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Dogan JN, Stevens-Watkins D, Miller-Roenigk B, Marshburn CK, Moody MD. Experiencing Burnout: John Henryism, Gender Role Conflict, and Anxiety Among Incarcerated Black Men. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2024; 68:1011-1032. [PMID: 36181303 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x221124841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
At the intersection of race and gender, Black men encounter conflicting and often stress-inducing gender norms. Research suggests Black men may utilize John Henryism Active Coping (JHAC), a culturally-relevant strategy to manage stress. However, little is known about how incarcerated Black men cope with gender role conflict (GRC) and resulting psychological distress. To better understand stressors and coping strategies among Black male prisoners, the current study examined the relationships between GRC, anxiety, and JHAC among N = 193 incarcerated Black men nearing community reentry. Hierarchical linear regression results showed length of incarceration, GRC, and anxiety were all negatively associated with JHAC. Full-time employment prior to incarceration was positively associated with JHAC. Moderation analyses indicated anxiety increased the strength of the negative association between GRC and JHAC. Implications highlight incarcerated Black men may benefit from interventions that encourage active coping strategies to manage gender-related stress and anxiety.
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Cox JM, Toussaint A, Woerner J, Smith A, Haeny AM. Coping While Black: Comparing Coping Strategies Across COVID-19 and the Killing of Black People. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024; 11:1211-1222. [PMID: 37099239 PMCID: PMC10132418 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01600-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
In the same year the world was thrown into turmoil with COVID-19, the USA also experienced a surge in attention given to the plight of Black people in the policing system, following the killing of George Floyd. Both the COVID-19 pandemic and the ongoing "pandemic" of police and White violence against Black people in the USA cause significant amounts of stress, disproportionately affecting Black people. Utilizing qualitative analysis of responses from 128 Black-identifying participants to an online survey, this investigation seeks to understand how the coping strategies of Black people in the USA compare between the racism-related stressor of police killings of Black people and the generalized stressor of the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings demonstrate that while Black people use overlapping strategies to deal with stress, clear patterns exist with regard to differences across racism-related and non-racism-related stressors. We report important implications for understanding the impact of COVID-19 on Black people, cultural understandings of research on coping, and Black mental health more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Cox
- Department of Sociology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
| | - Anaïs Toussaint
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Jacqueline Woerner
- Department of Sociology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Andrea Smith
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Angela M Haeny
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Vikhanova A, Tibber MS, Mareschal I. Post-migration living difficulties and poor mental health associated with increased interpretation bias for threat. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2024; 77:1154-1168. [PMID: 37477179 PMCID: PMC11103921 DOI: 10.1177/17470218231191442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has found associations between mental health difficulties and interpretation biases, including heightened interpretation of threat from neutral or ambiguous stimuli. Building on this research, we explored associations between interpretation biases (positive and negative) and three constructs that have been linked to migrant experience: mental health symptoms (Global Severity Index [GSI]), Post-Migration Living Difficulties (PMLD), and Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire (PEDQ). Two hundred thirty students who identified as first- (n = 94) or second-generation ethnic minority migrants (n = 68), and first-generation White migrants (n = 68) completed measures of GSI, PEDQ, and PMLD. They also performed an interpretation bias task using Point Light Walkers (PLW), dynamic stimuli with reduced visual input that are easily perceived as humans performing an action. Five categories of PLW were used: four that clearly depicted human forms undertaking positive, neutral, negative, or ambiguous actions, and a fifth that involved scrambled animations with no clear action or form. Participants were asked to imagine their interaction with the stimuli and rate their friendliness (positive interpretation bias) and aggressiveness (interpretation bias for threat). We found that the three groups differed on PEDQ and PMLD, with no significant differences in GSI, and the three measured were positively correlated. Poorer mental health and increased PMLD were associated with a heightened interpretation for threat of scrambled animations only. These findings have implications for understanding of the role of threat biases in mental health and the migrant experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Vikhanova
- Department of Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Marc S Tibber
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Isabelle Mareschal
- Department of Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Martin CL, Ghastine L, Wegienka G, Wise LA, Baird DD, Vines AI. Early Life Disadvantage and the Risk of Depressive Symptoms among Young Black Women. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024; 11:1819-1828. [PMID: 37380937 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01654-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
OVERVIEW We examined the association between early-life socioeconomic disadvantage and depressive symptoms in adulthood and assessed whether social factors in adulthood modify the association. METHODS The 11-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) assessed adult depressive symptoms among 1612 Black women and other participants with a uterus (hereafter participants) in the Study of Environment, Lifestyle and Fibroids. Baseline self-reported childhood factors (i.e., parents in the household, mother's educational attainment, food insecurity, neighborhood safety, childhood income, and quiet bedroom for sleep) were included in a latent class analysis to derive an early life disadvantage construct. Multivariable log-binomial models estimated the association between early life disadvantage and adult depressive symptoms. Potential effect modifiers included adult educational attainment, social support, and financial difficulty. RESULTS Participants classified as having high early life disadvantage had 1.34 times (95% CI: 1.20, 1.49) the risk of high depressive symptoms than those in the low early life disadvantage class after adjusting for age, first born status, and childhood health. Adult educational attainment and social support modified the association. CONCLUSION Early life disadvantage increased the risk of depressive symptoms in adulthood. Participants with at least some college education and with high social support had greater risk than those with less than college education and low social support, respectively. Thus, the mental health of Black women and other participants with a uterus exposed to early life disadvantage do not necessarily benefit from higher education or from social support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantel L Martin
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Lea Ghastine
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Ganesa Wegienka
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Lauren A Wise
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Donna D Baird
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Anissa I Vines
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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LeBrón AMW, Rodriguez VE, Sinco BR, Caldwell CH, Kieffer EC. Racialization processes and depressive symptoms among pregnant Mexican-origin immigrant women. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38713848 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
This study examines how racialization processes (conceptualized as multilevel and dynamic processes) shape prenatal mental health by testing the association of discrimination and the John Henryism hypothesis on depressive symptoms for pregnant Mexican-origin immigrant women. We analyzed baseline data (n = 218) from a healthy lifestyle intervention for pregnant Latinas in Detroit, Michigan. Using separate multiple linear regression models, we examined the independent and joint associations of discrimination and John Henryism with depressive symptoms and effect modification by socioeconomic position. Discrimination was positively associated with depressive symptoms (β = 2.84; p < .001) when adjusting for covariates. This association did not vary by socioeconomic position. Women primarily attributed discrimination to language use, racial background, and nativity. We did not find support for the John Henryism hypothesis, meaning that the hypothesized association between John Henryism and depressive symptoms did not vary by socioeconomic position. Examinations of joint associations of discrimination and John Henryism on depressive symptoms indicate a positive association between discrimination and depressive symptoms (β = 2.81; p < .001) and no association of John Henryism and depressive symptoms (β = -0.83; p > .05). Results suggest complex pathways by which racialization processes affect health and highlight the importance of considering experiences of race, class, and gender within racialization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana M W LeBrón
- Department of Health, Society, and Behavior, Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Chicano/Latino Studies, School of Social Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Victoria E Rodriguez
- Department of Health, Society, and Behavior, Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Brandy R Sinco
- School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Cleopatra H Caldwell
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Edith C Kieffer
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Brown KL, Bettencourt AF, Hines AL, Cooper LA, Gudzune KA. Association Between Maladaptive Eating Behaviors Among Black Women and Vicarious Racial Discrimination Following a High-Profile Event. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024:10.1007/s40615-024-01994-2. [PMID: 38578573 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-024-01994-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidence suggests that racial discrimination causes stress among non-Hispanic Black women, and some Black women may cope with exposure to vicarious racial discrimination by engaging in maladaptive eating behaviors. METHODS We examined eating behaviors among Black women (N = 254) before and after Freddie Gray's death while in police custody. Maladaptive eating behaviors were assessed using the three-factor eating questionnaire. Our independent variables included the following: (1) time period and (2) geographic proximity to the event. Three two-way analysis of covariance tests were conducted to assess potential effects of geographic proximity (close, distant), time period in relation to unrest (before, after unrest), and their interaction on emotional eating, uncontrolled eating, and cognitive restraint controlling for participant age. RESULTS There was a statistically significant main effect of proximity to the unrest on emotional eating, F (1, 252) = 5.64, p = .018, and partial η2 = .022 such that women living in close geographic proximity to the unrest reported higher mean levels of emotional eating as compared to those living more distant to the unrest. There was also a borderline statistically significant interaction between geographic proximity and time period on cognitive restraint, F (1, 252) = 3.89, p = .050, and partial η2 = .015. CONCLUSION Our study found a relationship between vicarious racial discrimination and maladaptive eating behaviors among Black women. Future work should examine stress related to vicarious racial discrimination and maladaptive eating behaviors longitudinally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristal Lyn Brown
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Creative Arts Therapies, College of Nursing and Health Professions, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Amie F Bettencourt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anika L Hines
- Department of Health Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Population Health, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Lisa A Cooper
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kimberly A Gudzune
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Ehrlich KB, Lyle SM, Corallo KL, Brisson JM, Wiggins ER, Yu T, Chen E, Miller GE, Brody GH. Socioeconomic disadvantage and high-effort coping in childhood: evidence of skin-deep resilience. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2024; 65:358-364. [PMID: 37246563 PMCID: PMC10684817 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low socioeconomic status (SES) is a risk factor for poor outcomes across development. Recent evidence suggests that, although psychosocial resilience among youth living in low-SES households is common, such expressions of resilience may not extend to physical health. Questions remain about when these diverging mental and physical health trajectories emerge. The current study hypothesized that skin-deep resilience - a pattern wherein socioeconomic disadvantage is linked to better mental health but worse physical health for individuals with John Henryism high-effort coping - is already present in childhood. METHODS Analyses focus on 165 Black and Latinx children (Mage = 11.5) who were free of chronic disease and able to complete study procedures. Guardians provided information about their SES. Children reported on their John Henryism high-effort coping behaviors. They also provided reports of their depressed and anxious mood, which were combined into a composite of internalizing symptoms. Children's cardiometabolic risk was captured as a composite reflecting high levels of systolic or diastolic blood pressure, waist circumference, HbA1c, triglycerides, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. RESULTS Among youth who reported using John Henryism high-effort coping, SES risk was unrelated to internalizing symptoms and was positively associated with cardiometabolic risk. In contrast, for youth who did not engage in high-effort coping, SES risk was positively associated with internalizing symptoms and was unrelated to cardiometabolic risk. CONCLUSIONS For youth with high-effort coping tendencies, socioeconomic disadvantage is linked to cardiometabolic risk. Public health efforts to support at-risk youth must consider both mental and physical health consequences associated with striving in challenging contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine B Ehrlich
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Sarah M Lyle
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Psychology Discipline, Eckerd College, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Kelsey L Corallo
- Georgia Health Policy Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Julie M Brisson
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Tianyi Yu
- Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Edith Chen
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Gregory E Miller
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Gene H Brody
- Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Assari S, Najand B, Sheikhattari P. What is Common Becomes Normal; Black-White Variation in the Effects of Adversities on Subsequent Initiation of Tobacco and Marijuana During Transitioning into Adolescence. JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH & CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 8:33-44. [PMID: 38586312 PMCID: PMC10997205 DOI: 10.29245/2578-2959/2024/1.1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Background While adversities across domains of finance, race, family, and life may operate as risk factors for initiation of substance use in adolescents, the influence of these factors may vary across racial groups of youth. Unfortunately, the existing knowledge is minimal about racial differences in the types of adversities that may increase the risk of subsequent substance use initiation during the transition into adolescence. Aim To compare racial groups for the effects of adversities across domains of finance, race, family, and life on subsequent substance use initiation among pre-adolescents transitioning into adolescence. Methods In this longitudinal study, we analyzed data from 6003 non-Latino White and 1562 non-Latino African American 9-10-year-old children transitioning into adolescence. Data came from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Participants were followed for up to thirty-six months as they transitioned to adolescence. The independent variables were adversities related to the domains of finance, race, family, and life. The primary outcomes were time to first tobacco or marijuana use. Age, puberty, and gender were confounders. Cox regression models were used for data analysis. Results For White youth, tobacco use was under influence of having two parents in the household (HR = .611; 95% CI = .419-.891), parental education (HR = .900; 95% CI = .833-.972), household income (HR = .899; 95% CI = .817-.990), racial stress (HR = 1.569; 95% CI = 1.206-2.039), and life stress (HR =1.098 ; 95% CI = 1.024-1.178) and marijuana use was under influence of neighborhood income (HR = .576; 95% CI = .332-.999) and financial stress (HR =4.273; 95% CI = 1.280-17.422). No adverse condition predicted tobacco or marijuana use of African American youth. Conclusion The effects of adversities on substance use depend on race. While various types of adversities tend to increase subsequent initiation of tobacco and marijuana, such factors may be less influential for African American adolescents, who experience more of such adversities. What is common may become normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Urban Public Health, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Babak Najand
- Marginalization-related Diminished Returns Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Payam Sheikhattari
- Center for Urban Health Disparities Research and Innovation, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Prevention Sciences Research Center, School of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Behavioral Health Science, School of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Rahmani A, Najand B, Sonnega A, Akhlaghipour G, Mendez MF, Assari S. Intersectional Effects of Race and Educational Attainment on Memory Function of Middle-Aged and Older Adults With Alzheimer's Disease. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024; 11:81-91. [PMID: 36576695 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01499-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High educational attainment may protect individuals, particularly middle-aged and older adults, against a wide range of health risks, including memory decline with age; however, this protection is less clear in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, this effect may differ across racial groups. According to the Marginalized-Related Diminished Return (MDR) theory, for example, the protective effect of high educational attainment on mental and physical health shows a weaker protective effect for racial minority groups, particularly Black people compared to White individuals. OBJECTIVES This longitudinal study used data of middle-aged and older adults with AD with two aims: first, to test the association between educational attainment and memory, and second, to explore racial differences in this association in the USA. METHODS Data came from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) study. The total sample was 1673 American middle-aged and older adults. The independent variable was educational attainment measured as years of education. The main outcome was memory operationalized as Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) Verbal Forgetting percentage (VF%). Age, gender, and follow-up duration were covariates. Race was the effect modifier. Linear regression model was utilized to analyze the data. RESULTS Of all participants, 68 (4.1%) were Black, and the remaining were White, with a mean age of 75 years old. In the pooled sample, educational attainment did not show a significant association with memory, independent of confounders. Educational attainment showed a significant interaction with race on memory, with higher educational attainment having a different effect on memory in White patients compared to Black patients. CONCLUSION The effect of higher educational attainment on memory differs for Black patients with AD compared to White patients. To prevent cognitive disparities by race, we need to go beyond racial inequality in access to resources (e.g., education) and minimize diminished returns of educational attainment for racial minorities. To tackle health inequalities, social policies should not be limited to equalizing socioeconomic status but also help minority groups leverage their available resources, such as educational attainment, and secure tangible outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Rahmani
- Marginalized-Related Diminished Returns (MDRs) Research Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Babak Najand
- Marginalized-Related Diminished Returns (MDRs) Research Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amanda Sonnega
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Golnoush Akhlaghipour
- Marginalized-Related Diminished Returns (MDRs) Research Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mario F Mendez
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shervin Assari
- Marginalized-Related Diminished Returns (MDRs) Research Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Urban Public Health, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Zang E, Tian M. Upward Mobility Context and Health Outcomes and Behaviors during Transition to Adulthood: The Intersectionality of Race and Sex. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2024:221465231223944. [PMID: 38279819 DOI: 10.1177/00221465231223944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates how upward mobility context affects health during transition to adulthood and its variations by race and sex. Using county-level upward mobility measures and data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we apply propensity score weighting techniques to examine these relationships. Results show that low upward mobility context increases the likelihood of poor self-rated health, obesity, and cigarette use but decreases alcohol consumption probability. Conversely, high upward mobility context raises the likelihood of distress, chronic conditions, and alcohol use but reduces cigarette use likelihood. In low-opportunity settings, Black individuals have lower risks of chronic conditions and cigarette use than White men. In high-opportunity settings, Black women are more likely to experience depression and chronic conditions, and Black men are likelier to smoke than White men. Our findings emphasize the complex link between upward mobility context and health for different racial and sex groups.
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Berry JA, Cranford J, Powell R. The Stress of Advancement: A Nurse Practitioner's Exploration in Providing Culturally Competent Obesity Prevention Counseling in Black Women. Health Promot Pract 2024:15248399231221767. [PMID: 38264870 DOI: 10.1177/15248399231221767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black women are diagnosed, disabled, and die from obesity and associated chronic diseases at higher rates than any other sex or race. Advanced practice registered nurses (APRN) can potentially improve culturally relevant health education and counseling by using health literacy communication tools. OBJECTIVE Explore individualized barriers and APRNs' role in providing obesity prevention education and counseling by assessing the efficacy of the Teach-Back Method (TBM) to understand health habits and attitudes. METHODS Black women aged 18-45, previously diagnosed as overweight or obese, and identified with perceived barriers were recruited from a predominantly Black church in Atlanta. They engaged in weekly, 1-hour educational sessions via Zoom, addressing four common barriers identified in the literature. Sessions ended with a 5-10 minute Teach-Back session. Pre- and post-intervention Readiness to Change Questionnaire (RCQ) were completed. Descriptive statistics and quantitative data from surveys and pre- and post-RCQ were analyzed. RESULTS Twenty women completed the intervention. Paired sample t-test revealed no statistical significance or correlation between pre- and post-RCQ scores after using TBM in educational sessions. However, Pearson's correlation showed positive associations between elevated body mass index levels as one advances their education and annual income, with a p-value of 0.05. DISCUSSION Increased rates of obesity are experienced despite higher educational attainment or pay. Stress and high-coping mechanisms contributed to disordered eating, decreased physical activity engagement, and decreased motivation toward habit change. Clinicians should be held accountable for delivering culturally sensitive care using the TBM, addressing social determinants of health, performing routine stress assessments, and checking their implicit biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine A Berry
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Nashville, TN, USA
- Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Vu C, C Arcaya M, Kawachi I, Williams D. The mental health toll of the Great Migration: a comparison of mental health outcomes among descendants of African American migrators. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2024:10.1007/s00127-023-02605-x. [PMID: 38231395 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-023-02605-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Research is beginning to examine the health outcomes of migrators of the Great Migration, a movement of up to eight million African Americans from the South to the North and West during the twentieth century. However, sparse evidence exists studying the health outcomes of the descendants of Great Migration movers. The aim for this study was to compare the lifetime prevalence of mental health disorders by migration status. METHODS We used a sample of 3183 African American adults from the National Survey of American Life (2001-2003). Using birthplaces of participants and their mothers, we classified adults as (1) Southern stayers, (2) migrators to the South, (3) migrators to the North or (4) Northern stayers. The outcomes were lifetime prevalence of any mental health, mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders. We used weighted log-Poisson regression models and adjusted for demographic characteristics and socioeconomic status. RESULTS Migrators to the North and Northern stayers had higher risks of any lifetime mental health, mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders compared to Southern stayers in the adjusted models. Migrators to the North and Northern stayers were more likely to report perceived discrimination. CONCLUSION This study suggests that migrating families to the North may have experienced mental health adversities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Vu
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Heath, Harvard University, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Mariana C Arcaya
- Department of Urban Studies at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Ichiro Kawachi
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Heath, Harvard University, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - David Williams
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Heath, Harvard University, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Barsha RAA, Najand B, Zare H, Assari S. Immigration, Educational Attainment, and Subjective Health in the United States. JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH & CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 8:16-25. [PMID: 38455255 PMCID: PMC10919757 DOI: 10.29245/2578-2959/2024/1.1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Although educational attainment is a major social determinant of health, according to Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs), the effect of education tends to be weaker for marginalized groups compared to the privileged groups. While we know more about marginalization due to race and ethnicity, limited information is available on MDRs of educational attainment among US immigrant individuals. Aims This study compared immigrant and non-immigrant US adults aged 18 and over for the effects of educational attainment on subjective health (self-rated health; SRH). Methods Data came from General Social Survey (GSS) that recruited a nationally representative sample of US adults from 1972 to 2022. Overall, GSS has enrolled 45,043 individuals who were either immigrant (4,247; 9.4%) and non-immigrant (40,796; 90.6%). The independent variable was educational attainment, the dependent variable was SRH (measured with a single item), confounders were age, gender, race, employment and marital status, and moderator was immigration (nativity) status. Results Higher educational attainment was associated with higher odds of good SRH (odds ratio OR = 2.08 for 12 years of education, OR = 2.81 for 13-15 years of education, OR = 4.38 for college graduation, and OR = 4.83 for graduate studies). However, we found significant statistical interaction between immigration status and college graduation on SRH, which was indicative of smaller association between college graduation and SRH for immigrant than non-immigrant US adults. Conclusions In line with MDRs, the association between educational attainment and SRH was weaker for immigrant than non-immigrant. It is essential to implement two sets of policies to achieve health inequalities among immigrant populations: policies that increase educational attainment of immigrants and those that increase the health returns of educational attainment for immigrants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Babak Najand
- Marginalization Related Diminished returns, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hossein Zare
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- University of Maryland Global Campus, Health Services Management, Adelphi, Maryland, USA
| | - Shervin Assari
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Urban Public Health, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Assari S, Najand B, Donovan A. Exposure to Adverse Life Events among Children Transitioning into Adolescence: Intersections of Socioeconomic Position and Race. JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH & CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 8:5-15. [PMID: 38455256 PMCID: PMC10919762 DOI: 10.29245/2578-2959/2024/1.1293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Background Racism is shown to diminish the protective effects of family socioeconomic position (SEP) resources for racial minorities compared to the majority groups, a pattern called minorities' diminished returns. Our existing knowledge is minimal about diminished returns of family SEP indicators on reducing exposure to adverse life events among children transitioning into adolescence. Aim To compare diverse racial groups for the effects of family income and family structure on exposure to adverse life events of pre-adolescents transitioning to adolescence. Methods In this longitudinal study, we analyzed data from 22,538 observations belonging to racially diverse groups of American 9-10-year-old children (n = 11,878) who were followed while transitioning to adolescence. The independent variables were family income and family structure. The primary outcome was the number of stressful life events with impact on adolescents, measured by the Life History semi-structured interview. Mixed-effects regression models were used for data analysis to adjust for data nested to individuals, families, and centers. Results Family income and married family structure had an overall inverse association with children's exposure to adverse life events during transition to adolescence. However, race showed significant interactions with family income and family structure on exposure to adverse life events. The protective effects of family income and married family structure were weaker for African American than White adolescents. The protective effect of family income was also weaker for mixed/other race than White adolescents. Conclusion While family SEP is protective against children's exposure to adverse life events, this effect is weaker for African American and mixed/other race compared to White youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Urban Public Health, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Babak Najand
- Marginalization related Diminished Returns Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra Donovan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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15
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Pogrebna G, Angelopoulos S, Motsi-Omoijiade I, Kharlamov A, Tkachenko N. The impact of intersectional racial and gender biases on minority female leadership over two centuries. Sci Rep 2024; 14:111. [PMID: 38167539 PMCID: PMC10762112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50392-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
This study scrutinizes the enduring effects of racial and gender biases that contribute to the consistent underrepresentation of minority women in leadership roles within American private, public, and third sector organizations. We adopt a behavioural data science approach, merging psychological schema theory with sociological intersectionality theory, to evaluate the enduring implications of these biases on female leadership development using mixed methods including machine learning and econometric analysis. Our examination is concentrated on Black female leaders, employing an extensive analysis of leadership rhetoric data spanning 200 years across the aforementioned sectors. We shed light on the continued scarcity of minority female representation in leadership roles, highlighting the role of intersectionality dynamics. Despite Black female leaders frequently embracing higher risks to counter intersectional invisibility compared to their White counterparts, their aspirations are not realized and problems not solved generation after generation, forcing Black female leaders to concentrate on the same issues for dozens and, sometimes, hundreds of years. Our findings suggest that the compound influence of racial and gender biases hinders the advancement of minority female leadership by perpetuating stereotypical behavioral schemas, leading to persistent discriminatory outcomes. We argue for the necessity of organizations to initiate a cultural transformation that fosters positive experiences for future generations of female leaders, recommending a shift in focus from improving outcomes for specific groups to creating an inclusive leadership culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganna Pogrebna
- Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Futures Institute, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, 2795, Australia.
- Discipline of Business Analytics, The University of Sydney Business School, University of Sydney, Abercrombie Building H70, Corner Abercrombie Street and Codrington Street, Darlington, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- The Alan Turing Institute, 96 Euston Rd, Kings Cross, London, NW1 2DB, UK.
| | | | - Immaculate Motsi-Omoijiade
- Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Futures Institute, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, 2795, Australia
- RAND Corporation, Westbrook Centre, Milton Rd, Cambridge, CB4 1YG, UK
| | - Alexander Kharlamov
- Cranfield School of Management, Cranfield University, College Rd, Cranfield, Wharley End, Bedford, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Nataliya Tkachenko
- Cambridge Judge Business School, University of Cambridge, Trumpington St, Cambridge, CB2 1AG, UK
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16
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Lawrence JA, Kawachi I, White K, Bassett MT, Williams DR. Instrumental Variable Analysis of Racial Discrimination and Blood Pressure in a Sample of Young Adults. Am J Epidemiol 2023; 192:1971-1980. [PMID: 37401004 PMCID: PMC10691201 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwad150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Racial inequities in blood pressure levels have been extensively documented. Experiences of racial discrimination could explain some of this disparity, although findings from previous studies have been inconsistent. To address limitations of prior literature, including measurement error, we implemented instrumental variable analysis to assess the relationship between racial discrimination in institutional settings and blood pressure. Using data from 3,876 Black and White adults with an average age of 32 years from examination 4 (1992-1993) of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study, our primary analysis examined the relationship between self-reported experiences of racial discrimination in institutional settings and blood pressure using reflectance meter measurement of skin color as an instrument. Findings suggested that an increase in experiences of racial discrimination was associated with higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure (β = 2.23 mm Hg (95% confidence interval: 1.85, 2.61) and β = 1.31 (95% confidence interval: 1.00, 1.62), respectively). Our instrumental variable estimates suggest that experiences of racial discrimination within institutional settings contribute to racial inequities in elevated blood pressure and cardiovascular disease outcomes in a relatively young cohort of adults and may yield clinically relevant differences in cardiovascular health over the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jourdyn A Lawrence
- Correspondence to Dr. Jourdyn A. Lawrence, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Nesbitt Hall, 5th Floor, 3215 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (e-mail: )
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17
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Stickley A, Shirama A, Sumiyoshi T. Perceived discrimination and mental health in the Japanese general population. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2023; 69:1790-1800. [PMID: 37300412 DOI: 10.1177/00207640231175248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has shown that discrimination is prevalent in many countries and associated with poorer mental health. However, little is known about discrimination and its effects in Japan. AIMS To address this deficit this study examined the association between perceived discrimination and mental health outcomes in the Japanese general population and the role of general stress in these associations. METHOD Data were analyzed from 1,245 individuals (age 18-89) that were collected in an online survey in 2021. Perceived discrimination was assessed with a single-item measure as was lifetime suicidal ideation. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were respectively measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale. General stress was assessed with the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14). Logistic regression was used to assess associations. RESULTS Perceived discrimination was prevalent (31.6%) in the study sample. In fully adjusted analyses discrimination was associated with all of the mental health outcomes/general stress with odds ratios (ORs) ranging from 2.78 (suicidal ideation) to 6.09 (general stress) among individuals with a high level of discrimination. When the analyses were adjusted for general stress (as a continuous score) there was a large reduction in the ORs although high discrimination continued to be significantly associated with anxiety (OR: 2.21), while a mid level of discrimination was related to depressive symptoms (OR: 1.87) and had a borderline association with suicidal ideation. CONCLUSION Perceived discrimination is common in the Japanese general population and associated with worse mental health, with stress possibly playing a role in this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Stickley
- Department of Preventive Intervention for Psychiatric Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Shirama
- Department of Preventive Intervention for Psychiatric Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomiki Sumiyoshi
- Department of Preventive Intervention for Psychiatric Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Sumo J, Wilbur J, Julion WA, Schoeny ME, Cummings P. Grandmothers residing with grandchildren: Social determinants of health, health behaviors, and health outcomes. J Women Aging 2023; 35:513-525. [PMID: 36976632 DOI: 10.1080/08952841.2023.2188863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the associations between social determinants of health, health behaviors, and physical and mental health among African American and Hispanic caregiving grandmothers. We use cross-sectional secondary data from the Chicago Community Adult Health Study, originally designed to understand the health of individual households based on residential context. In a multivariate regression model, discrimination, parental stress, and physical health problems were significantly associated with depressive symptoms in caregiving grandmothers. Considering the multiple sources of stress experienced by this grandmother sample, researchers should develop and strengthen contextually relevant interventions for improving the health of caregiving grandmothers. Healthcare providers must be equipped with skills to address caregiving grandmothers' unique needs related to stress. Finally, policy makers should promote the development of legislation that can positively influence caregiving grandmothers and their families. Expanding the lens through which caregiving grandmothers living in minoritized communities are viewed can catalyze meaningful change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen'nea Sumo
- College of Nursing, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - JoEllen Wilbur
- College of Nursing, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - Peter Cummings
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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19
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Barongan T, Neikirk K, Shao B, Vue N, Spencer EC, Kabugi K, Conley Z, Vang L, Vue M, Vang N, Garza-Lopez E, Crabtree A, Alexander S, Dal A, Beasley HK, Marshall AG, Killion M, Stephens DC, Martinez D, Palavicino-Maggio CB, Jenkins F, Davis J, Damo SM, Morra CN, Murray SA, Vang C, Morton DJ, Vue Z, Shuler H, Hinton A. Project Strengthen: An STEMM-focused career development workshop to prepare underrepresented minority students for graduate school. iScience 2023; 26:107766. [PMID: 37736045 PMCID: PMC10509704 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Maximizing Access to Research Careers (MARC) programs are aimed to increase diversity in science, technology, engineering, math, and medicine (STEMM) fields. However, limited programs and eligibility requirements limit the students who may apply to similar programs. At Winston-Salem State University, we piloted a series of workshops, collectively termed Project Strengthen, to emulate some of the key aspects of MARC programs. Following the workshop, Project Strengthen students showed a significant increase in their understanding of essential educational development skills, such as writing personal statements, applying to graduate school, studying for the GRE, and seeking summer internships. This suggests Project Strengthen may be a potential lower cost comparable option than MARC to make up for current deficiencies in preparedness for graduate school. We also provide educational materials from Project Strengthen, including a clear framework for this seminar series, six ready-made PowerPoints to share with trainees that have been demonstrated to be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Barongan
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University; Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kit Neikirk
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University; Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bryanna Shao
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University; Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Neng Vue
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University; Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Elsie C. Spencer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University; Nashville, TN, USA
- Teachers College, Columbia University; New York, NY, USA
| | - Kinutha Kabugi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University; Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Zachary Conley
- Collaborative for STEM Education and Outreach, Department of Teaching and Learning, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Larry Vang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University; Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mein Vue
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University; Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nancy Vang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University; Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Edgar Garza-Lopez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Amber Crabtree
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University; Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Stefanie Alexander
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University; Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Angyth Dal
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University; Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Heather K. Beasley
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University; Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Andrea G. Marshall
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University; Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mason Killion
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University; Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dominique C. Stephens
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University; Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Life and Physical Sciences, Fisk University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Denise Martinez
- Office of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Felysha Jenkins
- Department of Basic Sciences, Office of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jamaine Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience, and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Steven M. Damo
- Department of Life and Physical Sciences, Fisk University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Christina N. Morra
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sandra A. Murray
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chia Vang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University; Nashville, TN, USA
- Counseling Department, New Highlands University, Las Vegas, NM, USA
| | - Derrick J. Morton
- Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zer Vue
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University; Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Haysetta Shuler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Winston-Salem State University; Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Antentor Hinton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University; Nashville, TN, USA
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20
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Skipper AD, Rose AH, Card NA, Moore TJ, Lavender-Bratcher D, Chaney C. Relational sanctification, communal coping, and depression among African American couples. JOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY 2023; 49:899-917. [PMID: 37649260 DOI: 10.1111/jmft.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite the common use of religious buffers, African Americans are disproportionately affected by depressive symptoms. Communal coping may serve as one factor in helping religious African American couples alleviate the symptoms of depression. This study examines the association between relational sanctification and depressive symptoms as mediated by the communal coping of 467 African American married and cohabiting couples. Data from the sampled couples were analyzed using a common fate model, and analyses revealed higher scores on the measure of sanctification were associated with more communal coping; more communal coping was associated with fewer depressive symptoms among women and men, and communal coping acted as a mediator between relational sanctification and depressive symptoms in both partners. Findings from this study underscore the importance of considering how the religiosity and cooperative action of African American couples relate to depressive symptoms.
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21
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Jason K, Carr D, Chen Z. Race-Ethnic Differences in the Effects of COVID-19 on the Work, Stress, and Financial Outcomes of Older Adults. J Aging Health 2023; 35:749-760. [PMID: 36869728 PMCID: PMC9988627 DOI: 10.1177/08982643231159705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigates race-ethnic differences among older non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic White, and Hispanic adults' financial, employment, and stress consequences of COVID-19. METHODS We use data from the Health and Retirement Study, including the 2020 COVID-panel, to evaluate a sample of 2,929 adults using a combination of bivariate tests, OLS regression analysis, and moderation tests. RESULTS Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black older adults experienced more financial hardships, higher levels of COVID-19 stress, and higher rates of job loss associated with COVID-19 relative to their Non-Hispanic White counterparts. Non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic adults reported significantly higher levels of COVID-19 resilience resources, yet, these resources were not protective of the consequences of COVID-19. DISCUSSION Understanding how the experiences of managing and coping with COVID-19 stressors differ by race-ethnicity can better inform intervention design and support services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra Jason
- Department of Sociology, UNC-Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Dawn Carr
- Department of Sociology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Zhao Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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22
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Williams Z, Baptist J. Relationship satisfaction in Black heterosexual couples: The role of self-compassion and openness. JOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY 2023; 49:918-938. [PMID: 37752743 DOI: 10.1111/jmft.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The study examined how Black heterosexual couples cope with the impact of racial discrimination on their relationship. The Vulnerability Stress Adaptation (VSA) model was utilized to examine the role of self-compassion in mitigating negative interaction in the relationship and how racial discrimination might disrupt this protective process. Further, the influence of open communication on the relationship between negative interaction and overall relationship satisfaction was explored. Participants included 210 Black married heterosexual couples. A common-fate moderated mediation model was used to analyze the data. The results indicated that first, higher levels of self-compassion in both spouses were associated with lower negative interaction within the couple's relationship. Second, among wives, the relationship between self-compassion and negative interaction changed in response to higher levels of racial discrimination. Third, couples' negative interaction suppressed the positive effects of self-compassion on overall relationship satisfaction. Fourth, for wives, the level of open communication played a role in the relationship between negative interaction and relationship satisfaction. Fifth, specifically for wives, the extent to which self-compassion was related to relationship satisfaction through negative interaction depended on the level of discrimination perceived by wives and the degree of open communication in their relationships. The findings have implications for clinical work and further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenova Williams
- Family and Human Services, Washburn University, Topeka, Kansas, USA
| | - Joyce Baptist
- School of Family and Human Services, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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23
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Korous KM, Surachman A, Rogers CR, Cuevas AG. Parental education and epigenetic aging in middle-aged and older adults in the United States: A life course perspective. Soc Sci Med 2023; 333:116173. [PMID: 37595421 PMCID: PMC10530379 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic aging is one plausible mechanism by which socioeconomic status (SES) contributes to disparities in morbidity and mortality. Although the association between SES and epigenetic aging is well documented, the role of parental education into adulthood remains understudied. We examined (1) if parental education was independently associated with epigenetic aging, (2) whether upward educational mobility buffered this association, and (3) if the benefit of parental education was differentiated by race/ethnicity. Secondary data analysis of a subsample (n = 3875) of Non-Hispanic [NH] Black, Hispanic, NH White, and NH other race participants from the Venous Blood Study within Health and Retirement Study were examined. Thirteen clocks based on DNA methylation of cytosine-phosphate-guanine sites were used to calculate epigenetic aging. Participants' education (personal) and their report of their respective parent's education (parental; mother's and/or father's) were included as independent variables; several potential confounders were also included. Direct associations and interactions between parental and personal education were estimated via survey-weighted generalized linear models; marginal means for epigenetic aging were estimated and contrasts were made between the education subcategories. Analyses were also stratified by race/ethnicity. Our results showed that higher parental education was independently associated with slower epigenetic aging among four clocks, whereas higher personal education magnified this association among four different epigenetic clocks. Participants with the lowest parental and personal education had higher marginal means (i.e., accelerated aging) compared to participants with the highest parental and personal education, and there was little evidence of upward mobility. These associations were more frequently observed among NH White participants, whereas fewer were observed for Hispanic and NH Black participants. Overall, our findings support that early-life circumstances may be biologically embedded through epigenetic aging, which may also limit the biological benefits associated with one's own education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Korous
- Institute for Health & Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Agus Surachman
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Charles R Rogers
- Institute for Health & Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Adolfo G Cuevas
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Department, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
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Hawkins M, Mallapareddi A, Misra D. Social mobility and perinatal depression in Black women. FRONTIERS IN HEALTH SERVICES 2023; 3:1227874. [PMID: 37693235 PMCID: PMC10491480 DOI: 10.3389/frhs.2023.1227874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Higher socioeconomic position is associated with better birth outcomes and maternal mental health, although this relationship is less consistent for Black women. The literature is limited on the impact of social mobility across the life course on mental health of pregnant women. This study examines the impact of perceived financial status across the life-course on depressive symptoms during pregnancy among Black women. Methods Data were from the Life-course Influences of Fetal Environments (LIFE) retrospective cohort study among pregnant Black women in metropolitan Detroit, Michigan. Depressive symptoms in the two weeks prior to birth were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. Social mobility was determined at three intervals over the life course using self-report of financial status during childhood, adolescence, and current age in pregnancy. Results 1,410 pregnant women participated, ranging in age from 18 to 45 years old. CES-D scores ranged from 0 to 53 (mean = 15.3) and 26% of the sample reported high depressive symptoms. In each age interval, higher financial status was associated with significant protective effect on depressive symptoms, and the magnitude of the effect increased across the life course. Trajectory analysis demonstrated that both the upward (4.51; 95% CI, 2.43-6.6) and downward (4.04; 95% CI, 2.62-5.46 and 3.09; 95% CI, 1.57-4.62) life-course social mobility groups had increased mean CES-D scores compared to the static social mobility group. Conclusion This study describes the importance of previous childhood and current financial status effects on mental health in Black pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Hawkins
- Department of Health Studies, College of Arts and Sciences, American University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Arun Mallapareddi
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Dawn Misra
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
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Jung HH, Kim HJ, Fredriksen-Goldsen K. Identifying Latent Patterns and Predictors of Health Behaviors and Healthcare Barriers Among LGBT Older Adults. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2023; 24:1115-1127. [PMID: 36763229 PMCID: PMC10412727 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-023-01494-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Heightened risk of adverse health behaviors is of major concern among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) older adults. Yet, no previous research has investigated heterogeneity of LGBT older adults on a set of health behaviors in conjunction with healthcare barriers. We aim to identify latent classes of the behavior and barrier patterns and examine differences in physical and psychological health-related quality of life (HRQOL) by the specified latent classes while exploring predictors of the class membership. Three-step latent class analysis applying survey weights was conducted with 14 indicators of health-risk behavior, health-promoting behavior, preventive care use, and healthcare barriers from baseline data of the Aging with Pride: National Health, Aging, and Sexuality/Gender Study (NHAS, N = 2450). The best empirical and substantive fit was determined with four classes consisting of (1) healthy behaviors and minimal barriers (C1, 39%), (2) less healthy behaviors and high barriers (C2, 31%), (3) healthy behaviors and healthcare system barriers (C3, 19%), and (4) optimal health behaviors with risks of limited healthcare access (C4, 11%). Compared to C1, C2 and C3 had lower physical HRQOL and C2 also had lower psychological HRQOL. C4 did not differ in HRQOL from C1. C2 was associated with more day-to-day discrimination, lower mastery, and lower social support. Efforts to lower healthcare barriers are warranted in addition to interventions to strengthen social support and reduce marginalization. Positive relationships between LGBT older adults and healthcare need to be established via trust-building and cultural competency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey H Jung
- School of Social Work, University of Washington, 4101 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA.
| | - Hyun-Jun Kim
- School of Social Work, University of Washington, 4101 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
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Assari S, Najand B, Khatami SM. High Systolic Blood Pressure of High-Income African American Children. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023:10.1007/s40615-023-01668-5. [PMID: 37418111 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01668-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory, racism may reduce the health returns of family socioeconomic status (SEP) resources such as family income for racial minorities, particularly African Americans, compared to Whites. However, we are unaware of any previous studies on racial variation in the protective effects of family income on children's blood pressure. AIM We conducted this study to compare the overall effects of family income on pre-adolescents' systolic and diastolic blood pressure, test racial variation in this effect, and investigate whether racial variation in this regard is due to racial differences in body mass index. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed data from 4007 racially diverse US children 9-10 years old. The independent variable was family income measured as a three-level categorical variable: less than $50 K USD, 50-100 K USD, and 100 + K USD. The primary outcomes were systolic and diastolic blood pressure measured up to three times at 1-min time intervals. Body mass index was the mediator. Mixed-effects regression models were used for data analysis to adjust for data nested to the centers, families, and individuals. Age, gender, parental education, family structure, and Latino ethnicity were covariates. RESULTS In the pooled sample and in the absence of interaction terms in the model, family income did not show an inverse association with children's systolic (for 100 + K USD family income: β = - 0.71, p = 0.233 and for 50-100 K USD family income: β = 0.01, p = 0.989) or diastolic blood pressure (for 100 + K USD family income: β = - 0.66, p = 0.172 and for 50-100 K USD family income: β = 0.23, p = 0.600). However, race showed a significant interaction with family income on systolic blood pressure (for 50-100 K USD × African American: β = 2.75, p = 0.034), suggesting higher systolic blood pressure of African American adolescents from high-income backgrounds. Racial variation in the protective effect of family income on systolic BP was no more significant (for 50-100 K USD × African American: β = 2.14, p = 0.149) after we controlled for body mass index (BMI), which was higher for African American than White adolescents. CONCLUSION The association between high family income and reduced systolic blood pressure in pre-adolescence might be weaker for African Americans compared to Whites, a difference that African American adolescents' higher body mass index can explain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E 120Th St, Los Angeles, CA, 90059, USA.
- Department of Urban Public Health, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- School of Nursing, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns (MDRs), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Babak Najand
- Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns (MDRs), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Seyedeh Mohaddeseh Khatami
- Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns (MDRs), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Brown TH, Hargrove TW, Homan P, Adkins DE. Racialized Health Inequities: Quantifying Socioeconomic and Stress Pathways Using Moderated Mediation. Demography 2023; 60:675-705. [PMID: 37218993 PMCID: PMC10841571 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-10740718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Racism drives population health inequities by shaping the unequal distribution of key social determinants of health, such as socioeconomic resources and exposure to stressors. Research on interrelationships among race, socioeconomic resources, stressors, and health has proceeded along two lines that have largely remained separate: one examining differential effects of socioeconomic resources and stressors on health across racialized groups (moderation processes), and the other examining the role of socioeconomic resources and stressors in contributing to racial inequities in health (mediation processes). We conceptually and analytically integrate these areas using race theory and a novel moderated mediation approach to path analysis to formally quantify the extent to which an array of socioeconomic resources and stressors-collectively and individually-mediate racialized health inequities among a sample of older adults from the Health and Retirement Study. Our results yield theoretical contributions by showing how the socioeconomic status-health gradient and stress processes are racialized (24% of associations examined varied by race), substantive contributions by quantifying the extent of moderated mediation of racial inequities (approximately 70%) and the relative importance of various social factors, and methodological contributions by showing how commonly used simple mediation approaches that ignore racialized moderation processes overestimate-by between 5% and 30%-the collective roles of socioeconomic status and stressors in accounting for racial inequities in health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson H. Brown
- Department of Sociology and Population Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Taylor W. Hargrove
- Department of Sociology and Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Patricia Homan
- Department of Sociology, Center for Demography and Population Health, and Pepper Institute on Aging and Public Policy, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Daniel E. Adkins
- Department of Sociology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Anderson J, Devine PJ, Greenlee Q, Najera DB, Dominguez D. Racism: Eroding the health of Black communities. JAAPA 2023; 36:38-42. [PMID: 37097780 DOI: 10.1097/01.jaa.0000923552.50265.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Even in the context of major advances in medicine, racial minorities continue to suffer worse medical outcomes. Although race is defined as a social, nonscientific construct, researchers have continued to use it as proxy to explain genetic and evolutionary differences among patients. Poorer health outcomes among Black Americans are known to be related to the psychosocial and physiological stress of racism. Black communities experience premature health deterioration because of the cumulative effects of social, economic, and political oppression and marginalization. Additionally, recent assertions that racism is best seen as a chronic disease has added value to understanding the effect of racism on the health of Black people. Using evidence-based information to assess the health of Black patients is a key step to assist clinicians in promptly addressing this chronic threat to the health of Black patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Anderson
- James Anderson practices at Evergreen Treatment Services in Seattle, Wash. Patricia J. Devine is director of the University of Washington's HEALWA program in Seattle. Quanté Greenlee is an assistant teaching professor in the University of Washington's MEDEX Northwest PA program in Tacoma. Deanna Bridge Najera practices in the ED at MedStar Montgomery Medical Center and is PA advisor for policy and engagement for MedStar Emergency Physicians, both in Olney, Md.; is lead clinician in the Carroll County Health Department's Bureau of Nursing and Reproductive Health Clinic in Westminster, Md.; and is a psychiatric medical management clinician for TrueNorth Wellness Services in Hanover, Pa. Delilah Dominguez practices at Yale New Haven (Conn.) Hospital. The authors have disclosed no potential conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise
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Patel OP, Quist A, Martin CL, Wegienka G, Baird DD, Wise LA, Vines AI. Life-Course Mobility in Socioeconomic Position and High Depressive Symptoms Among Young Black Women: The SELF Study. Womens Health Issues 2023; 33:266-272. [PMID: 36588050 PMCID: PMC10213084 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current literature on the association between mobility in socioeconomic position (SEP) and depression demonstrates mixed findings, with variation in the benefits of upward SEP by racial group and ethnic background. No study has examined life-course SEP mobility and depressive symptoms among Black women in the United States. METHODS Our cohort included 1,612 Black women enrolled in the Study of Environment, Lifestyle and Fibroids between 2010 and 2012 and followed for 5 years. We used data on socioeconomic indicators at childhood and adulthood and used latent class analysis to create a life-course SEP mobility measure (persistently low, downward, upward, and persistently high). Using the 11-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), we assessed high (≥9) versus low depressive symptoms. Multivariable log risk models were used to produce risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Of the participants, 37% had high depressive symptoms. Persistently low (RR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.31-1.86) and downward (RR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.14-1.63) SEP mobility was associated with high depressive symptoms after adjustment for age, adult social support, and marital status. There was evidence of an effect measure modification by adult social support, with a stronger association among those who reported high adult social support compared with low adult social support. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest directing mental health resources to people experiencing low SEP at any stage in life, especially those with low SEP in adulthood, to aid in the management of depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Opal P Patel
- Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Arbor Quist
- Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Chantel L Martin
- Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ganesa Wegienka
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Donna D Baird
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Lauren A Wise
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anissa I Vines
- Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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Oh H, Martz C, Lincoln KD, Taylor RJ, Neblett EW, Chae D. Depression impairment among young adult college students: exploring the racial paradox. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2023:1-10. [PMID: 36997332 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2023.2192898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest Black Americans have a lower prevalence of depression than White Americans despite greater exposure to risk factors for depression across the life course. We examined whether this paradox exists among students in higher education, and whether the paradox may be partly explained by racial differences in reports of impairment from depression, which is a required criterion for clinical diagnosis. METHODS We analyzed data from the Healthy Minds Study (2020-2021), restricting the sample to young adults (18-29) who identified as either Black or White. Using modified Poisson regression models to estimate risk ratios, we examined associations between race and depression impairment across five levels of depression severity, adjusting for age and gender. RESULTS Approximately 23% of Black students reported depression impairment, which is significantly lower than the 28% of White students who reported depression impairment. For all students, greater depression severity was associated with greater probability of impairment; however, the relationship was more modest among Black students. At severe, moderately severe, and moderate depression levels, Black students had lower risk of depression impairment compared with White students. CONCLUSION White students may be more likely than Black students to report significant impairment at high levels of depression. These findings open the possibility that racial differences in the impairment criterion of clinical diagnoses may explain some the racial depression paradox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Oh
- Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Connor Martz
- Department of Social, Behavioral, and Population Sciences at the Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Karen D Lincoln
- Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - David Chae
- Department of Social, Behavioral, and Population Sciences at the Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
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The Use of Flexible Work Arrangements: Examining Experiences of Perceived Backlash Through the Lens of Diversity. GROUP & ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/10596011221150025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
As more businesses have newly adopted or expanded flexible work arrangements (FWA) due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the current study aimed to investigate whether flexibility backlash (e.g., workers’ negative perceptions of promotion opportunities and work-to-life conflict) occurs in response to the use of FWA. Moreover, we tested if perceptions of flexibility backlash vary across subgroups of employees (i.e., as a function of gender, family responsibilities, and race), as well as their intersection. Using a lagged dataset of N = 414 currently employed U.S. workers collected at three-time points during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, we found that FWA use was not significantly associated with the subsequent perception of career opportunities, and no group differences were found in this relationship. Similarly, no main effect of FWA use on work-to-life conflict was found. However, among workers with more family care responsibilities, greater FWA usage was associated with more work-to-life conflict. Further, intersectionality analyses revealed men with greater family responsibilities and men who are racial minorities perceived more work-to-life conflict as they used more FWA than their counterparts. We discuss these findings through the lens of diversity in light of the ongoing need to reduce the backlash associated with the use of FWA.
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Rivera R, Capers T, Chandler M, Matthews E, Rzewinski J, Rees J, Israel S, Lushin V. Socioeconomic Stability Buffers Racial Discrimination Effect on Depression in a Marginalized Community. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023; 10:130-140. [PMID: 35040107 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-021-01203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Depression disproportionately burdens poverty-affected minority communities. Racism and racial discrimination are well-known determinants of depression among members of marginalized minority communities. Less is known about potential buffers of the discrimination effects on depression, particularly those that could serve as targets for efficient community-based policies and interventions. Our secondary analysis of data from a community needs assessment survey (N = 677) in an urban minority neighborhood of low socio-economic status revealed that high school completion and current employment significantly weakened the association between discrimination and depression. Our findings frame community-level efforts to foster high school completion and employment as potential strategies to reduce the footprint of racism on the mental health of marginalized community members. Implications for future research and policy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rivera
- Long Island University Brooklyn Campus, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Tracey Capers
- Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jo Rees
- School of Health Professions, Long Island University Brooklyn Campus, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Shimonah Israel
- Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Victor Lushin
- Long Island University Brooklyn Campus, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
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Sharma R, Dale SK. Using Network Analysis to Assess the Effects of Trauma, Psychosocial, and Socioeconomic Factors on Health Outcomes Among Black Women Living with HIV. AIDS Behav 2023; 27:400-415. [PMID: 35927538 PMCID: PMC10712664 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-022-03774-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Black women living with HIV (BWLWH) face intersectional adversities impacting their wellbeing. This study utilized network analysis to assess the associations among adversities linked to racism, sexism, HIV stigma, and socioeconomic status (income, housing, education) and determine which adversities predict mental health outcomes, HIV viral load, and medication adherence more consistently among BWLWH. 119 BWLWH aged 18 years or older completed self-report measures on sociodemographics, adversity factors, and mental health outcomes. Viral load count was obtained through blood draws, and medication adherence was measured via Wisepill adherence monitoring device. Multiple regression analysis was used to assess if the more central factors in the network also predicted health outcomes more consistently than the less central factors. The four most central factors in the network were income, housing, gendered racial microaggression (GRM) frequency, and GRM appraisal. Multiple regression analysis revealed that GRM frequency, GRM appraisal, and the number of traumas contributed uniquely and were positively associated with both depressive symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. HIV-related discrimination contributed uniquely and was positively associated with HIV viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratanpriya Sharma
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, 5665 Ponce de Leon Blvd, Miami, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Sannisha K Dale
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, 5665 Ponce de Leon Blvd, Miami, FL, 33146, USA.
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Siddiq H, Maharlouei N, Najand B, Rahmani A, Zare H. Immigration Status, Educational Level, and Perceived Discrimination in Europe. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2222. [PMID: 36767588 PMCID: PMC9915095 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple studies have been conducted to test the moderating effect of immigration on the positive health results yielded through educational attainment. However, no study has been conducted to examine the role of immigration as a moderator in the association between educational level and perceived discrimination in Europe. AIM We aimed to study whether an inverse association exists between educational level and perceived discrimination in European countries and whether immigration status moderates the association between educational level and perceived discrimination. METHODS Data from the 10th round of the cross-sectional European Social Survey (ESS) were used in this cross-sectional study. A total of 17,596 participants between 15-90 years old who lived in European countries were included. The independent variable was educational level, a categorical variable, and the dependent variable was perceived discrimination. Immigration status was the moderator, and age and sex were confounders. RESULTS Of 17,596 participants, 16,632 (94.5%) were native-born and 964 were immigrants (5.5%). We found that higher levels of educational level were protective against perceived discrimination, which was also found in immigrant participants; however, the effect was weaker. CONCLUSIONS This study found that educational level was a protective factor against perceived discrimination. This effect, however, was more robust in the native-born participants than in their immigrant counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafifa Siddiq
- School of Nursing, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Najmeh Maharlouei
- Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Babak Najand
- Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Arash Rahmani
- Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Hossein Zare
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- School of Business, University of Maryland Global Campus (UMGC), Adelphi, MD 20783, USA
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Neikirk K, Barongan T, Rolle T, Garza Lopez E, Marshall A, Beasley HK, Crabtree A, Spencer EC, Shuler H, Martinez D, Murray S, Vang C, Jenkins F, Damo S, Vue Z. Using quotients as a mentor to facilitate the success of underrepresented students. Pathog Dis 2023; 81:ftad008. [PMID: 37156509 PMCID: PMC10255757 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftad008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Choosing a mentor requires a certain level of introspection for both the mentor and the mentee. The dynamics of mentorship may change depending on the academic status of the mentee. Regardless, mentors should help their trainees grow both academically and professionally. The success of an individual in the fields of science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM) depends on more than intellectual capacity; a holistic view encompassing all factors that contribute to scientific achievement is all-important. Specifically, one new method scientists can adopt is quotients, which are scales and techniques that can be used to measure aptitude in a specific area. In this paper, we focus on these factors and how to grow one's adversity quotient (AQ), social quotient (SQ), and personal growth initiative scale (PGIS). We also look at how mentors can better understand the biases of their trainees. In addressing this, mentors can help trainees become more visible and encourage other trainees to become allies through reducing biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit Neikirk
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, United States
| | - Taylor Barongan
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, United States
| | - Tiffany Rolle
- American Society of Human Genetics, Rockville, MD 20852, United States
- National Genome Institute, National Human Research Institute, Rockville, MD 20892, United States
| | - Edgar Garza Lopez
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52245, United States
| | - Andrea Marshall
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, United States
| | - Heather K Beasley
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, United States
| | - Amber Crabtree
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, United States
| | - Elsie C Spencer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, United States
- Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Haysetta Shuler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, United States
| | - Denise Martinez
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Sandra Murray
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Chia Vang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, United States
- Counseling and Guidance, New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, NM 87701, United States
| | - Felysha Jenkins
- Department of Basic Sciences, Office of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Steven Damo
- Department of Life and Physical Sciences, Fisk University, Nashville, TN 37208, United States
| | - Zer Vue
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, United States
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Moody MD, Browning WR, Hossain M, Clay OJ. Vicarious experiences of major discrimination, anxiety symptoms, and mental health care utilization among Black Adults. Soc Sci Med 2023; 316:114997. [PMID: 35534345 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adverse mental health consequences of discrimination among Black adults, such as anxiety symptoms, are well documented. Prior research establishes anxiety as a risk factor for suboptimal health outcomes among Black adults. Most discrimination and mental health studies, however, have focused on the effects of personal experiences of discrimination. Moreover, of the studies that examine the mental health effects of vicarious exposure to discrimination, few investigate this relationship from a stress and coping perspective beyond the life stages of childhood and adolescence. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the effects of vicarious and personal experiences of discrimination on the subjective well-being of Black adults, while observing the potentially moderating effects of utilizing mental health care. METHODS A subsample of Black adults (N = 627) between the ages of 22-69 years old were drawn from the Nashville Stress and Health Study and analyzed to assess within-group variation. Multivariate linear regression was employed to examine the association between vicarious experiences of major discrimination and self-reported anxiety symptoms. Additionally, we evaluated the moderating effects of lifetime utilization of mental health services on the relationship between discrimination and symptoms of anxiety. RESULTS Findings revealed that vicarious experiences of major discrimination and personal experiences of everyday discrimination were both associated with higher levels of anxiety symptoms among the participants. Additionally, lifetime utilization of mental health care moderated the effects of vicarious and personal experiences of discrimination. CONCLUSIONS The secondhand consequences of discrimination must be considered while assessing the racism-related stress experience. Results from this investigation suggest that mental health treatment should be included in programs targeted to reduce the negative effects of discrimination among Black adults. Additionally, culturally-specific strategies should be considered for addressing racism-related adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles D Moody
- Department of Sociology, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Heritage Hall, Rm. 460, 1401 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.
| | - Wesley R Browning
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Campbell Hall, Rm. 415, 1300 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Monir Hossain
- Department of Sociology, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Heritage Hall, Rm. 460, 1401 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Olivio J Clay
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Campbell Hall, Rm. 415, 1300 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
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Perez AD, Dufault SM, Spears EC, Chae DH, Woods-Giscombe CL, Allen AM. Superwoman Schema and John Henryism among African American women: An intersectional perspective on coping with racism. Soc Sci Med 2023; 316:115070. [PMID: 35690497 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE John Henryism and Superwoman Schema (SWS) are dispositional characteristics adopted to overcome the challenges of chronic psychosocial stress, and have particular salience for African American women. Both show protective and harmful effects on health and share conceptual similarities and distinctions, yet there is no empirical evidence of the potential overlap resulting in uncertainty about the unique roles they may each play concerning the health of African American women. OBJECTIVE We examined: 1) whether and to what extent John Henryism and SWS represent similar or distinct constructs relevant to the unique sociohistorical and sociopolitical position of African American women, and 2) whether the two differentially predict health outcomes. METHODS Data are from a purposive and socioeconomically diverse sample of 208 African American women in the San Francisco Bay Area. First, we conducted a progressive series of tests to systematically examine the conceptual and empirical overlap between John Henryism and SWS: correlation analysis, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), principal component analysis and k-modes cluster analysis. Next, we used multivariable regression to examine associations with psychological distress and hypertension. RESULTS John Henryism and SWS were moderately correlated with one another (rs = 0.30-0.48). In both EFA and cluster analyses, John Henryism items were distinct from SWS subscale items. For SWS, feeling an obligation to present an image of strength and an obligation to help others predicted higher odds of hypertension (p < 0.05); having an intense motivation to succeed predicted lower odds (p = 0.048). John Henryism did not predict hypertension. Feeling an obligation to help others and an obligation to suppress emotions predicted lower levels of psychological distress (p < 0.05) whereas John Henryism predicted higher distress (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS We discuss the implications of these findings for the measurement of culturally specific phenomena and their role in contributing to the unequal burden of ill health among African American women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda D Perez
- Divisions of Community Health Sciences and Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, 2121 Berkeley Way #5302, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA.
| | - Suzanne M Dufault
- Divisions of Community Health Sciences and Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, 2121 Berkeley Way #5302, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA
| | - Erica C Spears
- Louisiana Public Health Institute, 400 Poydras St., Suite 1250, New Orleans, LA 70130, USA
| | - David H Chae
- Department of Social, Behavioral, and Population Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal St, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Cheryl L Woods-Giscombe
- School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carrington Hall, CB #7460, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7460, USA
| | - Amani M Allen
- Divisions of Community Health Sciences and Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, 2121 Berkeley Way #5302, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA
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Ruggs EN, Marshburn CK, Summerville KM, Grenier K. The Struggle Is Real: Employee Reactions to Indirect Trauma from Anti-Black Policing. JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 38:25-44. [PMID: 35702385 PMCID: PMC9184814 DOI: 10.1007/s10869-022-09823-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite increased media coverage of police using lethal force against Black civilians, little research aims to understand how such events affect employees, particularly Black employees, at work. We draw on spillover-transferring emotions and/or behaviors from one domain to another-to examine how collective, indirect trauma, or trauma experienced by a large group of people not directly involved in an event, affected employees at work. Across two studies, we investigated Black and White employees' differential cognitive (Study 1), emotional, and interpersonal reactions (Studies 1 & 2) to hearing about police officers' use of lethal force against Black civilians (i.e., collective, indirect racial trauma). Results from a survey with open- and close-ended questions (Study 1) supported our predictions that Black (vs. White) employees would be more upset about police shootings and would think about, talk about, and be more distracted by these incidents while at work. Open-ended responses revealed social support, seeking advice and comfort from our social networks, as a strategy Black and White employees may use to cope with collective, indirect racial trauma at work. Importantly, support communicating mutual understanding-or shared perspective-was particularly important for Black employees. An experiment (Study 2) further probed the emotional and relational consequences of interactions with coworkers and, counter to predictions, found coworkers who expressed pro-police attitudes (i.e., not communicating mutual understanding) in the aftermath of a racially biased shooting were negatively evaluated by Black and White employees. Our findings provide implications for research on spillover and understanding coworker/team dynamics in organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica N. Ruggs
- Department of Management and Leadership, University of Houston, 4750 Calhoun Rd, TX TX 77204 Houston, USA
| | | | | | - Kelcie Grenier
- Organizational Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC USA
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Adinkrah E, Najand B, Rahmani A, Maharlouei N, Ekwegh T, Cobb S, Zare H. Social Determinants of Mental, Physical, and Oral Health of Middle-Aged and Older African Americans in South Los Angeles. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16765. [PMID: 36554645 PMCID: PMC9779480 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of research suggests that financial difficulties could weaken the protective effects of socioeconomic status (SES) indicators, including education and income, on the health status of marginalized communities, such as African Americans. AIM We investigated the separate and joint effects of education, income, and financial difficulties on mental, physical, and oral self-rated health (SRH) outcomes in African American middle-aged and older adults. METHODS This cross-sectional study enrolled 150 middle-aged and older African Americans residing in South Los Angeles. Data on demographic factors (age and gender), socioeconomic characteristics (education, income, and financial difficulties), and self-rated health (mental, physical, and oral health) were collected. Three linear regression models were used to analyze the data. RESULTS Higher education and income were associated with a lower level of financial strain in a bivariate analysis. However, according to multivariable models, only financial difficulties were associated with poor mental, physical, and oral health. As similar patterns emerged for all three health outcomes, the risk associated with financial difficulties seems robust. CONCLUSIONS According to our multivariable models, financial strain is a more salient social determinant of health within African American communities than education and income in economically constrained urban environments such as South Los Angeles. While education and income lose some protective effects, financial strain continues to deteriorate the health of African American communities across domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Adinkrah
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Babak Najand
- Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns (MDRs) Center, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Arash Rahmani
- Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns (MDRs) Center, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Najmeh Maharlouei
- Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns (MDRs) Center, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Tavonia Ekwegh
- Mervyn M. Dymally School of Nursing, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Sharon Cobb
- Mervyn M. Dymally School of Nursing, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Hossein Zare
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- School of Business, University of Maryland Global Campus (UMGC), Adelphi, Garden City, NY 20783, USA
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40
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Ames JL, Morgan EH, Giwa Onaiwu M, Qian Y, Massolo ML, Croen LA. Racial/Ethnic Differences in Psychiatric and Medical Diagnoses Among Autistic Adults. AUTISM IN ADULTHOOD 2022; 4:290-305. [PMID: 36601333 PMCID: PMC9807255 DOI: 10.1089/aut.2021.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Racial/ethnic disparities in access to diagnostic services are pervasive for autistic children. However, a few studies have examined racial/ethnic health disparities among autistic adults, who commonly experience higher rates of health conditions than non-autistic adults. We aimed at examining the intersection of autism and race/ethnicity in association with psychiatric and medical diagnoses. Methods The study population included adult members of Kaiser Permanente Northern California enrolled from 2008 to 2012. We ascertained 1507 adults who had an autism diagnosis documented in their electronic medical records. We sampled a matched control group of adults without an autism diagnosis (N = 15,070) at a 10:1 ratio. Our sample was 46% White, 17% Hispanic, 16% Asian, 7% Black, and 14% other race/ethnicity. We compared health diagnoses (a) between autistic and non-autistic adults within strata of race/ethnicity and (b) across race/ethnicity within strata of autistic and non-autistic adults. Lastly, we examined the interaction between autism and race/ethnicity on both multiplicative and additive scales. Results Autistic adults were more likely to be diagnosed with most medical and psychiatric conditions compared with their non-autistic counterparts of the same race/ethnicity. Among autistic adults, Black, Hispanic, and Asian adults were less likely to be diagnosed with psychiatric conditions and Black and Hispanic autistic adults were more likely to be diagnosed with obesity than their White counterparts. In interaction models, we found that adults who were Black and autistic were disproportionately less likely to be diagnosed with psychiatric conditions and autoimmune disease and more likely to be diagnosed with hypertension than expected. Conclusion Health vulnerabilities may be compounded at the intersection of autism and race/ethnicity. Future research should continue to apply an intersectional lens toward understanding and addressing these disparities. Our findings likely underestimate the health disparities that exist in uninsured autistic adults and those living in other parts of the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Ames
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
- Address correspondence to: Jennifer L. Ames, PhD, MS, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612-5190, USA
| | - Elizabeth H. Morgan
- College of Education California State University Sacramento, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Morénike Giwa Onaiwu
- Center for the Study of Women, Gender, and Sexuality, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yinge Qian
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Maria L. Massolo
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Lisa A. Croen
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
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Lawrence TI, Mcfield AA. Does Conduct, Oppositional Defiant, and Panic Disorder Symptoms Associate with Suicidal Ideations Among African American Adolescents? JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2022; 15:1179-1189. [PMID: 36439662 PMCID: PMC9684375 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-022-00452-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that mental illness symptoms among adolescents, such as conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and panic disorder symptoms often associate with suicidal ideations. Despite this, few studies have examined whether these mental illness symptoms associate with suicidal ideations among African American adolescents. To address these limitations, the current study examined whether conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and panic disorder symptoms associated with suicidal ideations (N = 261). Using binominal logistic regression, results suggest that conduct disorder symptoms were associated with a higher likelihood of endorsing suicidal ideations than oppositional defiant disorder symptoms. Finally, panic disorder symptoms and gender differences were not associated with suicidal ideations. Preventive efforts and psychotherapy implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy I. Lawrence
- Prairie View, A&M University, P. O Box 519 MS, 100 University Dr, Prairie View, Texas 77446 USA
| | - Ariel A. Mcfield
- Psychology Department , University of Texas Permian Basin, 4901 E University Blvd, Odessa, TX 79762 USA
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Babulal GM, Zhu Y, Roe CM, Hudson DL, Williams MM, Murphy SA, Doherty J, Johnson AM, Trani J. The complex relationship between depression and progression to incident cognitive impairment across race and ethnicity. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18:2593-2602. [PMID: 35213795 PMCID: PMC9402798 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We examined baseline differences in depression and antidepressant use among cognitively normal older adults in five ethnoracial groups and assessed whether depression predicted a faster progression to incident cognitive impairment across groups. METHODS Data from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (n = 8168) were used to examine differences between non-Hispanic Whites (nHW), African Americans (AA), Hispanics, Asians, and American Indian and Alaskan Natives in cross-sectional and longitudinal models. RESULTS AA had a lower risk of depression compared to nHW at baseline. No statistical interactions were noted between ethnoracial groups and depression. However, depression independently predicted a faster progression to incident cognitive impairment. Hispanics and Asian participants had a higher hazard for progression compared to nHW. DISCUSSION Previously established risk factors between depression and dementia were not found among AA and nHW participants. The relationship between depression and ethnoracial groups is complex and suggests differential effects on progression from cognitive normality to impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh M. Babulal
- Department of NeurologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Department of PsychologyFaculty of HumanitiesUniversity of JohannesburgJohannesburgSouth Africa
- Department of Clinical Research and LeadershipThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonMissouriUSA
- Institute of Public HealthWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Yiqi Zhu
- School of Social WorkAdelphi UniversityNew YorkUSA
- Brown SchoolWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Catherine M. Roe
- Department of NeurologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Darrell L. Hudson
- Brown SchoolWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Institute of Public HealthWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | | | - Samantha A. Murphy
- Department of NeurologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Jason Doherty
- Department of NeurologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Ann M. Johnson
- Center for Clinical StudiesWashington University in St. LouisSaint LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Jean‐Francois Trani
- Brown SchoolWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Institute of Public HealthWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Centre for Social Development in AfricaUniversity of JohannesburgJohannesburgSouth Africa
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Forrester SN, Whitfield KE, Kiefe CI, Thorpe RJ. Navigating Black Aging: The Biological Consequences of Stress and Depression. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2022; 77:2101-2112. [PMID: 34875069 PMCID: PMC9683493 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbab224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Black persons in the United States are more likely to suffer from social inequality. Chronic stress caused by social inequality and racial discrimination results in weathering of the body that causes physiological dysregulation and biological age being higher than chronological age (accelerated aging). Depression has been linked to both racial discrimination and accelerated aging and accelerated aging has been demonstrated to be higher in Black than White persons, on average. However, we know little about accelerated aging across the life course in Black Americans. METHODS We used mixed-effects growth models to measure biological age acceleration, measured with cardiometabolic markers, over a 20-year period in Black participants of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study who were aged 27-42 years at analytic baseline. We included an interaction between depressive symptoms and time to determine whether risk of depression was associated with a faster rate of biological aging. RESULTS We found that the rate of biological aging increased over a 20-year span and that those at risk for depression had a faster rate of biological aging than those not at risk. We also found that various social factors were associated with biological age acceleration over time. DISCUSSION Given the known association between perceived racial discrimination and depressive symptoms, we provide a novel instance of the long-term effects of social inequality. Specifically, biological age acceleration, a marker of physiological dysregulation, is associated with time among Black persons and more strongly associated among those with depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Forrester
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Catarina I Kiefe
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roland J Thorpe
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Webb L, Jackson DB, Jindal M, Alang S, Mendelson T, Clary LK. Anticipation of Racially Motivated Police Brutality and Youth Mental Health. JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2022; 83:101967. [PMID: 38846374 PMCID: PMC11156263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2022.101967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Purpose Exposure to police brutality is a significant risk to adolescent mental health. This study extends this literature by exploring connections between anticipation of racially motivated police brutality and multiple facets of adolescent mental health. Methods Students ages 14 to 18 (n = 151) were recruited from a study administered in Baltimore City public schools. Between December 2020 and July 2021, participants completed a questionnaire assessing anticipatory stress regarding racially motivated police brutality and current mental health. Regression models examined associations between this anticipatory stress and mental health. Latent profile and regression analyses were used to examine whether anticipatory stress was more salient among adolescents with comorbid mental health symptoms, compared to those without comorbid symptoms. Results Youth with anticipatory stress stemming from both personal and vicarious police brutality had more symptoms of anxiety, depression, and PTSD, as well as lower hope, compared to youth without anticipatory stress. The association between anticipatory stress and anxiety was stronger for girls than boys. Conclusions Findings from this study highlight racialized police brutality as a common anticipated stressor among youth, particularly for girls. Findings have implications for policing interventions, including development of additional trainings for police officers and promoting positive police/youth interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Webb
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Dylan B. Jackson
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Monique Jindal
- Academic Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago
| | - Sirry Alang
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Lehigh University
| | - Tamar Mendelson
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Laura K. Clary
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
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Dean KE, Long ACJ, Trinh NH, McClendon J, Buckner JD. Treatment Seeking for Anxiety and Depression Among Black Adults: A Multilevel and Empirically Informed Psycho-Sociocultural Model. Behav Ther 2022; 53:1077-1091. [PMID: 36229108 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Black adults with anxiety and/or depressive disorders underutilize outpatient psychotherapy and pharmacological treatment compared to White adults. Notably, anxiety and depressive disorders tend to be chronic and Black individuals with these disorders experience greater functional impairment than White individuals. Documented racial disparities in mental health treatment initiation indicate a need for research that addresses culture-specific barriers to treatment. This review paper critically evaluates existing theoretical models of treatment seeking among Black adults to inform a novel integrated, culturally contextualized model. This model extends previous ones by incorporating factors relevant to treatment seeking among Black adults (e.g., racial identity, perceived discrimination, medical mistrust) and critically examines how these factors intersect with key factors at three levels of influence of the treatment seeking process: the individual level, the community level, and the societal level. We posit interactions among factors at the three levels of influence and how these may impact treatment seeking decisions among Black adults. This model informs suggestions for enhancing interventions designed to support outpatient service use among Black adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nhi-Ha Trinh
- Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School
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Cénat JM. Complex Racial Trauma: Evidence, Theory, Assessment, and Treatment. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2022; 18:675-687. [PMID: 36288462 DOI: 10.1177/17456916221120428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Racial trauma refers to experiences related to threats, prejudices, harm, shame, humiliation, and guilt associated with various types of racial discrimination, either for direct victims or witnesses. In North American, European, and colonial zeitgeist societies, Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) experience racial microaggressions and interpersonal, institutional, and systemic racism on a repetitive, constant, inevitable, and cumulative basis. Although complex trauma differs from racial trauma in its origin, the consistency of racist victimization beyond childhood, and the internalized racism associated with it, strong similarities exist. Similar to complex trauma, racial trauma surrounds the victims’ life course and engenders consequences on their physical and mental health, behavior, cognition, relationships with others, self-concept, and social and economic life. There is no way to identify racial trauma other than through a life-course approach that captures the complex nature of individual, collective, historical, and intergenerational experiences of racism experienced by BIPOC communities in Western society. This article presents evidence for complex racial trauma (CoRT), a theoretical framework of CoRT, and guidelines for its assessment and treatment. Avenues for future research, intervention, and training are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude Mary Cénat
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Black Health, University of Ottawa
- University of Ottawa Research on Black Health, University of Ottawa
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Brownlow BN. How Racism "Gets Under the Skin": An Examination of the Physical- and Mental-Health Costs of Culturally Compelled Coping. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2022; 18:576-596. [PMID: 36179058 DOI: 10.1177/17456916221113762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Historically and contemporarily, Black Americans have been compelled to use effortful coping styles characterized by high behavioral and emotional restraint in the face of systematic racism. Lynch and colleagues have previously conceptualized a class of regulatory strategies-overcontrolled coping-characterized by emotional suppression, hypervigilance for threat, and high distress tolerance, which bear close analogy to coping styles frequently used among individuals facing chronic racial stress. However, given the inherent culture of racism in the United States, engaging in highly controlled coping strategies is often necessitated and adaptive, at least in the short term. Thus, for Black Americans this class of coping strategies is conceptualized as culturally compelled coping rather than overcontrolled coping. In the current article, I offer a critical examination of the literature and introduce a novel theoretical model-culturally compelled coping-that culturally translates selected components of Lynch's model. Cultural translation refers to considering how the meaning, function, and consequences of using overcontrolled coping strategies changes when considering how Black Americans exist and cope within a culture of systematic racism. Importantly, this model may offer broad implications for future research and treatment by contextualizing emotion regulation as a central mechanism, partially answering how racism "gets under the skin" and affects the health of Black Americans.
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McSorley VE, Howard C, Shah RC, James BD, Boyle P, Barnes LL. The Relationship of John Henryism With Cognitive Function and Decline in Older Black Adults. Psychosom Med 2022; 84:766-772. [PMID: 35980784 PMCID: PMC9437121 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the relationship between John Henryism, a psychological trait typified by high-effort active coping that has been associated with adverse health outcomes among Blacks, and cognitive decline. METHODS In a cohort of community-dwelling older Black adults ( N = 611), we investigated the relationship between John Henryism and cognitive decline. John Henryism was measured using the John Henryism Active Coping Scale (JHACS), a nine-item validated measure of self-reported high-effort coping (mean [standard deviation] = 16.9 [4.8]; range, 4-27). We implemented a three-step modeling process using mixed-effects models to assess the relationship between the JHACS and global cognitive function as well as five cognitive domains. We adjusted for demographics and for factors known to be associated with cognitive function and decline including vascular risk factors, discrimination, and income. RESULTS The trait of high-effort active coping was associated with lower-average cognitive function ( β = -0.07, 95% confidence interval = -0.10 to -0.03), but not with decline. The results remained after further adjustment for experiences of discrimination, income, and vascular risk factors. In domain-specific analyses, we found that the JHACS was associated with baseline levels of working memory, semantic memory, and visuospatial ability, but not decline. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the importance of using culturally specific measures in considering the heterogeneity of cognitive health outcomes in minoritized populations. Understanding how stress responses relate to late-life cognition among older Black adults could help promote aspects of behavioral resilience along with healthful coping responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Eloesa McSorley
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher Howard
- Department of Psychology, Utah State Hospital
- Department Brigham Young University
| | - Raj C. Shah
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bryan D. James
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Patricia Boyle
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lisa L. Barnes
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Cavanaugh C, Nelson T. A national study of the influence of adverse childhood experiences on depression among Black adults in the United States. J Affect Disord 2022; 311:523-529. [PMID: 35605705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a paucity of research examining the influence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on depression among Black adults in the United States. This national study examined the influence of ten widely studied ACEs on past year major depressive episode (PY-MDE) among 6081 Black adults in the United States and in the context of other risk and protective factors. Other risk factors were intimate partner violence victimization, gender discrimination, and racial discrimination. Protective factors were religious service attendance and ethnic identity. METHODS Data were drawn from wave two of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. RESULTS Results from stratified analyses revealed that for both sexes, participants who reported any of the five types of child abuse/neglect or any of the five types of household dysfunction had greater odds of PY-MDE when controlling for other risk and protective factors. Some types of ACEs had a greater influence on PY-MDE than intimate partner violence, gender discrimination, or racial discrimination. LIMITATIONS This study was cross-sectional. CONCLUSIONS Findings document the long-term effects of ACEs on PY-MDE among Black adults nationally.
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van Daalen KR, Kaiser J, Kebede S, Cipriano G, Maimouni H, Olumese E, Chui A, Kuhn I, Oliver-Williams C. Racial discrimination and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Glob Health 2022; 7:bmjgh-2022-009227. [PMID: 35918071 PMCID: PMC9344988 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Racial discrimination has been consistently linked to various health outcomes and health disparities, including studies associating racial discrimination with patterns of racial disparities in adverse pregnancy outcomes. To expand our knowledge, this systematic review and meta-analysis assesses all available evidence on the association between self-reported racial discrimination and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Methods Eight electronic databases were searched without language or time restrictions, through January 2022. Data were extracted using a pre-piloted extraction tool. Quality assessment was conducted using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS), and across all included studies using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Random effects meta-analyses were performed on preterm birth and small for gestational age. Heterogenicity was assessed using Cochran’s χ2 test and I2 statistic. Results Of 13 597 retrieved records, 24 articles were included. Studies included cohort, case–control and cross-sectional designs and were predominantly conducted in the USA (n=20). Across all outcomes, significant positive associations (between experiencing racial discrimination and an adverse pregnancy event) and non-significant associations (trending towards positive) were reported, with no studies reporting significant negative associations. The overall pooled odds ratio (OR) for preterm birth was 1.40 (95% CI 1.17 to 1.68; 13 studies) and for small for gestational age it was 1.23 (95% CI 0.76 to 1.99; 3 studies). When excluding low-quality studies, the preterm birth OR attenuated to 1.31 (95% CI 1.08 to 1.59; 10 studies). Similar results were obtained across sensitivity and subgroup analyses, indicating a significant positive association. Conclusion These results suggest that racial discrimination has adverse impacts on pregnancy outcomes. This is supported by the broader literature on racial discrimination as a risk factor for adverse health outcomes. To further explore this association and underlying mechanisms, including mediating and moderating factors, higher quality evidence from large ethnographically diverse cohorts is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Robin van Daalen
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeenan Kaiser
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Samuel Kebede
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York City, USA
| | | | | | | | - Anthea Chui
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Isla Kuhn
- Medical Library, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Clare Oliver-Williams
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
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