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Al Yahfoufi Z. Prevalence of Periodontal Destruction and Putative Periodontal Pathogens in the Same Lebanese Family. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017; 18:970-976. [PMID: 28989139 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM Periodontal diseases are associated with microorganisms rich in Gram-negative species. Several studies have indicated the presence of few a periodontopathic microorganisms in the same family. A parent with severe adult periodontitis, who is infected with bacteria associated with periodontal disease, may function as a source of infection. Their children may be at a greater risk to become colonized with bacteria. The purpose of this investigation was (1) to explore the presence of three bacteria, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis (PG), Prevotella intermedia (PI), and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (AA) in the same Lebanese family and (2) to study the clinical destruction in the same family and their relations as members of this family due to the presence of PG. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 10 families were screened; only 5 (13 females and 5 males) were selected for this study, and at least one member of the family had untreated periodontal disease, chronic or aggressive. Every participant signed an informed consent form. A total of 18 available deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) samples were taken to analyze the presence of three periodontal bacteria. STATISTICS Multiple logistic regression was used for the exact methods. RESULTS All 18 patients showed a positive result for PI. Also, PG. was recognized in 15 patients while AA was not detected in any of the subjects. All couples suffered from periodontitis, chronic or aggressive forms, five children suffered from gingivitis, three children had no clinical manifestation, and only one suffered from localized aggressive periodontitis. The statistical analysis showed with each 1 year of increase in age, the odds of having periodontal disease multiply by 1.39, i.e., age as a risk factor for periodontal disease due to the presence of PG and sharing the same plate. CONCLUSION This investigation demonstrates a high prevalence of periodontal microorganisms in children and young adults of Lebanese periodontitis parents and a microbiological similarity between the children and their mothers. All these factors could be a high risk of developing periodontal disease in the future. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This article shows that vertical transmission of microorganisms is a possible risk factor for developing periodontal disease in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoubeida Al Yahfoufi
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon, Phone: +9613861143, e-mail:
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Merglova V, Koberova-Ivancakova R, Broukal Z, Dort J. The presence of cariogenic and periodontal pathogens in the oral cavity of one-year-old infants delivered pre-term with very low birthweights: a case control study. BMC Oral Health 2014; 14:109. [PMID: 25178742 PMCID: PMC4236672 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6831-14-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, the dental literature has focused mainly on the microbial colonization of healthy full-term infants and their mothers or caretakers. However, oral microbial acquisition by premature infants has not been adequately investigated, and the correlation between pre-term birth and the presence of cariogenic and periodontal pathogens has not been determined. The aim of this study was to identify the presence and quantities of representative cariogenic and periodontal pathogens in the oral cavities of 12-month-old infants and compare the occurrence of these microbes between a cohort of pre-term infants with very low birthweights and a control cohort comprising full-term infants. Methods The research cohort was composed of 69 one-year-old infants, of whom 24 were born prematurely with very low birthweights and 45 of whom were carried to full term. Information regarding the infants’ gestational age, mode of delivery, general health status, birthweight and antibiotic use were obtained from hospital records and through oral interviews. At 12 months of age, both groups of infants were examined, and unstimulated saliva samples from the dorsum of the tongue and dental plaque samples were collected. The microorganisms (Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus spp., Actinomyces spp., Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Peptostreptococcus micros, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum) were identified and their quantities were evaluated using a PCR-based method. The chi-squared and Fisher’s factorial tests were used for the statistical evaluations. Results The infants had a high prevalence of cariogenic microbes and of Fusosbacterium nucleatum and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Cariogenic microbes were detected in 91.7% of the very low birthweight infants and in all full-term infants. Periodontal pathogens were present in 83% of the pre-term infants and in 96% of the full-term infants. A significant difference was found between the cohorts in terms of the presence of S. mutans. Most of the very low birthweight infants had negative values of this microbe, while the full-term infants had positive values. Conclusions This study confirms the early transmission of representative cariogenic and periodontal pathogens to the oral cavity of one-year-old infants and a higher prevalence of S. mutans in full-term infants than in premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlasta Merglova
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Alej Svobody 80, 304 60 Pilsen, Czech Republic.
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Jiao Y, Darzi Y, Tawaratsumida K, Marchesan JT, Hasegawa M, Moon H, Chen GY, Núñez G, Giannobile WV, Raes J, Inohara N. Induction of bone loss by pathobiont-mediated Nod1 signaling in the oral cavity. Cell Host Microbe 2013; 13:595-601. [PMID: 23684310 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a common disease that is characterized by resorption of the alveolar bone and mediated by commensal bacteria that trigger host immune responses and bone destruction through unidentified mechanisms. We report that Nod1, an innate intracellular host receptor for bacterial peptidoglycan-related molecules, is critical for commensal-induced periodontitis in a mouse model. Mice lacking Nod1 exhibit reduced bone resorption as well as impaired recruitment of neutrophils to gingival tissues and osteoclasts to the alveolar bone, which mediate tissue and bone destruction. Further analysis showed that accumulation of a Nod1-stimulating commensal bacterium, NI1060, at gingival sites was sufficient to induce neutrophil recruitment and bone resorption. Genomic sequencing revealed that NI1060 is a mouse-specific bacterium that is related to bacteria associated with the development of aggressive periodontitis in humans. These findings provide insight into commensal-host interactions contributing to periodontitis and identify a potential target for preventing this common oral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizu Jiao
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Youssef Darzi
- Department of Structural Biology, Flemish Institute for Biotechnology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kazuki Tawaratsumida
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Julie T Marchesan
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mizuho Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Henry Moon
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Grace Y Chen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - William V Giannobile
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jeroen Raes
- Department of Structural Biology, Flemish Institute for Biotechnology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Naohiro Inohara
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Lee Y, Tchaou WSS, Welch KB, Loesche WJ. The transmission of BANA-positive periodontal bacterial species from caregivers to children. J Am Dent Assoc 2006; 137:1539-46. [PMID: 17082280 DOI: 10.14219/jada.archive.2006.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the authors' study was to use the N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-2-naphthy-lamide (BANA) test (BANAMet LLC, Ann Arbor, Mich.) to obtain information regarding the prevalence of an enzyme unique to certain periodontal pathogens in plaque samples of children, as well as the potential transmission of these pathogens from caregivers to children. METHODS The authors tested 218 subjects (3 to 10 years old) and 195 care-givers at four pediatric dentistry clinics in Taipei, Taiwan. RESULTS Forty-four percent of the children had at least one plaque sample that tested positive and/or weakly positive. Positive results were more frequent in the mixed dentition, as well as in children with gingivitis (P < .001). A logistic regression model showed that if the BANA test results for the care-giver were positive, the odds of the child's also having positive test results were 55 times greater (P < .001; confidence interval [CI] = 14 to 224) than those for a child whose caregiver had negative BANA test results. Other predictors were the presence of a mixed dentition (P < .001; odds ratio [OR] = 11; CI = 3.5 to 33.5) and the children's papillary bleeding scores (P < .001, OR = 3.1, CI = 2.0 to 4.7). CONCLUSION The BANA test results were positive for almost one-half of the children. A positive reaction was associated with gingivitis, a mixed dentition, a BANA-positive caregiver or a caregiver with a history of periodontal disease in the family. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS The authors propose an anaerobic periodontal infection risk model in which children with a mixed dentition who have gingivitis and a caregiver with a history of periodontal disease would undergo the BANA test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Lee
- Dental Rehabilitation Center for Children, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taiwan
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Lee Y, Straffon LH, Welch KB, Loesche WJ. The transmission of anaerobic periodontopathic organisms. J Dent Res 2006; 85:182-6. [PMID: 16434739 DOI: 10.1177/154405910608500213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral microbial flora is unique, and available evidence indicates that it is passed vertically from parents to children. In this investigation, we used a chairside assay for the N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-2-naphthylamide (BANA)-sensitive enzyme found in Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythensis, to determine the prevalence of these BANA-positive species in young children and their caregivers. We predicted that if the BANA enzyme was found in plaque samples of children, it would also be present in the plaque samples of the caregivers. Forty-four percent of 150 children had at least one plaque sample positive for the BANA enzyme. If the caregiver was BANA-positive, the odds of the child also being BANA-positive was 35 times more than for a child with a BANA-negative caregiver, after adjustment for the child's age and papillary bleeding score (PBS). Other significant predictors were the PBS of children (p < 0.001), a history of periodontal disease, and the ages of the caregivers (p < 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lee
- Department of Orthodontic and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
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6
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Tamura K, Nakano K, Hayashibara T, Nomura R, Fujita K, Shintani S, Ooshima T. Distribution of 10 periodontal bacteria in saliva samples from Japanese children and their mothers. Arch Oral Biol 2006; 51:371-7. [PMID: 16269128 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2005.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Revised: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 09/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We analyzed the distribution of 10 periodontal bacteria species (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythensis, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, Campylobacter rectus, Eikenella corrodens, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Capnocytophaga ochracea, Capnocytophaga sputigena, and Treponema denticola) in children, and then compared their distribution in those children and their mothers, with special attention given to three of the species known as the red complex (P. gingivalis, T. forsythensis, and T. denticola) whose presence has been shown to be associated with conditions related to periodontal diseases. METHODS One hundred thirteen pairs of children and their mothers were randomly selected from patients treated at the Pedodontic Clinic of Osaka University Dental Hospital. Saliva samples were taken at the second visit prior to receiving professional tooth brushing instruction. Genomic DNA was extracted from each saliva sample, followed by a polymerase chain reaction assay with species-specific sets of primers. RESULTS A. actinomycetemcomitans was the most frequently detected species in the mothers, followed by C. sputigena, P. gingivalis, and T. forsythensis, while C. sputigena had the highest detection rate, followed by A. actinomycetemcomitans and T. denticola in the children. The detection rate of the red complex species in children whose mothers possessed the same species was significantly higher than in those whose mothers did not possess them. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate a correlation between the presence of periodontal bacteria in children and their mothers, while the presence of red complex bacteria in children was highly associated with that in their mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoko Tamura
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Lancaster H, Bedi R, Wilson M, Mullany P. The maintenance in the oral cavity of children of tetracycline-resistant bacteria and the genes encoding such resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 56:524-31. [PMID: 16027144 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dki259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the maintenance of tetracycline-resistant oral bacteria and the genes encoding tetracycline resistance in these bacteria in children (aged 4--6 years) over a period of 12 months. METHODS Plaque and saliva samples were taken from 26 children. Tetracycline-resistant bacteria were isolated and identified. The types of resistance genes and their genetic locations were also determined. RESULTS Fifteen out of 18 children harboured tetracycline-resistant (defined as having a MIC>or=8 mg/L) oral bacteria at all three time points. The median percentage of tetracycline-resistant bacteria at 0, 6 and 12 months was 1.37, 1.37 and 0.85%, respectively; these were not significantly different. The MIC(50) of the group was 64 mg/L at all three time points compared with the MIC(90), which was 64 mg/L at 0 months, and 128 mg/L at 6 and 12 months. The most prevalent resistant species were streptococci (68%), which were isolated at all three time points in 13 children. The most prevalent gene encoding tetracycline resistance was tet(M) and this was found in different species at all three time points. For the first time, tet(32) was found in Streptococcus parasanguinis and Eubacterium saburreum. PCR and Southern-blot analysis (on isolates from three of the children) showed that the tet(M) gene was located on a Tn916-like element and could be detected at all three time points, in four different genera, Streptococcus, Granulicatella, Veillonella and Neisseria. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that tetracycline-resistant bacteria and tet(M) are maintained within the indigenous oral microbiota of children, even though they are unlikely to have been directly exposed to tetracycline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holli Lancaster
- Division of Microbial Diseases, Eastman Dental Institute for Oral Health Care Sciences, University College London, London, WC1X 8LD, UK
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuji Nishihara
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Kyushu Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
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Lancaster H, Ready D, Mullany P, Spratt D, Bedi R, Wilson M. Prevalence and identification of tetracycline-resistant oral bacteria in children not receiving antibiotic therapy. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2003; 228:99-104. [PMID: 14612243 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00740-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of tetracycline-resistant oral bacteria in healthy 4- and 6-year-old children who had not received antibiotics during the 3 months prior to sampling was investigated. Of the 47 children sampled, 46 harboured tetracycline-resistant bacteria. The median proportion of cultivable anaerobic and aerobic oral bacteria resistant to tetracycline was 1.1% and the MIC50 of these was 64 microg ml(-1). The majority (56%) of tetracycline-resistant bacteria were resistant to at least one other antibiotic, usually erythromycin. The most commonly identified tetracycline-resistant bacteria were the oral streptococci (65%), the next most prevalent groups were Veillonella spp. (10%) and Neisseria spp. (9%). The most frequently identified tetracycline resistance determinant was tet(M). The results of this study have shown that tetracycline-resistant oral bacteria were widespread amongst the children studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holli Lancaster
- Eastman Dental Institute for Oral Health Care Sciences, University College London, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK
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10
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Abstract
At the present time, the diagnosis and classification of periodontal diseases are almost entirely based on traditional clinical assessments. Supplemental quantitative and qualitative assessments of the gingival crevicular fluid and subgingival microflora can potentially provide useful information about the patient's periodontal disease. In certain situations, these supplemental risk-assessment tests may be particularly valuable in establishing the endpoint of therapy prior to placing patients on a periodontal maintenance program. Although the clinical utility of none of these tests has been validated, their further development is warranted. A genetic test for susceptibility to periodontitis has become commercially available. How best to use this and future host-based tests in clinical practice remains to be determined. Probing depth and clinical attachment loss measurements obtained with periodontal probes are practical and valid methods for assessing periodontal status. Computer-linked, controlled-force electronic periodontal probes are commercially available and are currently in use by some practitioners. Many of the logistical problems associated with subtraction radiography are being overcome and this powerful diagnostic tool may soon come into widespread use. Future developments in this and other imaging techniques are likely to have a profound effect on our approach to the diagnosis of periodontal diseases.
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Tanner ACR, Milgrom PM, Kent R, Mokeem SA, Page RC, Liao SIA, Riedy CA, Bruss JB. Similarity of the oral microbiota of pre-school children with that of their caregivers in a population-based study. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 17:379-87. [PMID: 12485330 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-302x.2002.170608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the similarity between the oral microbiota of young children and that of their adult caregivers. Oral samples from children (174 dentate and 18 pre-dentate) aged 6-36 months and their caregivers in Saipan were assayed using a DNA probe assay. Many species including Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces species, Campylobacter rectus, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, and Porphyromonas gingivalis were detected in dentate and pre-dentate children, whereas Bacteroides forsythus was detected only in dentate children. A higher percentage of children were positive for the detection of an individual species if the caregiver was also positive. There were significant relative risks of species detection between dentate children and their caregivers. By logistic regression, there were significant positive associations between species detection in caregiver and in child, but not between species detection and child age or maternal education level. In conclusion, dental pathogens were detected in young, including pre-dentate, children. The microbial profiles of children were strongly associated with the microbiota of their caregivers.
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12
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Rosa OPDS, da Silva SMB, Costa B, Torres SA, Passanezi E. Periodontopathogens in the saliva and subgingival dental plaque of a group of mothers. PESQUISA ODONTOLOGICA BRASILEIRA = BRAZILIAN ORAL RESEARCH 2002; 16:313-8. [PMID: 12612769 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-74912002000400006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the periodontal condition and the presence of putative periodontal pathogens in 30 Brazilian mothers, aging 21-40 years (28.4 4.49 years), and in their children, aging 5-6 years, since mothers can be a source of pathogens and, thus, influence their children's bacteriological and clinical condition. Besides assessing the plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI) and pocket probing depth (PD), the survey analyzed four subgingival dental plaque samples from mothers and children, as well as a sample of stimulated saliva from mothers. Those samples were analyzed by means of the slot immunoblot (SIB) technique, in order to determine the presence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Prevotella nigrescens (Pn), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Treponema denticola (Td). The mean values and standard deviations of the evaluated clinical variables for mothers and children were, respectively: 1.86 0.67 and 1.64 0.68 for PI, and 1.24 0.67 and 0.82 0.37, for GI. Only for mothers, the total PD was 1.81 0.69 mm, and the PD of four sites was 4.03 1.40 mm. The Wilcoxon test revealed significant difference (p < 0.05) between mothers and their children only as to GI. The most prevalent bacteria in mothers were, in decreasing order: Aa, Pn, Pg and Td. The children presented patterns of oral hygiene and bacterial profiles similar to those of their mothers, in spite of the fact that most of them did not present enough subgingival plaque for testing. The comparison between mothers' subgingival dental plaque and saliva samples revealed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) for all bacteria, with greater positivity and scores in the saliva, which demonstrates that it is an indicator of oral colonization and can work as a vehicle for the transmission of periodontopathogens from mothers to their children.
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Yang EY, Tanner ACR, Milgrom P, Mokeem SA, Riedy CA, Spadafora AT, Page RC, Bruss J. Periodontal pathogen detection in gingiva/tooth and tongue flora samples from 18- to 48-month-old children and periodontal status of their mothers. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 17:55-9. [PMID: 11860557 DOI: 10.1046/j.0902-0055.2001.00092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have detected periodontal pathogens in young children, and when detected the prevalence has been relatively low. In this epidemiological study, we determined the prevalence of periodontal pathogen colonization in young children and examined the relationship between periodontitis in mothers and detection of periodontal pathogens in their children aged 18-48 months. Children were selected and enrolled randomly into the study; tongue and gingival/tooth plaque samples were harvested and analyzed by DNA probe checkerboard assay for Porphyromonas gingivalis and Bacteroides forsythus. Clinical measurements included a gingival bleeding score in the children and a periodontal screening and recording (PSR) score in the mothers. Mothers having one or more periodontal sites with probing depths > 5.5 mm were classified as having periodontitis. In this population, 71% (66/93) of the 18- to 48-month-old children were infected with at least one periodontal pathogen. Detection rates for children were 68.8% for P. gingivalis and 29.0% for B. forsythus. About 13.8% (11/80) of children had gingival bleeding in response to a toothpick inserted interproximally. Children in whom B. forsythus was detected were about 6 times more likely to have gingival bleeding than other children. There was no relationship between bleeding and detection of P. gingivalis. 17.0% (16/94) of the mothers had periodontitis. When all mother-child pairs were considered, the periodontal status of the mother was found not to be a determinant for detection of periodontal pathogens in the floral samples from the children. However, the odds ratio that a daughter of a mother with periodontitis would be colonized was 5.2 for B. forsythus. A much higher proportion of children in this population were colonized by P. gingivalis and/or B. forsythus than has been previously reported for other populations. A modest level of association between manifestations of periodontitis in mothers and detection of B. forsythus in their daughters was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Y Yang
- Department of Dental Public Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7475, USA
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14
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Kimura S, Ooshima T, Takiguchi M, Sasaki Y, Amano A, Morisaki I, Hamada S. Periodontopathic bacterial infection in childhood. J Periodontol 2002; 73:20-6. [PMID: 11846195 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2002.73.1.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little information is available on periodontopathic bacterial infection in childhood. We assessed the prevalence by age of 10 putative periodontopathic microorganisms in periodontally healthy children using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. METHODS Plaque samples were collected from the buccal-mesial sulcus of the first molar or second primary molar in the right upper quadrant of 144 children (2 to 13 years old, 12 subjects from each year of age) who showed negligible periodontal inflammation. Using species-specific primers of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Bacteroides forsythus, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, Campylobacter rectus, Eikenella corrodens, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Capnocytophaga ochracea, Capnocytophaga sputigena, and Treponema denticola, PCR amplification was performed with bacterial genomic DNA from plaque samples. RESULTS The results indicated that C. rectus, E. corrodens, A. actinomycetemcomitans, C. ochracea, and C. sputigena were found in about 50% of the plaque samples from all age groups, while B. forsythus and P. intermedia were detected less frequently, and P. gingivalis and T. denticola were not found. In contrast, the percentage of P. nigrescens-positive subjects increased with age in primary dentition, and reached about 50% at 7 years of age and older. Subject-based analyses suggested that the number of bacterial species in the plaque samples increased gradually with age until 5 years old, and then reached a plateau after the mixed dentition period. CONCLUSIONS The colonization of many putative periodontopathic microorganisms can occur quite early in childhood without clinical signs of periodontal disease. However, colonization by P. gingivalis and T. denticola was not detected in periodontally healthy children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigenobu Kimura
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Iwate Medical University School of Dentistry, Morioka, Japan.
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Ozmeriç N, Preus HR, Olsen I. Intrafamilial Transmission of Black-pigmented, Putative Periodontal Pathogens. Anaerobe 1999; 5:571-7. [PMID: 16887665 DOI: 10.1006/anae.1999.0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia are black-pigmented, putative periodontopathogenic bacteria considered to cause some forms of periodontal disease. Porphyromonas gingivalis and P. intermedia can be transmitted between humans and produce periodontal disease in susceptible hosts. In this article, studies using molecular typing methods for determining the transmission of black-pigmented, putative periodontopathogens between family members are reviewed. As individuals living close to each other are more prone to transmit bacteria, the studies on transmission of periodontopathogens have been performed on family members. It has been shown that black-pigmented bacteria are not only transferred between spouses but also between parents and child. Since only a limited number of studies have been done, longitudinal and controlled studies should be carried out to elucidate further the transmittance potential of these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ozmeriç
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Abstract
Anaerobes constitute a significant part of bacterial communities in human mouths. Their ability to colonize and survive in the environment, where remarkable changes occur during early childhood, is fundamental for oral homeostasis. However, relatively little is known of the time of colonization and succession of anaerobic species in the oral cavity. This article presents an up-to-date review on the development of the oral anaerobic microflora in respect to age, and in addition, considers some aspects of the role of oral anaerobes in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Könönen
- Anaerobe Reference Laboratory, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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Chu L, Ebersole JL, Holt SC. Hemoxidation and binding of the 46-kDa cystalysin of Treponema denticola leads to a cysteine-dependent hemolysis of human erythrocytes. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 1999; 14:293-303. [PMID: 10551156 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-302x.1999.140505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cystalysin, a 46-kDa protein isolated from the cytosol of Treponema denticola, was capable of both cysteine dependent hemoxidation and hemolysis of human and sheep red blood cells. The activities were characteristic of a cysteine desulfhydrase. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western immunoblotting analysis of the interaction of cystalysin with the red blood cells revealed an interaction of the protein with the red blood cell membrane. Substrates for the enzyme (including L-cysteine and beta-chloroalanine) enhanced the interaction, which occurred with both whole red blood cells as well as with isolated and purified red blood cell ghosts. SDS-PAGE and western immunoblotting employing anti-hemoglobin serum revealed that, during the hemoxidative events, the hemoglobin molecule associated with the red blood cell membrane, forming putative Heinz bodies. Spectrophotometric analysis of the hemoxidative events (cystalysin + cysteine + red blood cells) revealed a chemical modification of the native hemoglobin to sulfhemoglobin and methemoglobin. Hemoxidation also resulted in the degradation of both the red blood cell alpha- and beta-spectrin. The results presented suggest that the interaction of cystalysin with the red blood cell membrane results in the chemical oxidation of the hemoglobin molecule as well as an alteration in the red blood cell membrane itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 78284, USA
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18
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Könönen E, Kanervo A, Takala A, Asikainen S, Jousimies-Somer H. Establishment of oral anaerobes during the first year of life. J Dent Res 1999; 78:1634-9. [PMID: 10520968 DOI: 10.1177/00220345990780100801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaerobic species constitute a significant part of the bacterial community of the mouth. Although the time and species involved in the primary colonization of infants are of great importance by forming the basis for further colonization, the development of the oral anaerobic microflora with age is still inadequately understood. In the present study, time and succession of colonization of oral anaerobes were longitudinally examined in 44 healthy Caucasian infants at 2, 6, and 12 months of age. Unstimulated saliva samples were quantitatively cultured on non-selective Brucella blood agar and several selective media for the isolation of anaerobic micro-organisms. The most frequent anaerobic finding in two-month-old infants was Veillonella spp. The Prevotella melaninogenica group also represented early colonizing species, and the frequency increased remarkably during the first year of life, whereas the Prevotella intermedia group organisms seemed to be late colonizers. Fusobacterium nucleatum, non-pigmented Prevotella spp., and Porphyromonas catoniae were occasional findings in subjects at 2 months but frequent findings in those at one year of age. F. nucleatum was the most frequent strictly anaerobic species in one-year-old infants; other fusobacteria were also occasionally found. The frequency of facultative/micro-aerophilic corroding rods and Capnocytophaga spp. started to increase toward the end of the first year. Except for the common presence of facultative/micro-aerophilic Actinomyces spp., other anaerobic gram-positive species were only occasionally present in these infants. Once established, early-colonizing species tended to persist in the mouth. Our longitudinal study demonstrated the establishment of several anaerobic species with steadily increasing frequencies during the first year of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Könönen
- Anaerobe Reference Laboratory, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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19
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Kurzban GP, Chu L, Ebersole JL, Holt SC. Sulfhemoglobin formation in human erythrocytes by cystalysin, an L-cysteine desulfhydrase from Treponema denticola. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 1999; 14:153-64. [PMID: 10495709 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-302x.1999.140303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cystalysin, isolated from the oral pathogen Treponema denticola, is an L-cysteine desulfhydrase (producing pyruvate, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide from cysteine) that can modify hemoglobin and has hemolytic activity. Here, we show that enzymatic activity of recombinant cystalysin depends upon stochiometric pyridoxal phosphate. The enzyme was not functional as an L-alanine transaminase, and had a strong preference for L-cysteine over D-cysteine. Cystalysin preferred small alpha-L-amino acids as substrates or inhibitors and was far more active towards L-cysteine than towards the other standard amino acids that undergo pyridoxal phosphate-dependent beta-elimination reactions (serine, threonine, tryptophan and tyrosine). Cystalysin tolerated small modifications to the carboxylate of L-cysteine (i.e., the methyl and ethyl esters of L-cysteine were good substrates), but the smallest possible peptide with an N-terminal cysteine, L-cysteinylglycine, was a very poor substrate. These results, combined with the implicit requirement for a free amine for pyridoxal phosphate-dependent reactions, imply that cystalysin cannot catabolize cysteine residues located within peptides. Cystalysin has Michaelis-Menten kinetics towards L-cysteine, and there was little or no inhibition by ammonia, H2S, pyruvate and acetate. Human erythrocytes incubated with H2S or with cystalysin and cysteine primarily accumulated sulfhemoglobin and methemoglobin, along with minor amounts of choleglobin and protein aggregates. Erythrocytes retained the ability to reduce methemoglobin in the presence of H2S. Cystalysin could not modify hemoglobin when beta-chloroalanine was the substrate, indicating an absolute requirement for H2S production. Cystalysin appears to be an unregulated L-cysteine catabolizing enzyme, with the resulting H2S production being essential to the atypical hemolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Kurzban
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 78284-7758, USA
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20
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Michalowicz BS, Wolff LF, Klump D, Hinrichs JE, Aeppli DM, Bouchard TJ, Pihlstrom BL. Periodontal bacteria in adult twins. J Periodontol 1999; 70:263-73. [PMID: 10225542 DOI: 10.1902/jop.1999.70.3.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both environmental and genetic factors are known to influence clinical measures of periodontal disease. The purpose of this study was to determine whether genetic factors similarly influence the presence of specific periodontal bacteria in subgingival plaque. METHODS Reared-together and reared-apart monozygous (MZ) and dizygous (DZ) adult twins were examined clinically. Demographic and behavioral information was obtained from each subject by questionnaire. Subgingival plaque samples were obtained from the index teeth, and the presence of P. intermedia, P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, E. corrodens, and F. nucleatum was determined using an immunoassay. RESULTS Microbiological and clinical data were available for 169 twin pairs. The subject-based prevalences of the bacteria in the twin groups ranged from 11% for Porphyromonas gingivalis to 40% for F. nucleatum. For all species examined, the concordance rates were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between MZ and DZ twin groups. These findings were apparent despite similar smoking histories, self-reported oral hygiene practices, and antibiotic use in the twin groups. Furthermore, MZ twins reared together were not more similar than MZ reared-apart twins with respect to any bacterial species examined. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that in a population with access to routine dental care, any effects that host genes and the early family environment have on the presence of specific bacteria in subgingival plaque are not apparent in adulthood. Most twins with disease in this study had early periodontitis. Results from this study may not necessarily be extrapolated to more advanced disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Michalowicz
- Department of Preventive Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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21
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Eggert FM, McLeod MH, Flowerdew G, McIntyre EW, Wasylyk J, Koschzeck L. Periodontitis-associated marker bacteria in an urban North American patient population: application of a commercial immunoassay. J Periodontol 1998; 69:1382-91. [PMID: 9926768 DOI: 10.1902/jop.1998.69.12.1382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We used an immunoassay to demonstrate marker organisms (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans) in 3 private practice populations (F-ME periodontist, 55 patients; MHM periodontist, 179 patients; and EWM general dentist, 19 patients). Occurrence of the marker organisms involves the whole oral environment, not just individual sites, as shown by close correlation between presence of the marker organisms in 2 independent sites/samples within a single mouth. Presence of the marker P. gingivalis (and P. intermedia) relates closely to periodontal pocketing while presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans does not have this pocket-associated characteristic. There was no significant relationship between presence of the marker organisms and the number of teeth in a mouth, and in the periodontal practice patients there was no significant effect of gender on occurrence of the marker organisms. A. actinomycetemcomitans and the other 2 markers were found over the entire age range (12 to 75) of our patients. Regular periodontal treatment reduced occurrence of all marker organisms and increased the frequency of marker-negative patients and sites. Occurrence of the marker organisms above immunoassay threshold levels appears to represent how receptive a patient is to each individual organism. Most patients appear receptive to the presence of P. intermedia whether treated or not. Significantly fewer patients who underwent regular treatment show the presence of P. gingivalis or A. actinomycetemcomitans when compared to untreated patients. Diagnostic application of microbial markers requires ongoing clinical assessment of patients and careful clinical judgment. 1391.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Eggert
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton.
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22
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Loesche WJ, Kazor CE, Taylor GW. The optimization of the BANA test as a screening instrument for gingivitis among subjects seeking dental treatment. J Clin Periodontol 1997; 24:718-26. [PMID: 9350555 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.1997.tb00188.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola and Bacteroides forsythus have been implicated in periodontal disease and each possesses an enzyme capable of hydrolyzing the synthetic trypsin substrate, BANA. We have used a chairside test for BANA hydrolysis to diagnose an anaerobic periodontal infection in patients with advanced forms of clinical disease using a 15-min/55 degrees C incubation protocol. However, the BANA test performance is dependent upon the length and temperature of incubation. In the present study, we have evaluated a 5-min/35 degrees C, a 5-min/55 degrees C and a 15-min/55 degrees C incubation protocol to determine whether the performance of the BANA test could be optimized using plaque samples obtained from subjects seeking dental treatment. Logistic regression models were tested with age, smoking status, and gingivitis scores as covariates. The best fitting model obtained with the 5-min/35 degrees C protocol had a sensitivity of 71%, a specificity of 68%, a false-positive proportion of 9%, a false-negative proportion of 65%, and an overall accuracy of 80%. When maximum likelihood estimates were obtained in this model, plaques from individuals who reported that they currently smoked were 9.57x, and those who quit smoking were 4.73x more likely to have a positive BANA score than someone who never smoked. Plaques were 4.55x more likely to be BANA-positive if they were removed from sites with gingivitis. These findings indicate that the performance of the BANA test is best using the 5-min/35 degrees C incubation protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Loesche
- University of Michigan School of Dentistry, USA
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Hirsch DI, Kulbersh R, Kaczynski R. Assessment of pretreatment orthodontic patients using the BANA test. N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-naphthylamide. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1997; 112:154-8. [PMID: 9267226 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-5406(97)70240-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ninety-two subjects were tested before orthodontic mechanotherapy for the presence of three putative periodontopathogens-Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Bacteroides forsythus-with the BANA test (PerioScan Oral-B). The sample ranged from 9 to 16 years, with a mean age of 13.1 years, and consisted of 51% girls and 49% boys; 48% African American, 46% white, 4% Asian, and 2% Hispanic. Unlike other BANA studies that examined children and adolescents with a 15-minute incubation time, this research used a 5-minute incubation time to increase the specificity and to reduce the false positives obtained from the PerioScan cards. No statistically significant difference was found between the age, gender, or race of the patients and the levels of the three putative periodontopathogens. A Friedman two-way analysis of variance assessed the BANA levels for three groups of teeth: molars, incisors, and premolars. The central incisors and first molars had a significantly higher percentage of positive BANA readings than the first premolars at p < or = 0.05. The clinical importance of this finding has yet to be determined, however, because the central incisor and first molar are the first permanent teeth to erupt, a possible association between dental emergence time and the rate of infection with various organisms may be postulated. In a pilot study, 10 patients from a statistically comparable pretreatment group were assessed longitudinally at two separate collection times separated by 4 months. The Wilcoxon signed rank test indicated no significant changes in these patients over the 4-month period.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Hirsch
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Detroit Mercy, Mich
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Zambon
- Department of Periodontology, State University of New York, School of Dental Medicine, Buffalo, USA
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Armitage
- Division of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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26
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Conrads G, Mutters R, Fischer J, Brauner A, Lütticken R, Lampert F. PCR reaction and dot-blot hybridization to monitor the distribution of oral pathogens within plaque samples of periodontally healthy individuals. J Periodontol 1996; 67:994-1003. [PMID: 8910839 DOI: 10.1902/jop.1996.67.10.994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of the putative periodontal pathogens Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, the three oral Capnocytophaga species (C. ochracea, C. sputigena, C. gingivalis), as well as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in plaque samples of periodontally healthy individuals. We chose a newly developed 16S rDNA directed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a previously described dot-blot hybridization assay to detect, differentiate, and quantify these bacteria directly in clinical samples. The subjects of these investigations were 66 sulcus fluid samples from 17 children (ages 3 to 5) attending a kindergarten, 48 sulcus fluid samples from 12 children (ages 9 and 10) from a primary school, and 25 subgingival plaque samples isolated from 6 different periodontally healthy dental students (ages 24 to 27). We were able to demonstrate the presence of P. nigrescens in 54 (kindergarten: 5; primary school: 33; students: 16) samples by PCR and quantified it by dot-blot hybridization. In addition, we found C. ochracea in 12 (kindergarten: 2; primary school: 10) samples by PCR reaction only. The other tested bacterial species were absent by the methods used. Furthermore we confirmed the specificity of our P. nigrescens-PCR in selected samples by enzyme electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Conrads
- Clinic of Conservative & Preventive Dentistry and Periodontology, Technical University, Aachen, Germany
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