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Birnbaum R, Weinberger DR. The Genesis of Schizophrenia: An Origin Story. Am J Psychiatry 2024; 181:482-492. [PMID: 38822584 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20240305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is routinely referred to as a neurodevelopmental disorder, but the role of brain development in a disorder typically diagnosed during early adult life is enigmatic. The authors revisit the neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia with genomic insights from the most recent schizophrenia clinical genetic association studies, transcriptomic and epigenomic analyses from human postmortem brain studies, and analyses from cellular models that recapitulate neurodevelopment. Emerging insights into schizophrenia genetic risk continue to converge on brain development, particularly stages of early brain development, that may be perturbed to deviate from a typical, normative course, resulting in schizophrenia clinical symptomatology. As the authors explicate, schizophrenia genetic risk is likely dynamic and context dependent, with effects of genetic risk varying spatiotemporally, across the neurodevelopmental continuum. Optimizing therapeutic strategies for the heterogeneous collective of individuals with schizophrenia may likely be guided by leveraging markers of genetic risk and derivative functional insights, well before the emergence of psychosis. Ultimately, rather than a focus on therapeutic intervention during adolescence or adulthood, principles of prediction and prophylaxis in the pre- and perinatal and neonatal stages may best comport with the biology of schizophrenia to address the early-stage perturbations that alter the normative neurodevelopmental trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Birnbaum
- Departments of Psychiatry, Genetics, and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Birnbaum); Lieber Institute of Brain Development, Maltz Research Laboratory, and Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Neuroscience, and Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Weinberger)
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Departments of Psychiatry, Genetics, and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Birnbaum); Lieber Institute of Brain Development, Maltz Research Laboratory, and Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Neuroscience, and Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Weinberger)
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2
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Sawada T, Barbosa AR, Araujo B, McCord AE, D’Ignazio L, Benjamin KJM, Sheehan B, Zabolocki M, Feltrin A, Arora R, Brandtjen AC, Kleinman JE, Hyde TM, Bardy C, Weinberger DR, Paquola ACM, Erwin JA. Recapitulation of Perturbed Striatal Gene Expression Dynamics of Donors' Brains With Ventral Forebrain Organoids Derived From the Same Individuals With Schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2024; 181:493-511. [PMID: 37915216 PMCID: PMC11209846 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20220723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Schizophrenia is a brain disorder that originates during neurodevelopment and has complex genetic and environmental etiologies. Despite decades of clinical evidence of altered striatal function in affected patients, studies examining its cellular and molecular mechanisms in humans are limited. To explore neurodevelopmental alterations in the striatum associated with schizophrenia, the authors established a method for the differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into ventral forebrain organoids (VFOs). METHODS VFOs were generated from postmortem dural fibroblast-derived iPSCs of four individuals with schizophrenia and four neurotypical control individuals for whom postmortem caudate genotypes and transcriptomic data were profiled in the BrainSeq neurogenomics consortium. Individuals were selected such that the two groups had nonoverlapping schizophrenia polygenic risk scores (PRSs). RESULTS Single-cell RNA sequencing analyses of VFOs revealed differences in developmental trajectory between schizophrenia and control individuals in which inhibitory neuronal cells from the patients exhibited accelerated maturation. Furthermore, upregulated genes in inhibitory neurons in schizophrenia VFOs showed a significant overlap with upregulated genes in postmortem caudate tissue of individuals with schizophrenia compared with control individuals, including the donors of the iPSC cohort. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that striatal neurons derived from high-PRS individuals with schizophrenia carry abnormalities that originated during early brain development and that the VFO model can recapitulate disease-relevant cell type-specific neurodevelopmental phenotypes in a dish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyo Sawada
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Bruno Araujo
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Laura D’Ignazio
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kynon J. M. Benjamin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bonna Sheehan
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Zabolocki
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Laboratory for Human Neurophysiology and Genetics, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Flinders University, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), College of Medicine and Public Health, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Arthur Feltrin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ria Arora
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Joel E. Kleinman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas M. Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cedric Bardy
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Laboratory for Human Neurophysiology and Genetics, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Flinders University, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), College of Medicine and Public Health, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Daniel R. Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Apuā C. M. Paquola
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Erwin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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3
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Wen C, Margolis M, Dai R, Zhang P, Przytycki PF, Vo DD, Bhattacharya A, Matoba N, Tang M, Jiao C, Kim M, Tsai E, Hoh C, Aygün N, Walker RL, Chatzinakos C, Clarke D, Pratt H, Peters MA, Gerstein M, Daskalakis NP, Weng Z, Jaffe AE, Kleinman JE, Hyde TM, Weinberger DR, Bray NJ, Sestan N, Geschwind DH, Roeder K, Gusev A, Pasaniuc B, Stein JL, Love MI, Pollard KS, Liu C, Gandal MJ. Cross-ancestry atlas of gene, isoform, and splicing regulation in the developing human brain. Science 2024; 384:eadh0829. [PMID: 38781368 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh0829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric genome-wide association studies (GWASs), including those for autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia, show strong enrichment for regulatory elements in the developing brain. However, prioritizing risk genes and mechanisms is challenging without a unified regulatory atlas. Across 672 diverse developing human brains, we identified 15,752 genes harboring gene, isoform, and/or splicing quantitative trait loci, mapping 3739 to cellular contexts. Gene expression heritability drops during development, likely reflecting both increasing cellular heterogeneity and the intrinsic properties of neuronal maturation. Isoform-level regulation, particularly in the second trimester, mediated the largest proportion of GWAS heritability. Through colocalization, we prioritized mechanisms for about 60% of GWAS loci across five disorders, exceeding adult brain findings. Finally, we contextualized results within gene and isoform coexpression networks, revealing the comprehensive landscape of transcriptome regulation in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Wen
- Interdepartmental Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael Margolis
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rujia Dai
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Pawel F Przytycki
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Daniel D Vo
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Arjun Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nana Matoba
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Miao Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chuan Jiao
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Team Krebs, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ellen Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Celine Hoh
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nil Aygün
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rebecca L Walker
- Interdepartmental Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Christos Chatzinakos
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Declan Clarke
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Henry Pratt
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Mette A Peters
- CNS Data Coordination Group, Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Mark Gerstein
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Nikolaos P Daskalakis
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Zhiping Weng
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Andrew E Jaffe
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Neumora Therapeutics, Watertown, MA 02472, USA
| | - Joel E Kleinman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Thomas M Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nicholas J Bray
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Institute for Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kathryn Roeder
- Department of Statistics & Data Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Alexander Gusev
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Population Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Bogdan Pasaniuc
- Interdepartmental Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Institute for Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jason L Stein
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michael I Love
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Katherine S Pollard
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Michael J Gandal
- Interdepartmental Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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4
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Akkouh IA, Ueland T, Szabo A, Hughes T, Smeland OB, Andreassen OA, Osete JR, Djurovic S. Longitudinal Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Cortical Spheroids Identifies Axonal Dysregulation in the Prenatal Brain as a Mediator of Genetic Risk for Schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 95:687-698. [PMID: 37661009 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia (SCZ) has a known neurodevelopmental etiology, but limited access to human prenatal brain tissue hampers the investigation of basic disease mechanisms in early brain development. Here, we elucidate the molecular mechanisms contributing to SCZ risk in a disease-relevant model of the prenatal human brain. METHODS We generated induced pluripotent stem cell-derived organoids, termed human cortical spheroids (hCSs), from a large, genetically stratified sample of 14 SCZ cases and 14 age- and sex-matched controls. The hCSs were differentiated for 150 days, and comprehensive molecular characterization across 4 time points was carried out. RESULTS The transcriptional and cellular architecture of hCSs closely resembled that of fetal brain tissue at 10 to 24 postconception weeks, showing strongest spatial overlap with frontal regions of the cerebral cortex. A total of 3520 genes were differentially modulated between SCZ and control hCSs across organoid maturation, displaying a significant contribution of genetic loading, an overrepresentation of risk genes for autism spectrum disorder and SCZ, and the strongest enrichment for axonal processes in all hCS stages. The two axon guidance genes SEMA7A and SEMA5A, the first a promoter of synaptic functions and the second a repressor, were downregulated and upregulated, respectively, in SCZ hCSs. This expression pattern was confirmed at the protein level and replicated in a large postmortem sample. CONCLUSIONS Applying a disease-relevant model of the developing fetal brain, we identified consistent dysregulation of axonal genes as an early risk factor for SCZ, providing novel insights into the effects of genetic predisposition on the neurodevelopmental origins of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A Akkouh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Thor Ueland
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Attila Szabo
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Timothy Hughes
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olav B Smeland
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jordi Requena Osete
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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Hunter SK, Hoffman MC, D’Alessandro A, Freedman R. Developmental Windows for Effects of Choline and Folate on Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurotransmission During Human Gestation. Dev Psychobiol 2024; 66:e22453. [PMID: 38646069 PMCID: PMC11031125 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Choline and folate are critical nutrients for fetal brain development, but the timing of their influence during gestation has not been previously characterized. At different periods during gestation, choline stimulation of α7-nicotinic receptors facilitates conversion of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors from excitatory to inhibitory and recruitment of GluR1-R2 receptors for faster excitatory responses to glutamate. The outcome of the fetal development of inhibition and excitation was assessed in 159 newborns by P50 cerebral auditory-evoked responses. Paired stimuli, S1, S2, were presented 500 msec apart. Higher P50 amplitude in response to S1 (P50S1microV) assesses excitation, and lower P50S2microV assesses inhibition in this paired-stimulus paradigm. Development of inhibition was related solely to maternal choline plasma concentration and folate supplementation at 16 weeks' gestation. Development of excitation was related only to maternal choline at 28 weeks. Higher maternal choline concentrations later in gestation did not compensate for earlier lower concentrations. At 4 years of age, increased behavior problems on the Child Behavior Checklist 1½-5yrs were related to both newborn inhibition and excitation. Incomplete development of inhibition and excitation associated with lower choline and folate during relatively brief periods of gestation thus has enduring effects on child development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon K. Hunter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | - M. Camille Hoffman
- Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | - Angelo D’Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | - Robert Freedman
- Department Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine
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6
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Forsyth JK, Bearden CE. Rethinking the First Episode of Schizophrenia: Identifying Convergent Mechanisms During Development and Moving Toward Prediction. Am J Psychiatry 2023; 180:792-804. [PMID: 37908094 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20230736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Forsyth
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle (Forsyth); Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden)
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle (Forsyth); Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden)
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7
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Le H, Dimitrakopoulou K, Patel H, Curtis C, Cordero-Grande L, Edwards AD, Hajnal J, Tournier JD, Deprez M, Cullen H. Effect of schizophrenia common variants on infant brain volumes: cross-sectional study in 207 term neonates in developing Human Connectome Project. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:121. [PMID: 37037832 PMCID: PMC10085987 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02413-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing lines of evidence suggest deviations from the normal early developmental trajectory could give rise to the onset of schizophrenia during adolescence and young adulthood, but few studies have investigated brain imaging changes associated with schizophrenia common variants in neonates. This study compared the brain volumes of both grey and white matter regions with schizophrenia polygenic risk scores (PRS) for 207 healthy term-born infants of European ancestry. Linear regression was used to estimate the relationship between PRS and brain volumes, with gestational age at birth, postmenstrual age at scan, ancestral principal components, sex and intracranial volumes as covariates. The schizophrenia PRS were negatively associated with the grey (β = -0.08, p = 4.2 × 10-3) and white (β = -0.13, p = 9.4 × 10-3) matter superior temporal gyrus volumes, white frontal lobe volume (β = -0.09, p = 1.5 × 10-3) and the total white matter volume (β = -0.062, p = 1.66 × 10-2). This result also remained robust when incorporating individuals of Asian ancestry. Explorative functional analysis of the schizophrenia risk variants associated with the right frontal lobe white matter volume found enrichment in neurodevelopmental pathways. This preliminary result suggests possible involvement of schizophrenia risk genes in early brain growth, and potential early life structural alterations long before the average age of onset of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Le
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Perinatal Imaging and Health Department, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Konstantina Dimitrakopoulou
- Translational Bioinformatics Platform, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hamel Patel
- NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Charles Curtis
- NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lucilio Cordero-Grande
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Perinatal Imaging and Health Department, King's College London, London, UK
- Biomedical Image Technologies, ETSI Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid & CIBER-BBN, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - A David Edwards
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Perinatal Imaging and Health Department, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Joseph Hajnal
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Perinatal Imaging and Health Department, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jacques-Donald Tournier
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Perinatal Imaging and Health Department, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Deprez
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Perinatal Imaging and Health Department, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Harriet Cullen
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Perinatal Imaging and Health Department, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
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8
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Wen C, Margolis M, Dai R, Zhang P, Przytycki PF, Vo DD, Bhattacharya A, Matoba N, Jiao C, Kim M, Tsai E, Hoh C, Aygün N, Walker RL, Chatzinakos C, Clarke D, Pratt H, Consortium P, Peters MA, Gerstein M, Daskalakis NP, Weng Z, Jaffe AE, Kleinman JE, Hyde TM, Weinberger DR, Bray NJ, Sestan N, Geschwind DH, Roeder K, Gusev A, Pasaniuc B, Stein JL, Love MI, Pollard KS, Liu C, Gandal MJ. Cross-ancestry, cell-type-informed atlas of gene, isoform, and splicing regulation in the developing human brain. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.03.03.23286706. [PMID: 36945630 PMCID: PMC10029021 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.03.23286706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Genomic regulatory elements active in the developing human brain are notably enriched in genetic risk for neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. However, prioritizing the specific risk genes and candidate molecular mechanisms underlying these genetic enrichments has been hindered by the lack of a single unified large-scale gene regulatory atlas of human brain development. Here, we uniformly process and systematically characterize gene, isoform, and splicing quantitative trait loci (xQTLs) in 672 fetal brain samples from unique subjects across multiple ancestral populations. We identify 15,752 genes harboring a significant xQTL and map 3,739 eQTLs to a specific cellular context. We observe a striking drop in gene expression and splicing heritability as the human brain develops. Isoform-level regulation, particularly in the second trimester, mediates the greatest proportion of heritability across multiple psychiatric GWAS, compared with eQTLs. Via colocalization and TWAS, we prioritize biological mechanisms for ~60% of GWAS loci across five neuropsychiatric disorders, nearly two-fold that observed in the adult brain. Finally, we build a comprehensive set of developmentally regulated gene and isoform co-expression networks capturing unique genetic enrichments across disorders. Together, this work provides a comprehensive view of genetic regulation across human brain development as well as the stage-and cell type-informed mechanistic underpinnings of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Wen
- Interdepartmental Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Michael Margolis
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Rujia Dai
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University; Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Pawel F Przytycki
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology; San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Daniel D Vo
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Arjun Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Nana Matoba
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Chuan Jiao
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University; Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ellen Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Celine Hoh
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Nil Aygün
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Rebecca L Walker
- Interdepartmental Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Christos Chatzinakos
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- McLean Hospital; Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Declan Clarke
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University; New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Henry Pratt
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - PsychENCODE Consortium
- Interdepartmental Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University; Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology; San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- McLean Hospital; Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University; New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- CNS Data Coordination Group, Sage Bionetworks; Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University; New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Yale University; New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Yale University; New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Neumora Therapeutics; Watertown, MA, 02472, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine; Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Institute for Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Statistics & Data Science, Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Population Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub; San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University; Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Mette A Peters
- CNS Data Coordination Group, Sage Bionetworks; Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Mark Gerstein
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University; New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University; New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Yale University; New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Yale University; New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Nikolaos P Daskalakis
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- McLean Hospital; Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Zhiping Weng
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Andrew E Jaffe
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Neumora Therapeutics; Watertown, MA, 02472, USA
| | - Joel E Kleinman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Thomas M Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Nicholas J Bray
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine; Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Institute for Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kathryn Roeder
- Department of Statistics & Data Science, Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Alexander Gusev
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Population Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Bogdan Pasaniuc
- Interdepartmental Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Institute for Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jason L Stein
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Michael I Love
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Katherine S Pollard
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology; San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub; San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University; Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University; Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Michael J Gandal
- Interdepartmental Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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9
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Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Promotes Synaptogenesis Signaling, a Major Dysregulated Pathway in Malformation of Cortical Development, in a Rat Model. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:3299-3310. [PMID: 36847937 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03256-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Malformation of cortical development (MCD) is one of the main causes of intractable epilepsy in childhood. We explored a treatment based on molecular changes using an infant rat model of methylazoxymethanol (MAM)-induced MCD established by injecting MAM at gestational day 15. The offspring were sacrificed on postnatal day (P) 15 for proteomic analysis, which revealed significant downregulation in the synaptogenesis signaling pathway in the cortex of MCD rats. Recombinant human insulin-growth factor-1 (rhIGF-1) was injected from P12 to P14 twice daily and the effect of IGF1 on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced spasms (15 mg/kg of NMDA, i.p.) was tested; the onset of P15 single spasm was significantly delayed (p = 0.002) and the number of spasms decreased (p < 0.001) in rhIGF1-pretreated rats (n = 17) compared to those in VEH-treated rats (n = 18). Electroencephalographic monitoring during spasms showed significantly reduced spectral entropy and event-related spectral dynamics of fast oscillation in rhIGF-1 treated rats. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the retrosplenial cortex showed decreased glutathione (GSH) (p = 0.039) and significant developmental changes in GSH, phosphocreatine (PCr), and total creatine (tCr) (p = 0.023, 0.042, 0.015, respectively) after rhIGF1 pretreatment. rhIGF1 pretreatment significantly upregulated expression of cortical synaptic proteins such as PSD95, AMPAR1, AMPAR4, NMDAR1, and NMDAR2A (p < 0.05). Thus, early rhIGF-1 treatment could promote synaptic protein expression, which was significantly downregulated by prenatal MAM exposure, and effectively suppress NMDA-induced spasms. Early IGF1 treatment should be further investigated as a therapeutic strategy in infants with MCD-related epilepsy.
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10
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Hunter SK, Hoffman MC, D’Alessandro A, Wyrwa A, Noonan K, Zeisel SH, Law AJ, Freedman R. Prenatal choline, cannabis, and infection, and their association with offspring development of attention and social problems through 4 years of age. Psychol Med 2022; 52:3019-3028. [PMID: 33491615 PMCID: PMC8310535 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720005061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal choline is a key nutrient, like folic acid and vitamin D, for fetal brain development and subsequent mental function. We sought to determine whether effects of higher maternal plasma choline concentrations on childhood attention and social problems, found in an initial clinical trial of choline supplementation, are observed in a second cohort. METHODS Of 183 mothers enrolled from an urban safety net hospital clinic, 162 complied with gestational assessments and brought their newborns for study at 1 month of age; 83 continued assessments through 4 years of age. Effects of maternal 16 weeks of gestation plasma choline concentrations ⩾7.07 μM, 1 s.d. below the mean level obtained with supplementation in the previous trial, were compared to lower levels. The Attention Problems and Withdrawn Syndrome scales on Child Behavior Checklist 1½-5 were the principal outcomes. RESULTS Higher maternal plasma choline was associated with lower mean Attention Problems percentiles in children, and for male children, with lower Withdrawn percentiles. Higher plasma choline concentrations also reduced Attention Problems percentiles for children of mothers who used cannabis during gestation as well as children of mothers who had gestational infection. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal choline's positive associations with early childhood behaviors are found in a second, more diverse cohort. Increases in attention problems and social withdrawal in early childhood are associated with later mental illnesses including attention deficit disorder and schizophrenia. Choline concentrations in the pregnant women in this study replicate other research findings suggesting that most pregnant women do not have adequate choline in their diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon K. Hunter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - M. Camille Hoffman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Angelo D’Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Anna Wyrwa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Kathleen Noonan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Steven H. Zeisel
- Departments of Nutrition and Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Amanda J. Law
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Robert Freedman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
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11
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Zhao Y, Wang M, Hu K, Wang Q, Lou J, Fan L, Liu B. The development of cortical functional hierarchy is associated with the molecular organization of prenatal/postnatal periods. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:4248-4261. [PMID: 36069939 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cerebral cortex conforms to specific functional hierarchies facilitating information processing and higher-order cognition. Prior studies in adults have unveiled a dominant functional hierarchy spanning from sensorimotor regions to transmodal regions, which is also present in younger cohorts. However, how the functional hierarchy develops and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be investigated. Here, we set out to investigate the developmental patterns of the functional hierarchy for preschool children (#scans = 141, age = 2.41-6.90 years) using a parsimonious general linear model and the underlying biological mechanisms by combining the neuroimaging developmental pattern with two separate transcriptomic datasets (i.e. Allen Human Brain Atlas and BrainSpan Atlas). Our results indicated that transmodal regions were further segregated from sensorimotor regions and that such changes were potentially driven by two gene clusters with distinct enrichment profiles, namely prenatal gene cluster and postnatal gene cluster. Additionally, we found similar developmental profiles manifested in subsequent developmental periods by conducting identical analyses on the Human Connectome Projects in Development (#scans = 638, age = 5.58-21.92 years) and Philadelphia Neurodevelopment Cohort datasets (#scans = 795, age = 8-21 years), driven by concordant two gene clusters. Together, these findings illuminate a comprehensive developmental principle of the functional hierarchy and the underpinning molecular factors, and thus may shed light on the potential pathobiology of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhao
- Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ke Hu
- Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lingzhong Fan
- Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
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12
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Associations between brain imaging and polygenic scores of mental health and educational attainment in children aged 9-11. Neuroimage 2022; 263:119611. [PMID: 36070838 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are highly heritable and polygenic, and many have their peak onset in late childhood and adolescence, a period of tremendous changes. Although the neurodevelopmental antecedents of mental illness are widely acknowledged, research in youth population cohorts is still scarce, preventing our progress towards the early characterization of these disorders. We included 7,124 children (9-11 years old) from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study to map the associations of structural and diffusion brain imaging with common genetic variants and polygenic scores for psychiatric disorders and educational attainment. We used principal component analysis to derive imaging components, and calculated their heritability. We then assessed the relationship of imaging components with genetic and clinical psychiatric risk with univariate models and Canonical correlation analysis (CCA). Most imaging components had moderate heritability. Univariate models showed limited evidence and small associations of polygenic scores with brain structure at this age. CCA revealed two significant modes of covariation. The first mode linked higher polygenic scores for educational attainment with less externalizing problems and larger surface area. The second mode related higher polygenic scores for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism spectrum disorder to higher global cortical thickness, smaller white matter volumes of the fornix and cingulum, larger medial occipital surface area and smaller surface area of lateral and medial temporal regions. While cross-validation suggested limited generalizability, our results highlight the potential of multivariate models to better understand the transdiagnostic and distributed relationships between mental health and brain structure in late childhood.
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13
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Freedman R, Hunter SK, Law AJ, Clark AM, Roberts A, Hoffman MC. Choline, folic acid, Vitamin D, and fetal brain development in the psychosis spectrum. Schizophr Res 2022; 247:16-25. [PMID: 33838984 PMCID: PMC8494861 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Choline, folic acid, and Vitamin D are essential for fetal brain development that may be the first steps in the pathogenesis of the psychotic spectrum. Micronutrient deficiencies have been associated with changes in fetal brain development, manifest as early problems in childhood behavior, and cognition, and later as increased incidence of psychotic and autism spectrum disorders. Micronutrient supplements may not only prevent deficiency, but they may also positively affect brain development in the context of other maternal risk factors, including maternal infection, stress, inflammation, and substance abuse. Many genes associated with later psychotic illness are highly expressed in the fetal brain, where they are responsible for various neurodevelopmental mechanisms. Interaction of micronutrient vitamins with these genetically programmed mechanisms to prevent pathological brain development associated with later psychosis is under active investigation. In addition to their effects on brain development, micronutrient vitamins have effects on other aspects of gestation and fetal development, including the prevention of premature delivery and other developmental abnormalities. Supplemental micronutrient vitamins should be part of good prenatal care, as has already happened for folic acid and Vitamin D and is now advocated by the American Medical Association for choline. The benefits of these micronutrient supplements include protection of brain development and the possibility of decreased risk for future psychotic disorders in those children who are either genetically or environmentally vulnerable. The purpose of this review is to present the current evidence supporting the safety and effectiveness of micronutrients in gestation and to suggest areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Freedman
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Center, Mail Stop F546, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Sharon K Hunter
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Center, Mail Stop F546, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Amanda J Law
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Center, Mail Stop F546, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Center, Mail Stop F546, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Center, Mail Stop F546, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Alena M Clark
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Campus Box 93, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA
| | | | - M Camille Hoffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Center, Mail Stop F546, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Center, Mail Stop F546, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Li X, Lee L, Abnousi A, Yu M, Liu W, Huang L, Li Y, Hu M. SnapHiC2: A computationally efficient loop caller for single cell Hi-C data. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:2778-2783. [PMID: 35685374 PMCID: PMC9168059 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Single cell Hi-C (scHi-C) technologies enable the study of chromatin spatial organization directly from complex tissues at single cell resolution. However, the identification of chromatin loops from single cells is challenging, largely due to the extremely sparse data. Our recently developed SnapHiC pipeline provides the first tool to map chromatin loops from scHi-C data, but it is computationally intensive. Here we introduce SnapHiC2, which adapts a sliding window approximation when imputing missing contacts in each single cell and reduces both memory usage and computational time by 70%. SnapHiC2 can identify 5 Kb resolution chromatin loops with high sensitivity and accuracy and help to suggest target genes for GWAS variants in a cell-type-specific manner. SnapHiC2 is freely available at: https://github.com/HuMingLab/SnapHiC/releases/tag/v0.2.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Li
- Carolina Health Informatics Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lindsay Lee
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Armen Abnousi
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Miao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifang Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Le Huang
- Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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15
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Cruceanu C, Dony L, Krontira AC, Fischer DS, Roeh S, Di Giaimo R, Kyrousi C, Kaspar L, Arloth J, Czamara D, Gerstner N, Martinelli S, Wehner S, Breen MS, Koedel M, Sauer S, Sportelli V, Rex-Haffner M, Cappello S, Theis FJ, Binder EB. Cell-Type-Specific Impact of Glucocorticoid Receptor Activation on the Developing Brain: A Cerebral Organoid Study. Am J Psychiatry 2022; 179:375-387. [PMID: 34698522 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.21010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A fine-tuned balance of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activation is essential for organ formation, with disturbances influencing many health outcomes. In utero, glucocorticoids have been linked to brain-related negative outcomes, with unclear underlying mechanisms, especially regarding cell-type-specific effects. An in vitro model of fetal human brain development, induced human pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cerebral organoids, was used to test whether cerebral organoids are suitable for studying the impact of prenatal glucocorticoid exposure on the developing brain. METHODS The GR was activated with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone, and the effects were mapped using single-cell transcriptomics across development. RESULTS The GR was expressed in all cell types, with increasing expression levels through development. Not only did its activation elicit translocation to the nucleus and the expected effects on known GR-regulated pathways, but also neurons and progenitor cells showed targeted regulation of differentiation- and maturation-related transcripts. Uniquely in neurons, differentially expressed transcripts were significantly enriched for genes associated with behavior-related phenotypes and disorders. This human neuronal glucocorticoid response profile was validated across organoids from three independent hiPSC lines reprogrammed from different source tissues from both male and female donors. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that excessive glucocorticoid exposure could interfere with neuronal maturation in utero, leading to increased disease susceptibility through neurodevelopmental processes at the interface of genetic susceptibility and environmental exposure. Cerebral organoids are a valuable translational resource for exploring the effects of glucocorticoids on early human brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Cruceanu
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Leander Dony
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Anthi C Krontira
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - David S Fischer
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Simone Roeh
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Rossella Di Giaimo
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Christina Kyrousi
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Lea Kaspar
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Janine Arloth
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Darina Czamara
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Nathalie Gerstner
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Silvia Martinelli
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Stefanie Wehner
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Michael S Breen
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Maik Koedel
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Susann Sauer
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Vincenza Sportelli
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Monika Rex-Haffner
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Silvia Cappello
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Fabian J Theis
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Elisabeth B Binder
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
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16
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Antunes ASLM, Saia-Cereda VM, Crunfli F, Martins-de-Souza D. 14-3-3 proteins at the crossroads of neurodevelopment and schizophrenia. World J Biol Psychiatry 2022; 23:14-32. [PMID: 33952049 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2021.1925585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The 14-3-3 family comprises multifunctional proteins that play a role in neurogenesis, neuronal migration, neuronal differentiation, synaptogenesis and dopamine synthesis. 14-3-3 members function as adaptor proteins and impact a wide variety of cellular and physiological processes involved in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders. Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder and knowledge about its pathophysiology is still limited. 14-3-3 have been proven to be linked with the dopaminergic, glutamatergic and neurodevelopmental hypotheses of schizophrenia. Further, research using genetic models has demonstrated the role played by 14-3-3 proteins in neurodevelopment and neuronal circuits, however a more integrative and comprehensive approach is needed for a better understanding of their role in schizophrenia. For instance, we still lack an integrated assessment of the processes affected by 14-3-3 proteins in the dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems. In this context, it is also paramount to understand their involvement in the biology of brain cells other than neurons. Here, we present previous and recent research that has led to our current understanding of the roles 14-3-3 proteins play in brain development and schizophrenia, perform an assessment of their functional protein association network and discuss the use of protein-protein interaction modulators to target 14-3-3 as a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- André S L M Antunes
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Verônica M Saia-Cereda
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Crunfli
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.,D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Disruption of Alternative Splicing in the Amygdala of Pigs Exposed to Maternal Immune Activation. IMMUNO 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno1040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response of gestating females to infection or stress can disrupt gene expression in the offspring’s amygdala, resulting in lasting neurodevelopmental, physiological, and behavioral disorders. The effects of maternal immune activation (MIA) can be impacted by the offspring’s sex and exposure to additional stressors later in life. The objectives of this study were to investigate the disruption of alternative splicing patterns associated with MIA in the offspring’s amygdala and characterize this disruption in the context of the second stress of weaning and sex. Differential alternative splicing was tested on the RNA-seq profiles of a pig model of viral-induced MIA. Compared to controls, MIA was associated with the differential alternative splicing (FDR-adjusted p-value < 0.1) of 292 and 240 genes in weaned females and males, respectively, whereas 132 and 176 genes were differentially spliced in control nursed female and male, respectively. The majority of the differentially spliced (FDR-adjusted p-value < 0.001) genes (e.g., SHANK1, ZNF672, KCNA6) and many associated enriched pathways (e.g., Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and cGMP-PKG signaling) have been reported in MIA-related disorders including autism and schizophrenia in humans. Differential alternative splicing associated with MIA was detected in the gene MAG across all sex-stress groups except for unstressed males and SLC2A11 across all groups except unstressed females. Precise understanding of the effect of MIA across second stressors and sexes necessitates the consideration of splicing isoform profiles.
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18
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Daum H, Ganapathi M, Hirsch Y, Griffin EL, LeDuc CA, Hagen J, Yagel S, Meiner V, Chung WK, Mor-Shaked H. Bi-allelic PAGR1 variants are associated with microcephaly and a severe neurodevelopmental disorder: Genetic evidence from two families. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 188:336-342. [PMID: 34585832 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Exome and genome sequencing were used to identify the genetic etiology of a severe neurodevelopmental disorder in two unrelated Ashkenazi Jewish families with three affected individuals. The clinical findings included a prenatal presentation of microcephaly, polyhydramnios and clenched hands while postnatal findings included microcephaly, severe developmental delay, dysmorphism, neurologic deficits, and death in infancy. A shared rare homozygous, missense variant (c.274A > G; p.Ser92Gly, NM_024516.4) was identified in PAGR1, a gene currently not associated with a Mendelian disease. PAGR1 encodes a component of the histone methyltransferase MLL2/MLL3 complex and may function in the DNA damage response pathway. Complete knockout of the murine Pagr1a is embryonic-lethal. Given the available evidence, PAGR1 is a strong candidate gene for a novel autosomal recessive severe syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagit Daum
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Organization and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mythily Ganapathi
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yoel Hirsch
- Dor Yeshorim, Committee for Prevention of Jewish Genetic Diseases, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Emily L Griffin
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Charles A LeDuc
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jacob Hagen
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Simcha Yagel
- Obstetrics and gynecology, Hadassah Medical Organization and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Vardiella Meiner
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Organization and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hagar Mor-Shaked
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Organization and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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19
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Hunter SK, Hoffman MC, D'Alessandro A, Walker VK, Balser M, Noonan K, Law AJ, Freedman R. Maternal prenatal choline and inflammation effects on 4-year-olds' performance on the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-IV. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 141:50-56. [PMID: 34174557 PMCID: PMC8364874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Maternal gestational inflammation from infection, obesity, depression, and adverse childhood experiences negatively affects offspring cognitive development. Choline is a key nutrient in fetal brain development. We investigated whether higher maternal plasma choline concentrations have a positive association with offspring cognition, specifically processing speed, in the presence of inflammation. Forty-eight children were evaluated at 4 years of age. Processing Speed Composite Score on the Wechsler Preschool & Primary Scales of Intelligence was the principal outcome. Maternal C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of inflammation, and choline plasma concentration had been measured at 16 weeks' gestation. Choline concentrations >7.07μM were compared to lower levels. Mothers with lower choline levels reported more depression and stress. Head circumference was larger for neonates of mothers with higher choline levels. In analyses with maternal CRP, higher maternal choline was associated with higher offspring Processing Speed Composite Scores for both sexes. For males, higher maternal choline competed with the negative association of maternal CRP on Processing Speed. Higher Processing Speed was related to the child's behavioral ratings, with fewer Withdrawn Problems on the Child Behavior Checklist 1 ½-5 years at 4 years and higher Infant Behavior Questionnaire Orienting/Regulation at 3 months of age, consistent with persistent developmental effects. Higher processing speed and decreased problems in social withdrawal are positively associated with prenatal maternal choline. Both lower processing speed and social withdrawal problems are precursors to later mental difficulties. Choline supplementation in pregnancy may mitigate effects of maternal inflammation that contribute to problems in offspring's' cognition and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Camille Hoffman
- Departments of Psychiatry, USA; Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Amanda J Law
- Departments of Psychiatry, USA; Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology, USA; Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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20
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Freedman R, Hunter SK, Law AJ, Hoffman MC. Prenatal prevention of psychiatric illness and childhood development population-wide. World Psychiatry 2021; 20:226-227. [PMID: 34002528 PMCID: PMC8129834 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Freedman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sharon K Hunter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Amanda J Law
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - M Camille Hoffman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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21
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Maynard KR, Collado-Torres L, Weber LM, Uytingco C, Barry BK, Williams SR, Catallini JL, Tran MN, Besich Z, Tippani M, Chew J, Yin Y, Kleinman JE, Hyde TM, Rao N, Hicks SC, Martinowich K, Jaffe AE. Transcriptome-scale spatial gene expression in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:425-436. [PMID: 33558695 PMCID: PMC8095368 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-00787-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We used the 10x Genomics Visium platform to define the spatial topography of gene expression in the six-layered human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. We identified extensive layer-enriched expression signatures and refined associations to previous laminar markers. We overlaid our laminar expression signatures on large-scale single nucleus RNA-sequencing data, enhancing spatial annotation of expression-driven clusters. By integrating neuropsychiatric disorder gene sets, we showed differential layer-enriched expression of genes associated with schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder, highlighting the clinical relevance of spatially defined expression. We then developed a data-driven framework to define unsupervised clusters in spatial transcriptomics data, which can be applied to other tissues or brain regions in which morphological architecture is not as well defined as cortical laminae. Last, we created a web application for the scientific community to explore these raw and summarized data to augment ongoing neuroscience and spatial transcriptomics research ( http://research.libd.org/spatialLIBD ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen R Maynard
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leonardo Collado-Torres
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lukas M Weber
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Brianna K Barry
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Joseph L Catallini
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew N Tran
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zachary Besich
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Madhavi Tippani
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Joel E Kleinman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas M Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Stephanie C Hicks
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keri Martinowich
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Andrew E Jaffe
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Center for Computational Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Genetic Medicine, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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22
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Special Article: Translational Science Update. Pharmacological Implications of Emerging Schizophrenia Genetics: Can the Bridge From 'Genomics' to 'Therapeutics' be Defined and Traversed? J Clin Psychopharmacol 2021; 40:323-329. [PMID: 32433256 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000001215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent schizophrenia genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified genomic variants of common and rare frequency, significantly associated with schizophrenia. While numerous functional genomics efforts are ongoing to elucidate the biological effects of schizophrenia risk variants, a consideration of their therapeutic implications is timely and imperative, for patients as well as for an iterative effect on elucidating the underlying biology and pathophysiology of illness. The current article reviews efforts to translate emerging schizophrenia genomics into novel approaches to target discovery and therapeutic intervention. Though the path from 'genetic risk to therapy' is far from straightforward, there are provocative early possibilities that harbor the promise of treatment based on causation rather than phenomenology, as well as 'precision psychiatry,' a basis for stratifying patients to enable more precise and effective, personalized therapy.
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23
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Semick SA, Collado-Torres L, Markunas CA, Shin JH, Deep-Soboslay A, Tao R, Huestis M, Bierut LJ, Maher BS, Johnson EO, Hyde TM, Weinberger DR, Hancock DB, Kleinman JE, Jaffe AE. Developmental effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy on the human frontal cortex transcriptome. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:3267-3277. [PMID: 30131587 PMCID: PMC6438764 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0223-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is a major public health concern. While there are well-described consequences in early child development, there is very little known about the effects of maternal smoking on human cortical biology during prenatal life. We therefore performed a genome-wide differential gene expression analysis using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) on prenatal (N = 33; 16 smoking-exposed) as well as adult (N = 207; 57 active smokers) human postmortem prefrontal cortices. Smoking exposure during the prenatal period was directly associated with differential expression of 14 genes; in contrast, during adulthood, despite a much larger sample size, only two genes showed significant differential expression (FDR < 10%). Moreover, 1,315 genes showed significantly different exposure effects between maternal smoking during pregnancy and direct exposure in adulthood (FDR < 10%)-these differences were largely driven by prenatal differences that were enriched for pathways previously implicated in addiction and synaptic function. Furthermore, prenatal and age-dependent differentially expressed genes were enriched for genes implicated in non-syndromic autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and were differentially expressed as a set between patients with ASD and controls in postmortem cortical regions. These results underscore the enhanced sensitivity to the biological effect of smoking exposure in the developing brain and offer insight into how maternal smoking during pregnancy affects gene expression in the prenatal human cortex. They also begin to address the relationship between in utero exposure to smoking and the heightened risks for the subsequent development of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. Semick
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins
Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Leonardo Collado-Torres
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins
Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA,Center for Computational Biology, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Christina A. Markunas
- Behavioral and Urban Health Program, Behavioral Health and
Criminal Justice Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709,
USA
| | - Joo Heon Shin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins
Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Amy Deep-Soboslay
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins
Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Ran Tao
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins
Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Marilyn Huestis
- The Lambert Center for the Study of Medicinal Cannabis and
Hemp, Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University,
Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura J. Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of
Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brion S. Maher
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School
of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Eric O. Johnson
- Fellow Program and Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice
Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Thomas M. Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins
Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns
Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine,
Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Daniel R. Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins
Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns
Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine,
Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA,McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns
Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Dana B. Hancock
- Behavioral and Urban Health Program, Behavioral Health and
Criminal Justice Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709,
USA
| | - Joel E. Kleinman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins
Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns
Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA,Contact: Lieber Institute for Brain Development,
855 N Wolfe St, Ste 300. Baltimore MD 21205. Ph: 1-410-955-1000
| | - Andrew E. Jaffe
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins
Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA,Center for Computational Biology, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA,Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School
of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA,McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns
Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA,Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg
School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA,Contact: Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855
N Wolfe St, Ste 300. Baltimore MD 21205. Ph: 1-410-955-1000
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24
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Freedman R, Hunter SK, Law AJ, D'Alessandro A, Noonan K, Wyrwa A, Camille Hoffman M. Maternal choline and respiratory coronavirus effects on fetal brain development. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 128:1-4. [PMID: 32474140 PMCID: PMC7247782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal COVID-19 infection is anticipated by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control to affect fetal development similarly to other common respiratory coronaviruses through effects of the maternal inflammatory response on the fetus and placenta. Plasma choline levels were measured at 16 weeks gestation in 43 mothers who had contracted common respiratory viruses during the first 6-16 weeks of pregnancy and 53 mothers who had not. When their infants reached 3 months of age, mothers completed the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised (IBQ-R), which assesses their infants' level of activity (Surgency), their fearfulness and sadness (Negativity), and their ability to maintain attention and bond to their parents and caretakers (Regulation). Infants of mothers who had contracted a moderately severe respiratory virus infection and had higher gestational choline serum levels (≥7.5 mM consistent with U.S. Food and Drug Administration dietary recommendations) had significantly increased development of their ability to maintain attention and to bond with their parents (Regulation), compared to infants whose mothers had contracted an infection but had lower choline levels (<7.5 mM). For infants of mothers with choline levels ≥7.5 μM, there was no effect of viral infection on infant IBQ-R Regulation, compared to infants of mothers who were not infected. Higher choline levels obtained through diet or supplements may protect fetal development and support infant early behavioral development even if the mother contracts a viral infection in early gestation when the brain is first being formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Freedman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Sharon K. Hunter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Amanda J. Law
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, USA
| | | | - Kathleen Noonan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Anna Wyrwa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - M. Camille Hoffman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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25
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Sokolowski M, Wasserman D. Genetic origins of suicidality? A synopsis of genes in suicidal behaviours, with regard to evidence diversity, disorder specificity and neurodevelopmental brain transcriptomics. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 37:1-11. [PMID: 32636053 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
With regard to suicidal behavior (SB) genetics, many novel genes have been implicated over the years, in particular by a variety of hypothesis-free genomic methods (e.g. GWAS and exome sequencing). In addition, many novel SB gene findings appear enigmatic in their biological relevance and have weak statistical support, e.g. lack direct replications. Adding to this is the comorbidity between psychiatric disorders and SB. Here we provide a synopsis of SB genes, by prioritization of 106 (out of ~2500) genes based on their highest level of evidence diversity across mainly five genetic evidence types (candidate/GWAS SNP, CNV, linkage and whole exome sequencing), supplemented by three functional categories. This is a representative set of both old and new SB gene candidates, implicated by all kinds of evidence. Furthermore, we define a subset of 40 SB "specific" genes, which are not found among ~3900 genes implicated in other neuropsychiatric disorders, e.g. Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) or Schizophrenia. Biological research of suicidality contains a major developmental focus, e.g. with regard to the gene-environment interactions and epigenetic effects during childhood. Less is known about early (fetal) development and SB genes. Inspired by huge efforts to understand the role early (fetal) neurodevelopment in e.g. ASD by using brain transcriptomic data, we here also characterize the 106 SB genes. We find interesting spatiotemporal expression differences and similarities between SB specific and non-specific genes during brain neurodevelopment. These aspects are of interest to investigate further, to better understand and counteract the genetic origins suicidality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Sokolowski
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health (NASP), Karolinska Institute (KI), Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Danuta Wasserman
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health (NASP), Karolinska Institute (KI), Stockholm, Sweden; WHO collaborating Centre for research, methods, development and training in suicide prevention, Sweden
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26
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Wilson E, Rudisill T, Kirk B, Johnson C, Kemper P, Newell-Litwa K. Cytoskeletal regulation of synaptogenesis in a model of human fetal brain development. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:2148-2165. [PMID: 32713041 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Excitatory synapse formation begins in mid-fetal gestation. However, due to our inability to image fetal synaptogenesis, the initial formation of synapses remains understudied. The recent development of human fetal brain spheroids provides access to this critical period of synapse formation. Using human neurons and brain spheroids, we address how altered actin regulation impacts the formation of excitatory synapses during fetal brain development. Prior to synapse formation, inhibition of RhoA kinase (ROCK) signaling promotes neurite elongation and branching. In addition to increasing neural complexity, ROCK inhibition increases the length of protrusions along the neurite, ultimately promoting excitatory synapse formation in human cortical brain spheroids. A corresponding increase in Rac1-driven actin polymerization drives this increase in excitatory synaptogenesis. Using STORM super-resolution microscopy, we demonstrate that actomyosin regulators, including the Rac1 regulator, α-PIX, and the RhoA regulator, p115-RhoGEF, localize to nascent excitatory synapses, where they preferentially localize to postsynaptic compartments. These results demonstrate that coordinated RhoGTPase activities underlie the initial formation of excitatory synapses and identify critical cytoskeletal regulators of early synaptogenic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Wilson
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Taylor Rudisill
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Brenna Kirk
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Colin Johnson
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Paige Kemper
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Karen Newell-Litwa
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC, USA
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27
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Perzel Mandell KA, Price AJ, Wilton R, Collado-Torres L, Tao R, Eagles NJ, Szalay AS, Hyde TM, Weinberger DR, Kleinman JE, Jaffe AE. Characterizing the dynamic and functional DNA methylation landscape in the developing human cortex. Epigenetics 2020; 16:1-13. [PMID: 32602773 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1786304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation (DNAm) is a key epigenetic regulator of gene expression across development. The developing prenatal brain is a highly dynamic tissue, but our understanding of key drivers of epigenetic variability across development is limited. We, therefore, assessed genomic methylation at over 39 million sites in the prenatal cortex using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing and found loci and regions in which methylation levels are dynamic across development. We saw that DNAm at these loci was associated with nearby gene expression and enriched for enhancer chromatin states in prenatal brain tissue. Additionally, these loci were enriched for genes associated with neuropsychiatric disorders and genes involved with neurogenesis. We also found autosomal differences in DNAm between the sexes during prenatal development, though these have less clear functional consequences. We lastly confirmed that the dynamic methylation at this critical period is specifically CpG methylation, with generally low levels of CpH methylation. Our findings provide detailed insight into prenatal brain development as well as clues to the pathogenesis of psychiatric traits seen later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira A Perzel Mandell
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus , Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (JHSOM) , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amanda J Price
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus , Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (JHSOM) , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard Wilton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leonardo Collado-Torres
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus , Baltimore, MD, USA.,Center for Computational Biology, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ran Tao
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas J Eagles
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexander S Szalay
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Computer Science, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas M Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus , Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, JHSOM , Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, JHSOM , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus , Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (JHSOM) , Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, JHSOM , Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, JHSOM , Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, JHSOM , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joel E Kleinman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus , Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, JHSOM , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew E Jaffe
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus , Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (JHSOM) , Baltimore, MD, USA.,Center for Computational Biology, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, JHSOM , Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, JHSOM , Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (JHBSPH) , Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, JHBSPH , Baltimore, MD, USA
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28
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Hoffman MC, Hunter SK, D’Alessandro A, Noonan K, Wyrwa A, Freedman R. Interaction of maternal choline levels and prenatal Marijuana's effects on the offspring. Psychol Med 2020; 50:1716-1726. [PMID: 31364525 PMCID: PMC7055467 DOI: 10.1017/s003329171900179x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated whether higher maternal choline levels mitigate effects of marijuana on fetal brain development. Choline transported into the amniotic fluid from the mother activates α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on fetal cerebro-cortical inhibitory neurons, whose development is impeded by cannabis blockade of their cannabinoid-1(CB1) receptors. METHODS Marijuana use was assessed during pregnancy from women who later brought their newborns for study. Mothers were informed about choline and other nutrients, but not specifically for marijuana use. Maternal serum choline was measured at 16 weeks gestation. RESULTS Marijuana use for the first 10 weeks gestation or more by 15% of mothers decreased newborns' inhibition of evoked potentials to repeated sounds (d' = 0.55, p < 0.05). This effect was ameliorated if women had higher gestational choline (rs = -0.50, p = 0.011). At 3 months of age, children whose mothers continued marijuana use through their 10th gestational week or more had poorer self-regulation (d' = -0.79, p < 0.05). This effect was also ameliorated if mothers had higher gestational choline (rs = 0.54, p = 0.013). Maternal choline levels correlated with the children's improved duration of attention, cuddliness, and bonding with parents. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal marijuana use adversely affects fetal brain development and subsequent behavioral self-regulation, a precursor to later, more serious problems in childhood. Stopping marijuana use before 10 weeks gestational age prevented these effects. Many mothers refuse to cease use because of familiarity with marijuana and belief in its safety. Higher maternal choline mitigates some of marijuana's adverse effects on the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Camille Hoffman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Sharon K. Hunter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Angelo D’Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Kathleen Noonan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Anna Wyrwa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Robert Freedman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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29
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Liu W, Li W, Cai X, Yang Z, Li H, Su X, Song M, Zhou DS, Li X, Zhang C, Shao M, Zhang L, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Chang H, Yao YG, Fang Y, Lv L, Li M, Xiao X. Identification of a functional human-unique 351-bp Alu insertion polymorphism associated with major depressive disorder in the 1p31.1 GWAS risk loci. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:1196-1206. [PMID: 32193514 PMCID: PMC7235090 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0659-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have reported substantial single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with major depressive disorder (MDD), but the underlying functional variations in the GWAS risk loci are unclear. Here we show that the European MDD genome-wide risk-associated allele of rs12129573 at 1p31.1 is associated with MDD in Han Chinese, and this SNP is in strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) with a human-unique Alu insertion polymorphism (rs70959274) in the 5' flanking region of a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) LINC01360 (Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA 1360), which is preferably expressed in human testis in the currently available expression datasets. The risk allele at rs12129573 is almost completely linked with the absence of this Alu insertion. The Alu insertion polymorphism (rs70959274) is significantly associated with a lower RNA level of LINC01360 and acts as a transcription silencer likely through modulating the methylation of its internal CpG sites. Luciferase assays confirm that the presence of Alu insertion at rs70959274 suppresses transcriptional activities in human cells, and deletion of the Alu insertion through CRISPR/Cas9-directed genome editing increases RNA expression of LINC01360. Deletion of the Alu insertion in human cells also leads to dysregulation of gene expression, biological processes and pathways relevant to MDD, such as the alterations of mRNA levels of DRD2 and FLOT1, transcription of genes involved in synaptic transmission, neurogenesis, learning or memory, and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. In summary, we identify a human-unique DNA repetitive polymorphism in robust LD with the MDD risk-associated SNP at the prominent 1p31.1 GWAS loci, and offer insights into the molecular basis of the illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weipeng Liu
- 0000000119573309grid.9227.eKey Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan China ,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan China
| | - Wenqiang Li
- 0000 0004 1808 322Xgrid.412990.7Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan China ,0000 0004 1808 322Xgrid.412990.7Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan China
| | - Xin Cai
- 0000000119573309grid.9227.eKey Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan China ,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan China
| | - Zhihui Yang
- 0000000119573309grid.9227.eKey Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan China ,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan China
| | - Huijuan Li
- 0000000119573309grid.9227.eKey Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan China ,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan China
| | - Xi Su
- 0000 0004 1808 322Xgrid.412990.7Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan China ,0000 0004 1808 322Xgrid.412990.7Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan China
| | - Meng Song
- 0000 0004 1808 322Xgrid.412990.7Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan China ,0000 0004 1808 322Xgrid.412990.7Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan China
| | - Dong-Sheng Zhou
- 0000 0004 1782 599Xgrid.452715.0Department of Psychiatry, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xingxing Li
- 0000 0004 1782 599Xgrid.452715.0Department of Psychiatry, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- 0000 0004 0368 8293grid.16821.3cShanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Minglong Shao
- 0000 0004 1808 322Xgrid.412990.7Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan China ,0000 0004 1808 322Xgrid.412990.7Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan China
| | - Luwen Zhang
- 0000 0004 1808 322Xgrid.412990.7Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan China ,0000 0004 1808 322Xgrid.412990.7Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan China
| | - Yongfeng Yang
- 0000 0004 1808 322Xgrid.412990.7Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan China ,0000 0004 1808 322Xgrid.412990.7Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan China
| | - Yan Zhang
- 0000 0004 1808 322Xgrid.412990.7Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan China ,0000 0004 1808 322Xgrid.412990.7Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan China
| | - Jingyuan Zhao
- 0000 0004 1808 322Xgrid.412990.7Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan China ,0000 0004 1808 322Xgrid.412990.7Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan China
| | - Hong Chang
- 0000000119573309grid.9227.eKey Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan China
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- 0000000119573309grid.9227.eKey Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan China ,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan China ,0000000119573309grid.9227.eCAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China ,0000000119573309grid.9227.eKIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan China
| | - Yiru Fang
- 0000 0004 0368 8293grid.16821.3cShanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China ,0000000119573309grid.9227.eCAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Luxian Lv
- Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China. .,Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China. .,Henan Province People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China. .,KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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30
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Paterson C, Cumming B, Law AJ. Temporal Dynamics of the Neuregulin-ErbB Network in the Murine Prefrontal Cortex across the Lifespan. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:3325-3339. [PMID: 31897479 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuregulin-ErbB signaling is essential for numerous functions in the developing, adult, and aging brain, particularly in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Mouse models with disrupted Nrg and/or ErbB genes are relevant to psychiatric, developmental, and age-related disorders, displaying a range of abnormalities stemming from cortical circuitry impairment. Many of these models display nonoverlapping phenotypes dependent upon the gene target and timing of perturbation, suggesting that cortical expression of the Nrg-ErbB network undergoes temporal regulation across the lifespan. Here, we report a comprehensive temporal expression mapping study of the Nrg-ErbB signaling network in the mouse PFC across postnatal development through aging. We find that Nrg and ErbB genes display distinct expression profiles; moreover, splice isoforms of these genes are differentially expressed across the murine lifespan. We additionally find a developmental switch in ErbB4 splice isoform expression potentially mediated through coregulation of the lncRNA Miat expression. Our results are the first to comprehensively and quantitatively map the expression patterns of the Nrg-ErbB network in the mouse PFC across the postnatal lifespan and may help disentangle the pathway's involvement in normal cortical sequences of events across the lifespan, as well as shedding light on the pathophysiological mechanisms of abnormal Nrg-ErbB signaling in neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Paterson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado, School of Medicine Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Brooke Cumming
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado, School of Medicine Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Amanda J Law
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado, School of Medicine Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, School of Medicine Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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31
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Ma L, Semick SA, Chen Q, Li C, Tao R, Price AJ, Shin JH, Jia Y, Brandon NJ, Cross AJ, Hyde TM, Kleinman JE, Jaffe AE, Weinberger DR, Straub RE. Schizophrenia risk variants influence multiple classes of transcripts of sorting nexin 19 (SNX19). Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:831-843. [PMID: 30635639 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified many genomic loci associated with risk for schizophrenia, but unambiguous identification of the relationship between disease-associated variants and specific genes, and in particular their effect on risk conferring transcripts, has proven difficult. To better understand the specific molecular mechanism(s) at the schizophrenia locus in 11q25, we undertook cis expression quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTL) mapping for this 2 megabase genomic region using postmortem human brain samples. To comprehensively assess the effects of genetic risk upon local expression, we evaluated multiple transcript features: genes, exons, and exon-exon junctions in multiple brain regions-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), hippocampus, and caudate. Genetic risk variants strongly associated with expression of SNX19 transcript features that tag multiple rare classes of SNX19 transcripts, whereas they only weakly affected expression of an exon-exon junction that tags the majority of abundant transcripts. The most prominent class of SNX19 risk-associated transcripts is predicted to be overexpressed, defined by an exon-exon splice junction between exons 8 and 10 (junc8.10) and that is predicted to encode proteins that lack the characteristic nexin C terminal domain. Risk alleles were also associated with either increased or decreased expression of multiple additional classes of transcripts. With RACE, molecular cloning, and long read sequencing, we found a number of novel SNX19 transcripts that further define the set of potential etiological transcripts. We explored epigenetic regulation of SNX19 expression and found that DNA methylation at CpG sites near the primary transcription start site and within exon 2 partially mediate the effects of risk variants on risk-associated expression. ATAC sequencing revealed that some of the most strongly risk-associated SNPs are located within a region of open chromatin, suggesting a nearby regulatory element is involved. These findings indicate a potentially complex molecular etiology, in which risk alleles for schizophrenia generate epigenetic alterations and dysregulation of multiple classes of SNX19 transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ma
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Stephen A Semick
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Qiang Chen
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Chao Li
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Ran Tao
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Amanda J Price
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Joo Heon Shin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yankai Jia
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | | | - Nicholas J Brandon
- AstraZeneca Neuroscience, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca R&D, Boston, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Alan J Cross
- AstraZeneca Neuroscience, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca R&D, Boston, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Thomas M Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Joel E Kleinman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Andrew E Jaffe
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Richard E Straub
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Li HJ, Qu N, Hui L, Cai X, Zhang CY, Zhong BL, Zhang SF, Chen J, Xia B, Wang L, Jia QF, Li W, Chang H, Xiao X, Li M, Li Y. Further confirmation of netrin 1 receptor (DCC) as a depression risk gene via integrations of multi-omics data. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:98. [PMID: 32184385 PMCID: PMC7078234 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0777-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of major depression and its relevant biological phenotypes have been extensively conducted in large samples, and transcriptome-wide analyses in the tissues of brain regions relevant to pathogenesis of depression, e.g., dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), have also been widely performed recently. Integrating these multi-omics data will enable unveiling of depression risk genes and even underlying pathological mechanisms. Here, we employ summary data-based Mendelian randomization (SMR) and integrative risk gene selector (iRIGS) approaches to integrate multi-omics data from GWAS, DLPFC expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analyses and enhancer-promoter physical link studies to prioritize high-confidence risk genes for depression, followed by independent replications across distinct populations. These integrative analyses identify multiple high-confidence depression risk genes, and numerous lines of evidence supporting pivotal roles of the netrin 1 receptor (DCC) gene in this illness across different populations. Our subsequent explorative analyses further suggest that DCC significantly predicts neuroticism, well-being spectrum, cognitive function and putamen structure in general populations. Gene expression correlation and pathway analyses in DLPFC further show that DCC potentially participates in the biological processes and pathways underlying synaptic plasticity, axon guidance, circadian entrainment, as well as learning and long-term potentiation. These results are in agreement with the recent findings of this gene in neurodevelopment and psychiatric disorders, and we thus further confirm that DCC is an important susceptibility gene for depression, and might be a potential target for new antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Na Qu
- Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Research Center for Psychological and Health Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Li Hui
- Suzhou Guangji Hospital, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Cai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chu-Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Bao-Liang Zhong
- Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Research Center for Psychological and Health Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shu-Fang Zhang
- Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Research Center for Psychological and Health Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Research Center for Psychological and Health Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bin Xia
- Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Research Center for Psychological and Health Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiu-Fang Jia
- Suzhou Guangji Hospital, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hong Chang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Yi Li
- Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- Research Center for Psychological and Health Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Price AJ, Hwang T, Tao R, Burke EE, Rajpurohit A, Shin JH, Hyde TM, Kleinman JE, Jaffe AE, Weinberger DR. Characterizing the nuclear and cytoplasmic transcriptomes in developing and mature human cortex uncovers new insight into psychiatric disease gene regulation. Genome Res 2020; 30:1-11. [PMID: 31852722 PMCID: PMC6961577 DOI: 10.1101/gr.250217.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptome compartmentalization by the nuclear membrane provides both stochastic and functional buffering of transcript activity in the cytoplasm, and has recently been implicated in neurodegenerative disease processes. Although many mechanisms regulating transcript compartmentalization are also prevalent in brain development, the extent to which subcellular localization differs as the brain matures has yet to be addressed. To characterize the nuclear and cytoplasmic transcriptomes during brain development, we sequenced both RNA fractions from homogenate prenatal and adult human postmortem cortex using poly(A)+ and Ribo-Zero library preparation methods. We find that while many genes are differentially expressed by fraction and developmental expression changes are similarly detectable in nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA, the compartmented transcriptomes become more distinct as the brain matures, perhaps reflecting increased utilization of nuclear retention as a regulatory strategy in adult brain. We examined potential mechanisms of this developmental divergence including alternative splicing, RNA editing, nuclear pore composition, RNA-binding protein motif enrichment, and RNA secondary structure. Intron retention is associated with greater nuclear abundance in a subset of transcripts, as is enrichment for several splicing factor binding motifs. Finally, we examined disease association with fraction-regulated gene sets and found nuclear-enriched genes were also preferentially enriched in gene sets associated with neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. These results suggest that although gene-level expression is globally comparable between fractions, nuclear retention of transcripts may play an underappreciated role in developmental regulation of gene expression in brain, particularly in genes whose dysregulation is related to neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Price
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- McKusick Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Taeyoung Hwang
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Ran Tao
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Emily E Burke
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | | | - Joo Heon Shin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Thomas M Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Joel E Kleinman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Andrew E Jaffe
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- McKusick Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- McKusick Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Tregellas JR, Wylie KP. Alpha7 Nicotinic Receptors as Therapeutic Targets in Schizophrenia. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 21:349-356. [PMID: 30137618 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While current treatments for schizophrenia often provide much relief for positive symptoms such as hallucinations, other symptoms, particularly cognitive deficits, persist and contribute to substantial suffering and reduced quality of life for patients. In searching for novel therapeutic avenues to treat cognitive deficits in schizophrenia, recent work is exploring nicotinic receptor neurobiology. Supported by a large body of evidence, with contributions from studies of smoking behaviors, genetics, receptor distribution and function, animal models and nicotinic effects on illness symptoms, the alpha7 nicotinic receptor has emerged as a potential therapeutic target. Despite promise in early clinical trials, however, no drug targeting nicotinic systems has succeeded in larger phase 3 trials. Following a brief review of nicotinic receptor biology and the evidence that has led to pursuit of alpha7 nicotinic agonism as a therapeutic strategy, this review will provide an update on the status of recent trials, discuss potential issues that may have contributed to negative outcomes, and point to new directions and promising advances in developing alpha7 nicotinic receptor-based treatment for cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia. IMPLICATIONS By examining alpha7 nicotinic receptor biology and recent efforts to target the receptor in clinical trials, it is hoped that investigators will be motivated to explore novel, promising directions focusing on the receptor as a strategy to treat cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Tregellas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO.,Research Service, Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, CO
| | - Korey P Wylie
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO.,Research Service, Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, CO
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35
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Price AJ, Collado-Torres L, Ivanov NA, Xia W, Burke EE, Shin JH, Tao R, Ma L, Jia Y, Hyde TM, Kleinman JE, Weinberger DR, Jaffe AE. Divergent neuronal DNA methylation patterns across human cortical development reveal critical periods and a unique role of CpH methylation. Genome Biol 2019; 20:196. [PMID: 31554518 PMCID: PMC6761727 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-019-1805-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA methylation (DNAm) is a critical regulator of both development and cellular identity and shows unique patterns in neurons. To better characterize maturational changes in DNAm patterns in these cells, we profile the DNAm landscape at single-base resolution across the first two decades of human neocortical development in NeuN+ neurons using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing and compare them to non-neurons (primarily glia) and prenatal homogenate cortex. RESULTS We show that DNAm changes more dramatically during the first 5 years of postnatal life than during the entire remaining period. We further refine global patterns of increasingly divergent neuronal CpG and CpH methylation (mCpG and mCpH) into six developmental trajectories and find that in contrast to genome-wide patterns, neighboring mCpG and mCpH levels within these regions are highly correlated. We integrate paired RNA-seq data and identify putative regulation of hundreds of transcripts and their splicing events exclusively by mCpH levels, independently from mCpG levels, across this period. We finally explore the relationship between DNAm patterns and development of brain-related phenotypes and find enriched heritability for many phenotypes within identified DNAm features. CONCLUSIONS By profiling DNAm changes in NeuN-sorted neurons over the span of human cortical development, we identify novel, dynamic regions of DNAm that would be masked in homogenate DNAm data; expand on the relationship between CpG methylation, CpH methylation, and gene expression; and find enrichment particularly for neuropsychiatric diseases in genomic regions with cell type-specific, developmentally dynamic DNAm patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Price
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, 855 N Wolfe St, Ste 300, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (JHSOM), Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Leonardo Collado-Torres
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, 855 N Wolfe St, Ste 300, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nikolay A Ivanov
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, 855 N Wolfe St, Ste 300, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Wei Xia
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, 855 N Wolfe St, Ste 300, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Emily E Burke
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, 855 N Wolfe St, Ste 300, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Joo Heon Shin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, 855 N Wolfe St, Ste 300, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Ran Tao
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, 855 N Wolfe St, Ste 300, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Liang Ma
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, 855 N Wolfe St, Ste 300, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yankai Jia
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, 855 N Wolfe St, Ste 300, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Thomas M Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, 855 N Wolfe St, Ste 300, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, JHSOM, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, JHSOM, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joel E Kleinman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, 855 N Wolfe St, Ste 300, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, JHSOM, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, 855 N Wolfe St, Ste 300, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (JHSOM), Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, JHSOM, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, JHSOM, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, JHSOM, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew E Jaffe
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, 855 N Wolfe St, Ste 300, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (JHSOM), Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Center for Computational Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, JHSOM, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, JHSOM, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (JHBSPH), 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics, JHBSPH, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Freedman R, Hunter SK, Law AJ, Wagner BD, D’Alessandro A, Christians U, Noonan K, Wyrwa A, Hoffman MC. Higher Gestational Choline Levels in Maternal Infection Are Protective for Infant Brain Development. J Pediatr 2019; 208:198-206.e2. [PMID: 30879727 PMCID: PMC6707520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether maternal choline decreases effects of mothers' infections on fetal brain circuit development and on expression of infant behavior at 1 year of age. STUDY DESIGN A cross-sectional study was conducted in a public hospital obstetrics and midwifery service, with prenatal assessments of maternal infection, C-reactive protein, and choline level and postnatal assessments of cerebral neuronal inhibition in 162 newborns. At 1 year, 136 parents completed reports of their child's behavior. RESULTS Maternal infection at 16 weeks of gestation, experienced by 41% of mothers, raised mean maternal C-reactive protein (d' = 0.47, P = .002) and decreased the development of cerebral inhibition of auditory response at 1 month of age (d' = 0.39, P < .001). Decreased newborn cerebral inhibition manifested as decreased behavioral self-regulation at 1 year. Greater choline levels in mothers with infections were associated with improved newborn inhibition of auditory cerebral response, mitigating the effect of infection (β = -0.34 [95% CI, -5.35 to -0.14], P = .002). At 1 year of age, children of mothers with infection and greater gestational choline levels had improved development of self-regulation, approaching the level of children of mothers without infection (β = 0.29 [95% CI 0.05-0.54], P = .03). CONCLUSIONS Greater maternal choline, recommended by the American Medical Association as a prenatal supplement, is associated with greater self-regulation among infants who experienced common maternal infections during gestation. Behavioral problems with diminished self-regulation often lead to referrals to pediatricians and might lead to later mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Freedman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO.
| | - Sharon K. Hunter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine
| | - Amanda J Law
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine,,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine
| | - Brandie D. Wagner
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health (BDW)
| | - Angelo D’Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine
| | - Uwe Christians
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine
| | - Kathleen Noonan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine
| | - Anna Wyrwa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine
| | - M. Camille Hoffman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine,,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine
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Vornholt E, Luo D, Qiu W, McMichael GO, Liu Y, Gillespie N, Ma C, Vladimirov VI. Postmortem brain tissue as an underutilized resource to study the molecular pathology of neuropsychiatric disorders across different ethnic populations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 102:195-207. [PMID: 31028758 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, large scale meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have reliably identified genetic polymorphisms associated with neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BPD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the majority of disease-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) appear within functionally ambiguous non-coding genomic regions. Recently, increased emphasis has been placed on identifying the functional relevance of disease-associated variants via correlating risk polymorphisms with gene expression levels in etiologically relevant tissues. For neuropsychiatric disorders, the etiologically relevant tissue is brain, which requires robust postmortem sample sizes from varying genetic backgrounds. While small sample sizes are of decreasing concern, postmortem brain databases are composed almost exclusively of Caucasian samples, which significantly limits study design and result interpretation. In this review, we highlight the importance of gene expression and expression quantitative loci (eQTL) studies in clinically relevant postmortem tissue while addressing the current limitations of existing postmortem brain databases. Finally, we introduce future collaborations to develop postmortem brain databases for neuropsychiatric disorders from Chinese and Asian subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Vornholt
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh St., Biotech One, Suite 100, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
| | - Dan Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Wenying Qiu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, 100005, China
| | - Gowon O McMichael
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh St., Biotech One, Suite 100, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Yangyang Liu
- School of Education, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Nathan Gillespie
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh St., Biotech One, Suite 100, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; Department Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1200 East Broad Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Chao Ma
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, 100005, China; Joint Laboratory of Anesthesia and Pain, Peking Union Medical College. Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Vladimir I Vladimirov
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh St., Biotech One, Suite 100, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; Department Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1200 East Broad Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Center for Biomarker Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, 410 North 12th Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 East Marshall Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University, 855 North Wolfe Street, Suite 300, 3rd Floor, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Ori APS, Bot MHM, Molenhuis RT, Olde Loohuis LM, Ophoff RA. A Longitudinal Model of Human Neuronal Differentiation for Functional Investigation of Schizophrenia Polygenic Risk. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 85:544-553. [PMID: 30340753 PMCID: PMC6401362 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common psychiatric disorders are characterized by complex disease architectures with many small genetic effects that contribute and complicate biological understanding of their etiology. There is therefore a pressing need for in vitro experimental systems that allow for interrogation of polygenic psychiatric disease risk to study the underlying biological mechanisms. METHODS We have developed an analytical framework that integrates genome-wide disease risk from genome-wide association studies with longitudinal in vitro gene expression profiles of human neuronal differentiation. RESULTS We demonstrate that the cumulative impact of risk loci of specific psychiatric disorders is significantly associated with genes that are differentially expressed and upregulated during differentiation. We find the strongest evidence for schizophrenia, a finding that we replicate in an independent dataset. A longitudinal gene cluster involved in synaptic function primarily drives the association with schizophrenia risk. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal that in vitro human neuronal differentiation can be used to translate the polygenic architecture of schizophrenia to biologically relevant pathways that can be modeled in an experimental system. Overall, this work emphasizes the use of longitudinal in vitro transcriptomic signatures as a cellular readout and the application to the genetics of complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil P S Ori
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Merel H M Bot
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Remco T Molenhuis
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Loes M Olde Loohuis
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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39
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Jia P, Chen X, Xie W, Kendler KS, Zhao Z. Mega-analysis of Odds Ratio: A Convergent Method for a Deep Understanding of the Genetic Evidence in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2019; 45:698-708. [PMID: 29931221 PMCID: PMC6483587 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sby085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Numerous high-throughput omics studies have been conducted in schizophrenia, providing an accumulated catalog of susceptible variants and genes. The results from these studies, however, are highly heterogeneous. The variants and genes nominated by different omics studies often have limited overlap with each other. There is thus a pressing need for integrative analysis to unify the different types of data and provide a convergent view of schizophrenia candidate genes (SZgenes). In this study, we collected a comprehensive, multidimensional dataset, including 7819 brain-expressed genes. The data hosted genome-wide association evidence in genetics (eg, genotyping data, copy number variations, de novo mutations), epigenetics, transcriptomics, and literature mining. We developed a method named mega-analysis of odds ratio (MegaOR) to prioritize SZgenes. Application of MegaOR in the multidimensional data resulted in consensus sets of SZgenes (up to 530), each enriched with dense, multidimensional evidence. We proved that these SZgenes had highly tissue-specific expression in brain and nerve and had intensive interactions that were significantly stronger than chance expectation. Furthermore, we found these SZgenes were involved in human brain development by showing strong spatiotemporal expression patterns; these characteristics were replicated in independent brain expression datasets. Finally, we found the SZgenes were enriched in critical functional gene sets involved in neuronal activities, ligand gated ion signaling, and fragile X mental retardation protein targets. In summary, MegaOR analysis reported consensus sets of SZgenes with enriched association evidence to schizophrenia, providing insights into the pathophysiology underlying schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Jia
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Xiangning Chen
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV,Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV
| | - Wei Xie
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX,To whom correspondence should be addressed; School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 7000 Fannin St. Suite 820, Houston, TX 77030, USA; tel: 713-500-3631, fax: 713-500-3907, e-mail:
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Hari Dass SA, McCracken K, Pokhvisneva I, Chen LM, Garg E, Nguyen TTT, Wang Z, Barth B, Yaqubi M, McEwen LM, MacIsaac JL, Diorio J, Kobor MS, O'Donnell KJ, Meaney MJ, Silveira PP. A biologically-informed polygenic score identifies endophenotypes and clinical conditions associated with the insulin receptor function on specific brain regions. EBioMedicine 2019; 42:188-202. [PMID: 30922963 PMCID: PMC6491717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of brain insulin receptors modulates reward sensitivity, inhibitory control and memory. Variations in the functioning of this mechanism likely associate with individual differences in the risk for related mental disorders (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or ADHD, addiction, dementia), in agreement with the high co-morbidity between insulin resistance and psychopathology. These neurobiological mechanisms can be explored using genetic studies. We propose a novel, biologically informed genetic score reflecting the mesocorticolimbic and hippocampal insulin receptor-related gene networks, and investigate if it predicts endophenotypes (impulsivity, cognitive ability) in community samples of children, and psychopathology (addiction, dementia) in adults. METHODS Lists of genes co-expressed with the insulin receptor in the mesocorticolimbic system or hippocampus were created. SNPs from these genes (post-clumping) were compiled in a polygenic score using the association betas described in a conventional GWAS (ADHD in the mesocorticolimbic score and Alzheimer in the hippocampal score). Across multiple samples (n = 4502), the biologically informed, mesocorticolimbic or hippocampal specific insulin receptor polygenic scores were calculated, and their ability to predict impulsivity, risk for addiction, cognitive performance and presence of Alzheimer's disease was investigated. FINDINGS The biologically-informed ePRS-IR score showed better prediction of child impulsivity and cognitive performance, as well as risk for addiction and Alzheimer's disease in comparison to conventional polygenic scores for ADHD, addiction and dementia. INTERPRETATION This novel, biologically-informed approach enables the use of genomic datasets to probe relevant biological processes involved in neural function and disorders. FUND: Toxic Stress Research network of the JPB Foundation, Jacobs Foundation (Switzerland), Sackler Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantala A Hari Dass
- Sackler Institute for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Kathryn McCracken
- John Abbott College, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada; McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Irina Pokhvisneva
- Sackler Institute for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Lawrence M Chen
- Sackler Institute for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Elika Garg
- Sackler Institute for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Thao T T Nguyen
- Sackler Institute for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Zihan Wang
- Sackler Institute for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Barbara Barth
- McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Moein Yaqubi
- McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Lisa M McEwen
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Julie L MacIsaac
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Josie Diorio
- Sackler Institute for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Michael S Kobor
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Kieran J O'Donnell
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada; Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada; Sackler Institute for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Michael J Meaney
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada; Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada; Sackler Institute for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, 30 Medical Drive, 117609, Singapore
| | - Patricia P Silveira
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada; Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada; Sackler Institute for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada.
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Carter CJ. Autism genes and the leukocyte transcriptome in autistic toddlers relate to pathogen interactomes, infection and the immune system. A role for excess neurotrophic sAPPα and reduced antimicrobial Aβ. Neurochem Int 2019; 126:36-58. [PMID: 30862493 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal and early childhood infections have been implicated in autism. Many autism susceptibility genes (206 Autworks genes) are localised in the immune system and are related to immune/infection pathways. They are enriched in the host/pathogen interactomes of 18 separate microbes (bacteria/viruses and fungi) and to the genes regulated by bacterial toxins, mycotoxins and Toll-like receptor ligands. This enrichment was also observed for misregulated genes from a microarray study of leukocytes from autistic toddlers. The upregulated genes from this leukocyte study also matched the expression profiles in response to numerous infectious agents from the Broad Institute molecular signatures database. They also matched genes related to sudden infant death syndrome and autism comorbid conditions (autoimmune disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes, epilepsy and cardiomyopathy) as well as to estrogen and thyrotropin responses and to those upregulated by different types of stressors including oxidative stress, hypoxia, endoplasmic reticulum stress, ultraviolet radiation or 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene, a hapten used to develop allergic skin reactions in animal models. The oxidative/integrated stress response is also upregulated in the autism brain and may contribute to myelination problems. There was also a marked similarity between the expression signatures of autism and Alzheimer's disease, and 44 shared autism/Alzheimer's disease genes are almost exclusively expressed in the blood-brain barrier. However, in contrast to Alzheimer's disease, levels of the antimicrobial peptide beta-amyloid are decreased and the levels of the neurotrophic/myelinotrophic soluble APP alpha are increased in autism, together with an increased activity of α-secretase. sAPPα induces an increase in glutamatergic and a decrease in GABA-ergic synapses creating and excitatory/inhibitory imbalance that has also been observed in autism. A literature survey showed that multiple autism genes converge on APP processing and that many are able to increase sAPPalpha at the expense of beta-amyloid production. A genetically programmed tilt of this axis towards an overproduction of neurotrophic/gliotrophic sAPPalpha and underproduction of antimicrobial beta-amyloid may explain the brain overgrowth and myelination dysfunction, as well as the involvement of pathogens in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Carter
- PolygenicPathways, 41C Marina, Saint Leonard's on Sea, TN38 0BU, East Sussex, UK.
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42
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Clifton NE, Hannon E, Harwood JC, Di Florio A, Thomas KL, Holmans PA, Walters JTR, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Pocklington AJ, Hall J. Dynamic expression of genes associated with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder across development. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:74. [PMID: 30718481 PMCID: PMC6362023 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0405-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Common genetic variation contributes a substantial proportion of risk for both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Furthermore, there is evidence of significant, but not complete, overlap in genetic risk between the two disorders. It has been hypothesised that genetic variants conferring risk for these disorders do so by influencing brain development, leading to the later emergence of symptoms. The comparative profile of risk gene expression for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder across development over different brain regions however remains unclear. Using genotypes derived from genome-wide associations studies of the largest available cohorts of patients and control subjects, we investigated whether genes enriched for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder association show a bias for expression across any of 13 developmental stages in prefrontal cortical and subcortical brain regions. We show that genetic association with schizophrenia is positively correlated with expression in the prefrontal cortex during early midfetal development and early infancy, and negatively correlated with expression during late childhood, which stabilises in adolescence. In contrast, risk-associated genes for bipolar disorder did not exhibit a bias towards expression at any prenatal stage, although the pattern of postnatal expression was similar to that of schizophrenia. These results highlight the dynamic expression of genes harbouring risk for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder across prefrontal cortex development and support the hypothesis that prenatal neurodevelopmental events are more strongly associated with schizophrenia than bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Clifton
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Eilís Hannon
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Janet C Harwood
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Arianna Di Florio
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kerrie L Thomas
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Peter A Holmans
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James T R Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrew J Pocklington
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Gao W, Grewen K, Knickmeyer RC, Qiu A, Salzwedel A, Lin W, Gilmore JH. A review on neuroimaging studies of genetic and environmental influences on early brain development. Neuroimage 2019; 185:802-812. [PMID: 29673965 PMCID: PMC6191379 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decades witnessed a surge of interest in neuroimaging study of normal and abnormal early brain development. Structural and functional studies of normal early brain development revealed massive structural maturation as well as sequential, coordinated, and hierarchical emergence of functional networks during the infancy period, providing a great foundation for the investigation of abnormal early brain development mechanisms. Indeed, studies of altered brain development associated with either genetic or environmental risks emerged and thrived. In this paper, we will review selected studies of genetic and environmental risks that have been relatively more extensively investigated-familial risks, candidate risk genes, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on the genetic side; maternal mood disorders and prenatal drug exposures on the environmental side. Emerging studies on environment-gene interactions will also be reviewed. Our goal was not to perform an exhaustive review of all studies in the field but to leverage some representative ones to summarize the current state, point out potential limitations, and elicit discussions on important future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute (BIRI), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Karen Grewen
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, and Psychology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Rebecca C Knickmeyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, N.C, United States
| | - Anqi Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrew Salzwedel
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute (BIRI), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, CA, United States
| | - Weili Lin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - John H Gilmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, N.C, United States
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Prenatal Neuropathologies in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability: The Gestation of a Comprehensive Zebrafish Model. J Dev Biol 2018; 6:jdb6040029. [PMID: 30513623 PMCID: PMC6316217 DOI: 10.3390/jdb6040029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID) are neurodevelopmental disorders with overlapping diagnostic behaviors and risk factors. These include embryonic exposure to teratogens and mutations in genes that have important functions prenatally. Animal models, including rodents and zebrafish, have been essential in delineating mechanisms of neuropathology and identifying developmental critical periods, when those mechanisms are most sensitive to disruption. This review focuses on how the developmentally accessible zebrafish is contributing to our understanding of prenatal pathologies that set the stage for later ASD-ID behavioral deficits. We discuss the known factors that contribute prenatally to ASD-ID and the recent use of zebrafish to model deficits in brain morphogenesis and circuit development. We conclude by suggesting that a future challenge in zebrafish ASD-ID modeling will be to bridge prenatal anatomical and physiological pathologies to behavioral deficits later in life.
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45
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Jaffe AE, Straub RE, Shin JH, Tao R, Gao Y, Collado-Torres L, Kam-Thong T, Xi HS, Quan J, Chen Q, Colantuoni C, Ulrich WS, Maher BJ, Deep-Soboslay A, Cross AJ, Brandon NJ, Leek JT, Hyde TM, Kleinman JE, Weinberger DR. Developmental and genetic regulation of the human cortex transcriptome illuminate schizophrenia pathogenesis. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:1117-1125. [PMID: 30050107 PMCID: PMC6438700 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0197-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified 108 schizophrenia risk loci, but biological mechanisms for individual loci are largely unknown. Using developmental, genetic and illness-based RNA sequencing expression analysis in human brain, we characterized the human brain transcriptome around these loci and found enrichment for developmentally regulated genes with novel examples of shifting isoform usage across pre- and postnatal life. We found widespread expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs), including many with transcript specificity and previously unannotated sequence that were independently replicated. We leveraged this general eQTL database to show that 48.1% of risk variants for schizophrenia associate with nearby expression. We lastly found 237 genes significantly differentially expressed between patients and controls, which replicated in an independent dataset, implicated synaptic processes, and were strongly regulated in early development. These findings together offer genetics- and diagnosis-related targets for better modeling of schizophrenia risk. This resource is publicly available at http://eqtl.brainseq.org/phase1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Jaffe
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Center for Computational Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Richard E Straub
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joo Heon Shin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ran Tao
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yuan Gao
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leonardo Collado-Torres
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tony Kam-Thong
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hualin S Xi
- Computational Sciences, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jie Quan
- Computational Sciences, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Qiang Chen
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carlo Colantuoni
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William S Ulrich
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brady J Maher
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy Deep-Soboslay
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan J Cross
- Neuroscience, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey T Leek
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas M Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joel E Kleinman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Erben L, He MX, Laeremans A, Park E, Buonanno A. A Novel Ultrasensitive In Situ Hybridization Approach to Detect Short Sequences and Splice Variants with Cellular Resolution. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6169-6181. [PMID: 29264769 PMCID: PMC5994223 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0834-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Investigating the expression of RNAs that differ by short or single nucleotide sequences at a single-cell level in tissue has been limited by the sensitivity and specificity of in situ hybridization (ISH) techniques. Detection of short isoform-specific sequences requires RNA isolation for PCR analysis-an approach that loses the regional and cell-type-specific distribution of isoforms. Having the capability to distinguish the differential expression of RNA variants in tissue is critical because alterations in mRNA splicing and editing, as well as coding single nucleotide polymorphisms, have been associated with numerous cancers, neurological and psychiatric disorders. Here we introduce a novel highly sensitive single-probe colorimetric/fluorescent ISH approach that targets short exon/exon RNA splice junctions using single-pair oligonucleotide probes (~ 50 bp). We use this approach to investigate, with single-cell resolution, the expression of four transcripts encoding the neuregulin (NRG) receptor ErbB4 that differ by alternative splicing of exons encoding two juxtamembrane (JMa/JMb) and two cytoplasmic (CYT-1/CYT-2) domains that alter receptor stability and signaling modes, respectively. By comparing ErbB4 hybridization on sections from wild-type and ErbB4 knockout mice (missing exon 2), we initially demonstrate that single-pair probes provide the sensitivity and specificity to visualize and quantify the differential expression of ErbB4 isoforms. Using cell-type-specific GFP reporter mice, we go on to demonstrate that expression of ErbB4 isoforms differs between neurons and oligodendrocytes, and that this differential expression of ErbB4 isoforms is evolutionarily conserved to humans. This single-pair probe ISH approach, known as BaseScope, could serve as an invaluable diagnostic tool to detect alternative spliced isoforms, and potentially single base polymorphisms, associated with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Erben
- Section on Molecular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bldg. 35, Room 2C-1000, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ming-Xiao He
- Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Newark, CA, 94560, USA
| | | | - Emily Park
- Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Newark, CA, 94560, USA
| | - Andres Buonanno
- Section on Molecular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bldg. 35, Room 2C-1000, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Freedman R, Hunter SK, Hoffman MC. Prenatal Primary Prevention of Mental Illness by Micronutrient Supplements in Pregnancy. Am J Psychiatry 2018; 175:607-619. [PMID: 29558816 PMCID: PMC6984656 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17070836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Genes, infection, malnutrition, and other factors affecting fetal brain development are a major component of risk for a child's emotional development and later mental illnesses, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism. Prenatal interventions to ameliorate that risk have yet to be established for clinical use. A systematic review of prenatal nutrients and childhood emotional development and later mental illness was performed. Randomized trials of folic acid, phosphatidylcholine, and omega-3 fatty acid supplements assess effects of doses beyond those adequate to remedy deficiencies to promote normal fetal development despite genetic and environmental risks. Folic acid to prevent neural tube defects is an example. Vitamins A and D are currently recommended at maximum levels, but women's incomplete compliance permits observational studies of their effects. Folic acid and phosphatidylcholine supplements have shown evidence for improving childhood emotional development associated with later mental illnesses. Vitamins A and D decreased the risk for schizophrenia and autism in retrospective observations. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation during early pregnancy increased the risk for schizophrenia and increased symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, but in later pregnancy it decreased childhood wheezing and premature birth. Studies are complicated by the length of time between birth and the emergence of mental illnesses like schizophrenia, compared with anomalies like facial clefts identified at birth. As part of comprehensive maternal and fetal care, prenatal nutrient interventions should be further considered as uniquely effective first steps in decreasing risk for future psychiatric and other illnesses in newborn children. [AJP at 175: Remembering Our Past As We Envision Our Future July 1959: Longitudinal Observations of Biological Deviations in a Schizophrenic Infant Barbara Fish described the course of an infant born with fluctuating motor problems who developed schizophrenia. (Am J Psychiatry 1959; 116:25-31 )].
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Freedman
- From the Institute for Children’s Mental Disorders and the Departments of Psychiatry and of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - Sharon K. Hunter
- From the Institute for Children’s Mental Disorders and the Departments of Psychiatry and of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - M. Camille Hoffman
- From the Institute for Children’s Mental Disorders and the Departments of Psychiatry and of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
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48
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Proceedings of the 2017 annual meeting of the Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders study group. Alcohol 2018; 69:7-14. [PMID: 29550584 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The 2017 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Study Group (FASDSG) meeting was titled "Prenatal alcohol exposure in the context of multiple factors affecting brain development." The theme was reflected in the interactions between members of the Teratology Society and the FASDSG this year. The first keynote speaker, Elaine Faustman, Ph.D., was a liaison between the societies and spoke about systems biology and the multiple genetic and environmental influences on development. The second keynote speaker, Rebecca Knickmeyer, Ph.D., discussed population neuroscience and multiple influences on brain development. The conference presented updates from three government agencies and short presentations by junior and senior investigators showcasing late-breaking FASD research. The conference was capped by Dr. John Hannigan, Ph.D., the recipient of the 2017 Henry Rosett award for career-long contributions to the field.
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49
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Investigating the neuroimmunogenic architecture of schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1251-1260. [PMID: 28485405 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The role of the immune system in schizophrenia remains controversial despite numerous studies to date. Most studies have profiled expression of select genes or proteins in peripheral blood, but none have focused on the expression of canonical pathways that mediate overall immune response. The current study used a systematic genetic approach to investigate the role of the immune system in a large sample of post-mortem brain of patients with schizophrenia: RNA sequencing was performed to assess the differential expression of 561 immune genes and 20 immune pathways in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (144 schizophrenia and 196 control subjects) and hippocampus (83 schizophrenia and 187 control subjects). The effect of RNA quality on gene expression was found to be highly correlated with the effect of diagnosis even after adjustment for observable RNA quality parameters (i.e. RNA integrity), thus this confounding relationship was statistically controlled using principal components derived from the gene expression matrix. In DLPFC, 23 immune genes were found to be differentially expressed (false discovery rate <0.05), of which seven genes replicated in both directionality and at nominal significance (P<0.05) in an independent post-mortem DLPFC data set (182 schizophrenia and 212 control subjects), although notably at least five of these genes have prominent roles in pathways other than immune function and overall the effect sizes were minimal (fold change <1.1). In the hippocampus, no individual immune genes were identified to be differentially expressed, and in both DLPFC and hippocampus none of the individual immune pathways were relatively differentially expressed. Further, genomic schizophrenia risk profiles scores were not correlated with the expression of individual immune pathways or differentially expressed genes. Overall, past reports claiming a primary pathogenic role of the immune system intrinsic to the brain in schizophrenia could not be confirmed.
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Lombardo MV, Moon HM, Su J, Palmer TD, Courchesne E, Pramparo T. Maternal immune activation dysregulation of the fetal brain transcriptome and relevance to the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1001-1013. [PMID: 28322282 PMCID: PMC5608645 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Maternal immune activation (MIA) via infection during pregnancy is known to increase risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, it is unclear how MIA disrupts fetal brain gene expression in ways that may explain this increased risk. Here we examine how MIA dysregulates rat fetal brain gene expression (at a time point analogous to the end of the first trimester of human gestation) in ways relevant to ASD-associated pathophysiology. MIA downregulates expression of ASD-associated genes, with the largest enrichments in genes known to harbor rare highly penetrant mutations. MIA also downregulates expression of many genes also known to be persistently downregulated in the ASD cortex later in life and which are canonically known for roles in affecting prenatally late developmental processes at the synapse. Transcriptional and translational programs that are downstream targets of highly ASD-penetrant FMR1 and CHD8 genes are also heavily affected by MIA. MIA strongly upregulates expression of a large number of genes involved in translation initiation, cell cycle, DNA damage and proteolysis processes that affect multiple key neural developmental functions. Upregulation of translation initiation is common to and preserved in gene network structure with the ASD cortical transcriptome throughout life and has downstream impact on cell cycle processes. The cap-dependent translation initiation gene, EIF4E, is one of the most MIA-dysregulated of all ASD-associated genes and targeted network analyses demonstrate prominent MIA-induced transcriptional dysregulation of mTOR and EIF4E-dependent signaling. This dysregulation of translation initiation via alteration of the Tsc2-mTor-Eif4e axis was further validated across MIA rodent models. MIA may confer increased risk for ASD by dysregulating key aspects of fetal brain gene expression that are highly relevant to pathophysiology affecting ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Lombardo
- Center for Applied Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus,Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Neuroscience University of California, San Diego, 8110 La Jolla Shores Drive Suite 201, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. E-mail: or
| | - H M Moon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - J Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - T D Palmer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - E Courchesne
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - T Pramparo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA,Neuroscience University of California, San Diego, 8110 La Jolla Shores Drive Suite 201, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. E-mail: or
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