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Yu C, Tang J, Yu J, Wang Y, Liu N, Dong Z, Zhuang S. JMJD3 activation contributes to renal protection and regeneration following acute kidney injury in mice. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23583. [PMID: 38551634 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300681r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that Jumonji domain-containing protein D3 (JMJD3), a histone demethylase of histone H3 on lysine 27 (H3K27me3), is protective against renal fibrosis, but its role in acute kidney injury (AKI) remains unexplored. Here, we report that JMJD3 activity is required for renal protection and regeneration in murine models of AKI induced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and folic acid (FA). Injury to the kidney upregulated JMJD3 expression and induced expression of H3K27me3, which was coincident with renal dysfunction, renal tubular cell injury/apoptosis, and proliferation. Blocking JMJD3 activity by GSKJ4 led to worsening renal dysfunction and pathological changes by aggravating tubular epithelial cell injury and apoptosis in both murine models of AKI. JMJD3 inhibition by GSKJ4 also reduced renal tubular cell proliferation and suppressed expression of cyclin E and phosphorylation of CDK2, but increased p21 expression in the injured kidney. Furthermore, inactivation of JMJD3 enhanced I/R- or FA-induced expression of TGF-β1, vimentin, and Snail, phosphorylation of Smad3, STAT3, and NF-κB, and increased renal infiltration by F4/80 (+) macrophages. Finally, GSKJ4 treatment caused further downregulation of Klotho, BMP-7, Smad7, and E-cadherin, all of which are associated with renal protection and have anti-fibrotic effects. Therefore, these data provide strong evidence that JMJD3 activation contributes to renal tubular epithelial cell survival and regeneration after AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhua Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjun Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanjin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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2
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Clotet-Freixas S, Zaslaver O, Kotlyar M, Pastrello C, Quaile AT, McEvoy CM, Saha AD, Farkona S, Boshart A, Zorcic K, Neupane S, Manion K, Allen M, Chan M, Chen X, Arnold AP, Sekula P, Steinbrenner I, Köttgen A, Dart AB, Wicklow B, McGavock JM, Blydt-Hansen TD, Barrios C, Riera M, Soler MJ, Isenbrandt A, Lamontagne-Proulx J, Pradeloux S, Coulombe K, Soulet D, Rajasekar S, Zhang B, John R, Mehrotra A, Gehring A, Puhka M, Jurisica I, Woo M, Scholey JW, Röst H, Konvalinka A. Sex differences in kidney metabolism may reflect sex-dependent outcomes in human diabetic kidney disease. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eabm2090. [PMID: 38446901 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abm2090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the main cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and progresses faster in males than in females. We identify sex-based differences in kidney metabolism and in the blood metabolome of male and female individuals with diabetes. Primary human proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) from healthy males displayed increased mitochondrial respiration, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and greater injury when exposed to high glucose compared with PTECs from healthy females. Male human PTECs showed increased glucose and glutamine fluxes to the TCA cycle, whereas female human PTECs showed increased pyruvate content. The male human PTEC phenotype was enhanced by dihydrotestosterone and mediated by the transcription factor HNF4A and histone demethylase KDM6A. In mice where sex chromosomes either matched or did not match gonadal sex, male gonadal sex contributed to the kidney metabolism differences between males and females. A blood metabolomics analysis in a cohort of adolescents with or without diabetes showed increased TCA cycle metabolites in males. In a second cohort of adults with diabetes, females without DKD had higher serum pyruvate concentrations than did males with or without DKD. Serum pyruvate concentrations positively correlated with the estimated glomerular filtration rate, a measure of kidney function, and negatively correlated with all-cause mortality in this cohort. In a third cohort of adults with CKD, male sex and diabetes were associated with increased plasma TCA cycle metabolites, which correlated with all-cause mortality. These findings suggest that differences in male and female kidney metabolism may contribute to sex-dependent outcomes in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Clotet-Freixas
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Olga Zaslaver
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Max Kotlyar
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Data Science Discovery Centre for Chronic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Chiara Pastrello
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Data Science Discovery Centre for Chronic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Andrew T Quaile
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Caitriona M McEvoy
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Division of Nephrology, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin D24, Ireland
- Trinity Kidney Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D8, Ireland
| | - Aninda D Saha
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sofia Farkona
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Alex Boshart
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Katarina Zorcic
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Slaghaniya Neupane
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Kieran Manion
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Maya Allen
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Michael Chan
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Xuqi Chen
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Arthur P Arnold
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peggy Sekula
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79085, Germany
| | - Inga Steinbrenner
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79085, Germany
| | - Anna Köttgen
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79085, Germany
| | - Allison B Dart
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1S1, Canada
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba Research Team, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Brandy Wicklow
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1S1, Canada
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba Research Team, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Jon M McGavock
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1S1, Canada
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba Research Team, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Tom D Blydt-Hansen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 0B3, Canada
| | - Clara Barrios
- Kidney Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, IMIM, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Marta Riera
- Kidney Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, IMIM, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - María José Soler
- Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Division of Nephrology Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Amandine Isenbrandt
- Neurosciences Axis, CHU de Quebec Research Center - Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jérôme Lamontagne-Proulx
- Neurosciences Axis, CHU de Quebec Research Center - Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Solène Pradeloux
- Neurosciences Axis, CHU de Quebec Research Center - Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Katherine Coulombe
- Neurosciences Axis, CHU de Quebec Research Center - Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Denis Soulet
- Neurosciences Axis, CHU de Quebec Research Center - Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Shravanthi Rajasekar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Boyang Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Rohan John
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Aman Mehrotra
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Adam Gehring
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Maija Puhka
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Data Science Discovery Centre for Chronic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Computer Science, and Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X3, Canada
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 10, Slovakia
| | - Minna Woo
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada
| | - James W Scholey
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada
| | - Hannes Röst
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ana Konvalinka
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada
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3
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Schindler M, Siegerist F, Lange T, Simm S, Bach SM, Klawitter M, Gehrig J, Gul S, Endlich N. A Novel High-Content Screening Assay Identified Belinostat as Protective in a FSGS-Like Zebrafish Model. J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 34:1977-1990. [PMID: 37752628 PMCID: PMC10703078 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND FSGS affects the complex three-dimensional morphology of podocytes, resulting in loss of filtration barrier function and the development of sclerotic lesions. Therapies to treat FSGS are limited, and podocyte-specific drugs are unavailable. To address the need for treatments to delay or stop FSGS progression, researchers are exploring the repurposing of drugs that have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for other purposes. METHODS To identify drugs with potential to treat FSGS, we used a specific zebrafish screening strain to combine a high-content screening (HCS) approach with an in vivo model. This zebrafish screening strain expresses nitroreductase and the red fluorescent protein mCherry exclusively in podocytes (providing an indicator for podocyte depletion), as well as a circulating 78 kDa vitamin D-binding enhanced green fluorescent protein fusion protein (as a readout for proteinuria). To produce FSGS-like lesions in the zebrafish, we added 80 µ M metronidazole into the fish water. We used a specific screening microscope in conjunction with advanced image analysis methods to screen a library of 138 drugs and compounds (including some FDA-approved drugs) for podocyte-protective effects. Promising candidates were validated to be suitable for translational studies. RESULTS After establishing this novel in vivo HCS assay, we identified seven drugs or compounds that were protective in our FSGS-like model. Validation experiments confirmed that the FDA-approved drug belinostat was protective against larval FSGS. Similar pan-histone deacetylase inhibitors also showed potential to reproduce this effect. CONCLUSIONS Using an FSGS-like zebrafish model, we developed a novel in vivo HCS assay that identified belinostat and related pan-histone deacetylase inhibitors as potential candidates for treating FSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Schindler
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Florian Siegerist
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tim Lange
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Simm
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sophia-Marie Bach
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marianne Klawitter
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Sheraz Gul
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Hamburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Endlich
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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4
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Sinha SK, Nicholas SB. Pathomechanisms of Diabetic Kidney Disease. J Clin Med 2023; 12:7349. [PMID: 38068400 PMCID: PMC10707303 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12237349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The worldwide occurrence of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is swiftly rising, primarily attributed to the growing population of individuals affected by type 2 diabetes. This surge has been transformed into a substantial global concern, placing additional strain on healthcare systems already grappling with significant demands. The pathogenesis of DKD is intricate, originating with hyperglycemia, which triggers various mechanisms and pathways: metabolic, hemodynamic, inflammatory, and fibrotic which ultimately lead to renal damage. Within each pathway, several mediators contribute to the development of renal structural and functional changes. Some of these mediators, such as inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and transforming growth factor β are shared among the different pathways, leading to significant overlap and interaction between them. While current treatment options for DKD have shown advancement over previous strategies, their effectiveness remains somewhat constrained as patients still experience residual risk of disease progression. Therefore, a comprehensive grasp of the molecular mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of DKD is imperative for the continued creation of novel and groundbreaking therapies for this condition. In this review, we discuss the current achievements in fundamental research, with a particular emphasis on individual factors and recent developments in DKD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyesh K. Sinha
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- College of Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Susanne B. Nicholas
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
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5
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Kaur H, Yerra VG, Batchu SN, Tran DT, Kabir MDG, Liu Y, Advani SL, Sedrak P, Geldenhuys L, Tennankore KK, Poyah P, Siddiqi FS, Advani A. Single cell G-protein coupled receptor profiling of activated kidney fibroblasts expressing transcription factor 21. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:2898-2915. [PMID: 37115600 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Activated fibroblasts deposit fibrotic matrix in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most druggable therapeutic targets. Here, we set out to establish a transcriptional profile that identifies activated kidney fibroblasts and the GPCRs that they express. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH RNA sequencing and single cell qRT-PCR were performed on mouse kidneys after unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Candidate expression was evaluated in mice with UUO or diabetes or injected with adriamycin or folic acid. Intervention studies were conducted in mice with diabetes or UUO. Correlative histology was performed in human kidney tissue. KEY RESULTS Transcription factor 21 (Tcf21)+ cells that expressed 2 or 3 of Postn, Acta2 and Pdgfra were highly enriched for fibrogenic genes and were defined as activated kidney fibroblasts. Tcf21+ α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)+ interstitial cells accumulated in kidneys of mice with UUO or diabetes or injected with adriamycin or folic acid, whereas renin-angiotensin system blockade attenuated increases in Tcf21 in diabetic mice. Fifty-six GPCRs were up-regulated in single Tcf21+ kidney fibroblasts, the most up-regulated being Adgra2 and S1pr3. Adenosine receptors, Adora2a/2b, were up-regulated in Tcf21+ fibroblasts and the adenosine receptor antagonist, caffeine decreased Tcf21 upregulation and kidney fibrosis in UUO mice. TCF21, ADGRA2, S1PR3 and ADORA2A/2B were each detectable in α-SMA+ interstitial cells in human kidney samples. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Tcf21 is a marker of kidney fibroblasts that are enriched for fibrogenic genes in CKD. Further analysis of the GPCRs expressed by these cells may identify new targets for treating CKD. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Translational Advances in Fibrosis as a Therapeutic Target. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v180.22/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmandeep Kaur
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Veera Ganesh Yerra
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sri Nagarjun Batchu
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Duc Tin Tran
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M D Golam Kabir
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Youan Liu
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suzanne L Advani
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Phelopater Sedrak
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Penelope Poyah
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ferhan S Siddiqi
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Andrew Advani
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Liu C, Ni L, Li X, Rao H, Feng W, Zhu Y, Zhang W, Ma C, Xu Y, Gui L, Wang Z, Aji R, Xu J, Gao W, Li L. SETD2 deficiency promotes renal fibrosis through the TGF-β/Smad signalling pathway in the absence of VHL. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1468. [PMID: 37933774 PMCID: PMC10629155 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal fibrosis is the final development pathway and the most common pathological manifestation of chronic kidney disease. Epigenetic alteration is a significant intrinsic factor contributing to the development of renal fibrosis. SET domain-containing 2 (SETD2) is the sole histone H3K36 trimethyltransferase, catalysing H3K36 trimethylation. There is evidence that SETD2-mediated epigenetic alterations are implicated in many diseases. However, it is unclear what role SETD2 plays in the development of renal fibrosis. METHODS Kidney tissues from mice as well as HK2 cells were used as research subjects. Clinical databases of patients with renal fibrosis were analysed to investigate whether SETD2 expression is reduced in the occurrence of renal fibrosis. SETD2 and Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) double-knockout mice were used to further investigate the role of SETD2 in renal fibrosis. Renal tubular epithelial cells isolated from mice were used for RNA sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing to search for molecular signalling pathways and key molecules leading to renal fibrosis in mice. Molecular and cell biology experiments were conducted to analyse and validate the role of SETD2 in the development of renal fibrosis. Finally, rescue experiments were performed to determine the molecular mechanism of SETD2 deficiency in the development of renal fibrosis. RESULTS SETD2 deficiency leads to severe renal fibrosis in VHL-deficient mice. Mechanically, SETD2 maintains the transcriptional level of Smad7, a negative feedback factor of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad signalling pathway, thereby preventing the activation of the TGF-β/Smad signalling pathway. Deletion of SETD2 leads to reduced Smad7 expression, which results in activation of the TGF-β/Smad signalling pathway and ultimately renal fibrosis in the absence of VHL. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal the role of SETD2-mediated H3K36me3 of Smad7 in regulating the TGF-β/Smad signalling pathway in renal fibrogenesis and provide an innovative insight into SETD2 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for CancerRenji‐Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research CenterRen Ji HospitalSchool of Medicine and School of Biomedical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med‐X Research InstituteShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Li Ni
- Department of NursingShanghai East HospitalTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaoxue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for CancerRenji‐Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research CenterRen Ji HospitalSchool of Medicine and School of Biomedical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med‐X Research InstituteShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Hanyu Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for CancerRenji‐Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research CenterRen Ji HospitalSchool of Medicine and School of Biomedical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med‐X Research InstituteShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wenxin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for CancerRenji‐Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research CenterRen Ji HospitalSchool of Medicine and School of Biomedical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med‐X Research InstituteShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yiwen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for CancerRenji‐Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research CenterRen Ji HospitalSchool of Medicine and School of Biomedical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med‐X Research InstituteShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for CancerRenji‐Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research CenterRen Ji HospitalSchool of Medicine and School of Biomedical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med‐X Research InstituteShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Chunxiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for CancerRenji‐Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research CenterRen Ji HospitalSchool of Medicine and School of Biomedical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med‐X Research InstituteShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for CancerRenji‐Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research CenterRen Ji HospitalSchool of Medicine and School of Biomedical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med‐X Research InstituteShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Liming Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for CancerRenji‐Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research CenterRen Ji HospitalSchool of Medicine and School of Biomedical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med‐X Research InstituteShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ziyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for CancerRenji‐Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research CenterRen Ji HospitalSchool of Medicine and School of Biomedical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med‐X Research InstituteShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Rebiguli Aji
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for CancerRenji‐Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research CenterRen Ji HospitalSchool of Medicine and School of Biomedical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med‐X Research InstituteShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jin Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med‐X Research InstituteShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wei‐Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for CancerRenji‐Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research CenterRen Ji HospitalSchool of Medicine and School of Biomedical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med‐X Research InstituteShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for CancerRenji‐Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research CenterRen Ji HospitalSchool of Medicine and School of Biomedical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med‐X Research InstituteShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
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7
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Qiu Y, Lei C, Zeng J, Xie Y, Cao Y, Yuan Q, Su H, Zhang Z, Zhang C. Asparagine endopeptidase protects podocytes in adriamycin-induced nephropathy by regulating actin dynamics through cleaving transgelin. Mol Ther 2023; 31:3337-3354. [PMID: 37689970 PMCID: PMC10638058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is the most common glomerular disorder causing end-stage renal diseases worldwide. Central to the pathogenesis of FSGS is podocyte dysfunction, which is induced by diverse insults. However, the mechanism governing podocyte injury and repair remains largely unexplored. Asparagine endopeptidase (AEP), a lysosomal protease, regulates substrates by residue-specific cleavage or degradation. We identified the increased AEP expression in the primary proteinuria model which was induced by adriamycin (ADR) to mimic human FSGS. In vivo, global AEP knockout mice manifested increased injury-susceptibility of podocytes in ADR-induced nephropathy (ADRN). Podocyte-specific AEP knockout mice exhibited much more severe glomerular lesions and podocyte injury after ADR injection. In contrast, podocyte-specific augmentation of AEP in mice protected against ADRN. In vitro, knockdown and overexpression of AEP in human podocytes revealed the cytoprotection of AEP as a cytoskeleton regulator. Furthermore, transgelin, an actin-binding protein regulating actin dynamics, was cleaved by AEP, and, as a result, removed its actin-binding regulatory domain. The truncated transgelin regulated podocyte actin dynamics and repressed podocyte hypermotility, compared to the native full-length transgelin. Together, our data reveal a link between lysosomal protease AEP and podocyte cytoskeletal homeostasis, which suggests a potential therapeutic role for AEP in proteinuria disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Qiu
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Chuntao Lei
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Jieyu Zeng
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Yaru Xie
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Yiling Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Qian Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Hua Su
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China.
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8
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Barth J, Loeffler I, Bondeva T, Liebisch M, Wolf G. The Role of Hypoxia on the Trimethylation of H3K27 in Podocytes. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2475. [PMID: 37760919 PMCID: PMC10525388 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Previous studies of our group showed that diabetic conditions reduce the trimethylation of H3K27 in podocytes in a NIPP1- (nuclear inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1) and EZH2- (enhancer of zeste homolog 2) dependent manner. It has been previously reported that in differentiated podocytes, hypoxia decreases the expression of slit diaphragm proteins and promotes foot process effacement, thereby contributing to the progression of renal disease. The exact mechanisms are, however, not completely understood. The aim of this study was to analyze the role of hypoxia and HIFs (hypoxia-inducible factor) on epigenetic changes in podocytes affecting NIPP1, EZH2 and H3K27me3, in vitro and in vivo. In vivo studies were performed with mice exposed to 10% systemic hypoxia for 3 days or injected with 3,4-DHB (dihydroxybenzoate), a PHD (prolyl hydroxylase) inhibitor, 24 h prior analyses. Immunodetection of H3K27me3, NIPP1 and EZH2 in glomerular podocytes revealed, to the best of our knowledge for the first time, that hypoxic conditions and pharmacological HIFs activation significantly reduce the expression of NIPP1 and EZH2 and diminish H3K27 trimethylation. These findings are also supported by in vitro studies using murine-differentiated podocytes.
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9
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Chen M, Fan L, Wu G, Wang H, Gu S. Histone methyltransferase enzyme enhancer of zeste homolog 2 counteracts ischemic brain injury via H3K27me3-mediated regulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2023; 38:2240-2255. [PMID: 37334851 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic histone methylation plays a crucial role in cerebral ischemic injury, particularly in the context of ischemic stroke. However, the complete understanding of regulators involved in histone methylation, such as Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2), along with their functional effects and underlying mechanisms, remains incomplete. METHODS Here, we employed a rat model of MCAO (Middle cerebral artery occlusion) and an OGD (Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation) model of primary cortical neurons to study the role of EZH2 and H3K27me3 in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. The infarct volume was measured through TTC staining, while cell apoptosis was detected using TUNEL staining. The mRNA expression levels were quantified through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), whereas protein expressions were evaluated via western blotting and immunofluorescence experiments. RESULTS The expression levels of EZH2 and H3K27me3 were upregulated in OGD; these expression levels were further enhanced by GSK-J4 but reduced by EPZ-6438 and AKT inhibitor (LY294002) under OGD conditions. Similar trends were observed for mTOR, AKT, and PI3K while contrasting results were noted for UTX and JMJD3. The phosphorylation levels of mTOR, AKT, and PI3K were activated by OGD, further stimulated by GSK-J4, but inhibited by EPZ-6438 and AKT inhibitor. Inhibition of EZH2 or AKT effectively counteracted OGD-/MCAO-induced cell apoptosis. Additionally, inhibition of EZH2 or AKT mitigated MCAO-induced infarct size and neurological deficit in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results demonstrate that EZH2 inhibition exerts a protective effect against ischemic brain injury by modulating the H3K27me3/PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. The results provide novel insights into potential therapeutic mechanisms for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Chen
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
| | - Limin Fan
- The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoping Wu
- Department of Emergency, Sansha People's Hospital, Sansha, People's Republic of China
| | - Hairong Wang
- Department of Emergency, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Gu
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
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10
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Hong LYQ, Yeung ESH, Tran DT, Yerra VG, Kaur H, Kabir MDG, Advani SL, Liu Y, Batchu SN, Advani A. Altered expression, but small contribution, of the histone demethylase KDM6A in obstructive uropathy in mice. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm049991. [PMID: 37655466 PMCID: PMC10482012 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic processes have emerged as important modulators of kidney health and disease. Here, we studied the role of KDM6A (a histone demethylase that escapes X-chromosome inactivation) in kidney tubule epithelial cells. We initially observed an increase in tubule cell Kdm6a mRNA in male mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). However, tubule cell knockout of KDM6A had relatively minor consequences, characterized by a small reduction in apoptosis, increase in inflammation and downregulation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway. In proximal tubule lineage HK-2 cells, KDM6A knockdown decreased PPARγ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) protein levels and mRNA levels of the encoding gene, PPARGC1A. Tubule cell Kdm6a mRNA levels were approximately 2-fold higher in female mice than in male mice, both under sham and UUO conditions. However, kidney fibrosis after UUO was similar in both sexes. The findings demonstrate Kdm6a to be a dynamically regulated gene in the kidney tubule, varying in expression levels by sex and in response to injury. Despite the context-dependent variation in Kdm6a expression, knockout of tubule cell KDM6A has subtle (albeit non-negligible) effects in the adult kidney, at least in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Y. Q. Hong
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Emily S. H. Yeung
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Duc Tin Tran
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Veera Ganesh Yerra
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Harmandeep Kaur
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - M. D. Golam Kabir
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Suzanne L. Advani
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Youan Liu
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Sri Nagarjun Batchu
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Andrew Advani
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
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11
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Zhang Y, Zhao X, Guo C, Zhang Y, Zeng F, Yin Q, Li Z, Shao L, Zhou D, Liu L. The Circadian System Is Essential for the Crosstalk of VEGF-Notch-mediated Endothelial Angiogenesis in Ischemic Stroke. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:1375-1395. [PMID: 36862341 PMCID: PMC10465432 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a major public health problem worldwide. Although the circadian clock is involved in the process of ischemic stroke, the exact mechanism of the circadian clock in regulating angiogenesis after cerebral infarction remains unclear. In the present study, we determined that environmental circadian disruption (ECD) increased the stroke severity and impaired angiogenesis in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model, by measuring the infarct volume, neurological tests, and angiogenesis-related protein. We further report that Bmal1 plays an irreplaceable role in angiogenesis. Overexpression of Bmal1 promoted tube-forming, migration, and wound healing, and upregulated the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Notch pathway protein levels. This promoting effect was reversed by the Notch pathway inhibitor DAPT, according to the results of angiogenesis capacity and VEGF pathway protein level. In conclusion, our study reveals the intervention of ECD in angiogenesis in ischemic stroke and further identifies the exact mechanism by which Bmal1 regulates angiogenesis through the VEGF-Notch1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Changsha, 410208, China
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410006, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410006, China
| | - Chun Guo
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, China
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410006, China
| | - Fukang Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Changsha, 410208, China
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410006, China
| | - Qian Yin
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410006, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Le Shao
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410006, China
- Laboratory of Prevention and Transformation of Major Diseases in Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Desheng Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, China.
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, China.
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12
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Sadeghi L, Wright APH. GSK-J4 Inhibition of KDM6B Histone Demethylase Blocks Adhesion of Mantle Cell Lymphoma Cells to Stromal Cells by Modulating NF-κB Signaling. Cells 2023; 12:2010. [PMID: 37566089 PMCID: PMC10416905 DOI: 10.3390/cells12152010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple signaling pathways facilitate the survival and drug resistance of malignant B-cells by regulating their migration and adhesion to microenvironmental niches. NF-κB pathways are commonly dysregulated in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), but the exact underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here, using a co-culture model system, we show that the adhesion of MCL cells to stromal cells is associated with elevated levels of KDM6B histone demethylase mRNA in adherent cells. The inhibition of KDM6B activity, using either a selective inhibitor (GSK-J4) or siRNA-mediated knockdown, reduces MCL adhesion to stromal cells. We showed that KDM6B is required both for the removal of repressive chromatin marks (H3K27me3) at the promoter region of NF-κB encoding genes and for inducing the expression of NF-κB genes in adherent MCL cells. GSK-J4 reduced protein levels of the RELA NF-κB subunit and impaired its nuclear localization. We further demonstrated that some adhesion-induced target genes require both induced NF-κB and KDM6B activity for their induction (e.g., IL-10 cytokine gene), while others require induction of NF-κB but not KDM6B (e.g., CCR7 chemokine gene). In conclusion, KDM6B induces the NF-κB pathway at different levels in MCL, thereby facilitating MCL cell adhesion, survival, and drug resistance. KDM6B represents a novel potential therapeutic target for MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Sadeghi
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
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13
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Zhang T, Zhang Y, Xu H, Lan J, Feng Z, Huang R, Geng J, Chi H, Bai X. LINC00355 Mediates CTNNBIP1 Promoter Methylation and Promotes Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Podocyte Injury in Diabetic Nephropathy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 39:225-240. [PMID: 36738224 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Aims: Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) plays an important role in podocyte injury in diabetic nephropathy. Wnt/β-catenin signaling modulates ER stress, yet the epigenetic regulation of β-catenin in ER stress and podocyte injury remains largely unknown. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that LINC00355 recruits EZH1 to the promoter region of CTNNBIP1 and trimethylates H3K4 to regulate ER-stress induced podocyte injury in DN. Results: LINC00355 is upregulated in podocytes and correlates with renal function decline in DN patients. LINC00355 localizes in the nucleus and exerts biological functions by directly binding EZH1, which epigenetically targets CTNNBIP1 through repressive trimethylation of H3K4 and activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling and ER stress. Further, we provide mechanistic evidences that LINC00355 recruits EZH1 to the promoter region of CTNNBIP1 and regulates ER-stress induced podocyte injury in DN. Innovation and Conclusion: Our data reveal a major role of LINC00355/EZH1/CTNNBIP1 network in triggering podocyte injury, providing new evidences for understanding the role of ER stress in DN. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 39, 225-240.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Hong-Kong Joint Laboratory on Immunological and Genetic Kidney Diseases, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Guangdong Hong-Kong Joint Laboratory on Immunological and Genetic Kidney Diseases, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haosen Xu
- Guangdong Hong-Kong Joint Laboratory on Immunological and Genetic Kidney Diseases, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyi Lan
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Hong-Kong Joint Laboratory on Immunological and Genetic Kidney Diseases, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonglin Feng
- Guangdong Hong-Kong Joint Laboratory on Immunological and Genetic Kidney Diseases, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Renwei Huang
- Guangdong Hong-Kong Joint Laboratory on Immunological and Genetic Kidney Diseases, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Geng
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Honggang Chi
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Bai
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Hong-Kong Joint Laboratory on Immunological and Genetic Kidney Diseases, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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14
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Kim D, Ban KY, Lee GH, Jun HS. Lysophosphatidic Acid Induces Podocyte Pyroptosis in Diabetic Nephropathy by an Increase of Egr1 Expression via Downregulation of EzH2. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9968. [PMID: 37373116 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocyte damage and renal inflammation are the main features and pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Inhibition of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor 1 (LPAR1) suppresses glomerular inflammation and improves DN. Herein, we investigated LPA-induced podocyte damage and its underlying mechanisms in DN. We investigated the effects of AM095, a specific LPAR1 inhibitor, on podocytes from streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. E11 cells were treated with LPA in the presence or absence of AM095, and the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome factors and pyroptosis were measured. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay and Western blotting were performed to elucidate underlying molecular mechanisms. Gene knockdown by transfecting small interfering RNA was used to determine the role of the transcription factor Egr1 (early growth response protein 1) and histone methyltransferase EzH2 (Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2) in LPA-induced podocyte injury. AM095 administration inhibited podocyte loss, NLRP3 inflammasome factor expression, and cell death in STZ-induced diabetic mice. In E11 cells, LPA increased NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis via LPAR1. Egr1 mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in LPA-treated E11 cells. LPA decreased H3K27me3 enrichment at the Egr1 promoter in E11 cells by downregulating EzH2 expression. EzH2 knockdown further increased LPA-induced Egr1 expression. In podocytes from STZ-induced diabetic mice, AM095 suppressed Egr1 expression increase and EzH2/H3K27me3 expression reduction. Collectively, these results demonstrate that LPA induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation by downregulating EzH2/H3K27me3 and upregulating Egr1 expression, resulting in podocyte damage and pyroptosis, which may be a potential mechanism of DN progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghee Kim
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Ka-Yun Ban
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon-Ho Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sook Jun
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
- Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Hospital, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
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15
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Yang X, Xu L, Yang L. Recent advances in EZH2-based dual inhibitors in the treatment of cancers. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 256:115461. [PMID: 37156182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) protein is the catalytic subunit of one of the histone methyltransferases. EZH2 catalyzes the trimethylation of lysine 27 of histone H3 (H3K27me3) and further alters downstream target levels. EZH2 is upregulated in cancer tissues, wherein its levels correlate strongly with cancer genesis, progression, metastasis, and invasion. Consequently, it has emerged as a novel anticancer therapeutic target. Nonetheless, developing EZH2 inhibitors (EZH2i) has encountered numerous difficulties, such as pre-clinical drug resistance and poor therapeutic effect. The EZH2i synergistically suppresses cancers when used in combination with additional antitumor drugs, such as PARP inhibitors, HDAC inhibitors, BRD4 inhibitors, EZH1 inhibitors, and EHMT2 inhibitors. Typically, the use of dual inhibitors of two different targets mediated by one individual molecule has been recognized as the preferred approach for overcoming the limitations of EZH2 monotherapy. The present review discusses the theoretical basis for designing EZH2-based dual-target inhibitors, and also describes some in vitro and in vivo analysis results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
| | - Lu Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Li Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
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16
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Kourtidou C, Tziomalos K. The Role of Histone Modifications in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24066007. [PMID: 36983082 PMCID: PMC10051814 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24066007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease. The pathogenesis of DKD is multifactorial, with several molecular pathways implicated. Recent data suggest that histone modification plays an important role in the development and progression of DKD. Histone modification appears to induce oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis in the diabetic kidney. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge on the association between histone modification and DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christodoula Kourtidou
- First Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Tziomalos
- First Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
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17
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Guo F, Song Y, Wu L, Zhao Y, Ma X, Wang J, Shao M, Ji H, Huang F, Fan X, Wang S, Qin G, Yang B. SUMO specific peptidase 6 regulates the crosstalk between podocytes and glomerular endothelial cells in diabetic kidney disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166685. [PMID: 36889557 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the crosstalk between podocytes and glomerular endothelial cells (GECs) exacerbates the progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Here, we investigated the underlying role of SUMO specific peptidase 6 (SENP6) in this crosstalk. In the diabetic mice, SENP6 was decreased in glomerular tissues and its knockdown further exacerbated glomerular filtration barrier injury. In the mouse podocyte cell line MPC5 cells, SENP6 overexpression reversed HG-induced podocyte loss by suppressing the activation of Notch1 signaling. Notch1 intracellular domain (N1ICD) is the active form of Notch1. SENP6 upregulated the ubiquitination of N1ICD by deSUMOylating Notch1, thereby reducing N1ICD and suppressing Notch1 signaling activation in MPC5 cells. Endothelin-1 (EDN1) is a protein produced by podocytes and has been reported to promote GEC dysfunction. The supernatant from HG-treated MPC5 cells induced mitochondrial dysfunction and surface layer injury in GECs, and the supernatant from SENP6-deficient podocytes further exacerbated the above GEC dysfunction, while this trend was reversed by an EDN1 antagonist. The following mechanism study showed that SENP6 deSUMOylated KDM6A (a histone lysine demethylase) and then decreased the binding potency of KDM6A to EDN1. The latter led to the upregulation of H3K27me2 or H3K27me3 of EDN1 and suppressed its expression in podocytes. Taken together, SENP6 suppressed the HG-induced podocyte loss and ameliorated GEC dysfunction caused by crosstalk between podocytes and GECs, and the protective effect of SENP6 on DKD is attributed to its deSUMOylation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Guo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yi Song
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Lina Wu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xiaojun Ma
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Mingwei Shao
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Hongfei Ji
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Fengjuan Huang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xunjie Fan
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Shasha Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Guijun Qin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
| | - Baofeng Yang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Department of Pharmacology, State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; Research Unit of Noninfectious Chronic Diseases in Frigid Zone (2019RU070), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin 150081, China.
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18
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Mohandes S, Doke T, Hu H, Mukhi D, Dhillon P, Susztak K. Molecular pathways that drive diabetic kidney disease. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:165654. [PMID: 36787250 PMCID: PMC9927939 DOI: 10.1172/jci165654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney disease is a major driver of mortality among patients with diabetes and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is responsible for close to half of all chronic kidney disease cases. DKD usually develops in a genetically susceptible individual as a result of poor metabolic (glycemic) control. Molecular and genetic studies indicate the key role of podocytes and endothelial cells in driving albuminuria and early kidney disease in diabetes. Proximal tubule changes show a strong association with the glomerular filtration rate. Hyperglycemia represents a key cellular stress in the kidney by altering cellular metabolism in endothelial cells and podocytes and by imposing an excess workload requiring energy and oxygen for proximal tubule cells. Changes in metabolism induce early adaptive cellular hypertrophy and reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Later, mitochondrial defects contribute to increased oxidative stress and activation of inflammatory pathways, causing progressive kidney function decline and fibrosis. Blockade of the renin-angiotensin system or the sodium-glucose cotransporter is associated with cellular protection and slowing kidney function decline. Newly identified molecular pathways could provide the basis for the development of much-needed novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Mohandes
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine;,Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism;,Department of Genetics; and,Kidney Innovation Center; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tomohito Doke
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine;,Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism;,Department of Genetics; and,Kidney Innovation Center; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hailong Hu
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine;,Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism;,Department of Genetics; and,Kidney Innovation Center; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dhanunjay Mukhi
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine;,Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism;,Department of Genetics; and,Kidney Innovation Center; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Poonam Dhillon
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine;,Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism;,Department of Genetics; and,Kidney Innovation Center; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katalin Susztak
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine;,Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism;,Department of Genetics; and,Kidney Innovation Center; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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19
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Hayward S, Parmesar K, Welsh GI, Suderman M, Saleem MA. Epigenetic Mechanisms and Nephrotic Syndrome: A Systematic Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:514. [PMID: 36831050 PMCID: PMC9953384 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A small subset of people with nephrotic syndrome (NS) have genetically driven disease. However, the disease mechanisms for the remaining majority are unknown. Epigenetic marks are reversible but stable regulators of gene expression with utility as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. We aimed to identify and assess all published human studies of epigenetic mechanisms in NS. PubMed (MEDLINE) and Embase were searched for original research articles examining any epigenetic mechanism in samples collected from people with steroid resistant NS, steroid sensitive NS, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis or minimal change disease. Study quality was assessed by using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. Forty-nine studies met our inclusion criteria. The majority of these examined micro-RNAs (n = 35, 71%). Study quality was low, with only 23 deemed higher quality, and most of these included fewer than 100 patients and failed to validate findings in a second cohort. However, there were some promising concordant results between the studies; higher levels of serum miR-191 and miR-30c, and urinary miR-23b-3p and miR-30a-5p were observed in NS compared to controls. We have identified that the epigenome, particularly DNA methylation and histone modifications, has been understudied in NS. Large clinical studies, which utilise the latest high-throughput technologies and analytical pipelines, should focus on addressing this critical gap in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Hayward
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UD, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UD, UK
| | - Kevon Parmesar
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UD, UK
| | - Gavin I. Welsh
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UD, UK
| | - Matthew Suderman
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UD, UK
| | - Moin A. Saleem
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UD, UK
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20
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Shang W, Zhao X, Yang F, Wang D, Lu L, Xu Z, zhao Z, Cai H, Shen J. Ginsenoside Rg1 Nanoparticles Induce Demethylation of H3K27me3 in VEGF-A and Jagged 1 Promoter Regions to Activate Angiogenesis After Ischemic Stroke. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:5447-5468. [PMID: 36426373 PMCID: PMC9680969 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s380515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared with traditional drugs, nanomaterial drugs have the benefits of improving the solubility, bioavailability, and absorption rate of insoluble drugs. Nanoporous complexes can increase the efficiency with which drugs can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and reach target organs. Ginsenoside Rg1 is an effective drug that promotes angiogenesis. Ginsenoside Rg1 composite nanoparticles were employed to induce the expression of several key epigenetic enzymes and then activate the VEGF and Notch pathways after the onset of ischemic brain lesions. METHODS We constructed nanoparticles to fully encapsulate the therapeutic drug (ginsenoside Rg1), which can be transferred into brain tissue via the receptor-mediated transfer of drug-encapsulated nanoparticles. Evaluation of the therapeutic effect of ginsenoside Rg1 complex nanovesicles (CNV) was performed by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT- PCR), Western blot, immunohistochemistry staining (IHC), and Co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) were employed to screen for epigenetic enzymes with an up-regulated expression post ginsenoside Rg1-CNV intervention. RNA sequencing, shRNA knockdown, and chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing were performed to detect the target genes of ginsenoside Rg1-CNV that regulate angiogenesis. Then, bioinformatic analysis was performed to investigate the mechanism of action of epigenetic modifying enzymes in regulating target genes. RESULTS The average of the synthesized ginsenoside Rg1-CNV was 203.78±6.83 nm, the polydispersion index was 0.135±0.007, and the Zeta potential was 23.13±1.65 mV. Through in vivo and in vitro experiments, we found that it promotes the proliferation, migration, and tubular formation of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). Meanwhile, the intervention of ginsenoside Rg1-CNV promoted the demethylation of H3K27me3 within the promoter region of VEGF-A and Jagged1 genes and reduced the H3K27me3 modification within this region. CONCLUSION The ginsenoside Rg1 nanoparticles may be an available blood-brain barrier penetrating agent for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shang
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongyi Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Le Lu
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zihan Xu
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiming zhao
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Cai
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junyi Shen
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, People’s Republic of China
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21
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Wang S, Zhang X, Wang Q, Wang R. Histone modification in podocyte injury of diabetic nephropathy. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:1373-1386. [PMID: 36040515 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02247-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN), an important complication of diabetic microvascular disease, is one of the leading causes of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), which brings heavy burdens to the whole society. Podocytes are terminally differentiated glomerular cells, which act as a pivotal component of glomerular filtration barrier. When podocytes are injured, glomerular filtration barrier is damaged, and proteinuria would occur. Dysfunction of podocytes contributes to DN. And degrees of podocyte injury influence prognosis of DN. Growing evidences have shown that epigenetics does a lot in the evolvement of podocyte injury. Epigenetics includes DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA. Among them, histone modification plays an indelible role. Histone modification includes histone methylation, histone acetylation, and other modifications such as histone phosphorylation, histone ubiquitination, histone ADP-ribosylation, histone crotonylation, and histone β-hydroxybutyrylation. It can affect chromatin structure and regulate gene transcription to exert its function. This review is to summarize documents about pathogenesis of podocyte injury, most importantly, histone modification of podocyte injury in DN recently to provide new ideas for further molecular research, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Qinglian Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China. .,Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, No. 324 Jingwu Street, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China. .,Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, No. 324 Jingwu Street, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
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22
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Hung PH, Hsu YC, Chen TH, Ho C, Lin CL. The Histone Demethylase Inhibitor GSK-J4 Is a Therapeutic Target for the Kidney Fibrosis of Diabetic Kidney Disease via DKK1 Modulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169407. [PMID: 36012674 PMCID: PMC9409090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) can cause inflammation and fibrosis, in addition to being the main complication of diabetes. Among many factors, epigenetic alterations in aberrant histone modifications play a key role in causing DKD. In this study, the mechanism of GSK-J4, a histone demethylase KDM6A inhibitor, was evaluated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. It was confirmed that GSK-J4, via dickkopf-1 (DKK1) modulation, could significantly reduce proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis in diabetic mice. The mRNA accumulation levels of DKK1, TGF-β1, fibronectin, and collagen IV were significantly elevated in diabetic mice. In contrast, the mRNA accumulations of those genes were significantly reduced in diabetic mice treated with GSK-J4 compared to those in diabetic mice, relatively speaking. The protein accumulation levels of fibronectin and collagen IV were significantly elevated in diabetic mice. Furthermore, GSK-J4 attenuated the high glucose-induced expression of profibrotic factors in mesangial cells via DKK1. In conclusion, our study provides a novel strategy to eliminate fibrosis in the kidneys of DKD mice. Using GSK-J4 reduces DKK1 expression, thereby ameliorating renal insufficiency, glomerulosclerosis morphological abnormalities, inflammation, and fibrosis in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peir-Haur Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600566, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Life Science and Health, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717301, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chien Hsu
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613016, Taiwan
- Kidney and Diabetic Complications Research Team (KDCRT), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613016, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600566, Taiwan
| | - Cheng Ho
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613016, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.H.); (C.-L.L.)
| | - Chun-Liang Lin
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613016, Taiwan
- Kidney and Diabetic Complications Research Team (KDCRT), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613016, Taiwan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan
- Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833253, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.H.); (C.-L.L.)
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23
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Zhao YB, Wei W, Lin XX, Chai YF, Jin H. The Role of Histone H3 Methylation in Acute Kidney Injury. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:2453-2461. [PMID: 35941926 PMCID: PMC9356748 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s376673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinical syndrome in which kidney function declines sharply due to various reasons. Although the morbidity and mortality of AKI are high, the mechanism of occurrence and development of AKI has not been fully elucidated, and precise prevention and treatment measures are lacking. Epigenetics is a branch of genetics that provides a new perspective to explore the pathophysiology of AKI and renal repair. A large amount of literature shows that the methylation mechanism of H3 in histones is closely related to the development of kidney diseases. The sorting out of histone H3 methylation mechanism in AKI and kidney repair can help understand the pathophysiological process of the disease more deeply. It may also provide new ideas for diagnosing and treating of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Bo Zhao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xi Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Fen Chai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Heng Jin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300000, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Heng Jin; Yan-Fen Chai, Department of Emergency Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300000, People’s Republic of China, Email ;
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Demethylation of H3K9 and H3K27 Contributes to the Tubular Renal Damage Triggered by Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071355. [PMID: 35883846 PMCID: PMC9312208 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of protein homeostasis (proteostasis) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) activates the unfolded protein response (UPR), restoring correct protein folding. Sustained ER stress exacerbates activation of the major UPR branches (IRE1α/XBP1, PERK/ATF4, ATF6), inducing expression of numerous genes involved in inflammation, cell death, autophagy, and oxidative stress. We investigated whether epigenetic dynamics mediated by histone H3K9 and H3K27 methylation might help to reduce or inhibit the exacerbated and maladaptive UPR triggered in tubular epithelial cells. Epigenetic treatments, specific silencing, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were performed in human proximal tubular cells subjected to ER stress. Pharmacological blockage of KDM4C and JMJD3 histone demethylases with SD-70 and GSKJ4, respectively, enhanced trimethylation of H3K9 and H3K27 in the ATF4 and XBP1 genes, inhibiting their expression and that of downstream genes. Conversely, specific G9a and EZH2 knockdown revealed increases in ATF4 and XBP1 expression. This is a consequence of the reduced recruitment of G9a and EZH2 histone methylases, diminished H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 levels, and enhanced histone acetylation at the ATF4 and XBP1 promoter region. G9a and EZH2 cooperate to maintain the repressive chromatin structure in both UPR-induced genes, ATF4 and XBP1. Therefore, preserving histone H3K9 and H3K27 methylation could ameliorate the ER stress, and consequently the oxidative stress and the triggered pathological processes that aggravate renal damage.
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25
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Renal UTX-PHGDH-serine axis regulates metabolic disorders in the kidney and liver. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3835. [PMID: 35788583 PMCID: PMC9253056 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31476-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Global obesity epidemics impacts human health and causes obesity-related illnesses, including the obesity-related kidney and liver diseases. UTX, a histone H3K27 demethylase, plays important roles in development and differentiation. Here we show that kidney-specific knockout Utx inhibits high-fat diet induced lipid accumulation in the kidney and liver via upregulating circulating serine levels. Mechanistically, UTX recruits E3 ligase RNF114 to ubiquitinate phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase, the rate limiting enzyme for de novo serine synthesis, at Lys310 and Lys330, which leads to its degradation, and thus suppresses renal and circulating serine levels. Consistently, phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase and serine levels are markedly downregulated in human subjects with diabetic kidney disease or obesity-related renal dysfunction. Notably, oral administration of serine ameliorates high-fat diet induced fatty liver and renal dysfunction, suggesting a potential approach against obesity related metabolic disorders. Together, our results reveal a metabolic homeostasis regulation mediated by a renal UTX-PHGDH-serine axis.
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26
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Shahzad K, Fatima S, Khawaja H, Elwakiel A, Gadi I, Ambreen S, Zimmermann S, Mertens PR, Biemann R, Isermann B. Podocyte-specific Nlrp3 inflammasome activation promotes diabetic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2022; 102:766-779. [PMID: 35779608 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Efficient therapies for diabetic kidney disease (DKD), now the leading cause of kidney failure, are lacking. One hallmark of DKD is sterile inflammation (inflammation in absence of microorganisms), but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. The NLRP3 inflammasome (innate immune system receptors and sensors regulating activation of caspase-1) is a mechanism of sterile inflammation known to be activated by metabolic stimuli and reactive metabolites associated with DKD, including inflammasome activation in podocytes. However, whether NLRP3 inflammasome activation in podocytes contributes to sterile inflammation and glomerular damage in DKD remains unknown. Here, we found that kidney damage, as reflected by increased albuminuria, glomerular mesangial expansion and glomerular basement membrane thickness was aggravated in hyperglycemic mice with podocyte-specific expression of an Nlrp3 gain-of-function mutant (Nlrp3A350V). In contrast, hyperglycemic mice with podocyte-specific Nlrp3 or Caspase-1 deficiency showed protection against DKD. Intriguingly, podocyte-specific Nlrp3 deficiency was fully protective, while podocyte-specific caspase-1 deficiency was only partially protective. Podocyte-specific Nlrp3, but not caspase-1 deficiency, maintained glomerular autophagy in hyperglycemic mice, suggesting that podocyte Nlrp3 exerts both canonical and non-canonical effects. Thus, podocyte NLRP3 inflammasome activation is both sufficient and required for DKD and supports the concept that podocytes exert some immune cell-like functions. Hence, as podocyte NLRP3 exerts non-canonical and canonical effects, targeting NLRP3 may be a promising therapeutic approach in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khurrum Shahzad
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostic, University Hospital, Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Sameen Fatima
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostic, University Hospital, Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hamzah Khawaja
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostic, University Hospital, Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ahmed Elwakiel
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostic, University Hospital, Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ihsan Gadi
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostic, University Hospital, Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Saira Ambreen
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostic, University Hospital, Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Silke Zimmermann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostic, University Hospital, Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter R Mertens
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ronald Biemann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostic, University Hospital, Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Berend Isermann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostic, University Hospital, Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Park KS, Xiong Y, Yim H, Velez J, Babault N, Kumar P, Liu J, Jin J. Discovery of the First-in-Class G9a/GLP Covalent Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2022; 65:10506-10522. [PMID: 35763668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The highly homologous protein lysine methyltransferases G9a and GLP, which catalyze mono- and dimethylation of histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9), have been implicated in various human diseases. To investigate functions of G9a and GLP in human diseases, we and others reported several noncovalent reversible small-molecule inhibitors of G9a and GLP. Here, we report the discovery of the first-in-class G9a/GLP covalent irreversible inhibitors, 1 and 8 (MS8511), by targeting a cysteine residue at the substrate binding site. We characterized these covalent inhibitors in enzymatic, mass spectrometry based and cellular assays and using X-ray crystallography. Compared to the noncovalent G9a/GLP inhibitor UNC0642, covalent inhibitor 8 displayed improved potency in enzymatic and cellular assays. Interestingly, compound 8 also displayed potential kinetic preference for covalently modifying G9a over GLP. Collectively, compound 8 could be a useful chemical tool for studying the functional roles of G9a and GLP by covalently modifying and inhibiting these methyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Su Park
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences, Oncological Sciences and Neuroscience, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Yan Xiong
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences, Oncological Sciences and Neuroscience, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Hyerin Yim
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences, Oncological Sciences and Neuroscience, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Julia Velez
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences, Oncological Sciences and Neuroscience, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Nicolas Babault
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences, Oncological Sciences and Neuroscience, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Prashasti Kumar
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences, Oncological Sciences and Neuroscience, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Jing Liu
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences, Oncological Sciences and Neuroscience, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Jian Jin
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences, Oncological Sciences and Neuroscience, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
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An Y, Zhu J, Wang X, Sun X, Luo C, Zhang Y, Ye Y, Li X, Abulizi A, Huang Z, Zhang H, Yang B, Xie Z. Oridonin Delays Aging Through the AKT Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:888247. [PMID: 35662728 PMCID: PMC9157590 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.888247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor for chronic diseases and disability in humans. Nowadays, no effective anti-aging treatment is available clinically. In this study, oridonin was selected based on the drug screening strategy similar to Connectivity MAP (CMAP) but upon transcriptomes of 102 traditional Chinese medicines treated cell lines. Oridonin is a diterpenoid isolated from Rabdosia rubescens. As reported, Oridonin exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities, including antitumor, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. Here, we found that oridonin inhibited cellular senescence in human diploid fibroblasts (2BS and WI-38), manifested by decreased senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining. Compared with the elderly control group, the positive cell rate in the oridonin intervention group was reduced to 48.5%. Notably, oridonin prolonged the lifespan of yeast by 48.9%, and extended the average life span of naturally aged mice by 21.6%. Our mice behavior experiments exhibited that oridonin significantly improved the health status of naturally aged mice. In addition, oridonin also delayed doxorubicin-induced cellular senescence and mouse senescence. Compared with the model group, the percentage of SA-β-gal positive cells in the oridonin treatment group was reduced to 59.8%. It extended the average lifespan of mice by 53.8% and improved healthspan. Mechanistically, we showed that oridonin delayed aging through the AKT signaling pathway and reversed the genetic changes caused by doxorubicin-induced cell senescence. Therefore, oridonin is a potential candidate for the development of anti-aging drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongpan An
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University International Cancer Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University International Cancer Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University International Cancer Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinpei Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University International Cancer Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxiong Luo
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yukun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University International Cancer Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuwei Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University International Cancer Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University International Cancer Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Abudumijiti Abulizi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University International Cancer Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhizhen Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University International Cancer Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University International Cancer Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Baoxue Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University International Cancer Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengwei Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University International Cancer Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Peking University-Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Gigaceuticals Tech. Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
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29
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Cheng Y, Chen Y, Wang G, Liu P, Xie G, Jing H, Chen H, Fan Y, Wang M, Zhou J. Protein Methylation in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:736006. [PMID: 35647002 PMCID: PMC9133329 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.736006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by persistent urine aberrations, structural abnormalities, or impaired excretory renal function. Diabetes is the leading cause of CKD. Their common pathological manifestation is renal fibrosis. Approximately half of all patients with type 2 diabetes and one-third with type 1 diabetes will develop CKD. However, renal fibrosis mechanisms are still poorly understood, especially post-transcriptional and epigenetic regulation. And an unmet need remains for innovative treatment strategies for preventing, arresting, treating, and reversing diabetic kidney disease (DKD). People believe that protein methylation, including histone and non-histone, is an essential type of post-translational modification (PTM). However, prevalent reviews mainly focus on the causes such as DNA methylation. This review will take insights into the protein part. Furthermore, by emphasizing the close relationship between protein methylation and DKD, we will summarize the clinical research status and foresee the application prospect of protein methyltransferase (PMT) inhibitors in DKD treatment. In a nutshell, our review will contribute to a more profound understanding of DKD’s molecular mechanism and inspire people to dig into this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanna Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guiling Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan Jing
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongtao Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Eighth People’s Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youlin Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital of Panyu District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Gaoming People’s Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Zhou,
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Yuan Y, Zhu C, Wang Y, Sun J, Feng J, Ma Z, Li P, Peng W, Yin C, Xu G, Xu P, Jiang Y, Jiang Q, Shu G. α-Ketoglutaric acid ameliorates hyperglycemia in diabetes by inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis via serpina1e signaling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn2879. [PMID: 35507647 PMCID: PMC9067931 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn2879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we found that α-ketoglutaric acid (AKG) stimulates muscle hypertrophy and fat loss through 2-oxoglutarate receptor 1 (OXGR1). Here, we demonstrated the beneficial effects of AKG on glucose homeostasis in a diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model, which are independent of OXGR1. We also showed that AKG effectively decreased blood glucose and hepatic gluconeogenesis in DIO mice. By using transcriptomic and liver-specific serpina1e deletion mouse model, we further demonstrated that liver serpina1e is required for the inhibitory effects of AKG on hepatic gluconeogenesis. Mechanistically, we supported that extracellular AKG binds with a purinergic receptor, P2RX4, to initiate the solute carrier family 25 member 11 (SLC25A11)-dependent nucleus translocation of intracellular AKG and subsequently induces demethylation of lysine 27 on histone 3 (H3K27) in the seprina1e promoter region to decrease hepatic gluconeogenesis. Collectively, these findings reveal an unexpected mechanism for control of hepatic gluconeogenesis using circulating AKG as a signal molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yexian Yuan
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Canjun Zhu
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Yongliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Jinlong Feng
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Zewei Ma
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Penglin Li
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Wentong Peng
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Cong Yin
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Guli Xu
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Pingwen Xu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Yuwei Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Gang Shu
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
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31
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Zhou X, Chen H, Li J, Shi Y, Zhuang S, Liu N. The Role and Mechanism of Lysine Methyltransferase and Arginine Methyltransferase in Kidney Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:885527. [PMID: 35559246 PMCID: PMC9086358 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.885527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylation can occur in both histones and non-histones. Key lysine and arginine methyltransferases under investigation for renal disease treatment include enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), G9a, disruptor of telomeric silencing 1-like protein (DOT1L), and protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMT) 1 and 5. Recent studies have shown that methyltransferases expression and activity are also increased in several animal models of kidney injury, such as acute kidney injury(AKI), obstructive nephropathy, diabetic nephropathy and lupus nephritis. The inhibition of most methyltransferases can attenuate kidney injury, while the role of methyltransferase in different animal models remains controversial. In this article, we summarize the role and mechanism of lysine methyltransferase and arginine methyltransferase in various kidney diseases and highlight methyltransferase as a potential therapeutic target for kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinqing Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingfeng Shi
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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32
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Chen XC, Wu D, Wu HL, Li HY, Yang C, Su HY, Liu ZJ, Huang XR, Lu X, Huang LF, Zhu SP, Pan QJ, An N, Liu HF. Metformin improves renal injury of MRL/lpr lupus-prone mice via the AMPK/STAT3 pathway. Lupus Sci Med 2022; 9:9/1/e000611. [PMID: 35414608 PMCID: PMC9006817 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2021-000611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective Lupus nephritis (LN) is a major complication and cause of death among patients with SLE. This research used in vivo and in vitro experiments to explore the therapeutic potential of metformin in kidney injury from LN-induced inflammation. Methods In vivo study, 8-week-old MRL/MpJ-Faslpr/J (MRL/lpr) mice were randomly divided into two groups (n=12 each): daily administration of 0.3 mg/mL metformin in drinking water and control (water only). Body weight and urinary samples were measured biweekly. Mice were sacrificed after 8-week treatment to harvest serum, lymph nodes, spleen and kidneys. In vitro study, human kidney-2 (HK-2) cells were pretreated with 1 mM metformin for 1 hour and then stimulated with 20 µg/mL lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or 10 ng/mL tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) for another 48 hours. Protein was collected for subsequent analysis. Results We found that metformin administration improved renal function in MRL/lpr lupus-prone mice, measured by decreased urea nitrogen and urinary proteins. Metformin reduced immunoglobulin G and complement C3 deposition in glomeruli. The treatment also downregulated systemic and renal inflammation, as seen in decreased renal infiltration of F4/80-positive macrophages and reduced splenic and renal MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) and TNF-α, and renal IL-1β (interleukin 1β) expression. Metformin administration decreased renal expression of necroptosis markers p-RIPK1 (phosphorylated receptor-interacting protein kinase 1) and p-MLKL, along with tubular injury marker KIM-1 (kidney injury molecule-1) in lupus mice. In addition, metformin alleviated the necroptosis of HK-2 cells stimulated by LPS and TNF-α, evidencing by a decrease in the expression of necroptosis markers p-RIPK1, p-RIPK3 and p-MLKL, and the inflammasome-related markers NLRP3 (NLR family pyrin domain containing 3), ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD), caspase-1. Mechanistically, metformin treatment upregulated p-AMPK (phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase) and downregulated p-STAT3 (phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) expression in the kidneys. Moreover, AMPKα2 knockdown abolished the protective effects of metformin in vitro. Conclusions Metformin alleviated kidney injury in LN though suppressing renal necroptosis and inflammation via the AMPK/STAT3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Cui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases co-sponsored by province and city, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases co-sponsored by province and city, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong-Luan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases co-sponsored by province and city, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui-Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases co-sponsored by province and city, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases co-sponsored by province and city, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong-Yong Su
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases co-sponsored by province and city, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases co-sponsored by province and city, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases co-sponsored by province and city, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Xing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases co-sponsored by province and city, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases co-sponsored by province and city, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Shao-Ping Zhu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing-Jun Pan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases co-sponsored by province and city, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Ning An
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases co-sponsored by province and city, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua-Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases co-sponsored by province and city, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
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Kuo FC, Chao CT, Lin SH. The Dynamics and Plasticity of Epigenetics in Diabetic Kidney Disease: Therapeutic Applications Vis-à-Vis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020843. [PMID: 35055027 PMCID: PMC8777872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) refers to the phenomenon of progressive decline in the glomerular filtration rate accompanied by adverse consequences, including fluid retention, electrolyte imbalance, and an increased cardiovascular risk compared to those with normal renal function. The triggers for the irreversible renal function deterioration are multifactorial, and diabetes mellitus serves as a major contributor to the development of CKD, namely diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Recently, epigenetic dysregulation emerged as a pivotal player steering the progression of DKD, partly resulting from hyperglycemia-associated metabolic disturbances, rising oxidative stress, and/or uncontrolled inflammation. In this review, we describe the major epigenetic molecular mechanisms, followed by summarizing current understandings of the epigenetic alterations pertaining to DKD. We highlight the epigenetic regulatory processes involved in several crucial renal cell types: Mesangial cells, podocytes, tubular epithelia, and glomerular endothelial cells. Finally, we highlight epigenetic biomarkers and related therapeutic candidates that hold promising potential for the early detection of DKD and the amelioration of its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Chih Kuo
- National Defense Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ter Chao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology Division, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology Division, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hua Lin
- National Defense Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei 114, Taiwan
- National Defense Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology Division, Taipei 114, Taiwan
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Ao L, Xie Y. Research advance in the mechanism for oxidative stress-induced podocyte injury in diabetic kidney disease. ZHONG NAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 46:1403-1408. [PMID: 35232911 PMCID: PMC10930572 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2021.210199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the serious microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus (DM), and it is also the leading cause for the end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), but the clinical treatment for it is limited at present. The pathogenesis of DKD is complex. Many studies have shown that podocyte injury is the core event of DKD, and oxidative stress is closely related to podocyte injury in DKD. Oxidative stress mediates podocyte apoptosis and slit diaphragm damage in DKD through various pathways. The antioxidant drugs can slow down the progression of DKD through reducing podocyte injury and are expected to enter clinical trials. The research status of antioxidant drugs is very important, which will provide new strategies for the clinical treatment of DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Ao
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Orgean Fabrosis Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Yanyun Xie
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Orgean Fabrosis Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China.
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35
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Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN), which is a common microvascular complication with a high incidence in diabetic patients, greatly increases the mortality of patients. With further study on DN, it is found that epigenetics plays a crucial role in the pathophysiological process of DN. Epigenetics has an important impact on the development of DN through a variety of mechanisms, and promotes the generation and maintenance of metabolic memory, thus ultimately leading to a poor prognosis. In this review we discuss the methylation of DNA, modification of histone, and regulation of non-coding RNA involved in the progress of cell dysfunction, inflammation and fibrosis in the kidney, which ultimately lead to the deterioration of DN.
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Liu C, Zhu T, Zhang J, Wang J, Gao F, Ou Q, Jin C, Xu JY, Zhang J, Tian H, Xu GT, Lu L. Identification of novel key molecular signatures in the pathogenesis of experimental diabetic retinopathy. IUBMB Life 2021; 73:1307-1324. [PMID: 34405947 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Deep mining of the molecular mechanisms underlying diabetic retinopathy (DR) is critical for the development of novel therapeutic targets. This study aimed to identify key molecular signatures involved in experimental DR on the basis of integrated bioinformatics analysis. Four datasets consisting of 37 retinal samples were downloaded from the National Center of Biotechnology Information Gene Expression Omnibus. After batch-effect adjustment, bioinformatics tools such as Networkanalyst, Enrichr, STRING, and Metascape were used to evaluate the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), perform enrichment analysis, and construct protein-protein interaction networks. The hub genes were identified using Cytoscape software. The DEGs of interest from the meta-analysis were confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in diabetic rats and a high-glucose-treated retinal cell model, respectively. A total of 743 DEGs related to lens differentiation, insulin resistance, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol metabolism were obtained using the meta-analysis. Alterations of dynamic gene expression in the chloride ion channel, retinol metabolism, and fatty acid metabolism were involved in the course of DR in rats. Importantly, H3K27m3 modifications regulated the expression of most DEGs at the early stage of DR. Using an integrated bioinformatics approach, novel molecular signatures were obtained for different stages of DR progression, and the findings may represent distinct therapeutic strategies for DR patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiying Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Laboratory of Clinical Visual Science of Tongji Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Laboratory of Clinical Visual Science of Tongji Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieping Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Laboratory of Clinical Visual Science of Tongji Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Laboratory of Clinical Visual Science of Tongji Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Furong Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Laboratory of Clinical Visual Science of Tongji Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingjian Ou
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Laboratory of Clinical Visual Science of Tongji Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Caixia Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Laboratory of Clinical Visual Science of Tongji Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Ying Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Laboratory of Clinical Visual Science of Tongji Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingfa Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibin Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Laboratory of Clinical Visual Science of Tongji Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Tong Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Laboratory of Clinical Visual Science of Tongji Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixia Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Laboratory of Clinical Visual Science of Tongji Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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EP300/CBP is crucial for cAMP-PKA pathway to alleviate podocyte dedifferentiation via targeting Notch3 signaling. Exp Cell Res 2021; 407:112825. [PMID: 34506759 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Podocyte injury is the hallmark of proteinuric glomerular diseases. Notch3 is neo-activated simultaneously in damaged podocytes and podocyte's progenitor cells of FSGS, indicating a unique role of Notch3. We previously showed that activation of cAMP-PKA pathway alleviated podocyte injury possibly via inhibiting Notch3 expression. However, the mechanisms are unknown. In the present study, Notch3 signaling was significantly activated in ADR-induced podocytes in vitro and in PAN nephrosis rats and patients with idiopathic FSGS in vivo, concomitantly with podocyte dedifferentiation. In cultured podocytes, pCPT-cAMP, a selective cAMP-PKA activator, dramatically blocked ADR-induced activation of Notch3 signaling as well as inhibition of cAMP-PKA pathway, thus alleviating the decreased cell viability and podocyte dedifferentiation. Bioinformatics analysis revealed EP300/CBP, a transcriptional co-activator, as a central hub for the crosstalk between these two signaling pathways. Additionally, CREB/KLF15 in cAMP-PKA pathway competed with RBP-J the major transcriptional factor of Notch3 signaling for binding to EP300/CBP. EP300/CBP siRNA significantly inhibited these two signaling transduction pathways and disrupted the interactions between the above major transcriptional factors. These data indicate a crucial role of EP300/CBP in regulating the crosstalk between cAMP-PKA pathway and Notch3 signaling and modulating the phenotypic change of podocytes, and enrich the reno-protective mechanisms of cAMP-PKA pathway.
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Sugita E, Hayashi K, Hishikawa A, Itoh H. Epigenetic Alterations in Podocytes in Diabetic Nephropathy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:759299. [PMID: 34630127 PMCID: PMC8497789 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.759299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, epigenetic alterations have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. Kidney podocytes, which are glomerular epithelial cells, are important cells that form a slit membrane—a barrier for proteinuria. Podocytes are terminally differentiated cells without cell division or replenishment abilities. Therefore, podocyte damage is suggested to be one of the key factors determining renal prognosis. Recent studies, including ours, suggest that epigenetic changes in podocytes are associated with chronic kidney disease, including diabetic nephropathy. Furthermore, the association between DNA damage repair and epigenetic changes in diabetic podocytes has been demonstrated. Detection of podocyte DNA damage and epigenetic changes using human samples, such as kidney biopsy and urine-derived cells, may be a promising strategy for estimating kidney damage and renal prognoses in patients with diabetes. Targeting epigenetic podocyte changes and associated DNA damage may become a novel therapeutic strategy for preventing progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and provide a possible prognostic marker in diabetic nephropathy. This review summarizes recent advances regarding epigenetic changes, especially DNA methylation, in podocytes in diabetic nephropathy and addresses detection of these alterations in human samples. Additionally, we focused on DNA damage, which is increased under high-glucose conditions and associated with the generation of epigenetic changes in podocytes. Furthermore, epigenetic memory in diabetes is discussed. Understanding the role of epigenetic changes in podocytes in diabetic nephropathy may be of great importance considering the increasing diabetic nephropathy patient population in an aging society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erina Sugita
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Hayashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihito Hishikawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Itoh
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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Intermittent High Glucose Elevates Nuclear Localization of EZH2 to Cause H3K27me3-Dependent Repression of KLF2 Leading to Endothelial Inflammation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102548. [PMID: 34685528 PMCID: PMC8534226 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms have emerged as one of the key pathways promoting diabetes-associated complications. Herein, we explored the role of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) and its product histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) in high glucose-mediated endothelial inflammation. To examine this, we treated cultured primary endothelial cells (EC) with different treatment conditions-namely, constant or intermittent or transient high glucose. Intermittent high glucose maximally induced endothelial inflammation by upregulating transcript and/or protein-level expression of ICAM1 and P-selectin and downregulating eNOS, KLF2, and KLF4 protein levels. We next investigated the underlining epigenetic mechanisms responsible for intermittent hyperglycemia-dependent endothelial inflammation. Compared with other high glucose treatment groups, intermittent high glucose-exposed EC exhibited an increased level of H3K27me3 caused by reduction in EZH2 threonine 367 phosphorylation and nuclear retention of EZH2. Intermittent high glucose also promoted polycomb repressive complex-2 (PRC2) assembly and EZH2's recruitment to histone H3. Abrupt enrichment of H3K27me3 on KLF2 and KLF4 gene promoters caused repression of these genes, further supporting endothelial inflammation. In contrast, reducing H3K27me3 through small molecule and/or siRNA-mediated inhibition of EZH2 rescued KLF2 level and inhibited endothelial inflammation in intermittent high glucose-challenged cultured EC and isolated rat aorta. These findings indicate that abrupt chromatin modifications cause high glucose-dependent inflammatory switch of EC.
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40
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Katakia YT, Thakkar NP, Thakar S, Sakhuja A, Goyal R, Sharma H, Dave R, Mandloi A, Basu S, Nigam I, Kuncharam BVR, Chowdhury S, Majumder S. Dynamic alterations of H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 at ADAM17 and Jagged-1 gene promoters cause an inflammatory switch of endothelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:992-1012. [PMID: 34520565 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Histone protein modifications control the inflammatory state of many immune cells. However, how dynamic alteration in histone methylation causes endothelial inflammation and apoptosis is not clearly understood. To examine this, we explored two contrasting histone methylations; an activating histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and a repressive histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) in endothelial cells (EC) undergoing inflammation. Through computer-aided reconstruction and 3D printing of the human coronary artery, we developed a unique model where EC were exposed to a pattern of oscillatory/disturbed flow as similar to in vivo conditions. Upon induction of endothelial inflammation, we detected a significant rise in H3K4me3 caused by an increase in the expression of SET1/COMPASS family of H3K4 methyltransferases, including MLL1, MLL2, and SET1B. In contrast, EC undergoing inflammation exhibited truncated H3K27me3 level engendered by EZH2 cytosolic translocation through threonine 367 phosphorylation and an increase in the expression of histone demethylating enzyme JMJD3 and UTX. Additionally, many SET1/COMPASS family of proteins, including MLL1 (C), MLL2, and WDR5, were associated with either UTX or JMJD3 or both and such association was elevated in EC upon exposure to inflammatory stimuli. Dynamic enrichment of H3K4me3 and loss of H3K27me3 at Notch-associated gene promoters caused ADAM17 and Jagged-1 derepression and abrupt Notch activation. Conversely, either reducing H3K4me3 or increasing H3K27me3 in EC undergoing inflammation attenuated Notch activation, endothelial inflammation, and apoptosis. Together, these findings indicate that dynamic chromatin modifications may cause an inflammatory and apoptotic switch of EC and that epigenetic reprogramming can potentially improve outcomes in endothelial inflammation-associated cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash T Katakia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani, India
| | - Niyati P Thakkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani, India
| | - Sumukh Thakar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani, India
| | - Ashima Sakhuja
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani, India
| | - Raghav Goyal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani, India
| | - Harshita Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani, India
| | - Rakshita Dave
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani, India
| | - Ayushi Mandloi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani, India
| | - Sayan Basu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani, India
| | - Ishan Nigam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani, India
| | - Bhanu V R Kuncharam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani, India
| | - Shibasish Chowdhury
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani, India
| | - Syamantak Majumder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani, India
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Abstract
Epigenetics examines heritable changes in DNA and its associated proteins except mutations in gene sequence. Epigenetic regulation plays fundamental roles in kidney cell biology through the action of DNA methylation, chromatin modification via epigenetic regulators and non-coding RNA species. Kidney diseases, including acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, diabetic kidney disease and renal fibrosis are multistep processes associated with numerous molecular alterations even in individual kidney cells. Epigenetic alterations, including anomalous DNA methylation, aberrant histone alterations and changes of microRNA expression all contribute to kidney pathogenesis. These changes alter the genome-wide epigenetic signatures and disrupt essential pathways that protect renal cells from uncontrolled growth, apoptosis and development of other renal associated syndromes. Molecular changes impact cellular function within kidney cells and its microenvironment to drive and maintain disease phenotype. In this chapter, we briefly summarize epigenetic mechanisms in four kidney diseases including acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, diabetic kidney disease and renal fibrosis. We primarily focus on current knowledge about the genome-wide profiling of DNA methylation and histone modification, and epigenetic regulation on specific gene(s) in the pathophysiology of these diseases and the translational potential of identifying new biomarkers and treatment for prevention and therapy. Incorporating epigenomic testing into clinical research is essential to elucidate novel epigenetic biomarkers and develop precision medicine using emerging therapies.
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42
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Wei Y, Chen J, Xu X, Li F, Wu K, Jiang Y, Rao Y, Zhao C, Chen W, Wang X. Restoration of H3k27me3 Modification Epigenetically Silences Cry1 Expression and Sensitizes Leptin Signaling to Reduce Obesity-Related Properties. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2004319. [PMID: 34306972 PMCID: PMC8292908 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The trimethylation on histone H3 lysine 27 (H3k27me3), a transcriptionally repressive epigenetic mark of permissive chromatin, can be removed by the histone lysine demethylase 6a (Kdm6a). However, the physiological function of H3k27me3 and Kdm6a on circadian genes remains largely elusive. With the ChIP-Seq and mRNA microarray assays, a critical role is identified for Kdm6a in the regulation of H3k27me3 to impact the expression of Crytochrome 1 (Cry1) in the hypothalamus of diet induced obesity mice. More importantly, both conditional knockout and pharmacological inhibition of Kdm6a reduce body weight and stabilize blood glucose homeostasis. Although a Kdm6a inhibitor fails to decrease body weight in leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice, it significantly decreases Cry1 expression, enhances sensitivity to exogenous leptin administration, and blocks body weight increases in endo-leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. Moreover, gene analysis of the human hypothalamus further reveals a positive correlation between Kdm6a and Cry1. The results show that inhibition of Kdm6a reduces the Cry1 expression and sensitizes leptin signaling to combat obesity-related disease. Therefore, it implicates Kdm6a as an attractive drug target for obesity and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision ScienceEye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical CollegeNHC Key Laboratory of MyopiaFudan UniversityShanghai200031China
- Department of OphthalmologyShanghai Xinhua HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200092China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial‐Head and Neck OncologyShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineCollege of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityNational Center for StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai200011China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of StomatologyShanghai200011China
| | - Xing Xu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial‐Head and Neck OncologyShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineCollege of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityNational Center for StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai200011China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of StomatologyShanghai200011China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial‐Head and Neck OncologyShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineCollege of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityNational Center for StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai200011China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of StomatologyShanghai200011China
| | - Kun Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial‐Head and Neck OncologyShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineCollege of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityNational Center for StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai200011China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of StomatologyShanghai200011China
| | - Yingying Jiang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial‐Head and Neck OncologyShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineCollege of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityNational Center for StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai200011China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of StomatologyShanghai200011China
| | - Yuqing Rao
- Department of OphthalmologyShanghai Xinhua HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200092China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision ScienceEye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical CollegeNHC Key Laboratory of MyopiaFudan UniversityShanghai200031China
| | - Wantao Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial‐Head and Neck OncologyShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineCollege of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityNational Center for StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai200011China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of StomatologyShanghai200011China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial‐Head and Neck OncologyShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineCollege of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityNational Center for StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai200011China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of StomatologyShanghai200011China
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Shao BY, Zhang SF, Li HD, Meng XM, Chen HY. Epigenetics and Inflammation in Diabetic Nephropathy. Front Physiol 2021; 12:649587. [PMID: 34025445 PMCID: PMC8131683 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.649587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) leads to high morbidity and disability. Inflammation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of DN, which involves renal cells and immune cells, the microenvironment, as well as extrinsic factors, such as hyperglycemia, chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors. Epigenetic modifications usually regulate gene expression via DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNAs without altering the DNA sequence. During the past years, numerous studies have been published to reveal the mechanisms of epigenetic modifications that regulate inflammation in DN. This review aimed to summarize the latest evidence on the interplay of epigenetics and inflammation in DN, and highlight the potential targets for treatment and diagnosis of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Yi Shao
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shao-Fei Zhang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hai-Di Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Meng
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hai-Yong Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Pereira BMV, Katakia YT, Majumder S, Thieme K. Unraveling the epigenetic landscape of glomerular cells in kidney disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:785-803. [PMID: 33763722 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health concern and its prevalence and incidence are rising quickly. It is a non-communicable disease primarily caused by diabetes and/or hypertension and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Despite decades of research efforts, the pathogenesis of CKD remains a puzzle with missing pieces. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern the loss of kidney function is crucial. Abrupt regulation of gene expression in kidney cells is apparent in CKD and shown to be responsible for disease onset and progression. Gene expression regulation extends beyond DNA sequence and involves epigenetic mechanisms including changes in DNA methylation and post-translational modifications of histones, driven by the activity of specific enzymes. Recent advances demonstrate the essential participation of epigenetics in kidney (patho)physiology, as its actions regulate both the integrity of cells but also triggers deleterious signaling pathways. Here, we review the known epigenetic processes regulating the complex filtration unit of the kidney, the glomeruli. The review will elaborate on novel insights into how epigenetics contributes to cell injury in the CKD setting majorly focusing on kidney glomerular cells: the glomerular endothelial cells, the mesangial cells, and the specialized and terminally differentiated podocyte cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Maria Veloso Pereira
- Laboratório de Bases Celulares e Moleculares da Fisiologia Renal, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Yash T Katakia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Syamantak Majumder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Karina Thieme
- Laboratório de Bases Celulares e Moleculares da Fisiologia Renal, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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45
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Li T, Yu C, Zhuang S. Histone Methyltransferase EZH2: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Kidney Diseases. Front Physiol 2021; 12:640700. [PMID: 33679454 PMCID: PMC7930071 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.640700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is a histone-lysine N-methyltransferase enzyme that catalyzes the addition of methyl groups to histone H3 at lysine 27, leading to gene silencing. Mutation or over-expression of EZH2 has been linked to many cancers including renal carcinoma. Recent studies have shown that EZH2 expression and activity are also increased in several animal models of kidney injury, such as acute kidney injury (AKI), renal fibrosis, diabetic nephropathy, lupus nephritis (LN), and renal transplantation rejection. The pharmacological and/or genetic inhibition of EZH2 can alleviate AKI, renal fibrosis, and LN, but potentiate podocyte injury in animal models, suggesting that the functional role of EZH2 varies with renal cell type and disease model. In this article, we summarize the role of EZH2 in the pathology of renal injury and relevant mechanisms and highlight EZH2 as a potential therapeutic target for kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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Kaur H, Advani A. The study of single cells in diabetic kidney disease. J Nephrol 2021; 34:1925-1939. [PMID: 33476038 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-020-00964-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years there has been a rapid expansion of interest in the study of single cells, especially through the new techniques that involve single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Recently, these techniques have provided new insights into kidney health and disease, including insights into diabetic kidney disease (DKD). However, despite the interest and the technological advances, the study of individual cells in DKD is not a new concept. Many clinicians and researchers who work within the DKD space may be familiar with experimental techniques that actually involve the study of individual cells, but may be unfamiliar with newer scRNA-seq technology. Here, with the goal of improving accessibility to the single-cell field, we provide a primer on single-cell studies with a focus on DKD. We situate the technology in its historical context and provide a brief explanation of the common aspects of the different technologies available. Then we review some of the most important recent studies of kidney (patho)biology that have taken advantage of scRNA-seq techniques, before emphasizing the new insights into the molecular pathogenesis of DKD gleaned with these techniques. Finally, we highlight common pitfalls and limitations of scRNA-seq methods and we look toward the future to how single-cell experiments may be incorporated into the study of DKD and how to interpret the findings of these experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmandeep Kaur
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 6-151 61 Queen Street East, Toronto, ON, M5C 2T2, Canada
| | - Andrew Advani
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 6-151 61 Queen Street East, Toronto, ON, M5C 2T2, Canada.
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Thieme K, Pereira BMV, da Silva KS, Fabre NT, Catanozi S, Passarelli M, Correa-Giannella ML. Chronic advanced-glycation end products treatment induces TXNIP expression and epigenetic changes in glomerular podocytes in vivo and in vitro. Life Sci 2021; 270:118997. [PMID: 33453249 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) play an important role in oxidative stress and inflammation, processes implicated in the development and progression of kidney dysfunction. In the present study, we investigated the participation of the pro-oxidant protein thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) and of epigenetic mechanisms on kidney tissue (in vivo, in non-diabetic rats) and on terminally differentiated glomerular podocytes (in vitro) chronically exposed to AGEs. AGEs induced total kidney and glomerular TXNIP expression and decreased H3K27me3 content. Concomitant treatment with the antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) reversed only the increased TXNIP expression. TXNIP expression positively correlated with proteinuria and negatively correlated with H3K27me3 content. In vitro studies in podocytes showed that 72 h exposure to AGEs decreased nephrin expression and increased Txnip, Nox4, Col4a1, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers (Acta2, Snail1, and Tgfb1). Podocytes treatment with NAC reversed Nox4, Col4a1, Acta2, and Tgfb1 increased expression but did not abrogate the reduced expression of nephrin. MiR-29a expression was downregulated by AGEs in vivo, but not in vitro. In conclusion, treatment of non-diabetic rats with AGEs induced TXNIP expression and decreased the contents of the repressive epigenetic mark H3K27me3 and of miR-29a, potentially driving injury to glomerular filtration barrier and podocytes dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Thieme
- Laboratorio de Bases Celulares e Moleculares da Fisiologia Renal, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Maria Veloso Pereira
- Laboratorio de Bases Celulares e Moleculares da Fisiologia Renal, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Karolline S da Silva
- Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM-10) do Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nelly T Fabre
- Laboratorio de Carboidratos e Radioimunoensaio (LIM-18) do Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Catanozi
- Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM-10) do Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marisa Passarelli
- Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM-10) do Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pos-Graduaçao em Medicina, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucia Correa-Giannella
- Laboratorio de Carboidratos e Radioimunoensaio (LIM-18) do Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pos-Graduaçao em Medicina, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Yu C, Xiong C, Tang J, Hou X, Liu N, Bayliss G, Zhuang S. Histone demethylase JMJD3 protects against renal fibrosis by suppressing TGFβ and Notch signaling and preserving PTEN expression. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:2706-2721. [PMID: 33456568 PMCID: PMC7806480 DOI: 10.7150/thno.48679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: The Jumonji domain containing-3 (JMJD3), a specific histone demethylase for trimethylation on histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3), is associated with the pathogenesis of many diseases, but its role in renal fibrosis remains unexplored. Here we examined the role of JMJD3 and mechanisms involved in the activation of renal fibroblasts and development of renal fibrosis. Methods: Murine models of 5/6 surgical nephrectomy (SNx) and ureteral unilateral obstruction (UUO) were used to assess the effect of a specific JMJD3 inhibitor, GSKJ4, and genetic deletion of JMJD3 from FOXD1 stroma-derived renal interstitial cells on the development of renal fibrosis and activation of renal interstitial fibroblasts. Cultured rat renal interstitial fibroblasts (NRK-49F) and mouse renal tubular epithelial cells (mTECs) were also used to examine JMJD3-mediated activation of profibrotic signaling. Results: JMJD3 and H3K27me3 expression levels were upregulated in the kidney of mice subjected to SNx 5/6 and UUO. Pharmacological inhibition of JMJD3 with GSKJ4 or genetic deletion of JMJD3 led to worsening of renal dysfunction as well as increased deposition of extracellular matrix proteins and activation of renal interstitial fibroblasts in the injured kidney. This was coincident with decreased expression of Smad7 and enhanced expression of H3K27me3, transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), Smad3, Notch1, Notch3 and Jagged1. Inhibition of JMJD3 by GSK J4 or its specific siRNA also resulted in the similar responses in cultured NRK-49F and mTECs exposed to serum or TGFβ1. Moreover, JMJD3 inhibition augmented phosphorylation of AKT and ERK1/2 in vivo and in vitro. Conclusion: These results indicate that JMJD3 confers anti-fibrotic effects by limiting activation of multiple profibrotic signaling pathways and suggest that JMJD3 modulation may have therapeutic effects for chronic kidney disease.
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Lu HC, Dai WN, He LY. Epigenetic Histone Modifications in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Kidney Disease. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:329-344. [PMID: 33519221 PMCID: PMC7837569 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s288500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), as the main complication of diabetes mellitus, is the primary cause of the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and the most common chronic kidney disease. Overall, 30-40% of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes eventually develop DKD. Although some diabetes patients have intensified glycemic control, they still develop diabetic kidney disease. Current treatment methods can alleviate but do not markedly halt disease development, resulting in renal failure and severe complications, even contributing to elevated morbidity and mortality rates. DKD is a disease with interactions of genes and the environment. Emerging evidence indicates that DKD-associated key genes are also regulated by the epigenetic mechanism. Recently, increasing researches involving cells and experimental animals demonstrated that histone post-translational modifications can mediate gene expression, which correlated with diabetic kidney disease. Novel therapeutic strategies for epigenetic events could be beneficial for the early detection and treatment of DKD to prevent it from developing into end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In this review, we discuss prior findings in the field of histone modifications in DKD, especially histone acetylation and histone methylation. We then focus on recent developments in histone acetylation and methylation involved in the pathogenesis of DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Cheng Lu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Ni Dai
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Yu He
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Li-Yu He Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +8673185292064Fax +8673185295843 Email
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50
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Wang F, Ngo J, Li Y, Liu H, Chen CH, Saifudeen Z, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, El-Dahr SS. Targeted disruption of the histone lysine 79 methyltransferase Dot1L in nephron progenitors causes congenital renal dysplasia. Epigenetics 2020; 16:1235-1250. [PMID: 33315499 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1861168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The epigenetic regulator Dot1, the only known histone H3K79 methyltransferase, has a conserved role in organismal development and homoeostasis. In yeast, Dot1 is required for telomeric silencing and genomic integrity. In Drosophila, Dot1 (Grappa) regulates homoeotic gene expression. Dysregulation of DOT1L (human homologue of Dot1) causes leukaemia and is implicated in dilated cardiomyopathy. In mice, germline disruption of Dot1L and loss of H3K79me2 disrupt vascular and haematopoietic development. Targeted inactivation of Dot1L in principal cells of the mature collecting duct affects terminal differentiation and cell type patterning. However, the role of H3K79 methylation in mammalian tissue development has been questioned, as it is dispensable in the intestinal epithelium, a rapidly proliferating tissue. Here, we used lineage-specific Cre recombinase to delineate the role of Dot1L methyltransferase activity in the mouse metanephric kidney, an organ that develops via interactions between ureteric epithelial (Hoxb7) and mesenchymal (Six2) cell lineages. The results demonstrate that Dot1LHoxb7 is dispensable for ureteric bud branching morphogenesis. In contrast, Dot1LSix2 is critical for the maintenance and differentiation of Six2+ progenitors into epithelial nephrons. Dot1LSix2 mutant kidneys exhibit congenital nephron deficit and cystic dysplastic kidney disease. Molecular analysis implicates defects in key renal developmental regulators, such as Lhx1, Pax2 and Notch. We conclude that the developmental functions of Dot1L-H3K79 methylation in the kidney are lineage-restricted. The link between H3K79me and renal developmental pathways reaffirms the importance of chromatin-based mechanisms in organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglin Wang
- Divisions of Pediatric Nephrology and Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jenny Ngo
- Divisions of Pediatric Nephrology and Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Yuwen Li
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Hongbing Liu
- Divisions of Pediatric Nephrology and Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Chao-Hui Chen
- Divisions of Pediatric Nephrology and Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Zubaida Saifudeen
- Divisions of Pediatric Nephrology and Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Maria Luisa S Sequeira-Lopez
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Samir S El-Dahr
- Divisions of Pediatric Nephrology and Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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