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Vom Stein AF, Hallek M, Nguyen PH. Role of the tumor microenvironment in CLL pathogenesis. Semin Hematol 2023:S0037-1963(23)00098-7. [PMID: 38220499 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells extensively interact with and depend on their surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME encompasses a heterogeneous array of cell types, soluble signals, and extracellular vesicles, which contribute significantly to CLL pathogenesis. CLL cells and the TME cooperatively generate a chronic inflammatory milieu, which reciprocally reprograms the TME and activates a signaling network within CLL cells, promoting their survival and proliferation. Additionally, the inflammatory milieu exerts chemotactic effects, attracting CLL cells and other immune cells to the lymphoid tissues. The intricate CLL-TME interactions also facilitate immune evasion and compromise leukemic cell surveillance. We also review recent advances that have shed light on additional aspects that are substantially influenced by the CLL-TME interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander F Vom Stein
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne; CECAD Center of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Hallek
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne; CECAD Center of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Cologne, Germany
| | - Phuong-Hien Nguyen
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne; CECAD Center of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Cologne, Germany.
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2
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Köhrer S, Dittrich T, Schorb M, Weinhold N, Haberbosch I, Börmel M, Pajor G, Goldschmidt H, Müller-Tidow C, Raab MS, John L, Seckinger A, Brobeil A, Dreger P, Tornóczky T, Pajor L, Hegenbart U, Schönland SO, Schwab Y, Krämer A. High-throughput electron tomography identifies centriole over-elongation as an early event in plasma cell disorders. Leukemia 2023; 37:2468-2478. [PMID: 37821581 PMCID: PMC10681902 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-023-02056-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Plasma cell disorders are clonal outgrowths of pre-malignant or malignant plasma cells, characterized by extensive chromosomal aberrations. Centrosome abnormalities are a major driver of chromosomal instability in cancer but their origin, incidence, and composition in primary tumor cells is poorly understood. Using cutting-edge, semi-automated high-throughput electron tomography, we characterized at nanoscale 1386 centrioles in CD138pos plasma cells from eight healthy donors and 21 patients with plasma cell disorders, and 722 centrioles from different control populations. In plasma cells from healthy individuals, over-elongated centrioles accumulated with age. In plasma cell disorders, centriole over-elongation was notably frequent in early, pre-malignant disease stages, became less pronounced in overt multiple myeloma, and almost entirely disappeared in aggressive plasma cell leukemia. Centrioles in other types of patient-derived B cell neoplasms showed no over-elongation. In contrast to current belief, centriole length appears to be highly variable in long-lived, healthy plasma cells, and over-elongation and structural aberrations are common in this cell type. Our data suggest that structural centrosome aberrations accumulate with age in healthy CD138pos plasma cells and may thus play an important role in early aneuploidization as an oncogenic driver in plasma cell disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Köhrer
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Dittrich
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Amyloidosis Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schorb
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Niels Weinhold
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Isabella Haberbosch
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mandy Börmel
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gabor Pajor
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pathology, University of Pécs Medical School and Clinic, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Hartmut Goldschmidt
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine V, GMMG-Studygroup at University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Müller-Tidow
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc S Raab
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lukas John
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Seckinger
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Brobeil
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Dreger
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tamás Tornóczky
- Department of Pathology, University of Pécs Medical School and Clinic, Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Pajor
- Department of Pathology, University of Pécs Medical School and Clinic, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ute Hegenbart
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Amyloidosis Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan O Schönland
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Amyloidosis Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yannick Schwab
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Alwin Krämer
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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3
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Malik N, Hay J, Almuhanna HNB, Dunn KM, Lees J, Cassels J, Li J, Nakagawa R, Sansom OJ, Michie AM. mTORC1-selective activation of translation elongation promotes disease progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2023; 37:2414-2425. [PMID: 37775560 PMCID: PMC10681897 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-023-02043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Targeted deletion of Raptor, a component of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), reveals an essential role for mTORC1 in initiation/maintenance of leukemia in a CLL model, resulting from a failure for haemopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) to commit to the B cell lineage. Induction of Raptor-deficiency in NSG mice transplanted with Mx1-Raptor CLL progenitor cells (PKCα-KR-transduced HSPCs) after disease establishment revealed a reduction in CLL-like disease load and a significant increase in survival in the mice. Interestingly in an aggressive CLL-like disease model, rapamycin treatment reduced disease burden more effectively than AZD2014 (dual mTORC1/2 inhibitor), indicating a skew towards mTORC1 sensitivity with more aggressive disease. Rapamycin, but not ibrutinib, efficiently targeted the eEF2/eEF2K translation elongation regulatory axis, downstream of mTORC1, resulting in eEF2 inactivation through induction of eEF2T56 phosphorylation. mTOR inhibitor treatment of primary patient CLL cells halted proliferation, at least in part through modulation of eEF2K/eEF2 phosphorylation and expression, reduced protein synthesis and inhibited expression of MCL1, Cyclin A and Cyclin D2. Our studies highlight the importance of translation elongation as a driver of disease progression and identify inactivation of eEF2 activity as a novel therapeutic target for blocking CLL progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Malik
- University of Glasgow; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jodie Hay
- University of Glasgow; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Hassan N B Almuhanna
- University of Glasgow; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Karen M Dunn
- University of Glasgow; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jamie Lees
- University of Glasgow; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jennifer Cassels
- University of Glasgow; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jiatian Li
- University of Glasgow; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rinako Nakagawa
- Immunity and Cancer Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Owen J Sansom
- University of Glasgow; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute; Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alison M Michie
- University of Glasgow; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Wu Z, Zuo X, Zhang W, Li Y, Gui R, Leng J, Shen H, Pan B, Fan L, Li J, Jin H. m6A-Modified circTET2 Interacting with HNRNPC Regulates Fatty Acid Oxidation to Promote the Proliferation of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304895. [PMID: 37821382 PMCID: PMC10700176 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a hematological malignancy with high metabolic heterogeneity. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification plays an important role in metabolism through regulating circular RNAs (circRNAs). However, the underlying mechanism is not yet fully understood in CLL. Herein, an m6A scoring system and an m6A-related circRNA prognostic signature are established, and circTET2 as a potential prognostic biomarker for CLL is identified. The level of m6A modification is found to affect the transport of circTET2 out of the nucleus. By interacting with the RNA-binding protein (RBP) heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C (HNRNPC), circTET2 regulates the stability of CPT1A and participates in the lipid metabolism and proliferation of CLL cells through mTORC1 signaling pathway. The mTOR inhibitor dactolisib and FAO inhibitor perhexiline exert a synergistic effect on CLL cells. In addition, the biogenesis of circTET2 can be affected by the splicing process and the RBPs RBMX and YTHDC1. CP028, a splicing inhibitor, modulates the expression of circTET2 and shows pronounced inhibitory effects. In summary, circTET2 plays an important role in the modulation of lipid metabolism and cell proliferation in CLL. This study demonstrates the clinical value of circTET2 as a prognostic indicator as well as provides novel insights in targeting treatment for CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijuan Wu
- Department of Hematologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityJiangsu Province HospitalNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210029China
- Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210029China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and TreatmentCollaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210029China
| | - Xiaoling Zuo
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and TreatmentCollaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210029China
- Anqing First People's Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityAnqing First People's Hospital of Anhui ProvinceAnqing246004China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Hematologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityJiangsu Province HospitalNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210029China
- Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210029China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and TreatmentCollaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210029China
| | - Yongle Li
- Department of Hematologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityJiangsu Province HospitalNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210029China
- Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210029China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and TreatmentCollaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210029China
| | - Renfu Gui
- Department of Hematologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityJiangsu Province HospitalNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210029China
- Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210029China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and TreatmentCollaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210029China
| | - Jiayan Leng
- Department of HematologyAffiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang212002China
| | - Haorui Shen
- Department of Hematologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityJiangsu Province HospitalNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210029China
- Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210029China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and TreatmentCollaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210029China
| | - Bihui Pan
- Department of Hematologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityJiangsu Province HospitalNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210029China
- Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210029China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and TreatmentCollaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210029China
| | - Lei Fan
- Department of Hematologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityJiangsu Province HospitalNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210029China
- Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210029China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and TreatmentCollaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210029China
| | - Jianyong Li
- Department of Hematologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityJiangsu Province HospitalNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210029China
- Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210029China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and TreatmentCollaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210029China
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseasesthe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou215000China
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Hematologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityJiangsu Province HospitalNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210029China
- Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210029China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and TreatmentCollaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210029China
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5
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Cerreto M, Foà R, Natoni A. The Role of the Microenvironment and Cell Adhesion Molecules in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5160. [PMID: 37958334 PMCID: PMC10647257 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15215160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a B-cell malignancy whose progression largely depends on the lymph node and bone marrow microenvironment. Indeed, CLL cells actively proliferate in specific regions of these anatomical compartments, known as proliferation centers, while being quiescent in the blood stream. Hence, CLL cell adhesion and migration into these protective niches are critical for CLL pathophysiology. CLL cells are lodged in their microenvironment through a series of molecular interactions that are mediated by cellular adhesion molecules and their counter receptors. The importance of these adhesion molecules in the clinic is demonstrated by the correlation between the expression levels of some of them, in particular CD49d, and the prognostic likelihood. Furthermore, novel therapeutic agents, such as ibrutinib, impair the functions of these adhesion molecules, leading to an egress of CLL cells from the lymph nodes and bone marrow into the circulation together with an inhibition of homing into these survival niches, thereby preventing disease progression. Several adhesion molecules have been shown to participate in CLL adhesion and migration. Their importance also stems from the observation that they are involved in promoting, directly or indirectly, survival signals that sustain CLL proliferation and limit the efficacy of standard and novel chemotherapeutic drugs, a process known as cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance. In this respect, many studies have elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance, which have highlighted different signaling pathways that may represent potential therapeutic targets. Here, we review the role of the microenvironment and the adhesion molecules that have been shown to be important in CLL and their impact on transendothelial migration and cell-mediated drug resistance. We also discuss how novel therapeutic compounds modulate the function of this important class of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alessandro Natoni
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, 00100 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (R.F.)
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6
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Koehrer S, Burger JA. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Disease Biology. Acta Haematol 2023; 147:8-21. [PMID: 37717577 DOI: 10.1159/000533610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling is crucial for normal B-cell development and adaptive immunity. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the malignant B cells display many features of normal mature B lymphocytes, including the expression of functional B-cell receptors (BCRs). Cross talk between CLL cells and the microenvironment in secondary lymphatic organs results in BCR signaling and BCR-driven proliferation of the CLL cells. This critical pathomechanism can be targeted by blocking BCR-related kinases (BTK, PI3K, spleen tyrosine kinase) using small-molecule inhibitors. Among these targets, Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors have the highest therapeutic efficacy; they effectively block leukemia cell proliferation and generally induce durable remissions in CLL patients, even in patients with high-risk disease. By disrupting tissue homing receptor (i.e., chemokine receptor and adhesion molecule) signaling, these kinase inhibitors also mobilize CLL cells from the lymphatic tissues into the peripheral blood (PB), causing a transient redistribution lymphocytosis, thereby depriving CLL cells from nurturing factors within the tissue niches. SUMMARY The clinical success of the BTK inhibitors in CLL underscores the central importance of the BCR in CLL pathogenesis. Here, we review CLL pathogenesis with a focus on the role of the BCR and other microenvironment cues. KEY MESSAGES (i) CLL cells rely on signals from their microenvironment for proliferation and survival. (ii) These signals are mediated by the BCR as well as chemokine and integrin receptors and their respective ligands. (iii) Targeting the CLL/microenvironment interaction with small-molecule inhibitors provides a highly effective treatment strategy, even in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Koehrer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Klinik Donaustadt, Vienna, Austria
- Labdia Labordiagnostik, Clinical Genetics, Vienna, Austria
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan A Burger
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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7
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Chen SS, Chiorazzi N. Functional consequences of inhibition of Bruton's tyrosine kinase by ibrutinib in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Hematol Oncol 2023; 41 Suppl 1:119-128. [PMID: 37294973 DOI: 10.1002/hon.3144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The leukemic B cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) require interactions with non-malignant cells and matrix in the tissue microenvironment to survive and grow. These interactions are mediated through the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR), C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), and a variety of integrins, including VLA-4. Exciting each receptor type leads to activation of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), which in turn helps initiate trophic signals that prevent cell death and promote cell activation and growth as well as allowing cells to return to anatomic sites for rescue signals. These represent the two major functional actions targeted by inhibitors of Btk. Here we relate some of the therapeutic actions of ibrutinib, a Btk inhibitor that is extremely helpful for patients with CLL, certain Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphomas (ABC type), and other non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, emphasizing that ibrutinib's value results from blocking beneficial signals, not by inducing lethal ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Shih Chen
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, USA
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Chatzidavid S, Kontandreopoulou CN, Diamantopoulos PT, Giannakopoulou N, Katsiampoura P, Stafylidis C, Dryllis G, Kyrtsonis MC, Dimou M, Panayiotidis P, Viniou NA. The Clinical and Prognostic Significance of Ribonucleotide Reductase Subunits RRM1 and RRM2 mRNA Levels in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Clin Hematol Int 2023:10.1007/s44228-023-00033-x. [PMID: 36811764 DOI: 10.1007/s44228-023-00033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleotide Reductase (RNR) converts ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides required for DNA replication and repair. RNR consists of subunits M1 and M2. It has been studied as a prognostic factor in several solid tumors and in chronic hematological malignancies, but not in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Peripheral blood samples were collected from 135 CLL patients. M1/M2 gene mRNA levels were measured and expressed as a RRM1-2/GAPDH ratio. M1 gene promoter methylation was studied in a patients' subgroup. M1 mRNA expression was higher in patients without anemia (p = 0.026), without lymphadenopathy (p = 0.005) and 17p gene deletion (p = 0.031). Abnormal LDH (p = 0.022) and higher Rai stage (p = 0.019) were associated with lower M1 mRNA levels. Higher M2 mRNA levels were found in patients without lymphadenopathy (p = .048), Rai stage 0 (p = 0.025) and Trisomy 12 (p = 0.025). The correlation between RNR subunits and clinic-biological characteristics in CLL patients demonstrate RNR's potential role as a prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevastianos Chatzidavid
- Hematology Unit, First Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17 Agiou Thoma Street, Athens, Greece.
| | - Christina-Nefeli Kontandreopoulou
- Hematology Unit, First Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17 Agiou Thoma Street, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis T Diamantopoulos
- Hematology Unit, First Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17 Agiou Thoma Street, Athens, Greece
| | - Nefeli Giannakopoulou
- Hematology Unit, First Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17 Agiou Thoma Street, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Katsiampoura
- Hematology Unit, First Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17 Agiou Thoma Street, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Stafylidis
- Hematology Unit, First Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17 Agiou Thoma Street, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Dryllis
- Hematology Unit, First Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17 Agiou Thoma Street, Athens, Greece
| | - Marie-Christine Kyrtsonis
- Hematology Section of the First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Dimou
- Hematology Section of the First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Panayiotis Panayiotidis
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nora-Athina Viniou
- Hematology Unit, First Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17 Agiou Thoma Street, Athens, Greece
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9
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Kim J, Seo S, Kim TY. Metabolic deuterium oxide (D 2O) labeling in quantitative omics studies: A tutorial review. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1242:340722. [PMID: 36657897 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an invaluable tool for sensitive detection and characterization of individual biomolecules in omics studies. MS combined with stable isotope labeling enables the accurate and precise determination of quantitative changes occurring in biological samples. Metabolic isotope labeling, wherein isotopes are introduced into biomolecules through biosynthetic metabolism, is one of the main labeling strategies. Among the precursors employed in metabolic isotope labeling, deuterium oxide (D2O) is cost-effective and easy to implement in any biological systems. This tutorial review aims to explain the basic principle of D2O labeling and its applications in omics research. D2O labeling incorporates D into stable C-H bonds in various biomolecules, including nucleotides, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Typically, D2O labeling is performed at low enrichment of 1%-10% D2O, which causes subtle changes in the isotopic distribution of a biomolecule, instead of the complete separation between labeled and unlabeled samples in a mass spectrum. D2O labeling has been employed in various omics studies to determine the metabolic flux, turnover rate, and relative quantification. Moreover, the advantages and challenges of D2O labeling and its future prospects in quantitative omics are discussed. The economy, versatility, and convenience of D2O labeling will be beneficial for the long-term omics studies for higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghyun Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea
| | - Seungwoo Seo
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea
| | - Tae-Young Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea.
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10
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Shi Y, Weng N, Jian W. Measurement of protein in vivo turnover rate with metabolic labeling using LC-MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2023:e5583. [PMID: 36634055 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the protein dynamics of a drug target is important for pharmaceutical research because it provides insight into drug design, target engagement, pharmacodynamics and drug efficacy. Nonradioactive isotope labeling has been the method of choice for protein turnover measurement thanks to the advancement of high-resolution mass spectrometry. While the changes in proteome in cell cultures can be monitored precisely, as the culture media can be completely replaced with 2 H-, 15 N- or 13 C-labeled essential amino acids, quantifying rates of protein synthesis in vivo is more challenging. The amount of isotope tracer that can be administered into the body is relatively small compared with the existing protein, thus requiring more sensitive detection, and the precursor-product labeling relationship is more complicated to interpret. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the principles of in vivo protein turnover studies using deuterium water (2 H2 O) with an emphasis on targeted protein analysis by hybrid LC-MS assay platforms. The pursuit of these opportunities will facilitate drug discovery and research in preclinical and clinical stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Shi
- Bioanalytical Discovery and Development Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Naidong Weng
- Bioanalytical Discovery and Development Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Wenying Jian
- Bioanalytical Discovery and Development Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA
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11
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Elitzur S, Izraeli S, Ben-Yehuda D, Gatt ME. Lymphoid Leukemias. Clin Immunol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-8165-1.00077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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12
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Old and New Facts and Speculations on the Role of the B Cell Receptor in the Origin of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214249. [PMID: 36430731 PMCID: PMC9693457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The engagement of the B cell receptor (BcR) on the surface of leukemic cells represents a key event in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) since it can lead to the maintenance and expansion of the neoplastic clone. This notion was initially suggested by observations of the CLL BcR repertoire and of correlations existing between certain BcR features and the clinical outcomes of single patients. Based on these observations, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), which block BcR signaling, have been introduced in therapy with the aim of inhibiting CLL cell clonal expansion and of controlling the disease. Indeed, the impressive results obtained with these compounds provided further proof of the role of BcR in CLL. In this article, the key steps that led to the determination of the role of BcR are reviewed, including the features of the CLL cell repertoire and the fine mechanisms causing BcR engagement and cell signaling. Furthermore, we discuss the biological effects of the engagement, which can lead to cell survival/proliferation or apoptosis depending on certain intrinsic cell characteristics and on signals that the micro-environment can deliver to the leukemic cells. In addition, consideration is given to alternative mechanisms promoting cell proliferation in the absence of BcR signaling, which can explain in part the incomplete effectiveness of TKI therapies. The role of the BcR in determining clonal evolution and disease progression is also described. Finally, we discuss possible models to explain the selection of a special BcR set during leukemogenesis. The BcR may deliver activation signals to the cells, which lead to their uncontrolled growth, with the possible collaboration of other still-undefined events which are capable of deregulating the normal physiological response of B cells to BcR-delivered stimuli.
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13
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Alsagaby SA, Iqbal D, Ahmad I, Patel H, Mir SA, Madkhali YA, Oyouni AAA, Hawsawi YM, Alhumaydhi FA, Alshehri B, Alturaiki W, Alanazi B, Mir MA, Al Abdulmonem W. In silico investigations identified Butyl Xanalterate to competently target CK2α (CSNK2A1) for therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17648. [PMID: 36271116 PMCID: PMC9587039 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is an incurable malignancy of B-cells. In this study, bioinformatics analyses were conducted to identify possible pathogenic roles of CK2α, which is a protein encoded by CSNK2A1, in the progression and aggressiveness of CLL. Furthermore, various computational tools were used to search for a competent inhibitor of CK2α from fungal metabolites that could be proposed for CLL therapy. In CLL patients, high-expression of CSNK2A1 was associated with early need for therapy (n = 130, p < 0.0001) and short overall survival (OS; n = 107, p = 0.005). Consistently, bioinformatics analyses showed CSNK2A1 to associate with/play roles in CLL proliferation and survival-dependent pathways. Furthermore, PPI network analysis identified interaction partners of CK2α (PPI enrichment p value = 1 × 10-16) that associated with early need for therapy (n = 130, p < 0.003) and have been known to heavily impact on the progression of CLL. These findings constructed a rational for targeting CK2α for CLL therapy. Consequently, computational analyses reported 35 fungal metabolites out of 5820 (filtered from 19,967 metabolites) to have lower binding energy (ΔG: - 10.9 to - 11.7 kcal/mol) and better binding affinity (Kd: 9.77 × 107 M-1 to 3.77 × 108 M-1) compared with the native ligand (ΔG: - 10.8, Kd: 8.3 × 107 M--1). Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulation study established that Butyl Xanalterate-CK2α complex continuously remained stable throughout the simulation time (100 ns). Moreover, Butyl Xanalterate interacted with most of the catalytic residues, where complex was stabilized by more than 65% hydrogen bond interactions, and a significant hydrophobic interaction with residue Phe113. Here, high-expression of CSNK2A1 was implicated in the progression and poor prognosis of CLL, making it a potential therapeutic target in the disease. Butyl Xanalterate showed stable and strong interactions with CK2α, thus we propose it as a competitive inhibitor of CK2α for CLL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suliman A. Alsagaby
- grid.449051.d0000 0004 0441 5633Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, AL-Majmaah, 11952 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Danish Iqbal
- grid.449051.d0000 0004 0441 5633Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, AL-Majmaah, 11952 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Iqrar Ahmad
- grid.412233.50000 0001 0641 8393Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405 India
| | - Harun Patel
- grid.412233.50000 0001 0641 8393Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405 India
| | - Shabir Ahmad Mir
- grid.449051.d0000 0004 0441 5633Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, AL-Majmaah, 11952 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahya Awaji Madkhali
- grid.449051.d0000 0004 0441 5633Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, AL-Majmaah, 11952 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Atif Abdulwahab A. Oyouni
- grid.440760.10000 0004 0419 5685Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ,grid.440760.10000 0004 0419 5685Genome and Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef M. Hawsawi
- grid.415310.20000 0001 2191 4301Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O. Box 40047, Jeddah, 21499 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ,grid.411335.10000 0004 1758 7207College of Medicine, Al-Faisal University, P.O. Box 50927, Riyadh, 11533 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A. Alhumaydhi
- grid.412602.30000 0000 9421 8094Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Bader Alshehri
- grid.449051.d0000 0004 0441 5633Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, AL-Majmaah, 11952 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael Alturaiki
- grid.449051.d0000 0004 0441 5633Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, AL-Majmaah, 11952 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Bader Alanazi
- grid.415277.20000 0004 0593 1832Biomedical Research Administration, Research Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ,Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Medical City, AlJouf, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Manzoor Ahmad Mir
- grid.412997.00000 0001 2294 5433Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Waleed Al Abdulmonem
- grid.412602.30000 0000 9421 8094Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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14
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Identification of proliferative and non-proliferative subpopulations of leukemic cells in CLL. Leukemia 2022; 36:2233-2241. [PMID: 35902732 PMCID: PMC9417999 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-022-01656-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenesis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is strongly linked to the potential for leukemic cells to migrate to and proliferate within lymph-nodes. Previous in vivo studies suggest that all leukemic cells participate in cycles of migration and proliferation. In vitro studies, however, have shown heterogeneous migration patterns.To investigate tumor subpopulation kinetics, we performed in vivo isotope-labeling studies in ten patients with IgVH-mutated CLL (M-CLL). Using deuterium-labeled glucose, we investigated proliferation in sub-populations defined by CXCR4/CD5 and surface (sIgM) expression. Mathematical modeling was performed to test the likelihood that leukemic cells exist as distinct sub-populations or as a single population with the same proliferative capacity. Further labeling studies in two patients with M-CLL commencing idelalisib investigated the effect of B-cell receptor (BCR) antagonists on sub-population kinetics.Modeling revealed that data were more consistent with a model comprising distinct sub-populations (p = 0.008) with contrasting, characteristic kinetics. Following idelalisib therapy, similar labeling suppression across all sub-populations suggested that the most proliferative subset is the most sensitive to treatment. As the quiescent sub-population precedes treatment, selection likely explains the persistence of such residual non-proliferating populations during BCR-antagonist therapy. These findings have clinical implications for discontinuation of long-term BCR-antagonist treatment in selected patients.
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15
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B-cell Receptor Signaling Induced Metabolic Alterations in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Can Be Partially Bypassed by TP53 Abnormalities. Hemasphere 2022; 6:e722. [PMID: 35747847 PMCID: PMC9208879 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been unclear what role metabolism is playing in the pathophysiology of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). One reason is that the study of CLL metabolism is challenging due to the resting nature of circulating CLL cells. Also, it is not clear if any of the genomic aberrations observed in this disease have any impact on metabolism. Here, we demonstrate that CLL cells in proliferation centers exhibit upregulation of several molecules involved in glycolysis and mitochondrial metabolism. Comparison of CXCR4/CD5 intraclonal cell subpopulations showed that these changes are paralleled by increases in the metabolic activity of the CXCR4lowCD5high fraction that have recently egressed from the lymph nodes. Notably, anti-IgM stimulation of CLL cells recapitulates many of these metabolic alterations, including increased glucose uptake, increased lactate production, induction of glycolytic enzymes, and increased respiratory reserve. Treatment of CLL cells with inhibitors of B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling blocked these anti-IgM-induced changes in vitro, which was mirrored by decreases in hexokinase 2 expression in CLL cells from ibrutinib-treated patients in vivo. Interestingly, several samples from patients with 17p-deletion manifested increased spontaneous aerobic glycolysis in the unstimulated state suggestive of a BCR-independent metabolic phenotype. We conclude that the proliferative fraction of CLL cells found in lymphoid tissues or the peripheral blood of CLL patients exhibit increased metabolic activity when compared with the bulk CLL-cell population. Although this is due to microenvironmental stimulatory signals such as BCR-engagement in most cases, increases in resting metabolic activity can be observed in cases with 17p-deletion.
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16
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Jung B, Ferrer G, Chiu PY, Aslam R, Ng A, Palacios F, Wysota M, Cardillo M, Kolitz JE, Allen SL, Barrientos JC, Rai KR, Chiorazzi N, Sherry B. Activated CLL cells regulate IL17F producing Th17 cells in miR155 dependent and outcome specific manners. JCI Insight 2022; 7:158243. [PMID: 35511436 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.158243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) results from expansion of a CD5+ B-cell clone that requires interactions with other cell types, including T cells. Moreover, CLL patients have elevated circulating IL17A+ and IL17F+ CD4+ T cells (Th17s), with higher IL17A+Th17s correlating with better outcomes. We report that CLL Th17s express more miR155, a Th17 differentiation regulator, than control Th17s, despite naïve CD4+ T cell (TN) basal miR155 levels being similar in both. We also found that CLL cells directly regulate miR155 levels in TN, thereby affecting Th17 differentiation by documenting that: co-culturing TN with resting (Brest) or activated (Bact) CLL cells alters the magnitude and direction of T-cell miR155 levels; CLL Bact promote IL17A+ and IL17F+ T cell generation by a miR155-dependent mechanism, confirmed by miR155 inhibition; co-cultures of TN with CLL Bact lead to a linear correlation between the degree and direction of T-cell miR155 expression changes and IL17F production, but not IL17A; Bact-mediated changes in TN miR155 expression correlate with outcome, irrespective of IGHV mutation status, a strong prognostic indicator. Together, the results identify a previously unrecognized CLL Bact-dependent mechanism, upregulation of TN miR155 expression and subsequent enhancement of IL17F+ Th17 generation, that favors better clinical courses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeongho Jung
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Gerardo Ferrer
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Pui Yan Chiu
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Insitute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Rukhsana Aslam
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Anita Ng
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Florencia Palacios
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Michael Wysota
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Martina Cardillo
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Jonathan E Kolitz
- Department of Medicine, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, United States of America
| | - Steven L Allen
- Department of Medicine, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, United States of America
| | | | - Kanti R Rai
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Barbara Sherry
- Center for Immunology & Inflammation, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
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17
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Vaca AM, Ioannou N, Sivina M, Vlachonikola E, Clise-Dwyer K, Kim E, Li D, Ma Q, Ferrajoli A, Estrov Z, Wierda WG, Patten PEM, Ramsay AG, Burger JA. Activation and expansion of T-follicular helper cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia nurselike cell co-cultures. Leukemia 2022; 36:1324-1335. [PMID: 35149845 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-022-01519-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells and T-cell subsets in the lymph node microenvironment are thought to play a central role in disease biology. To study these interactions in a model of the CLL lymph node microenvironment, we characterized T-cell subsets in CLL nurselike cell (NLC) co-cultures. We focused on T-follicular helper (Tfh) cells, which are characterized by CXCR5 expression and localization to B-cell follicles. In co-cultures from 28 different CLL patients, we detected an expansion of Tfh cells based on PD-1, BCL6, and ICOS expression, with increased IL-21 and downmodulated CD40L surface expression. Regulatory T cells (Treg), which promote immune tolerance, also expanded in NLC co-cultures. T-cell receptor (TR) gene repertoire analyses confirmed the clonal expansion of CD4+ T cells, with an enrichment of TR clonotypes commonly expanded also in primary CLL samples. Multicolor confocal microscopy revealed that Tfh, but not Treg co-localize with proliferating CLL cells in CLL lymph node sections. Collectively, these data provide new insight into the cellular and molecular cross-talk between CLL and T-cell subsets, resulting in clonal expansion of T-helper cells and interaction of Tfh cells with proliferating CLL cells which may open new avenues for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Vaca
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nikolaos Ioannou
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mariela Sivina
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elisavet Vlachonikola
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Center for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Karen Clise-Dwyer
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Hematopoietic Biology & Malignancy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ekaterina Kim
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Hematopoietic Biology & Malignancy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qing Ma
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Hematopoietic Biology & Malignancy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alessandra Ferrajoli
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zeev Estrov
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - William G Wierda
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Piers E M Patten
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alan G Ramsay
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jan A Burger
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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18
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TGF-β/SMAD Pathway Is Modulated by miR-26b-5p: Another Piece in the Puzzle of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071676. [PMID: 35406446 PMCID: PMC8997107 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary TGF-β is a key immunoregulatory pathway that can limit the proliferation of B-lymphocytes. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has been historically conceptualized as a neoplasm characterized by accumulation of mature B cells escaping programmed cell death and undergoing cell-cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase. However, new evidence indicates that tumor expansion is in fact a dynamic process in which cell proliferation also plays an important role. In general, cancers progress by the emergence of subclones with genomic aberrations distinct from the initial tumor. Often, these subclones are selected for advantages in cell survival and/or growth. Here, we provide novel evidence to explain, at least in part, the origins of CLL progression in a subgroup of patients with a poor clinical outcome. In this cohort, the immunoregulatory pathway TGF-β/SMAD is modulated by miR-26b-5p and the impairment of this axis bypasses cell cycle arrest in CLL cells facilitating disease progression. Abstract Clinical and molecular heterogeneity are hallmarks of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), a neoplasm characterized by accumulation of mature and clonal long-lived CD5 + B-lymphocytes. Mutational status of the IgHV gene of leukemic clones is a powerful prognostic tool in CLL, and it is well established that unmutated CLLs (U-CLLs) have worse evolution than mutated cases. Nevertheless, progression and treatment requirement of patients can evolve independently from the mutational status. Microenvironment signaling or epigenetic changes partially explain this different behavior. Thus, we think that detailed characterization of the miRNAs landscape from patients with different clinical evolution could facilitate the understanding of this heterogeneity. Since miRNAs are key players in leukemia pathogenesis and evolution, we aim to better characterize different CLL behaviors by comparing the miRNome of clinically progressive U-CLLs vs. stable U-CLLs. Our data show up-regulation of miR-26b-5p, miR-106b-5p, and miR-142-5p in progressive cases and indicate a key role for miR-26b-5p during CLL progression. Specifically, up-regulation of miR-26b-5p in CLL cells blocks TGF-β/SMAD pathway by down-modulation of SMAD-4, resulting in lower expression of p21−Cip1 kinase inhibitor and higher expression of c-Myc oncogene. This work describes a new molecular mechanism linking CLL progression with TGF-β modulation and proposes an alternative strategy to explore in CLL therapy.
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A Review of the Current Impact of Inhibitors of Apoptosis Proteins and Their Repression in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071671. [PMID: 35406442 PMCID: PMC8996962 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) family of proteins has emerged as a potential pharmacological target in cancer. Abnormal expression of IAPs can lead to dysregulated cell suicide, promoting the development of different pathologies. In several cancer types, members of this protein family are overexpressed while their natural antagonist (Smac) appears to be downregulated, contributing to the acquisition of resistance to traditional therapy. The development of compounds that mimic the action of Smac showed promise in the re-sensitization of the cell suicide defense mechanism in cancer cells, particularly in combination with other treatments. Interaction with other molecules, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, in the tumor microenvironment reveals a complex interplay between IAPs and cancer. Abstract The Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) family possesses the ability to inhibit programmed cell death through different mechanisms; additionally, some of its members have emerged as important regulators of the immune response. Both direct and indirect activity on caspases or the modulation of survival pathways, such as nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), have been implicated in mediating its effects. As a result, abnormal expression of inhibitor apoptosis proteins (IAPs) can lead to dysregulated apoptosis promoting the development of different pathologies. In several cancer types IAPs are overexpressed, while their natural antagonist, the second mitochondrial-derived activator of caspases (Smac), appears to be downregulated, potentially contributing to the acquisition of resistance to traditional therapy. Recently developed Smac mimetics counteract IAP activity and show promise in the re-sensitization to apoptosis in cancer cells. Given the modest impact of Smac mimetics when used as a monotherapy, pairing of these compounds with other treatment modalities is increasingly being explored. Modulation of molecules such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) present in the tumor microenvironment have been suggested to contribute to putative therapeutic efficacy of IAP inhibition, although published results do not show this consistently underlining the complex interaction between IAPs and cancer.
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20
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Burley TA, Hesketh A, Bucca G, Kennedy E, Ladikou EE, Towler BP, Mitchell S, Smith CP, Fegan C, Johnston R, Pepper A, Pepper C. Elucidation of Focal Adhesion Kinase as a Modulator of Migration and Invasion and as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071600. [PMID: 35406371 PMCID: PMC8996841 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The retention and re-migration of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia cells into cytoprotective and proliferative lymphoid niches is thought to contribute to the development of resistance, leading to subsequent disease relapse. The aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular processes that govern CLL cell migration to elicit a more complete inhibition of tumor cell migration. We compared the phenotypic and transcriptional changes induced in CLL cells using two distinct models designed to recapitulate the peripheral circulation, CLL cell migration across an endothelial barrier, and the lymph node interaction between CLL cells and activated T cells. Initially, CLL cells were co-cultured with CD40L-expressing fibroblasts and exhibited an activated B-cell phenotype, and their transcriptional signatures demonstrated the upregulation of pro-survival and anti-apoptotic genes and overrepresentation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Using our dynamic circulating model, we were able to study the transcriptomics and miRNomics associated with CLL migration. More than 3000 genes were altered when CLL cells underwent transendothelial migration, with an overrepresentation of adhesion and cell migration gene sets. From this analysis, an upregulation of the FAK signaling pathway was observed. Importantly, PTK2 (FAK) gene expression was significantly upregulated in migrating CLL cells (PTK2 Fold-change = 4.9). Here we demonstrate that TLR9 agonism increased levels of p-FAK (p ≤ 0.05), which could be prevented by pharmacological inhibition of FAK with defactinib (p ≤ 0.01). Furthermore, a reduction in CLL cell migration and invasion was observed when FAK was inhibited (p ≤ 0.0001), supporting a role for FAK in both CLL migration and tissue invasion. When taken together, our data highlights the potential for combining FAK inhibition with current targeted therapies as a more effective treatment regime for CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Burley
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK; (T.A.B.); (E.K.); (E.E.L.); (B.P.T.); (S.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Andrew Hesketh
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK; (A.H.); (G.B.); (C.P.S.)
| | - Giselda Bucca
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK; (A.H.); (G.B.); (C.P.S.)
| | - Emma Kennedy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK; (T.A.B.); (E.K.); (E.E.L.); (B.P.T.); (S.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Eleni E. Ladikou
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK; (T.A.B.); (E.K.); (E.E.L.); (B.P.T.); (S.M.); (C.P.)
- Department of Haematology, Brighton and Sussex University Hospital Trust, Brighton BN2 5BE, UK;
| | - Benjamin P. Towler
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK; (T.A.B.); (E.K.); (E.E.L.); (B.P.T.); (S.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Simon Mitchell
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK; (T.A.B.); (E.K.); (E.E.L.); (B.P.T.); (S.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Colin P. Smith
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK; (A.H.); (G.B.); (C.P.S.)
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7YH, UK
| | - Christopher Fegan
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK;
| | - Rosalynd Johnston
- Department of Haematology, Brighton and Sussex University Hospital Trust, Brighton BN2 5BE, UK;
| | - Andrea Pepper
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK; (T.A.B.); (E.K.); (E.E.L.); (B.P.T.); (S.M.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-01273-678644
| | - Chris Pepper
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK; (T.A.B.); (E.K.); (E.E.L.); (B.P.T.); (S.M.); (C.P.)
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21
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Forconi F, Lanham SA, Chiodin G. Biological and Clinical Insight from Analysis of the Tumor B-Cell Receptor Structure and Function in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:663. [PMID: 35158929 PMCID: PMC8833472 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The B-cell receptor (BCR) is essential to the behavior of the majority of normal and neoplastic mature B cells. The identification in 1999 of the two major CLL subsets expressing unmutated immunoglobulin (Ig) variable region genes (U-IGHV, U-CLL) of pre-germinal center origin and poor prognosis, and mutated IGHV (M-CLL) of post-germinal center origin and good prognosis, ignited intensive investigations on structure and function of the tumor BCR. These investigations have provided fundamental insight into CLL biology and eventually the mechanistic rationale for the development of successful therapies targeting BCR signaling. U-CLL and M-CLL are characterized by variable low surface IgM (sIgM) expression and signaling capacity. Variability of sIgM can in part be explained by chronic engagement with (auto)antigen at tissue sites. However, other environmental elements, genetic changes, and epigenetic signatures also contribute to the sIgM variability. The variable levels have consequences on the behavior of CLL, which is in a state of anergy with an indolent clinical course when sIgM expression is low, or pushed towards proliferation and a more aggressive clinical course when sIgM expression is high. Efficacy of therapies that target BTK may also be affected by the variable sIgM levels and signaling and, in part, explain the development of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Forconi
- School of Cancer Sciences, Cancer Research UK and NIHR Experimental Cancer Medicine Centres, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.A.L.); (G.C.)
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stuart A. Lanham
- School of Cancer Sciences, Cancer Research UK and NIHR Experimental Cancer Medicine Centres, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.A.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Giorgia Chiodin
- School of Cancer Sciences, Cancer Research UK and NIHR Experimental Cancer Medicine Centres, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.A.L.); (G.C.)
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22
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Thurgood LA, Best OG, Rowland A, Lower KM, Brooks DA, Kuss BJ. Lipid uptake in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Exp Hematol 2021; 106:58-67. [PMID: 34896245 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2021.12.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many cancers rely on glucose as an energy source, but it is becoming increasingly apparent that some cancers use alternate substrates to fuel their proliferation. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is one such cancer. Through the use of flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, low levels of glucose uptake were observed in the OSU-CLL and HG3 CLL cell lines relative to highly glucose-avid Raji cells (Burkitt's lymphoma). Glucose uptake in CLL cells correlated with low expression of the GLUT1 and GLUT3 receptors. In contrast, both CLL cell lines and primary CLL cells, but not healthy B cells, were found to rapidly internalise medium- and long-chain, but not short-chain, fatty acids (FAs). Differential FA uptake was also observed in primary cells taken from patients with unmutated immunoglobulin heavy variable chain usage (IGHV) compared with patients with mutated IGHV. Delipidation of serum in the culture medium slowed the proliferation and significantly reduced the viability of OSU-CLL and HG3 cells, effects that were partially reversed by supplementation with a chemically defined lipid concentrate. These observations highlight the potential importance of FAs in the pathogenesis of CLL and raise the possibility that targeting FA utilisation may represent a novel therapeutic and prognostic approach in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Thurgood
- Molecular Medicine and Genetics, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia.
| | - Oliver G Best
- Molecular Medicine and Genetics, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Ashley Rowland
- Molecular Medicine and Genetics, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Karen M Lower
- Molecular Medicine and Genetics, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Doug A Brooks
- Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Bryone J Kuss
- Molecular Medicine and Genetics, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
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23
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Mazzarello AN, Gentner-Göbel E, Dühren-von Minden M, Tarasenko TN, Nicolò A, Ferrer G, Vergani S, Liu Y, Bagnara D, Rai KR, Burger JA, McGuire PJ, Maity PC, Jumaa H, Chiorazzi N. B-cell receptor isotypes differentially associate with cell signaling, kinetics, and outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Invest 2021; 132:149308. [PMID: 34813501 PMCID: PMC8759784 DOI: 10.1172/jci149308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the B cell receptor (BCR) plays a critical role in disease development and progression, as indicated by the therapeutic efficacy of drugs blocking BCR signaling. However, the mechanism(s) underlying BCR responsiveness are not completely defined. Selective engagement of membrane IgM or IgD on CLL cells, each coexpressed by more than 90% of cases, leads to distinct signaling events. Since both IgM and IgD carry the same antigen-binding domains, the divergent actions of the receptors are attributed to differences in immunoglobulin (Ig) structure or the outcome of signal transduction. We showed that IgM, not IgD, level and organization associated with CLL-cell birth rate and the type and consequences of BCR signaling in humans and mice. The latter IgM-driven effects were abrogated when BCR signaling was inhibited. Collectively, these studies demonstrated a critical, selective role for IgM in BCR signaling and B cell fate decisions, possibly opening new avenues for CLL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N Mazzarello
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | | | | | - Tatyana N Tarasenko
- Metabolism, Infection and Immunity Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States of America
| | | | - Gerardo Ferrer
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Stefano Vergani
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Yun Liu
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Davide Bagnara
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Kanti R Rai
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Jan A Burger
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America
| | - Peter J McGuire
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Palash C Maity
- Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hassan Jumaa
- Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
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24
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Experimental Validation of a Mathematical Model to Describe the Drug Cytotoxicity of Leukemic Cells. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13101760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorambucil (Chl), Melphalan (Mel), and Cytarabine (Cyt) are recognized drugs used in the chemotherapy of patients with advanced Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL). The optimal treatment schedule and timing of Chl, Mel, and Cyt administration remains unknown and has traditionally been decided empirically and independently of preclinical in vitro efficacy studies. As a first step toward mathematical prediction of in vivo drug efficacy from in vitro cytotoxicity studies, we used murine A20 leukemic cells as a test case of CLL. We first found that logistic growth best described the proliferation of the cells in vitro. Then, we tested in vitro the cytotoxic efficacy of Chl, Mel, and Cyt against A20 cells. On the basis of these experimental data, we found the parameters for cancer cell death rates that were dependent on the concentration of the respective drugs and developed a mathematical model involving nonlinear ordinary differential equations. For the proposed mathematical model, three equilibrium states were analyzed using the general method of Lyapunov, with only one equilibrium being stable. We obtained a very good symmetry between the experimental results and numerical simulations of the model. Our novel model can be used as a general tool to study the cytotoxic activity of various drugs with different doses and modes of action by appropriate adjustment of the values for the selected parameters.
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25
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The ROR1 antibody-drug conjugate huXBR1-402-G5-PNU effectively targets ROR1+ leukemia. Blood Adv 2021; 5:3152-3162. [PMID: 34424320 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates directed against tumor-specific targets have allowed targeted delivery of highly potent chemotherapy to malignant cells while sparing normal cells. Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) is an oncofetal protein with limited expression on normal adult tissues and is overexpressed on the surface of malignant cells in mantle cell lymphoma, acute lymphocytic leukemia with t(1;19)(q23;p13) translocation, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. This differential expression makes ROR1 an attractive target for antibody-drug conjugate therapy, especially in malignancies such as mantle cell lymphoma and acute lymphocytic leukemia, in which systemic chemotherapy remains the gold standard. Several preclinical and phase 1 clinical studies have established the safety and effectiveness of anti-ROR1 monoclonal antibody-based therapies. Herein we describe a humanized, first-in-class anti-ROR1 antibody-drug conjugate, huXBR1-402-G5-PNU, which links a novel anti-ROR1 antibody (huXBR1-402) to a highly potent anthracycline derivative (PNU). We found that huXBR1-402-G5-PNU is cytotoxic to proliferating ROR1+ malignant cells in vitro and suppressed leukemia proliferation and extended survival in multiple models of mice engrafted with human ROR1+ leukemia. Lastly, we show that the B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2)-dependent cytotoxicity of huXBR1-402-G5-PNU can be leveraged by combined treatment strategies with the BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax. Together, our data present compelling preclinical evidence for the efficacy of huXBR1-402-G5-PNU in treating ROR1+ hematologic malignancies.
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26
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Aberrant expression profile of miR-32, miR-98 and miR-374 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Res 2021; 111:106691. [PMID: 34455196 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2021.106691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leukemia is a malignant and progressive disease of hematopoiesis. The disease arises due to abnormal proliferation and development of white blood cells and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Chronic lymphoblastic leukemia (CLL) is a subtype of blood cancers, with the origin of B lymphocytes and the involvement of bone marrow, blood and lymph nodes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs with pivotal roles in cellular and molecular processes related to different malignancies, including CLL. In this way, we aimed to evaluate the expression of miR-32-5p, miR-98-5p, and miR-374b-5p in CLL patients. We also investigated the signaling pathways regulated by the studied miRs and also frequently disturbed miRs in CLL. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 32 CLL patients from Kermanshah province, Iran and 34 age and sex-matched healthy individuals. RNA was extracted from PBMCs and then was subjected to cDNA synthesis. Using specifically designed primers and Real-Time PCR method the expression of miRNAs was detected and was statistically analyzed. Using mirPath v.3, systematic pathway enrichment analysis was performed for the three studied miRNAs here along with the frequently disturbed miRNAs in CLL. RESULTS The experiments indicated a significant reduction in the expression of all three miRs (p-value<0.0001) in CLL patients compared with healthy individuals. ROC analysis suggested that the three studied miRs can serve as potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of CLL. The in silico analysis suggested proteoglycans in cancer as a pathway regulated by the studied miRs and frequently dysregulated miRs in CLL. CONCLUSION The observed reduction in expression of miR-32-5p, miR-98-5p, and miR-374b-5p in treatment naïve CLL patients here might be suggestive of their modulatory protective role in CLL progression. Moreover, the candidate peripheral miRNAs could potentially serve as diagnostic biomarkers which warrant further investigation in a larger sample size.
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27
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Morabito F, Tripepi G, Moia R, Recchia AG, Boggione P, Mauro FR, Bossio S, D'Arrigo G, Martino EA, Vigna E, Storino F, Fronza G, Di Raimondo F, Rossi D, Condoluci A, Colombo M, Fais F, Fabris S, Foa R, Cutrona G, Gentile M, Montserrat E, Gaidano G, Ferrarini M, Neri A. Lymphocyte Doubling Time As A Key Prognostic Factor To Predict Time To First Treatment In Early-Stage Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Front Oncol 2021; 11:684621. [PMID: 34408978 PMCID: PMC8366564 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.684621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognostic role of lymphocyte doubling time (LDT) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) was recognized more than three decades ago when the neoplastic clone’s biology was almost unknown. LDT was defined as the time needed for the peripheral blood lymphocyte count to double the of the initial observed value. Herein, the LDT prognostic value for time to first treatment (TTFT) was explored in our prospective O-CLL cohort and validated in in two additional CLL cohorts. Specifically, newly diagnosed Binet stage A CLL patients from 40 Italian Institutions, representative of the whole country, were prospectively enrolled into the O-CLL1-GISL protocol (clinicaltrial.gov identifier: NCT00917540). Two independent cohorts of newly diagnosed CLL patients recruited respectively at the Division of Hematology in Novara, Italy, and at the Hospital Clinic in Barcelona, Spain, were utilized as validation cohorts. In the training cohort, TTFT of patients with LDT >12 months was significantly longer related to those with a shorter LDT. At Cox multivariate regression model, LDT ≤ 12 months maintained a significant independent relationship with shorter TTFT along with IGHV unmutated (IGHVunmut) status, 11q and 17p deletions, elevated β2M, Rai stage I-II, and NOTCH1 mutations. Based on these statistics, two regression models were constructed including the same prognostic factors with or without the LDT. The model with the LTD provided a significantly better data fitting (χ2 = 8.25, P=0.0041). The risk prediction developed including LDT had better prognostic accuracy than those without LDT. Moreover, the Harrell’C index for the scores including LDT were higher than those without LDT, although the accepted 0.70 threshold exceeded in both cases. These findings were also confirmed when the same analysis was carried out according to TTFT’s explained variation. When data were further analyzed based on the combination between LDT and IGHV mutational status in the training and validation cohorts, IGHVunmut and LDT>12months group showed a predominant prognostic role over IGHVmut LTD ≤ 12 months (P=0.006) in the O-CLL validation cohort. However, this predominance was of borden-line significance (P=0.06) in the Barcelona group, while the significant prognostic impact was definitely lost in the Novara group. Overall, in this study, we demonstrated that LDT could be re-utilized together with the more sophisticated prognostic factors to manage the follow-up plans for Binet stage A CLL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fortunato Morabito
- Department of Onco-Hematology Azienda Ospedaliera (AO) Cosenza, Biotechnology Research Unit, Cosenza, Italy.,Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Augusta Victoria Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Giovanni Tripepi
- Centro Nazionale Ricerca Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica (CNR-IFC), Research Unit of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Riccardo Moia
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Anna Grazia Recchia
- Department of Onco-Hematology Azienda Ospedaliera (AO) Cosenza, Biotechnology Research Unit, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Paola Boggione
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Mauro
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, 'Sapienza' University, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Bossio
- Department of Onco-Hematology Azienda Ospedaliera (AO) Cosenza, Biotechnology Research Unit, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Graziella D'Arrigo
- Centro Nazionale Ricerca Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica (CNR-IFC), Research Unit of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | | | - Ernesto Vigna
- Department of Onco-Hematology AO Cosenza, Hematology Unit AO of Cosenza, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Francesca Storino
- Department of Onco-Hematology Azienda Ospedaliera (AO) Cosenza, Biotechnology Research Unit, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Gilberto Fronza
- Mutagenesis and Cancer Prevention Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Raimondo
- Division of Hematology, Policlinico, Department of Surgery and Medical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Davide Rossi
- Hematology, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Adalgisa Condoluci
- Hematology, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Monica Colombo
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Franco Fais
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sonia Fabris
- Hematology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Robin Foa
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, 'Sapienza' University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cutrona
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Massimo Gentile
- Department of Onco-Hematology AO Cosenza, Hematology Unit AO of Cosenza, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Emili Montserrat
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gianluca Gaidano
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Manlio Ferrarini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonino Neri
- Hematology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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28
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Baumann T, Moia R, Gaidano G, Delgado J, Condoluci A, Villamor N, Payedimarri AB, Costa D, Patriarca A, Jiménez-Vicente C, Rossi D, Montserrat E. Lymphocyte doubling time in chronic lymphocytic leukemia modern era: a real-life study in 848 unselected patients. Leukemia 2021; 35:2325-2331. [PMID: 33542480 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01149-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The prognostic significance of lymphocyte doubling time (LDT) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) was identified when the biology of the disease was poorly understood and therapy was not effective. We assessed the clinical and biological significance of LDT in 848 CLL patients in a real-life setting and the context of new biomarkers and effective therapy. A short LDT (≤12 months) was enriched for adverse biomarkers. Patients with a rapid LDT did need therapy shortly after diagnosis (median 23 months vs. not reached; p < 0.001) and had a poorer overall survival (median 95 months vs. not reached p < 0.001). LDT, IGHV mutational status, Beta-2 microglobulin, and Rai clinical stage were independent predictors for time to first treatment in the whole series and in Binet stage A patients. No correlation was observed between LDT and response to chemoimmunotherapy. However, a short LDT along with age ≥65 years, high-risk FISH (del(17p), del(11q)), unmutated IGHV, increased Beta-2 microglobulin, and TP53 mutations predicted short survival. Moreover, the prognostic significance of LDT was independent of the CLL-IPI and the Barcelona/Brno prognostic model. LDT remains an important outcome marker in the modern CLL era and should be incorporated into the clinical assessment and stratification of CLL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tycho Baumann
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Servicio de Hematología, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Riccardo Moia
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Gianluca Gaidano
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Julio Delgado
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adalgisa Condoluci
- Division of Hematology, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Neus Villamor
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anil Babu Payedimarri
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Dolors Costa
- Cancer Cytogenetics, Department of Pathology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Patriarca
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | | | - Davide Rossi
- Division of Hematology, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Emili Montserrat
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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29
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Lu J, Cannizzaro E, Meier-Abt F, Scheinost S, Bruch PM, Giles HAR, Lütge A, Hüllein J, Wagner L, Giacopelli B, Nadeu F, Delgado J, Campo E, Mangolini M, Ringshausen I, Böttcher M, Mougiakakos D, Jacobs A, Bodenmiller B, Dietrich S, Oakes CC, Zenz T, Huber W. Multi-omics reveals clinically relevant proliferative drive associated with mTOR-MYC-OXPHOS activity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. NATURE CANCER 2021; 2:853-864. [PMID: 34423310 PMCID: PMC7611543 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-021-00216-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) has a complex pattern of driver mutations and much of its clinical diversity remains unexplained. We devised a method for simultaneous subgroup discovery across multiple data types and applied it to genomic, transcriptomic, DNA methylation and ex-vivo drug response data from 217 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) cases. We uncovered a biological axis of heterogeneity strongly associated with clinical behavior and orthogonal to the known biomarkers. We validated its presence and clinical relevance in four independent cohorts (n=547 patients). We find that this axis captures the proliferative drive (PD) of CLL cells, as it associates with lymphocyte doubling rate, global hypomethylation, accumulation of driver aberrations and response to pro-proliferative stimuli. CLL-PD was linked to the activation of mTOR-MYC-oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) through transcriptomic, proteomic and single cell resolution analysis. CLL-PD is a key determinant of disease outcome in CLL. Our multi-table integration approach may be applicable to other tumors whose inter-individual differences are currently unexplained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Lu
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ester Cannizzaro
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zürich and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Meier-Abt
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zürich and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Scheinost
- Molecular Therapy in Hematology and Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter-Martin Bruch
- Molecular Therapy in Hematology and Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Holly AR Giles
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Almut Lütge
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Hüllein
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Therapy in Hematology and Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lena Wagner
- Molecular Therapy in Hematology and Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Brian Giacopelli
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Ferran Nadeu
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Delgado
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Hematopathology Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elías Campo
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Hematopathology Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maurizio Mangolini
- Wellcome Trust/MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute & Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Ingo Ringshausen
- Wellcome Trust/MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute & Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Martin Böttcher
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrea Jacobs
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Bodenmiller
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sascha Dietrich
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher C. Oakes
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Thorsten Zenz
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zürich and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Molecular Therapy in Hematology and Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Huber
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg, Germany
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30
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Mascheroni P, Savvopoulos S, Alfonso JCL, Meyer-Hermann M, Hatzikirou H. Improving personalized tumor growth predictions using a Bayesian combination of mechanistic modeling and machine learning. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2021; 1:19. [PMID: 35602187 PMCID: PMC9053281 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-021-00020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In clinical practice, a plethora of medical examinations are conducted to assess the state of a patient's pathology producing a variety of clinical data. However, investigation of these data faces two major challenges. Firstly, we lack the knowledge of the mechanisms involved in regulating these data variables, and secondly, data collection is sparse in time since it relies on patient's clinical presentation. The former limits the predictive accuracy of clinical outcomes for any mechanistic model. The latter restrains any machine learning algorithm to accurately infer the corresponding disease dynamics. METHODS Here, we propose a novel method, based on the Bayesian coupling of mathematical modeling and machine learning, aiming at improving individualized predictions by addressing the aforementioned challenges. RESULTS We evaluate the proposed method on a synthetic dataset for brain tumor growth and analyze its performance in predicting two relevant clinical outputs. The method results in improved predictions in almost all simulated patients, especially for those with a late clinical presentation (>95% patients show improvements compared to standard mathematical modeling). In addition, we test the methodology in two additional settings dealing with real patient cohorts. In both cases, namely cancer growth in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and ovarian cancer, predictions show excellent agreement with reported clinical outcomes (around 60% reduction of mean squared error). CONCLUSIONS We show that the combination of machine learning and mathematical modeling approaches can lead to accurate predictions of clinical outputs in the context of data sparsity and limited knowledge of disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Mascheroni
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology and Helmholtz Centre for Infectious Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Symeon Savvopoulos
- grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Juan Carlos López Alfonso
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology and Helmholtz Centre for Infectious Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology and Helmholtz Centre for Infectious Research, Braunschweig, Germany ,Centre for Individualized Infection Medicine, Hannover, Germany ,grid.6738.a0000 0001 1090 0254Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Haralampos Hatzikirou
- grid.440568.b0000 0004 1762 9729Mathematics Department, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE ,grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Centre for Information Services and High Performance Computing, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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31
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Morande PE, Yan XJ, Sepulveda J, Seija N, Marquez ME, Sotelo N, Abreu C, Crispo M, Fernández-Graña G, Rego N, Bois T, Methot SP, Palacios F, Remedi V, Rai KR, Buschiazzo A, Di Noia JM, Navarrete MA, Chiorazzi N, Oppezzo P. AID overexpression leads to aggressive murine CLL and nonimmunoglobulin mutations that mirror human neoplasms. Blood 2021; 138:246-258. [PMID: 34292322 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020008654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cancers become more dangerous by the outgrowth of malignant subclones with additional DNA mutations that favor proliferation or survival. Using chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), a disease that exemplifies this process and is a model for neoplasms in general, we created transgenic mice overexpressing the enzyme activation-induced deaminase (AID), which has a normal function of inducing DNA mutations in B lymphocytes. AID not only allows normal B lymphocytes to develop more effective immunoglobulin-mediated immunity, but is also able to mutate nonimmunoglobulin genes, predisposing to cancer. In CLL, AID expression correlates with poor prognosis, suggesting a role for this enzyme in disease progression. Nevertheless, direct experimental evidence identifying the specific genes that are mutated by AID and indicating that those genes are associated with disease progression is not available. To address this point, we overexpressed Aicda in a murine model of CLL (Eμ-TCL1). Analyses of TCL1/AID mice demonstrate a role for AID in disease kinetics, CLL cell proliferation, and the development of cancer-related target mutations with canonical AID signatures in nonimmunoglobulin genes. Notably, our mouse models can accumulate mutations in the same genes that are mutated in human cancers. Moreover, some of these mutations occur at homologous positions, leading to identical or chemically similar amino acid substitutions as in human CLL and lymphoma. Together, these findings support a direct link between aberrant AID activity and CLL driver mutations that are then selected for their oncogenic effects, whereby AID promotes aggressiveness in CLL and other B-cell neoplasms.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cytidine Deaminase/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Elías Morande
- Research Laboratory on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Oncológica, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX-CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Tumor-Stroma Interactions, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Xiao-Jie Yan
- The Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY
| | - Julieta Sepulveda
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Centro Asistencial Docente e Investigación de la Universidad de Magallanes (CADI-UMAG), School of Medicine, University of Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Noé Seija
- Research Laboratory on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Elena Marquez
- Research Laboratory on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Natalia Sotelo
- Research Laboratory on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cecilia Abreu
- Research Laboratory on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | | | - Natalia Rego
- Bioinformatics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Therence Bois
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephen P Methot
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Florencia Palacios
- The Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY
| | - Victoria Remedi
- Hospital Maciel, Administración de los Servicios de Salud del Estado (ASSE), Ministerio de Salud, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Kanti R Rai
- The Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY
| | - Alejandro Buschiazzo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Microbiology, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay; and
- Integrative Microbiology of Zoonotic Agents-International Joint Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Javier M Di Noia
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marcelo A Navarrete
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Centro Asistencial Docente e Investigación de la Universidad de Magallanes (CADI-UMAG), School of Medicine, University of Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- The Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY
| | - Pablo Oppezzo
- Research Laboratory on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
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32
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BCR activated CLL B cells use both CR3 (CD11b/CD18) and CR4 (CD11c/CD18) for adhesion while CR4 has a dominant role in migration towards SDF-1. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254853. [PMID: 34283878 PMCID: PMC8291664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is the most common leukaemia in the western world. In previous studies, various proportion of patients was found to carry CD11b+ or CD11c+ B cells whose presence was an unfavourable prognostic factor. The exact mechanism however, how these receptors contribute to the pathogenesis of CLL has not been revealed so far. Here we analysed the role of CD11b and CD11c on B cells of CLL patients in the adhesion to fibrinogen and in the migration towards stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and studied the role of CR4 in the adherence of the CD11c+ B cell line BJAB. We observed that both CR3 and CR4 mediate adhesion of the malignant B cells. Moreover, we found, that CR4 was strongly involved in the migration of the leukemic cells towards the chemoattractant SDF-1. Our data suggest that CR3 and CR4 are not only passive markers on CLL B cells, but they might contribute to the progression of the disease. Since the role of SDF-1 is prominent in the migration of CLL cells into the bone marrow where their survival is supported, our findings help to understand how the presence of CD11c on leukemic B cells can worsen the prognosis of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.
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33
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Smith MR, Cronin JF, Weiss RF. Alternative strategies for optimizing treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with complex clonal architecture. Leuk Res 2021; 110:106663. [PMID: 34304129 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2021.106663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In silico simulation of pre-clinical and clinical data may accelerate pre-clinical and clinical trial advances, leading to benefits for therapeutic outcomes, toxicity and cost savings. Combining this with clonal architecture data may permit truly personalized therapy. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) exhibits clonal diversity, evolution and selection, spontaneously and under treatment pressure. We apply a dynamic simulation model to published CLL clonal architecture data to explore alternative therapeutic strategies, focusing on BTK inhibition. By deriving parameters of clonal growth and death behavior we model continuous vs time-limited ibrutinib therapy, and find that, despite persistence of disease, time to clinical progression may not differ. This is a testable hypothesis. We model IgVH-mutated CLL vs unmutated CLL by varying proliferation and find, based on the limited available data about clonal dynamics after such therapy, that there are differences predicted in response to anti-CD20 efficacy. These models can suggest potential clinical trials, and also indicate what additional data are needed to improve predictions. Ongoing work will expand modeling to agents such as venetoclax and to T cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R Smith
- George Washington Cancer Center, 1255 25th St NW, Suite 932, Washington, D.C., 20037, USA.
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34
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Alsagaby SA, Brewis IA, Vijayakumar R, Alhumaydhi FA, Alwashmi AS, Alharbi NK, Al Abdulmonem W, Premanathan M, Pratt G, Fegan C, Pepper C, Brennan P. Proteomics-based identification of cancer-associated proteins in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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35
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Jalilian N, Maleki Y, Shakiba E, Aznab M, Rahimi Z, Salimi M, Rhimi Z. p53 p.Pro72Arg (rs1042522) and Mouse Double Minute 2 (MDM2) Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) 309 Variants and Their Interaction in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia(CLL): A Survey in CLL Patients from Western Iran. Int J Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Res 2021; 15:160-169. [PMID: 35082997 PMCID: PMC8748241 DOI: 10.18502/ijhoscr.v15i3.6846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia in adults. The MDM2 and p53 are interacting proteins that play crucial roles in cell biology. Genetic variations of p53 and MDM2 have been identified in many cancers including CLL; among which are SNP309 in the promoter of MDM2 and SNP codon72 in p53. Materials and Methods: In this study, we sought to find the impact of two SNPs of p53 and MDM2 in the pathogenesis of CLL. A total of 100 CLL patients and 102 healthy controls were recruited. Genomic DNA was extracted, and genotyping was performed using the PCR-RFLP method. The allele and genotype associations were analyzed using the χ2 test. The gene-gene interaction analysis was studied using GMDR v0.9. Results: Our study found the absence of a significant difference between CLL patients and controls related to the allelic frequencies or genotypic distributions for both MDM2 SNP309 and p53 codon72. A significantly higher frequency of p53 C allele was found in patients with disease duration of more than 36 compared to those less than 36 months. However, GMDR analysis suggests genetic interaction between the genes under study. Conclusion: Our findings indicated each polymorphism of p53 codon72 and MDM2 (SNP309) was not a risk factor for CLL but the p53 C allele could be associated with the disease duration. Besides, the interaction between p53/MDM2 genotypes may confer susceptibility to CLL. Our study could be useful in genetic association studies of CLL and the role of gene-gene interactions in the susceptibility to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Jalilian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Yosra Maleki
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Shakiba
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mozafar Aznab
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ziba Rahimi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mehdi Salimi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zohreh Rhimi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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36
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Kennedy E, Coulter E, Halliwell E, Profitos-Peleja N, Walsby E, Clark B, Phillips EH, Burley TA, Mitchell S, Devereux S, Fegan CD, Jones CI, Johnston R, Chevassut T, Schulz R, Seiffert M, Agathanggelou A, Oldreive C, Davies N, Stankovic T, Liloglou T, Pepper C, Pepper AGS. TLR9 expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia identifies a promigratory subpopulation and novel therapeutic target. Blood 2021; 137:3064-3078. [PMID: 33512408 PMCID: PMC8176769 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020005964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) remains incurable despite B-cell receptor-targeted inhibitors revolutionizing treatment. This suggests that other signaling molecules are involved in disease escape mechanisms and resistance. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is a promising candidate that is activated by unmethylated cytosine guanine dinucleotide-DNA. Here, we show that plasma from patients with CLL contains significantly more unmethylated DNA than plasma from healthy control subjects (P < .0001) and that cell-free DNA levels correlate with the prognostic markers CD38, β2-microglobulin, and lymphocyte doubling time. Furthermore, elevated cell-free DNA was associated with shorter time to first treatment (hazard ratio, 4.0; P = .003). We also show that TLR9 expression was associated with in vitro CLL cell migration (P < .001), and intracellular endosomal TLR9 strongly correlated with aberrant surface expression (sTLR9; r = 0.9). In addition, lymph node-derived CLL cells exhibited increased sTLR9 (P = .016), and RNA-sequencing of paired sTLR9hi and sTLR9lo CLL cells revealed differential transcription of genes involved in TLR signaling, adhesion, motility, and inflammation in sTLR9hi cells. Mechanistically, a TLR9 agonist, ODN2006, promoted CLL cell migration (P < .001) that was mediated by p65 NF-κB and STAT3 transcription factor activation. Importantly, autologous plasma induced the same effects, which were reversed by a TLR9 antagonist. Furthermore, high TLR9 expression promoted engraftment and rapid disease progression in a NOD/Shi-scid/IL-2Rγnull mouse xenograft model. Finally, we showed that dual targeting of TLR9 and Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) was strongly synergistic (median combination index, 0.2 at half maximal effective dose), which highlights the distinct role for TLR9 signaling in CLL and the potential for combined targeting of TLR9 and BTK as a more effective treatment strategy in this incurable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Kennedy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, United Kingdom
| | - Eve Coulter
- Centre for Genomics and Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Halliwell
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nuria Profitos-Peleja
- Lymphoma Translational Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Walsby
- Cardiff CLL Research Group, Institute of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Barnaby Clark
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth H Phillips
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A Burley
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Mitchell
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Devereux
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher D Fegan
- Cardiff CLL Research Group, Institute of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher I Jones
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalynd Johnston
- Department of Haematology, Brighton and Sussex University Hospital Trust, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Chevassut
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, Brighton and Sussex University Hospital Trust, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Ralph Schulz
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Angelo Agathanggelou
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Ceri Oldreive
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Nicholas Davies
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Tatjana Stankovic
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Triantafillos Liloglou
- Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Pepper
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea G S Pepper
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, United Kingdom
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37
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CLL intraclonal fractions exhibit established and recently acquired patterns of DNA methylation. Blood Adv 2021; 4:893-905. [PMID: 32150608 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraclonal subpopulations of circulating chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells with different proliferative histories and reciprocal surface expression of CXCR4 and CD5 have been observed in the peripheral blood of CLL patients and named proliferative (PF), intermediate (IF), and resting (RF) cellular fractions. Here, we found that these intraclonal circulating fractions share persistent DNA methylation signatures largely associated with the mutation status of the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus (IGHV) and their origins from distinct stages of differentiation of antigen-experienced B cells. Increased leukemic birth rate, however, showed a very limited impact on DNA methylation of circulating CLL fractions independent of IGHV mutation status. Additionally, DNA methylation heterogeneity increased as leukemic cells advanced from PF to RF in the peripheral blood. This frequently co-occurred with heterochromatin hypomethylation and hypermethylation of Polycomb-repressed regions in the PF, suggesting accumulation of longevity-associated epigenetic features in recently born cells. On the other hand, transcriptional differences between paired intraclonal fractions confirmed their proliferative experience and further supported a linear advancement from PF to RF in the peripheral blood. Several of these differentially expressed genes showed unique associations with clinical outcome not evident in the bulk clone, supporting the pathological and therapeutic relevance of studying intraclonal CLL fractions. We conclude that independent methylation and transcriptional landscapes reflect both preexisting cell-of-origin fingerprints and more recently acquired hallmarks associated with the life cycle of circulating CLL cells.
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38
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Oppezzo P, Navarrete M, Chiorazzi N. AID in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Induction and Action During Disease Progression. Front Oncol 2021; 11:634383. [PMID: 34041018 PMCID: PMC8141630 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.634383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) initiates somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR) of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes, critical actions for an effective adaptive immune response. However, in addition to the benefits generated by its physiological roles, AID is an etiological factor for the development of human and murine leukemias and lymphomas. This review highlights the pathological role of AID and the consequences of its actions on the development, progression, and therapeutic refractoriness of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) as a model disease for mature lymphoid malignancies. First, we summarize pertinent aspects of the expression and function of AID in normal B lymphocytes. Then, we assess putative causes for AID expression in leukemic cells emphasizing the role of an activated microenvironment. Thirdly, we discuss the role of AID in lymphomagenesis, in light of recent data obtained by NGS analyses on the genomic landscape of leukemia and lymphomas, concentrating on the frequency of AID signatures in these cancers and correlating previously described tumor-gene drivers with the presence of AID off-target mutations. Finally, we discuss how these changes could affect tumor suppressor and proto-oncogene targets and how they could be associated with disease progression. Collectively, we hope that these sections will help to better understand the complex paradox between the physiological role of AID in adaptive immunity and its potential causative activity in B-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Oppezzo
- Research Laboratory on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- The Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, New York, NY, United States
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39
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Abadi U, Weisz A, Kidron D, Katzav A, Hercbergs A, Davis PJ, Ellis MH, Ashur-Fabian O. αvβ3 Integrin Expression and Mitogenic Effects by Thyroid Hormones in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10081766. [PMID: 33921634 PMCID: PMC8073405 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10081766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common adult leukemia. The thyroid hormones, T3 and T4, bind the αvβ3 integrin and activate phosphorylates ERK (pERK). These tumor-promoting actions were reported in a number of malignancies, but not in CLL. Methods: Primary cells from 22 CLL patients were verified for disease markers (CD5/CD19/CD23) and analyzed for αvβ3 by flow cytometry (FC), ImageStream, Western blots (WB), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in archival bone marrow (BM, n = 6) and lymph node (LN, n = 5) tissues. Selected samples (n = 8) were incubated with T3 (1–100 nM) or T4 (0.1–10 µM) for 30 min, and the expression levels of αvβ3, pERK and PCNA (cell proliferation marker) were determined (WB). Results: αvβ3 was detected on the membrane of circulating CLL cells and in the BM but not in the LN. T3 and T4 enhanced αvβ3 protein levels in primary CLL cells. Similarly, pERK and PCNA were rapidly induced in response to T3 and T4 exposure. Conclusions: αvβ3 integrin is expressed on primary CLL cells and is induced by thyroid hormones. We further suggest that the hormones are mitogenic in these cells, presumably via αvβ3-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Abadi
- Translational Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, Hematology Institute and Blood Bank Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba 44821, Israel; (U.A.); (A.W.); (M.H.E.)
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Avivit Weisz
- Translational Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, Hematology Institute and Blood Bank Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba 44821, Israel; (U.A.); (A.W.); (M.H.E.)
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Dvora Kidron
- Department of Pathology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba 44821, Israel; (D.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Aviva Katzav
- Department of Pathology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba 44821, Israel; (D.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Aleck Hercbergs
- Radiation Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
| | - Paul J. Davis
- Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA;
| | - Martin H. Ellis
- Translational Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, Hematology Institute and Blood Bank Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba 44821, Israel; (U.A.); (A.W.); (M.H.E.)
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Osnat Ashur-Fabian
- Translational Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, Hematology Institute and Blood Bank Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba 44821, Israel; (U.A.); (A.W.); (M.H.E.)
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-9-7472178
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40
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Palacios F, Yan XJ, Ferrer G, Chen SS, Vergani S, Yang X, Gardner J, Barrientos JC, Rock P, Burack R, Kolitz JE, Allen SL, Kharas MG, Abdel-Wahab O, Rai KR, Chiorazzi N. Musashi 2 influences chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell survival and growth making it a potential therapeutic target. Leukemia 2021; 35:1037-1052. [PMID: 33504942 PMCID: PMC8024198 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-01115-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Progression of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) results from the expansion of a small fraction of proliferating leukemic B cells. When comparing the global gene expression of recently divided CLL cells with that of previously divided cells, we found higher levels of genes involved in regulating gene expression. One of these was the oncogene Musashi 2 (MSI2), an RNA-binding protein that induces or represses translation. While there is an established role for MSI2 in normal and malignant stem cells, much less is known about its expression and role in CLL. Here we report for the first time ex vivo and in vitro experiments that MSI2 protein levels are higher in dividing and recently divided leukemic cells and that downregulating MSI2 expression or blocking its function eliminates primary human and murine CLL and mature myeloid cells. Notably, mature T cells and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells are not affected. We also confirm that higher MSI2 levels correlate with poor outcome markers, shorter time-to-first-treatment, and overall survival. Thus, our data highlight an important role for MSI2 in CLL-cell survival and proliferation and associate MSI2 with poor prognosis in CLL patients. Collectively, these findings pinpoint MSI2 as a potentially valuable therapeutic target in CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Caspase 3/metabolism
- Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/mortality
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Mice
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Prognosis
- RNA, Small Interfering
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Palacios
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Xiao-Jie Yan
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Gerardo Ferrer
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Shih-Shih Chen
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Stefano Vergani
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Xuejing Yang
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Center for Cell Engineering, Center for Stem Cell Biology, Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey Gardner
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jaqueline C Barrientos
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset and New Hyde Park, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Philip Rock
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Richard Burack
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan E Kolitz
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset and New Hyde Park, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Steven L Allen
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset and New Hyde Park, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Michael G Kharas
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Center for Cell Engineering, Center for Stem Cell Biology, Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Omar Abdel-Wahab
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kanti R Rai
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset and New Hyde Park, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA.
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset and New Hyde Park, New York, NY, USA.
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41
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Todorovic Z, Milovanovic J, Arsenijevic D, Vukovic N, Vukic M, Arsenijevic A, Djurdjevic P, Milovanovic M, Arsenijevic N. Shikonin Derivatives from Onsoma visianii Decrease Expression of Phosphorylated STAT3 in Leukemia Cells and Exert Antitumor Activity. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041147. [PMID: 33807148 PMCID: PMC8065735 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antitumor effects of shikonins on chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (B-PLL) are mostly unexplored. The antitumor activity of shikonins, isolated from Onosma visianii Clem (Boraginaceae), in BCL1, mouse CLL cells and JVM-13, human B-PLL cells was explored in this study. The cytotoxicity of shikonin derivatives was measured by an MTT test. Cell death, proliferation, cell cycle, and expression of molecules that control these processes were analyzed by flow cytometry. Expression of STAT3-regulated genes was analyzed by real-time q-RT-PCR (Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction). The antitumor effects of shikonin derivatives in vivo were analyzed, using flow cytometry, by detection of leukemia cells in the peripheral blood and spleens of mice intravenously injected with BCL1 cells. The two most potent derivatives, isobutyrylshikonin (IBS) and α-methylbutyrylshikonin (MBS), induced cell cycle disturbances and apoptosis, inhibited proliferation, and decreased expression of phospho-STAT3 and downstream-regulated molecules in BCL1 and JVM-13 cells. IBS and MBS decreased the percentage of leukemia cells in vivo. The link between the decrease in phosphorylated STAT3 by MBS and IBS and BCL1 cell death was confirmed by detection of enhanced cell death after addition of AG490, an inhibitor of Jak2 kinase. It seems that IBS and MBS, by decreasing STAT3 phosphorylation, trigger apoptosis, inhibit cell proliferation, and attenuate leukemia cell stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeljko Todorovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (Z.T.); (P.D.)
| | - Jelena Milovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (J.M.); (D.A.); (A.A.); (N.A.)
- Department of Histology and Embriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dragana Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (J.M.); (D.A.); (A.A.); (N.A.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nenad Vukovic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (N.V.); (M.V.)
| | - Milena Vukic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (N.V.); (M.V.)
| | - Aleksandar Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (J.M.); (D.A.); (A.A.); (N.A.)
| | - Predrag Djurdjevic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (Z.T.); (P.D.)
| | - Marija Milovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (J.M.); (D.A.); (A.A.); (N.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-34306800
| | - Nebojsa Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (J.M.); (D.A.); (A.A.); (N.A.)
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42
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Cuesta-Mateos C, Brown JR, Terrón F, Muñoz-Calleja C. Of Lymph Nodes and CLL Cells: Deciphering the Role of CCR7 in the Pathogenesis of CLL and Understanding Its Potential as Therapeutic Target. Front Immunol 2021; 12:662866. [PMID: 33841445 PMCID: PMC8024566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.662866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymph node (LN) is an essential tissue for achieving effective immune responses but it is also critical in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Within the multitude of signaling pathways aberrantly regulated in CLL the homeostatic axis composed by the chemokine receptor CCR7 and its ligands is the main driver for directing immune cells to home into the LN. In this literature review, we address the roles of CCR7 in the pathophysiology of CLL, and how this chemokine receptor is of critical importance to develop more rational and effective therapies for this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cuesta-Mateos
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria- Instituto de La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain.,IMMED S.L., Immunological and Medicinal Products, Madrid, Spain.,Catapult Therapeutics BV, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Jennifer R Brown
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Fernando Terrón
- IMMED S.L., Immunological and Medicinal Products, Madrid, Spain.,Catapult Therapeutics BV, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Cecilia Muñoz-Calleja
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria- Instituto de La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain.,School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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43
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Chen R, Tsai J, Thompson PA, Chen Y, Xiong P, Liu C, Burrows F, Sivina M, Burger JA, Keating MJ, Wierda WG, Plunkett W. The multi-kinase inhibitor TG02 induces apoptosis and blocks B-cell receptor signaling in chronic lymphocytic leukemia through dual mechanisms of action. Blood Cancer J 2021; 11:57. [PMID: 33714981 PMCID: PMC7956145 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-021-00436-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The constitutive activation of B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling, together with the overexpression of the Bcl-2 family anti-apoptotic proteins, represents two hallmarks of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) that drive leukemia cell proliferation and sustain their survival. TG02 is a small molecule multi-kinase inhibitor that simultaneously targets both of these facets of CLL pathogenesis. First, its inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 9 blocked the activation of RNA polymerase II and transcription. This led to the depletion of Mcl-1 and rapid induction of apoptosis in the primary CLL cells. This mechanism of apoptosis was independent of CLL prognostic factors or prior treatment history, but dependent on the expression of BAX and BAK. Second, TG02, which inhibits the members of the BCR signaling pathway such as Lck and Fyn, blocked BCR-crosslinking-induced activation of NF-κB and Akt, indicating abrogation of BCR signaling. Finally, the combination of TG02 and ibrutinib demonstrated moderate synergy, suggesting a future combination of TG02 with ibrutinib, or use in patients that are refractory to the BCR antagonists. Thus, the dual inhibitory activity on both the CLL survival pathway and BCR signaling identifies TG02 as a unique compound for clinical development in CLL and possibly other B cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Chen
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Jennifer Tsai
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Philip A Thompson
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuling Chen
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ping Xiong
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chaomei Liu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Francis Burrows
- Tragara Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA, USA.,Kura Oncology, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mariela Sivina
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jan A Burger
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael J Keating
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - William G Wierda
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - William Plunkett
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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44
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Patten PEM, Ferrer G, Chen SS, Kolitz JE, Rai KR, Allen SL, Barrientos JC, Ioannou N, Ramsay AG, Chiorazzi N. A Detailed Analysis of Parameters Supporting the Engraftment and Growth of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells in Immune-Deficient Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:627020. [PMID: 33767698 PMCID: PMC7985329 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.627020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived xenograft models of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) can be created using highly immunodeficient animals, allowing analysis of primary tumor cells in an in vivo setting. However, unlike many other tumors, CLL B lymphocytes do not reproducibly grow in xenografts without manipulation, proliferating only when there is concomitant expansion of T cells. Here we show that in vitro pre-activation of CLL-derived T lymphocytes allows for a reliable and robust system for primary CLL cell growth within a fully autologous system that uses small numbers of cells and does not require pre-conditioning. In this system, growth of normal T and leukemic B cells follows four distinct temporal phases, each with characteristic blood and tissue findings. Phase 1 constitutes a period during which resting CLL B cells predominate, with cells aggregating at perivascular areas most often in the spleen. In Phase 2, T cells expand and provide T-cell help to promote B-cell division and expansion. Growth of CLL B and T cells persists in Phase 3, although some leukemic B cells undergo differentiation to more mature B-lineage cells (plasmablasts and plasma cells). By Phase 4, CLL B cells are for the most part lost with only T cells remaining. The required B-T cell interactions are not dependent on other human hematopoietic cells nor on murine macrophages or follicular dendritic cells, which appear to be relatively excluded from the perivascular lymphoid aggregates. Notably, the growth kinetics and degree of anatomic localization of CLL B and T cells is significantly influenced by intravenous versus intraperitoneal administration. Importantly, B cells delivered intraperitoneally either remain within the peritoneal cavity in a quiescent state, despite the presence of dividing T cells, or migrate to lymphoid tissues where they actively divide; this dichotomy mimics the human condition in that cells in primary lymphoid tissues and the blood are predominately resting, whereas those in secondary lymphoid tissues proliferate. Finally, the utility of this approach is illustrated by documenting the effects of a bispecific antibody reactive with B and T cells. Collectively, this model represents a powerful tool to evaluate CLL biology and novel therapeutics in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piers E M Patten
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Institute of Haematology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gerardo Ferrer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Shih-Shih Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan E Kolitz
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Kanti R Rai
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Steven L Allen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Jacqueline C Barrientos
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Nikolaos Ioannou
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Institute of Haematology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan G Ramsay
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Institute of Haematology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
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45
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Imbruvica (Ibrutinib) induced subcutaneous hematoma: A case report. CURRENT PROBLEMS IN CANCER: CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpccr.2021.100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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46
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Naz S, Ashraf S, Parvez MK, Al-Dosari MS, Ul-Haq Z. Structure and ligand-based drug discovery of IL-4 inhibitors via interaction-energy-based learning approaches. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:6503-6521. [PMID: 33618633 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1886172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4), an anti-inflammatory cytokine plays significant in the development of various diseases especially asthmatic allergies. Previous structural and functional studies of IL-4 with its receptor bring forth different types of inhibitors to block their interaction but each of them failed in clinical trials. Since, no synthetic molecules have been identified against IL-4, so far. Therefore, 21 in-house tested IL-4 inhibitors were blindly docked over the entire surface of IL-4 to predict a suitable and druggable binding site as the crystal structure of IL-4 protein in complex with ligand has not been reported yet. After binding site prediction, both ligand-based and structure-based pharmacophore were generated to screen three ZINC libraries (24.5 M) i.e. purchasable, natural product and natural derivative. A total 5,800 top-scored compounds were further subjected towards score-based screening to find the potential leads. Following protein-ligand interaction fingerprints (PLIF) and molecular visualization of selected hits, six top-scored compounds (five from purchasable and one from natural product library) were further moved towards their stability dynamics, followed by their absolute binding free energy and residue-based energy decomposition calculation by MM-GBSA method. These efforts help us to reveal the key factors responsible for ligand binding that might help to improve the binding and stability of these newly discovered hits by structural modifications.Communicated by Freddie R. Salsbury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehrish Naz
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sajda Ashraf
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad K Parvez
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S Al-Dosari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Zaheer Ul-Haq
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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47
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Ibrutinib and venetoclax target distinct subpopulations of CLL cells: implication for residual disease eradication. Blood Cancer J 2021; 11:39. [PMID: 33602908 PMCID: PMC7893066 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-021-00429-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ibrutinib inhibits Bruton tyrosine kinase while venetoclax is a specific inhibitor of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL2. Both drugs are highly effective as monotherapy against chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and clinical trials using the combination therapy have produced remarkable results in terms of rate of complete remission and frequency of undetectable minimal residual disease. However, the laboratory rationale behind the success of the drug combination is still lacking. A better understanding of how these two drugs synergize would eventually help develop other rational combination strategies. Using an ex vivo model that promotes CLL proliferation, we show that modeled ibrutinib proliferative responses, but not viability responses, correlate well with patients’ actual clinical responses. Importantly, we demonstrate for the first time that ibrutinib and venetoclax act on distinct CLL subpopulations that have different proliferative capacities. While the dividing subpopulation of CLL responds to ibrutinib, the resting subpopulation preferentially responds to venetoclax. The combination of these targeted therapies effectively reduced both the resting and dividing subpopulations in most cases. Our laboratory findings help explain several clinical observations and contribute to the understanding of tumor dynamics. Additionally, our proliferation model may be used to identify novel drug combinations with the potential of eradicating residual disease.
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48
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Nurse-Like Cells and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B Cells: A Mutualistic Crosstalk inside Tissue Microenvironments. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020217. [PMID: 33499012 PMCID: PMC7911538 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common adult leukemia in Western countries and is an example of hematological disease where cooperation between genetic defects and tumor microenvironmental interaction is involved in pathogenesis. CLL is a disease that is considered as “addicted to the host”; indeed, the crosstalk between leukemic cells and the tumor microenvironment is essential for leukemic clone maintenance supporting CLL cells’ survival, proliferation, and protection from drug-induced apoptosis. CLL cells are not innocent bystanders but actively model and manipulate the surrounding microenvironment to their own advantage. Besides the different players involved in this crosstalk, nurse-like cells (NLC) resemble features related to leukemia-associated macrophages with an important function in preserving CLL cell survival and supporting an immunosuppressive microenvironment. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the role played by NLC in creating a nurturing and permissive milieu for CLL cells, illustrating the therapeutic possibilities in order to specifically target and re-educate them.
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49
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Mathematical and Systems Medicine Approaches to Resistance Evolution and Prevention in Cancer. SYSTEMS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.11587-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Barbato A, Scandura G, Puglisi F, Cambria D, La Spina E, Palumbo GA, Lazzarino G, Tibullo D, Di Raimondo F, Giallongo C, Romano A. Mitochondrial Bioenergetics at the Onset of Drug Resistance in Hematological Malignancies: An Overview. Front Oncol 2020; 10:604143. [PMID: 33409153 PMCID: PMC7779674 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.604143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The combined derangements in mitochondria network, function and dynamics can affect metabolism and ATP production, redox homeostasis and apoptosis triggering, contributing to cancer development in many different complex ways. In hematological malignancies, there is a strong relationship between cellular metabolism, mitochondrial bioenergetics, interconnections with supportive microenvironment and drug resistance. Lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells, e.g., adapt to intrinsic oxidative stress by increasing mitochondrial biogenesis. In other hematological disorders such as myeloma, on the contrary, bioenergetics changes, associated to increased mitochondrial fitness, derive from the adaptive response to drug-induced stress. In the bone marrow niche, a reverse Warburg effect has been recently described, consisting in metabolic changes occurring in stromal cells in the attempt to metabolically support adjacent cancer cells. Moreover, a physiological dynamic, based on mitochondria transfer, between tumor cells and their supporting stromal microenvironment has been described to sustain oxidative stress associated to proteostasis maintenance in multiple myeloma and leukemia. Increased mitochondrial biogenesis of tumor cells associated to acquisition of new mitochondria transferred by mesenchymal stromal cells results in augmented ATP production through increased oxidative phosphorylation (OX-PHOS), higher drug resistance, and resurgence after treatment. Accordingly, targeting mitochondrial biogenesis, electron transfer, mitochondrial DNA replication, or mitochondrial fatty acid transport increases therapy efficacy. In this review, we summarize selected examples of the mitochondrial derangements in hematological malignancies, which provide metabolic adaptation and apoptosis resistance, also supported by the crosstalk with tumor microenvironment. This field promises a rational design to improve target-therapy including the metabolic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Barbato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Grazia Scandura
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Puglisi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Daniela Cambria
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Enrico La Spina
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Alberto Palumbo
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies G.F. Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lazzarino
- Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Tibullo
- Department of Biotechnological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Raimondo
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Cesarina Giallongo
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies G.F. Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandra Romano
- Department of Surgery and Medical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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