood-brain interface and provides a way to block their infiltration into the nervous tissue under inflammatory conditions.
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12
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Antonov A, Snead C, Gorshkov B, Antonova GN, Verin AD, Catravas JD. Heat shock protein 90 inhibitors protect and restore pulmonary endothelial barrier function. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 39:551-9. [PMID: 18474672 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0324oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) inhibitors inactivate and/or degrade various client proteins, including many involved in inflammation. Increased vascular permeability is a hallmark of acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Thus, we tested the hypothesis that hsp90 inhibitors may prevent and/or restore endothelial cell (EC) permeability after injury. Exposure of confluent bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cell (BPAEC) monolayer to TGF-beta1, thrombin, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) increased BPAEC permeability, as revealed by decreased transendothelial electrical resistance (TER). Treatment of injured endothelium with hsp90 inhibitors completely restored TER of BPAEC. Similarly, preincubation of BPAEC with hsp90 inhibitors prevented the decline in TER induced by the exposure to thrombin, LPS, VEGF, or TGF-beta1. In addition, hsp90 inhibitors restored the EC barrier function after PMA or nocodazole-induced hyperpermeability. These effects of the hsp90 inhibitors were associated with the restoration of TGF-beta1- or nocodazole-induced decrease in VE-cadherin and beta-catenin expression at EC junctions. The protective effect of hsp90 inhibitors on TGF-beta1-induced hyperpermeability was critically dependent upon preservation of F-actin cytoskeleton and was associated with the inhibition of agonist-induced myosin light chain (MLC) and myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1) phosphorylation, F-actin stress fibers formation, microtubule disassembly, increase in hsp27 phosphorylation, and association of hsp90 with hsp27, but independent of p38MAPK activity. We conclude that hsp90 inhibitors exert barrier protective effects on BPAEC, at least in part, via inhibition of hsp27-mediated, agonist-induced cytoskeletal rearrangement, and therefore may have useful therapeutic value in ALI, ARDS, and other pulmonary inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Antonov
- Pulmonary Vascular Disease Program, Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-2500, USA
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13
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Jerome WG, Cox BE, Griffin EE, Ullery JC. Lysosomal cholesterol accumulation inhibits subsequent hydrolysis of lipoprotein cholesteryl ester. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2008; 14:138-49. [PMID: 18312718 PMCID: PMC2837357 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927608080069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Human macrophages incubated for prolonged periods with mildly oxidized LDL (oxLDL) or cholesteryl ester-rich lipid dispersions (DISP) accumulate free and esterified cholesterol within large, swollen lysosomes similar to those in foam cells of atherosclerosis. The cholesteryl ester (CE) accumulation is, in part, the result of inhibition of lysosomal hydrolysis due to increased lysosomal pH mediated by excessive lysosomal free cholesterol (FC). To determine if the inhibition of hydrolysis was long lived and further define the extent of the lysosomal defect, we incubated THP-1 macrophages with oxLDL or DISP to produce lysosome sterol engorgement and then chased with acetylated LDL (acLDL). Unlike oxLDL or DISP, CE from acLDL normally is hydrolyzed rapidly. Three days of incubation with oxLDL or DISP produced an excess of CE in lipid-engorged lysosomes, indicative of inhibition. After prolonged oxLDL or DISP pretreatment, subsequent hydrolysis of acLDL CE was inhibited. Coincident with the inhibition, the lipid-engorged lysosomes failed to maintain an acidic pH during both the initial pretreatment and subsequent acLDL incubation. This indicates that the alterations in lysosomes were general, long lived, and affected subsequent lipoprotein metabolism. This same phenomenon, occurring within atherosclerotic foam cells, could significantly affect lesion progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Gray Jerome
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, South Nashville, TN 37232-2561, USA.
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Schubert SY, Benarroch A, Ostvang J, Edelman ER. Regulation of endothelial cell proliferation by primary monocytes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 28:97-104. [PMID: 17991870 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.157537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelial cell-monocyte cross talk is essential for vascular repair. Monocytes colocalize with endothelial cells forming a complex set of interactions distinct from the growth promoting cytokines secreted by differentiated macrophages. In the present work we examined the growth regulation and in vitro wound repair early after binding of monocytes to endothelial cells. METHODS AND RESULTS After direct contact with primary unactivated monocytes, endothelial cells enter S-phase through a mechanism mediated in part by contact-dependent activation of endothelial Met as demonstrated by siRNA silencing of Met, neutralizing antibodies for hepatocyte growth factor and Met as well as by specific inhibition of Met by the Met kinase inhibitor SU11274. Monocytes robustly promote endothelial cell proliferation and migration into a wounded endothelial monolayer. Monocyte-induced endothelial cell proliferation is accompanied by prolonged extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation and is inhibited by the specific ERK inhibitor PD98059. The contact-mediated effect of monocytes is specific to endothelial cells and does not occur with vascular smooth muscle cells. Interestingly, although Flk1 is activated by monocytes, the proliferative effect of monocytes reported here is minimally mediated by Flk1 signaling. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the early interaction between endothelial cells and monocytes is critical for the regulation of endothelial cell proliferation. This complex regulation is mediated in part by contact-dependent Met and ERK phosphorylation. These findings add to a broader set of leukocyte-endothelial contact mediated signals that together regulate endothelial function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Y Schubert
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, room E25-438, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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15
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Proctor BM, Ren J, Chen Z, Schneider JG, Coleman T, Lupu TS, Semenkovich CF, Muslin AJ. Grb2 Is Required for Atherosclerotic Lesion Formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:1361-7. [PMID: 17363695 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.106.134007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Grb2 is a ubiquitously expressed linker protein that couples growth factor receptor activation to downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. Macrophage proliferation and uptake of modified lipoproteins are critical components of atherogenesis which require MAPK activation. However, the precise role of upstream signaling factors and the interrelationship of various MAPK cascades in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis remains uncertain. Complete deletion of Grb2 in mice results in early embryonic lethality. However, Grb2 heterozygous mice appear normal at birth. To test the role of the Grb2 adapter protein in atherosclerotic lesion formation, we generated Grb2+/- mice in the apoE-/- genetic background. METHODS AND RESULTS Grb2+/- apoE-/- and apoE-/- mice exhibited similar body weight and serum lipid profiles. However, Grb2+/- apoE-/- mice on a Western diet had reduced lesion formation compared with apoE-/- mice by aortic sinus and en face assays. Transplantation of apoE-/- mice with Grb2+/- apoE-/- or apoE-/- bone marrow indicated that Grb2 haploinsufficiency in blood-borne cells confers resistance to Western diet-induced atherosclerosis. Cell culture experiments with bone marrow-derived macrophages showed that Grb2 is required for oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-induced MAPK activation and foam cell formation. CONCLUSIONS Grb2 is required for atherosclerotic lesion formation and uptake of oxidized LDL by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Proctor
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8086, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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16
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Katoh N, Soga F, Nara T, Tamagawa-Mineoka R, Nin M, Kotani H, Masuda K, Kishimoto S. Effect of serotonin on the differentiation of human monocytes into dendritic cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 146:354-61. [PMID: 17034589 PMCID: PMC1942053 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03197.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The local cytokine environment and presence of stimulatory signals determine whether monocytes acquire dendritic cell (DC) or macrophage characteristics and functions. Because enhanced platelet activation is reported in patients with many allergic disorders, such as atopic dermatitis, platelet-derived factors may influence monocytic differentiation into DC. In this study we examined the effect of serotonin, a prototypic mediator of allergic inflammation released mainly by activated platelets at the inflammatory site, on the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin (IL)-4-driven differentiation of monocytes into monocyte-derived DC. Monocytes from healthy adult donors were cultured with GM-CSF and IL-4 in the presence or absence of serotonin, and the phenotypes and function of these cells were analysed. In the presence of serotonin, monocytes differentiated into DC with reduced expression of co-stimulatory molecules and CD1a, whereas expression of CD14 was increased. These serotonin-treated DC exhibited significantly reduced stimulatory activity toward allogeneic T cells. However, these cells showed enhanced cytokine-producing capacity, including IL-10 but not IL-12. There was no significant difference between both types of DC in phagocytic activity. Experiments using agonists and antagonists indicated that serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) induced the alteration of their phenotype and reduction in antigen-presenting capacity were mediated via 5-HTR(1/7). It is therefore suggested that serotonin-driven DC may have a regulatory function in the inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Katoh
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan.
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17
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Zhou P, Kitaura H, Teitelbaum SL, Krystal G, Ross FP, Takeshita S. SHIP1 negatively regulates proliferation of osteoclast precursors via Akt-dependent alterations in D-type cyclins and p27. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:8777-84. [PMID: 17142780 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.12.8777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts arise from macrophage progenitors in bone marrow (BMMs) as a consequence of signaling events elicited by M-CSF and receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand, acting on their unique receptors, via c-Fms and receptor activator of NF-kappaB. Both receptors activate the PI3K and MAPK pathways, which promote cell proliferation and survival. SHIP1 is essential for normal bone homeostasis, as mice lacking the protein exhibit osteoporosis resulting from increased numbers of hyper-resorptive osteoclasts. In this study, we show that BMMs from SHIP1 null mice respond to M-CSF, but not receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand, by increasing Akt activation. In consequence, there are up-regulation of D-type cyclins, down-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27, and, therefore, increased phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein and cell proliferation. Surprisingly, cell survival of wild-type and knockout BMMs is unaltered. Finally, osteoclastogenesis and periarticular bone erosions are markedly increased in SHIP1(-/-) mice with inflammatory arthritis, a condition characterized by increased M-CSF expression. The SHIP1/Akt pathway therefore suppresses bone loss in pathological states associated with an excess of the cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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18
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a type of chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the presence of monocyte-derived cells in all stages. Monocytes, macrophages, dendritic and foam cells play important roles in the uptake of oxidized lipids, lesion development, and ultimate plaque disruption. Much is known about the mechanisms of monocyte recruitment in the lumen; however, the fate of monocytes after they enter the artery wall is not well understood. In this review, some of the interesting recent results related to monocyte retention after their migration across the endothelium in the pathology of atherosclerosis will be highlighted. The authors have focused on monocyte inside-out equilibrium, apoptosis and proliferation regulation, and the role of vascular smooth muscle cells in monocyte retention in atherosclerosis. They have also proposed potential treatments for atherosclerosis that target inflammation and monocyte/macrophage retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Natarajan
- Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Gonda Diabetes Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Qiangjun Cai
- Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Gonda Diabetes Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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19
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Lukásová E, Koristek Z, Falk M, Kozubek S, Grigoryev S, Kozubek M, Ondrej V, Kroupová I. Methylation of histones in myeloid leukemias as a potential marker of granulocyte abnormalities. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 77:100-11. [PMID: 15507473 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0704388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that common heterochromatin antigenic protein markers [HP1alpha, -beta, -gamma and mono-, di-, and trimethylated histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9)], although present in human blood progenitor CD34+ cells, differentiated lymphocytes, and monocytes, are absent in neutrophil granulocytes and to large extent, in eosinophils. Monomethylated and in particular, dimethylated H3K9 are present to variable degrees in the granulocytes of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients, without being accompanied by HP1 proteins. In patients with an acute phase of CML and in acute myeloid leukemia patients, strong methylation of H3K9 and all isoforms of HP1 are detected. In chronic forms of CML, no strong correlations among the level of histone methylation, disease progression, and modality of treatment were observed. Histone methylation was found even in "cured" patients without Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) resulting from +(9;22)(q34;q11) BCR/ABL translocation, suggesting an incomplete process of developmentally regulated chromatin remodeling in the granulocytes of these patients. Similarly, reprogramming of leukemia HL-60 cells to terminal differentiation by retinoic acid does not eliminate H3K9 methylation and the presence of HP1 isoforms from differentiated granulocytes. Thus, our study shows for the first time that histone H3 methylation may be changed dramatically during normal cell differentiation. The residual histone H3 methylation in myeloid leukemia cells suggests an incomplete chromatin condensation that may be linked to the leukemia cell proliferation and may be important for the prognosis of disease treatment and relapse.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adult
- Aged
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation
- Chromatin/metabolism
- Chromobox Protein Homolog 5
- Disease Progression
- Granulocytes/metabolism
- Granulocytes/pathology
- HL-60 Cells
- Histones/genetics
- Histones/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid/metabolism
- Methylation
- Middle Aged
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Lukásová
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
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20
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Antonov AS, Kolodgie FD, Munn DH, Gerrity RG. Regulation of macrophage foam cell formation by alphaVbeta3 integrin: potential role in human atherosclerosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 165:247-58. [PMID: 15215180 PMCID: PMC1618536 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63293-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of macrophage foam cells in atherosclerotic lesions is associated with both initiation and progression of this disease. Scavenger receptors CD36 and SRA are the primary receptors responsible for conversion of macrophages into foam cells. Integrin alphaVbeta3 plays a role in the differentiation of several cell types, but its involvement in the transition of macrophages into foam cells and the potential role of this receptor in atherosclerosis have not been examined. Using an in vitro model of single surface receptor activation by binding with an immobilized monoclonal antibody specific to alphaVbeta3 integrin we show that ligation of alphaVbeta3 integrin prevents differentiation of blood monocytes and macrophages into the foam cell phenotype via coordinate down-regulation of CD36 and SRA. This effect of alphaVbeta3 integrin ligation can be reproduced by contact with endothelial cells, whereas the inhibition of alphaVbeta3 receptor ligation restores the uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Moreover, we found that alphaVbeta3 integrin is readily detected in situ on macrophages in early and advanced atherosclerotic lesions and that in vitro exposure to oxidized low-density lipoprotein up-regulates alphaVbeta3 integrin expression. We hypothesize that alphaVbeta3 integrin regulates macrophage functional maturation into foam cells in a persistent manner, and therefore, by targeting alphaVbeta3 receptor it could potentially be possible to regulate progression of atherosclerosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Antonov
- Department of Pathology, BF 231, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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21
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A single-nucleotide polymorphism in the human p27kip1 gene (-838C>A) affects basal promoter activity and the risk of myocardial infarction. BMC Biol 2004; 2:5. [PMID: 15061869 PMCID: PMC400507 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2003] [Accepted: 04/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and leukocytes within the artery wall is a major event in the development of atherosclerosis. The growth suppressor p27kip1 associates with several cyclin-dependent kinase/cyclin complexes, thereby abrogating their capacity to induce progression through the cell cycle. Recent studies have implicated p27kip1 in the control of neointimal hyperplasia. For instance, p27kip1 ablation in apolipoprotein-E-null mice enhanced arterial cell proliferation and accelerated atherogenesis induced by dietary cholesterol. Therefore, p27kip1 is a candidate gene to modify the risk of developing atherosclerosis and associated ischaemic events (i.e., myocardial infarction and stroke). RESULTS In this study we found three common single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human p27kip1 gene (+326T>G [V109G], -79C>T, and -838C>A). The frequency of -838A carriers was significantly increased in myocardial infarction patients compared to healthy controls (odds ratio [OR] = 1.73, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] = 1.12-2.70). In addition, luciferase reporter constructs driven by the human p27kip1 gene promoter containing A at position -838 had decreased basal transcriptional activity when transiently transfected in Jurkat cells, compared with constructs bearing C in -838 (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that -838A is associated with reduced p27kip1 promoter activity and increased risk of myocardial infarction.
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22
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Díez-Juan A, Pérez P, Aracil M, Sancho D, Bernad A, Sánchez-Madrid F, Andrés V. Selective inactivation of p27(Kip1) in hematopoietic progenitor cells increases neointimal macrophage proliferation and accelerates atherosclerosis. Blood 2003; 103:158-61. [PMID: 14504088 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-07-2319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive proliferation of immune cells and vascular smooth myocytes (VSMCs) contributes to atherosclerosis. We have previously shown that whole-body inactivation of the growth suppressor p27 exacerbates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-null mice (apoE-/-), and this correlated with increased proliferation of arterial macrophages and VSMCs. In the present study, we postulated that targeted disruption of bone marrow (BM) p27 is sufficient to enhance arterial macrophage proliferation and atherosclerosis. To test this hypothesis, sublethally irradiated apoE-/- mice with an intact p27 gene received a BM transplant from either apoE-/- or p27-/-apoE-/- doubly deficient donor mice and challenged with a high-cholesterol diet. Compared with mice that received an apoE-/- BM transplant, reconstitution with p27-/-apoE-/- doubly deficient marrow increased the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in neointimal macrophages and accelerated aortic atherosclerosis, and this correlated with augmented aortic expression of the inflammatory cytokines CCL2/MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1) and CCL5/RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted). Overall, these findings provide evidence that p27 deficiency in hematopoietic progenitor cells enhances the inflammatory/proliferative response induced by dietary cholesterol and accelerates atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Díez-Juan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology and Therapy, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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23
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Rehman J, Li J, Orschell CM, March KL. Peripheral blood "endothelial progenitor cells" are derived from monocyte/macrophages and secrete angiogenic growth factors. Circulation 2003; 107:1164-9. [PMID: 12615796 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000058702.69484.a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1365] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been isolated from peripheral blood and can enhance angiogenesis after infusion into host animals. It is not known whether the proangiogenic effects are a result of such events as endothelial differentiation and subsequent proliferation of EPCs or secondary to secretion of angiogenic growth factors. METHODS AND RESULTS Human EPCs were isolated as previously described, and their phenotypes were confirmed by uptake of acetylated LDL and binding of ulex-lectin. EPC proliferation and surface marker expression were analyzed by flow cytometry, and conditioned medium was assayed for growth factors. The majority of EPCs expressed monocyte/macrophage markers such as CD14 (95.7+/-0.3%), Mac-1 (57.6+/-13.5%), and CD11c (90.8+/-4.9%). A much lower percentage of cells expressed the specific endothelial marker VE-cadherin (5.2+/-0.7%) or stem/progenitor-cell markers AC133 (0.16+/-0.05%) and c-kit (1.3+/-0.7%). Compared with circulating monocytes, cultured EPCs showed upregulation of monocyte activation and macrophage differentiation markers. EPCs did not demonstrate any significant proliferation but did secrete the angiogenic growth factors vascular endothelial growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that acetylated LDL(+)ulex-lectin(+) cells, commonly referred to as EPCs, do not proliferate but release potent proangiogenic growth factors. The majority of acetylated LDL(+)ulex-lectin(+) cells are derived from monocyte/macrophages. The findings of low proliferation and endothelial differentiation suggest that their angiogenic effects are most likely mediated by growth factor secretion. These findings may allow for development of novel angiogenic therapies relying on secreted growth factors or on recruitment of endogenous monocytes/macrophages to sites of ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalees Rehman
- Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Berliner
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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25
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Buschmann IR, Hoefer IE, van Royen N, Katzer E, Braun-Dulleaus R, Heil M, Kostin S, Bode C, Schaper W. GM-CSF: a strong arteriogenic factor acting by amplification of monocyte function. Atherosclerosis 2001; 159:343-56. [PMID: 11730814 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(01)00637-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the role of the colony stimulating factor for monocytes (GM-CSF) to test the hypothesis whether prolongation of the monocyte's life cycle will support arteriogenesis (rapid growth of preexisting collateral arteries). This appeared logical in view of our discovery that circulating monocytes play an important part in the positive remodeling of small preexisting arterioles into arteries to compensate for arterial occlusions (arteriogenesis) and especially following our findings that MCP-1 markedly increases the speed of arteriogenesis. The continuous infusion of GM-CSF for 7 days into the proximal stump of the acutely occluded femoral artery of rabbits by osmotic minipump produced indeed a marked arteriogenic response as demonstrated by an increase (2-fold) in number and size of collateral arteries on postmortem angiograms and by the increase of maximal blood flow during vasodilation measured in vivo by blood pump perfusion of the hindquarter (5-fold). When GM-CSF and MCP-1 were simultaneously infused the effects on arteriogenesis were additive on angiograms as well as on conductance. GM-CSF was also able to widen the time window of MCP-1 activity: MCP-1 treatment alone was ineffective when given after the third week following occlusion. When administered together with GM-CSF about 80% of normal maximal conductance of the artery that was replaced by collaterals were achieved, a result that was not reached before by any other experimental treatment. Experiments with cells isolated from treated animals showed that monocyte apoptosis was markedly reduced. In addition we hypothesize that GM-CSF may aid in releasing pluripotent monocyte (stem-) cells from the bone marrow into the circulation. In contrast to MCP-1, GM-CSF showed no activity on monocyte transmigration through- and also no influence on monocyte adhesion to cultured endothelial cells. In conclusion we have discovered a new function of the hemopoietic stem cell factor GM-CSF, which is also a powerful arteriogenic peptide that acts via prolongation of the life cycle of monocytes/macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- I R Buschmann
- Research Group for Experimental and Clinical Arteriogenesis at the Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
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26
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Horuzsko A, Lenfant F, Munn DH, Mellor AL. Maturation of antigen-presenting cells is compromised in HLA-G transgenic mice. Int Immunol 2001; 13:385-94. [PMID: 11222508 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/13.3.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human MHC class Ib antigen HLA-G is thought to regulate maternal immune responses during pregnancy. Here we show that expression of HLA-G in transgenic mice diminished cellular immunity by inhibiting maturation of myelomonocytic cells into functional antigen-presenting cells (APC). Skin allografts applied to HLA-G transgenic mice survived longer and resultant T cell responses were less potent compared to control mice. T cells from HLA-G mice responded normally to allogeneic APC and immunohistological analyses of spleen revealed no marked abnormalities. However, spontaneous outgrowths of myeloid cells were observed when bone marrow or splenocytes from HLA-G mice were cultured in vitro, but functionally competent APC did not develop spontaneously in bone marrow cultures supplemented with granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Addition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to GM-CSF-derived bone marrow cultures rescued APC maturation. Studies using HLA-G tetrameric reagents revealed that HLA-G-specific binding activity was associated with CD11c(+) myelomonocytic cells, while binding to lymphoid and NK cell subsets was undetectable. These data show that spontaneous maturation of functionally competent dendritic cells (DC) is compromised in HLA-G mice. We hypothesize that HLA-G inhibits maturation of DC via receptor-mediated interactions with myelomonocytic precursors, which render immature DC precursors unable to receive signals from activated T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/pathology
- Biopolymers
- Bone Marrow Cells/pathology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Dendritic Cells/pathology
- Graft Survival
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
- HLA Antigens/chemistry
- HLA Antigens/genetics
- HLA Antigens/physiology
- HLA-G Antigens
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/chemistry
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/physiology
- Histones/chemistry
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/genetics
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/immunology
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/pathology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myeloid Cells/drug effects
- Myeloid Cells/pathology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Protein Folding
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
- Skin Transplantation/immunology
- Spleen/pathology
- Transplantation, Homologous/immunology
- beta 2-Microglobulin/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- A Horuzsko
- Program in Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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27
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Moss ST, Hamilton JA. Proliferation of a subpopulation of human peripheral blood monocytes in the presence of colony stimulating factors may contribute to the inflammatory process in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Immunobiology 2000; 202:18-25. [PMID: 10879685 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(00)80048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Apart from acting on hemopoietic progenitor cells, colony stimulating factors (CSFs) have been shown to be involved in the activation, survival, proliferation and differentiation of more mature cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. There is evidence that a proportion of human peripheral blood monocytes can proliferate in response to CSF-1, (also known as M-CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage-CSF (GM-CSF). CSFs have been shown to be at elevated levels in the synovial fluid of RA patients and thus local proliferation of monocyte/macrophage within an inflamed lesion may contribute to the local tissue hyperplasia evident in inflammatory conditions. Flow cytometric analysis of surface antigen expression and cytokine production in response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation has been used to characterise the proliferating subpopulation of monocytes. Further characterization and subsequent isolation of this subpopulation of monocytes may provide new and important information necessary in understanding inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, where local proliferation at the site of inflammation may be a key factor contributing to the chronicity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Moss
- Department of Medicine, Inflammation Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia.
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28
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Green M, Harrington MA. A comparison of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) gene expression in primary and immortalized endothelial cells. JOURNAL OF HEMATOTHERAPY & STEM CELL RESEARCH 2000; 9:237-46. [PMID: 10813537 DOI: 10.1089/152581600319450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
M-CSF is produced by a wide variety of cell types, including EC, fibroblasts, and monocyte/macrophages, where it functions as a survival factor and a chemotactic agent for monocytes. An early event in the development of atherosclerosis is the infiltration of monocytes into the artery wall. Local expression of M-CSF by EC lining the blood vessels is thought to promote the growth and survival of lesional monocytes and macrophages, thus enhancing lesion development and disease progression. Primary cultures of EC are difficult to maintain for long periods of time, which complicates their use for biochemical and molecular analysis. As a step toward identifying a representative endothelial-like cell line, serum-dependent and IL-1-dependent changes in M-CSF gene expression in two endothelial-like cell lines were compared to that detected in primary EC cultures. The data presented here demonstrate that the two endothelial-like cell lines, like primary cultures of EC, express the M-CSF gene under basal conditions. In both types of cell cultures, IL-1alpha stimulation increased M-CSF mRNA levels 2-7-fold, whereas serum stimulation elicited a more modest effect (2-3-fold increase). The IL-1alpha-induced change in M-CSF gene expression is mediated at the transcriptional level, and M-CSF promoter activity is, in part, dependent on the activity of the NF-kappaB-inducing kinase. Collectively, our results demonstrate that either endothelial-like cell line would be a representative model in which endothelial-specific changes in M-CSF gene expression could be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Green
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202-5121, USA
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29
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Abstract
Abstract
Peripheral monocytes are short-lived and are replenished from hematopoietic stem cells whose proliferation is believed to be confined to the bone marrow. Human peripheral monocytes are assumed not to be able to proliferate. In this study we show that CD137 (ILA/4-1BB), a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family, induces a widespread and profound proliferation of human peripheral monocytes. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor are essential, but not sufficient for proliferation. Additional soluble autocrine factors induced by CD137 are required. Induction of proliferation is mediated via reverse signaling through a CD137 ligand, expressed constitutively by peripheral monocytes. The ability of CD137 to induce proliferation in human peripheral monocytes is not shared by any other known molecule.
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30
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Abstract
Peripheral monocytes are short-lived and are replenished from hematopoietic stem cells whose proliferation is believed to be confined to the bone marrow. Human peripheral monocytes are assumed not to be able to proliferate. In this study we show that CD137 (ILA/4-1BB), a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family, induces a widespread and profound proliferation of human peripheral monocytes. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor are essential, but not sufficient for proliferation. Additional soluble autocrine factors induced by CD137 are required. Induction of proliferation is mediated via reverse signaling through a CD137 ligand, expressed constitutively by peripheral monocytes. The ability of CD137 to induce proliferation in human peripheral monocytes is not shared by any other known molecule.
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31
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Studzinski GP, Harrison LE. Differentiation-related changes in the cell cycle traverse. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1999; 189:1-58. [PMID: 10333577 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This review examines recent developments relating to the interface between cell proliferation and differentiation. It is suggested that the mechanism responsible for this transition is more akin to a "dimmer" than to a "switch," that it is more useful to refer to early and late stages of differentiation rather than to "terminal" differentiation, and examples of the reversibility of differentiation are provided. An outline of the established paradigm of cell cycle regulation is followed by summaries of recent studies that suggest that this paradigm is overly simplified and should be interpreted in the context of different cell types. The role of inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases in differentiation is discussed, but the data are still inconclusive. An increasing interest in the changes in G2/M transition during differentiation is illustrated by examples of polyploidization during differentiation, such as megakaryocyte maturation. Although the retinoblastoma protein is currently maintaining its prominent role in control of proliferation and differentiation, it is anticipated that equally important regulators will be discovered and provide an explanation at the molecular level for the gradual transition from proliferation to differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Studzinski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey Medical School, Newark 07103, USA
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32
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Martens JS, Lougheed M, Gómez-Muñoz A, Steinbrecher UP. A modification of apolipoprotein B accounts for most of the induction of macrophage growth by oxidized low density lipoprotein. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:10903-10. [PMID: 10196168 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.16.10903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
It has recently been shown that macrophage proliferation occurs during the progression of atherosclerotic lesions and that oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL) stimulates macrophage growth. Possible mechanisms for this include the interaction of oxidized LDL with integral plasma membrane proteins coupled to signaling pathways, the release of growth factors and autocrine activation of growth factor receptors, or the potentiation of mitogenic signal transduction by a component of oxidized LDL after internalization. The present study was undertaken to further elucidate the mechanisms involved in the growth-stimulating effect of oxidized LDL in macrophages. Only extensively oxidized LDL caused significant growth stimulation, whereas mildly oxidized LDL, native LDL, and acetyl LDL were ineffective. LDL that had been methylated before oxidation (to block lysine derivatization by oxidation products and thereby prevent the formation of a scavenger receptor ligand) did not promote growth, even though extensive lipid peroxidation had occurred. The growth stimulation could not be attributed to lysophosphatidylcholine (lyso-PC) because incubation of oxidized LDL with fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin resulted in a 97% decrease in lyso-PC content but only a 20% decrease in mitogenic activity. Similarly, treatment of acetyl LDL with phospholipase A2 converted more than 90% of the initial content of phosphatidylcholine (PC) to lyso-PC, but the phospholipase A2-treated acetyl LDL was nearly 10-fold less potent than oxidized LDL at stimulating growth. Platelet-activating factor receptor antagonists partly inhibited growth stimulation by oxidized LDL, but platelet-activating factor itself did not induce growth. Digestion of oxidized LDL with phospholipase A2 resulted in the hydrolysis of PC and oxidized PC but did not attenuate growth induction. Native LDL, treated with autoxidized arachidonic acid under conditions that caused extensive modification of lysine residues by lipid peroxidation products but did not result in oxidation of LDL lipids, was equal to oxidized LDL in potency at stimulating macrophage growth. Albumin modified by arachidonic acid peroxidation products also stimulated growth, demonstrating that LDL lipids are not essential for this effect. These findings suggest that oxidatively modified apolipoprotein B is the main growth-stimulating component of oxidized LDL, but that oxidized phospholipids may play a secondary role.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Martens
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E3, Canada
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