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Saraiva-Romanholo BM, de Genaro IS, de Almeida FM, Felix SN, Lopes MRC, Amorim TS, Vieira RP, Arantes-Costa FM, Martins MA, de Fátima Lopes Calvo Tibério I, Prado CM. Exposure to Sodium Hypochlorite or Cigarette Smoke Induces Lung Injury and Mechanical Impairment in Wistar Rats. Inflammation 2022; 45:1464-1483. [PMID: 35501465 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01625-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary irritants, such as cigarette smoke (CS) and sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), are associated to pulmonary diseases in cleaning workers. We examined whether their association affects lung mechanics and inflammation in Wistar rats. Exposure to these irritants alone induced alterations in the lung mechanics, inflammation, and remodeling. The CS increased airway cell infiltration, acid mucus production, MMP-12 expression, and alveolar enlargement. NaClO increased the number of eosinophils and macrophages in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, with cells expressing IL-13, MMP-12, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and iNOS in addition to increased IL-1β and TNF-α levels. Co-exposure to both irritants increased epithelial and smooth muscle cell area, acid mucus production, and IL-13 expression in the airways, while it reduced the lung inflammation. In conclusion, the co-exposure of CS with NaClO reduced the pulmonary inflammation, but increased the acidity of mucus, which may protect lungs from more injury. A cross-resistance in people exposed to multiple lung irritants should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Mangueira Saraiva-Romanholo
- Sao Paulo Hospital (IAMSPE), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, LIM 20 Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Sala 1210, 1º andar, CEP: 01246903, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
- University City of Sao Paulo (UNICID), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Studies in Pulmonary Inflammation, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, Brazil.
| | - Isabella Santos de Genaro
- Sao Paulo Hospital (IAMSPE), Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, LIM 20 Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Sala 1210, 1º andar, CEP: 01246903, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francine Maria de Almeida
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, LIM 20 Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Sala 1210, 1º andar, CEP: 01246903, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Soraia Nogueira Felix
- Sao Paulo Hospital (IAMSPE), Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, LIM 20 Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Sala 1210, 1º andar, CEP: 01246903, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rodolfo Paula Vieira
- Post-Graduation Program in Bioengineering and in Biomedical Engineering, Brazil University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Sciences of Human Movement and Rehabilitation, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Anhembi Morumbi University, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Magalhães Arantes-Costa
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, LIM 20 Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Sala 1210, 1º andar, CEP: 01246903, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milton Arruda Martins
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, LIM 20 Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Sala 1210, 1º andar, CEP: 01246903, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iolanda de Fátima Lopes Calvo Tibério
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, LIM 20 Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Sala 1210, 1º andar, CEP: 01246903, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Máximo Prado
- Laboratory of Studies in Pulmonary Inflammation, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, Brazil
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Miura da Costa K, Fabro AT, Becari C, Figueira RL, Schmidt AF, Ruano R, Sbragia L. Honeymoon Period in Newborn Rats With CDH Is Associated With Changes in the VEGF Signaling Pathway. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:698217. [PMID: 34336744 PMCID: PMC8322230 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.698217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) have a short postnatal period of ventilatory stability called the honeymoon period, after which changes in pulmonary vascular reactivity result in pulmonary hypertension. However, the mechanisms involved are still unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate mechanical ventilation's effect in the honeymoon period on VEGF, VEGFR-1/2 and eNOS expression on experimental CDH in rats. Materials and Methods: Neonates whose mothers were not exposed to nitrofen formed the control groups (C) and neonates with left-sided defects formed the CDH groups (CDH). Both were subdivided into non-ventilated and ventilated for 30, 60, and 90 min (n = 7 each). The left lungs (n = 4) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry of the pulmonary vasculature (media wall thickness), VEGF, VEGFR-1/2 and eNOS. Western blotting (n = 3) was performed to quantify the expression of VEGF, VEGFR-1/2 and eNOS. Results: CDH had lower biometric parameters than C. Regarding the pulmonary vasculature, C showed a reduction in media wall thickness with ventilation, while CDH presented reduction with 30 min and an increase with the progression of the ventilatory time (honeymoon period). CDH and C groups showed different patterns of VEGF, VEGFR-1/2 and eNOS expressions. The receptors and eNOS findings were significant by immunohistochemistry but not by western blotting, while VEGF was significant by western blotting but not by immunohistochemistry. Conclusion: VEGF, its receptors and eNOS were altered in CDH after mechanical ventilation. These results suggest that the VEGF-NO pathway plays an important role in the honeymoon period of experimental CDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Miura da Costa
- Laboratory of Experimental Fetal Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Christiane Becari
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rebeca Lopes Figueira
- Laboratory of Experimental Fetal Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Augusto F Schmidt
- Division of Neonatology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Rodrigo Ruano
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Lourenço Sbragia
- Laboratory of Experimental Fetal Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ferreira SS, Oliveira MA, Tsujita M, Nunes FPB, Casagrande FB, Gomes E, Russo M, Tavares de Lima W, Martins JO. Insulin Modulates the Immune Cell Phenotype in Pulmonary Allergic Inflammation and Increases Pulmonary Resistance in Diabetic Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:84. [PMID: 32117245 PMCID: PMC7026190 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Reports have shown that the onset of diabetes mellitus (DM) in patients previously diagnosed with asthma decreases asthmatic symptoms, whereas insulin aggravates asthma. The present study evaluated the modulatory effect of insulin on the development of allergic airway inflammation in diabetic mice. Materials and Methods: To evaluate the effects of relative insulin deficiency, an experimental model of diabetes was induced by a single dose of alloxan (50 mg/kg, i.v.). After 10 days, the mice were sensitized with ovalbumin [OVA, 20 μg and 2 mg of Al(OH)3, i.p.]. A booster immunization was performed 6 days after the first sensitization [20 μg of OVA and 2 mg of Al(OH)3, i.p.]. The OVA challenge (1 mg/mL) was performed by daily nebulization for 7 days. Diabetic animals were treated with multiple doses of neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) before each challenge with OVA. The following parameters were measured 24 h after the last challenge: (a) the levels of p38 MAP kinase, ERK 1/2 MAP kinases, JNK, STAT 3, and STAT 6 in lung homogenates; (b) the serum profiles of immunoglobulins IgE and IgG1; (c) the concentrations of cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, TNF-α, VEGF, TGF-β, and IFN-γ) in lung homogenates; (d) cells recovered from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF); (e) the profiles of immune cells in the bone marrow, lung, thymus, and spleen; and (f) pulmonary mechanics using invasive (FlexiVent) and non-invasive (BUXCO) methods. Results: Compared to non-diabetic OVA-challenged mice, OVA-challenged diabetic animals showed decreases in ERK 1 (2-fold), ERK 2 (7-fold), JNK (phosphor-54) (3-fold), JNK/SAPK (9-fold), STAT3 (4-fold), the levels of immunoglobulins, including IgE (1-fold) and IgG1 (3-fold), cytokines, including Th2 profile cytokines such as IL-4 (2-fold), IL-5 (2-fold), IL-13 (4-fold), TNF-α (2-fold), VEGF (2-fold), and TGF-β (2-fold), inflammatory infiltrates (14-fold), T cells, NK cells, B cells and eosinophils in the bone marrow, lung, thymus and spleen, and airway hyperreactivity. STAT6 was absent, and no eosinophilia was observed in BALF. Insulin treatment restored all parameters. Conclusion: The data suggested that insulin modulates immune cell phenotypes and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in the development of allergic airway inflammation in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina S Ferreira
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University São Paulo (FCF/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria A Oliveira
- Laboratory of Physiopathology of Experimental Lung Inflammation, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University São Paulo (ICB/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maristela Tsujita
- Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University São Paulo (FCF/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda P B Nunes
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University São Paulo (FCF/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe B Casagrande
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University São Paulo (FCF/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliane Gomes
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University São Paulo (ICB/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Momtchilo Russo
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University São Paulo (ICB/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wothan Tavares de Lima
- Laboratory of Physiopathology of Experimental Lung Inflammation, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University São Paulo (ICB/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joilson O Martins
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University São Paulo (FCF/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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The Role and Potential Pathogenic Mechanism of Particulate Matter in Childhood Asthma: A Review and Perspective. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:8254909. [PMID: 32411804 PMCID: PMC7201641 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8254909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma, the most common chronic respiratory disease in children, affects numerous people worldwide. Accumulating evidence suggests that exposure to high levels of particulate matter (PM), either acutely or chronically, is associated with the exacerbation and incidence of pediatric asthma. However, the detailed pathogenic mechanisms by which PM contributes to the incidence of asthma remain largely unknown. In this short review, we summarize studies of relationships between PM and pediatric asthma and recent advances on the fundamental mechanisms of PM-related asthma, with emphases on cell death regulation and immune system responses. We further discuss the inadequacy of current studies and give a perspective on the prevention strategies for pediatric asthma.
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Timmerman T, de Brito JM, de Almeida NM, de Almeida FM, Arantes-Costa FM, Guimaraes ET, Lichtenfels AJFC, Rivero DHRF, de Oliveira RC, de Lacerda JPA, Moraes JM, Pimental DA, Saraiva-Romanholo BM, Saldiva PHN, Vieira RDP, Mauad T. Inflammatory and functional responses after (bio)diesel exhaust exposure in allergic sensitized mice. A comparison between diesel and biodiesel. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:667-679. [PMID: 31330358 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Many cities fail to meet air quality standards, which results in increased risk for pulmonary disorders, including asthma. Human and experimental studies have shown that diesel exhaust (DE) particles are associated with worsening of allergic asthma. Biodiesel (BD), a cleaner fuel from renewable sources, was introduced in the eighties. Because of the reduction in particulate matter (PM) emissions, BD was expected to cause fewer adverse pulmonary effects. However, only limited data on the effect of BD emissions in asthma are available. OBJECTIVE Determine whether BD exhaust exposure in allergic sensitized mice leads to different effects on inflammatory and functional responses compared to DE exposure. METHODS Balb/C mice were orotracheally sensitized with House Dust Mite (HDM) or a saline solution with 3 weekly instillations. From day 9 until day 17 after sensitization, they were exposed daily to filtered air (FA), DE and BD exhaust (concentration: 600 μg/m3 PM2.5). Lung function, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cell counts, cytokine levels (IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-17, TNF-α, TSLP) in the BALF, peribronchiolar eosinophils and parenchymal macrophages were measured. RESULTS HDM-sensitized animals presented increased lung elastance (p = 0.046), IgG1 serum levels (p = 0.029), peribronchiolar eosinophils (p = 0.028), BALF levels of total cells (p = 0.020), eosinophils (p = 0.028), IL-5 levels (p = 0.002) and TSLP levels (p = 0.046) in BALF. DE exposure alone increased lung elastance (p = 0.000) and BALF IL-4 levels (p = 0.045), whereas BD exposure alone increased BALF TSLP levels (p = 0.004). BD exposure did not influence any parameters after HDM challenge, while DE exposed animals presented increased BALF levels of total cells (p = 0.019), lymphocytes (p = 0.000), neutrophils (p = 0.040), macrophages (p = 0.034), BALF IL-4 levels (p = 0.028), and macrophagic inflammation in the lung tissue (p = 0.037), as well as decreased IgG1 (p = 0.046) and IgG2 (p = 0.043) levels when compared to the HDM group. CONCLUSION The results indicate more adverse pulmonary effects of DE compared to BD exposure in allergic sensitized animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirza Timmerman
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jôse Mára de Brito
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Natalia Madureira de Almeida
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Francine Maria de Almeida
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics - LIM 20, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Magalhães Arantes-Costa
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics - LIM 20, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Eliane Tigre Guimaraes
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Julia Faria Coimbra Lichtenfels
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Regiani Carvalho de Oliveira
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Jamille Moreira Moraes
- Technological Research Institute of São Paulo - IPT, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Danilo Augusto Pimental
- Technological Research Institute of São Paulo - IPT, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Beatriz Mangueira Saraiva-Romanholo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics - LIM 20, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Hilário Nascimento Saldiva
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rodolfo de Paula Vieira
- Brazil University, Post-graduation Program in Bioengineering, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Thais Mauad
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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iNOS Inhibition Reduces Lung Mechanical Alterations and Remodeling Induced by Particulate Matter in Mice. Pulm Med 2019; 2019:4781528. [PMID: 30984425 PMCID: PMC6432736 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4781528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The epidemiologic association between pulmonary exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) and acute lung damage is well known. However, the mechanism involved in the effects of repeated exposures of PM in the lung injury is poorly documented. This study tested the hypotheses that chronic nasal instillation of residual oil fly ash (ROFA) induced not only distal lung and airway inflammation but also remodeling. In addition, we evaluated the effects of inducible nitric oxide inhibition in these responses. For this purpose, airway and lung parenchyma were evaluated by quantitative analysis of collagen and elastic fibers, immunohistochemistry for macrophages, neutrophils, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and alveolar septa 8-iso prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF-2α) detection. Anesthetized in vivo (airway resistance, elastance, H, G, and Raw) respiratory mechanics were also analyzed. C57BL6 mice received daily 60ul of ROFA (intranasal) for five (ROFA-5d) or fifteen days (ROFA-15d). Controls have received saline (SAL). Part of the animals has received 1400W (SAL+1400W and ROFA-15d+1400W), an iNOS inhibitor, for four days before the end of the protocol. A marked neutrophil and macrophage infiltration and an increase in the iNOS, nNOS, and 8-iso-PGF2 α expression was observed in peribronchiolar and alveolar wall both in ROFA-5d and in ROFA-15d groups. There was an increment of the collagen and elastic fibers in alveolar and airway walls in ROFA-15d group. The iNOS inhibition reduced all alterations induced by ROFA, except for the 8-iso-PGF2 α expression. In conclusion, repeated particulate matter exposures induce extracellular matrix remodeling of airway and alveolar walls, which could contribute to the pulmonary mechanical changes observed. The mechanism involved is, at least, dependent on the inducible nitric oxide activation.
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The Plant Proteinase Inhibitor CrataBL Plays a Role in Controlling Asthma Response in Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:9274817. [PMID: 30364003 PMCID: PMC6188594 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9274817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background. CrataBL is a protein isolated from Crataeva tapia bark. It has been shown to exhibit several biological properties, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antitumor, and insecticidal activities. There are no studies evaluating the role of CrataBL in experimental asthma models. Aim. To evaluate the effects of CrataBL on lung mechanics, inflammation, remodeling, and oxidative stress activation of mice with allergic pulmonary inflammation. Materials and Methods. BALB/c mice (6-7 weeks old, 25-30g) were divided into four groups: nonsensitized and nontreated mice (C group, n=8); ovalbumin- (OVA-) sensitized and nontreated mice (OVA group, n=8); nonsensitized and CrataBL-treated mice (C+CR group, n=8); OVA-sensitized and CrataBL-treated mice (OVA+CR group, n=8). We evaluated hyperresponsiveness to methacholine, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), pulmonary inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and oxidative stress markers. Results. CrataBL treatment in OVA-sensitized mice (OVA+CR group) attenuated the following variables compared to OVA-sensitized mice without treatment (OVA group) (all p<0.05): (1) respiratory system resistance (Rrs) and elastance (Ers) after methacholine challenge; (2) total cells, macrophages, polymorphonuclear cells, and lymphocytes in BALF; (3) eosinophils and volume fraction of collagen and elastic fibers in the airway and alveolar wall according to histopathological and morphometry analysis; (4) IL-4-, IL-5-, IL-13-, IL-17-, IFN-γ-, MMP-9-, TIMP-1-, TGF-β-, iNOS-, and NF-kB-positive cells and volume of 8-iso-PGF2α in airway and alveolar septa according to immunohistochemistry; and (5) IL-4, IL-5, and IFN-γ according to an ELISA. Conclusion. CrataBL contributes to the control of hyperresponsiveness, pulmonary inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and oxidative stress responses in an animal model of chronic allergic pulmonary inflammation.
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Dos Santos TM, Righetti RF, Camargo LDN, Saraiva-Romanholo BM, Aristoteles LRCRB, de Souza FCR, Fukuzaki S, Alonso-Vale MIC, Cruz MM, Prado CM, Leick EA, Martins MA, Tibério IFLC. Effect of Anti-IL17 Antibody Treatment Alone and in Combination With Rho-Kinase Inhibitor in a Murine Model of Asthma. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1183. [PMID: 30233389 PMCID: PMC6134017 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Interleukin-17 (IL-17) and Rho-kinase (ROCK) play an important role in regulating the expression of inflammatory mediators, immune cell recruitment, hyper-responsiveness, tissue remodeling, and oxidative stress. Modulation of IL-17 and ROCK proteins may represent a promising approach for the treatment of this disease. Objective: To study the effects of an anti-IL17 neutralizing antibody and ROCK inhibitor treatments, separately and in combination, in a murine model of chronic allergy-induced lung inflammation. Methods: Sixty-four BALBc mice, were divided into eight groups (n = 8): SAL (saline-instilled); OVA (exposed-ovalbumin); SAL-RHOi (saline and ROCK inhibitor), OVA-RHOi (exposed-ovalbumin and ROCK inhibitor); SAL-anti-IL17 (saline and anti-IL17); OVA-anti-IL17 (exposed-ovalbumin and anti-IL17); SAL-RHOi-anti-IL17 (saline, ROCK inhibitor and anti-IL17); and OVA-RHOi-anti-IL17 (exposed-ovalbumin, anti-IL17, and ROCK inhibitor). A 28-day protocol of albumin treatment was used for sensitization and induction of pulmonary inflammation. The anti-IL17A neutralizing antibody (7.5 μg per treatment) was administered by intraperitoneal injection and ROCK inhibitor (Y-27632) intranasally (10 mg/kg), 1 h prior to each ovalbumin challenge (days 22, 24, 26, and 28). Results: Treatment with the anti-IL17 neutralizing antibody and ROCK inhibitor attenuated the percentage of maximal increase of respiratory system resistance and respiratory system elastance after challenge with methacholine and the inflammatory response markers evaluated (CD4+, CD8+, ROCK1, ROCK2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 IL-13, IL-17, TNF-α, TGF-β, NF-κB, dendritic cells, iNOS, MMP-9, MMP-12, TIMP-1, FOXP3, isoprostane, biglycan, decorin, fibronectin, collagen fibers content and gene expression of IL-17, VAChT, and arginase) compared to the OVA group (p < 0.05). Treatment with anti-IL17 and the ROCK inhibitor together resulted in potentiation in decreasing the percentage of resistance increase after challenge with methacholine, decreased the number of IL-5 positive cells in the airway, and reduced, IL-5, TGF-β, FOXP3, ROCK1 and ROCK2 positive cells in the alveolar septa compared to the OVA-RHOi and OVA-anti-IL17 groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Anti-IL17 treatment alone or in conjunction with the ROCK inhibitor, modulates airway responsiveness, inflammation, tissue remodeling, and oxidative stress in mice with chronic allergic lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabata M Dos Santos
- Department of Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato F Righetti
- Department of Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro do N Camargo
- Department of Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz M Saraiva-Romanholo
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics, LIM-20, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Medicine, University City of São Paulo (UNICID), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Flávia C R de Souza
- Department of Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Fukuzaki
- Department of Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maysa M Cruz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Carla M Prado
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil.,Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, Brazil
| | - Edna A Leick
- Department of Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milton A Martins
- Department of Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iolanda F L C Tibério
- Department of Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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9
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de Genaro IS, de Almeida FM, Hizume-Kunzler DC, Moriya HT, Silva RA, Cruz JCG, Lopes RB, Righetti RF, de Paula Vieira R, Saiki M, Martins MA, Tibério IDFLC, Arantes-Costa FM, Saraiva-Romanholo BM. Low dose of chlorine exposure exacerbates nasal and pulmonary allergic inflammation in mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12636. [PMID: 30135462 PMCID: PMC6105688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30851-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Work-exacerbated asthma (WEA) is defined as preexisting asthma that worsens with exposure to irritants [e.g., chlorine (Cl2) derivatives] in the workplace. The maximum allowable concentration in the workplace of Cl2 exposure is 3 mg/ m3 (described in OSHA). We investigated in an experimental asthma model in mice the effects of a single exposure to a sodium hypochlorite dose with this allowed chlorine concentration and a tenfold higher dose. Acute chlorine exposure at 3.3 mg/m3 in the OVA-sensitized group increased eosinophils in the peribronquial infiltrate, cytokine production, nasal mucus production and the number of iNOS positive cells in the distal lung compared to only sensitized mice. The exposure to a higher dose of 33.3 mg/m3 in the OVA-sensitized group resulted in an increase in respiratory system elastance, in the total and differential numbers of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-17 in the lungs, eosinophils in peribronquial infiltrate and mucus content in nasal compared to non-exposed and sensitized animals. In this asthma model, chorine exposures at an allowable dose, contributed to the potentiation of Th2 responses. The functional alterations were associated with increased iNOS and ROCK-2 activation in the distal lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Santos de Genaro
- Public Employee of Sao Paulo Hospital (IAMSPE), Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Medicine (LIM 20), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Deborah Camargo Hizume-Kunzler
- Department of Medicine (LIM 20), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physical Therapy (LaPEx), State University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Henrique Takachi Moriya
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Escola Politecnica, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Aparecido Silva
- Department of Medicine (LIM 20), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Renato Fraga Righetti
- Department of Medicine (LIM 20), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Sírio-Libanês Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo de Paula Vieira
- Universidade Brasil, Post-graduation Program in Bioengenering, São Paulo, Brazil and Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Mitiko Saiki
- Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, IPEN-CNEN/SP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milton Arruda Martins
- Department of Medicine (LIM 20), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Beatriz Mangueira Saraiva-Romanholo
- Public Employee of Sao Paulo Hospital (IAMSPE), Sao Paulo, Brazil. .,Department of Medicine (LIM 20), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. .,University City of Sao Paulo (UNICID), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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10
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Hasan B, Abudulimu H, Tian L, Ablimit A. Changes in mucin 1 expression in a rat model of allergic airway inflammation. Exp Lung Res 2018; 44:137-142. [PMID: 29847197 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2018.1439127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the distribution and expressional changes of mucin 1 (Muc1) in airway of rats with allergic airway inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ovalbumin (OVA) was used to induce acute allergic inflammation in male Wistar rats. The distributions and expressions of Muc1 in lungs of normal and model rats were assessed by immunohistochemical staining and western blotting, respectively. RESULTS Immunohistochemical staining showed that Muc1 distributed in airway epithelial cells with ciliates, but not those nonciliated cells. Mucin 1 protein expression in the lung was increased during the development of allergic airway inflammation when compared with the normal rats. CONCLUSION Mucin 1 distributes in the airway epithelial cells with ciliates and the expressional increase of Muc1 in lung may imply its functions on allergic inflammatory episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Hasan
- a Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated Traditional Chinese Hospital, Department of Cardiology , Laboratory of Pulmonary Hypertension , Urumqi , China
| | - Haimiti Abudulimu
- b Xinjiang Medical University, Basic Medical College , Histology and Embryology , Urumqi , China
| | - Li Tian
- b Xinjiang Medical University, Basic Medical College , Histology and Embryology , Urumqi , China
| | - Abduxukur Ablimit
- b Xinjiang Medical University, Basic Medical College , Histology and Embryology , Urumqi , China
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11
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Shafer MM, Hemming JDC, Antkiewicz DS, Schauer JJ. Oxidative potential of size-fractionated atmospheric aerosol in urban and rural sites across Europe. Faraday Discuss 2018; 189:381-405. [PMID: 27116365 DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00196j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study we applied several assays, an in vitro rat alveolar macrophage model, a chemical ROS probe (DTT, dithiothreitol), and cytokine induction (TNFα) to examine relationships between PM-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and PM composition, using a unique set of size-resolved PM samples obtained from urban and rural environments across Europe. From April-July 2012, we collected PM from roadside canyon, roadside motorway, and background urban sites in each of six European cities and from three rural sites spanning the continent. A Hi-Vol sampler was used to collect PM in three size classes (PM>7, PM7-3, PM3) and PM was characterized for total elements, and oxidative activity quantified in unfiltered and filtered PM extracts. We measured a remarkable uniformity in air concentrations of ROS and especially DTT activity across the continent. Only a 4-fold difference was documented for DTT across the urban sites and a similar variance was documented for ROS, implying that chemical drivers of oxidative activity are relatively similar between sites. The ROS and DTT specific activity was greater at urban background sites (and also rural sites) than at urban canyon locations. PM3 dominated the size distribution of both ROS activity (86% of total) and DTT activity (76% of total), reflecting both the large contribution of PM3 to total PM mass levels and importantly the higher specific oxidative activity of the PM3 in comparison with the larger particles. The soluble fraction of total activity was very high for DTT (94%) as well as for ROS (64%) in the PM3. However in the larger PM size fractions the contributions of the insoluble components became increasingly significant. The dominance of the insoluble PM drivers of activity was particularly evident in the TNFα data, where the insoluble contribution to cytokine production could be 100-fold greater than that from soluble components. ROS and DTT activity were strongly correlated in the PM3 (r = 0.93), however oxidative activity was not correlated with any measured inorganic element in this size cut. In contrast, significant correlations of both ROS and DTT oxidative activity with specific groups of chemical elements were documented in the larger PM size fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin M Shafer
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 660 N. Park St., Madison, WI 53706, USA. and Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53718, USA
| | - Jocelyn D C Hemming
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53718, USA
| | - Dagmara S Antkiewicz
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53718, USA
| | - James J Schauer
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 660 N. Park St., Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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12
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Camargo LDN, Righetti RF, Aristóteles LRDCRB, Dos Santos TM, de Souza FCR, Fukuzaki S, Cruz MM, Alonso-Vale MIC, Saraiva-Romanholo BM, Prado CM, Martins MDA, Leick EA, Tibério IDFLC. Effects of Anti-IL-17 on Inflammation, Remodeling, and Oxidative Stress in an Experimental Model of Asthma Exacerbated by LPS. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1835. [PMID: 29379497 PMCID: PMC5760512 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a central role in the development of asthma, which is considered an allergic disease with a classic Th2 inflammatory profile. However, cytokine IL-17 has been examined to better understand the pathophysiology of this disease. Severe asthmatic patients experience frequent exacerbations, leading to infection, and subsequently show altered levels of inflammation that are unlikely to be due to the Th2 immune response alone. This study estimates the effects of anti-IL-17 therapy in the pulmonary parenchyma in a murine asthma model exacerbated by LPS. BALB/c mice were sensitized with intraperitoneal ovalbumin and repeatedly exposed to inhalation with ovalbumin, followed by treatment with or without anti-IL-17. Twenty-four hours prior to the end of the 29-day experimental protocol, the two groups received LPS (0.1 mg/ml intratracheal OVA-LPS and OVA-LPS IL-17). We subsequently evaluated bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, performed a lung tissue morphometric analysis, and measured IL-6 gene expression. OVA-LPS-treated animals treated with anti-IL-17 showed decreased pulmonary inflammation, edema, oxidative stress, and extracellular matrix remodeling compared to the non-treated OVA and OVA-LPS groups (p < 0.05). The anti-IL-17 treatment also decreased the numbers of dendritic cells, FOXP3, NF-κB, and Rho kinase 1- and 2-positive cells compared to the non-treated OVA and OVA-LPS groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, these data suggest that inhibition of IL-17 is a promising therapeutic avenue, even in exacerbated asthmatic patients, and significantly contributes to the control of Th1/Th2/Th17 inflammation, chemokine expression, extracellular matrix remodeling, and oxidative stress in a murine experimental asthma model exacerbated by LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renato Fraga Righetti
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Silvia Fukuzaki
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maysa Mariana Cruz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carla Máximo Prado
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Edna Aparecida Leick
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Shang Y, Sun Q. Particulate air pollution: major research methods and applications in animal models. ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASE 2018; 3:57-62. [PMID: 31549002 DOI: 10.4103/ed.ed_16_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambient air pollution is composed of a heterogeneous mixture of gaseous and solid particle compounds in which primary particles are emitted directly into the atmosphere, such as diesel soot, while secondary particles are created through physicochemical transformation. Particulate matter (PM), especially fine and ultrafine particles, can be inhaled and deposited in the alveolar cavities and penetrate into circulation. An association between high levels of air pollutants and human disease has been known for more than half a century and increasing evidences demonstrate a strong link between exposure on PM and the development of systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular and neurological disorders. Experimental animal models have been extensively used to study the underlying mechanism caused by environmental exposure to ambient PM. Due to their availability, quality, cost, and genetically modified strains, rodent models have been widely used. Some common exposure approaches include intranasal instillation, intratracheal instillation, nose-only inhalation, whole-body inhalation, and intravenous injection have been reviewed with brief summary of its performance, merit, limitation, and application. We hope this would provide useful reference in advancing experimental researches about air pollution human health and disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Shang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Qinghua Sun
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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14
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Brüggemann TR, Fernandes P, Oliveira LDM, Sato MN, Martins MDA, Arantes-Costa FM. Cigarette Smoke Increases CD8α + Dendritic Cells in an Ovalbumin-Induced Airway Inflammation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:718. [PMID: 28670318 PMCID: PMC5472682 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is an allergic lung disease and, when associated to cigarette smoke exposition, some patients show controversial signs about lung function and other inflammatory mediators. Epidemiologic and experimental studies have shown both increasing and decreasing inflammation in lungs of subjects with asthma and exposed to cigarette smoke. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed how cigarette smoke affects pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators in a murine model of allergic pulmonary inflammation. We sensitized Balb/c mice to ovalbumin (OVA) with two intraperitoneal injections. After sensitization, the animals were exposed to cigarette smoke twice a day, 30 min per exposition, for 12 consecutive days. In order to drive the cell to the lungs, four aerosol challenges were performed every 48 h with the same allergen of sensitization. OVA sensitization and challenge developed pulmonary Th2 characteristic response with increased airway responsiveness, remodeling, increased levels of IgE, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-13. Cigarette smoke, unexpectedly, reduced the levels of IL-4 and IL-13 and simultaneously decreased anti-inflammatory cytokines as IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in sensitized and challenged animals. OVA combined with cigarette smoke exposition decreased the number of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage and increased the number of neutrophils in lung. The combination of cigarette smoke and lung allergy increased recruitment of lymphoid dendritic cells (DCs) into lymph nodes, which may be the leading cause to an increase in number and activation of CD8+ T cells in lungs. In addition, lung allergy and cigarette smoke exposure decreased an important regulatory subtype of DC such as plasmacytoid DC as well as its activation by expression of CD86, PDL2, and ICOSL, and it was sufficient to decrease T regs influx and anti-inflammatory cytokines release such as IL-10 and TGF-β but not enough to diminish the structural changes. In conclusion, we observed, in this model, that OVA sensitization and challenge combined with cigarette smoke exposure leads to mischaracterization of the Th2 response of asthma by decreasing the number of eosinophils, IL-4, and IL-13 and increasing number of neutrophils, which is related to the increased number of CD8ɑ+ DCs and CD8+ T cells as well as reduction of the regulatory cells and its released cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thayse Regina Brüggemann
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics LIM20, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Paula Fernandes
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics LIM20, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luana de Mendonça Oliveira
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM56, School of Medicine, Division of Clinical Dermatology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Notomi Sato
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM56, School of Medicine, Division of Clinical Dermatology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mílton de Arruda Martins
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics LIM20, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Magalhães Arantes-Costa
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics LIM20, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Magnani ND, Marchini T, Garcés M, Mebert A, Cáceres L, Diaz L, Desimone M, Evelson PA. Role of transition metals present in air particulate matter on lung oxygen metabolism. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 81:419-426. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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16
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Sakuranetin reverses vascular peribronchial and lung parenchyma remodeling in a murine model of chronic allergic pulmonary inflammation. Acta Histochem 2016; 118:615-624. [PMID: 27425653 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Asthma is a disease of high prevalence and morbidity that generates high costs in hospitalization and treatment. Although the airway is involved in the physiopathology of asthma, there is also evidence of the importance of vascular and lung parenchyma inflammation and remodeling, which can contribute to the functional pulmonary alterations observed in asthmatic patients. Our aim was to evaluate treatment using sakuranetin, a flavone isolated from the twigs of Baccharis retusa (Asteraceae), on vascular and lung parenchyma alterations in an experimental murine model of asthma. METHODS Male BALB/c mice were subjected to a sensitization protocol with ovalbumin for 30days and were treated with or without sakuranetin (20mg/kg/mice) or dexamethasone (5mg/kg/mice); then, the lungs were collected for histopathological analysis. We evaluated extracellular matrix remodeling (collagen and elastic fibers), inflammation (eosinophils and NF-kB) and oxidative stress (8-isoprostane) in the pulmonary vessels and lung parenchyma. The thickness of the vascular wall was quantified, as well as the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels. RESULTS We demonstrated that sakuranetin reduced the number of eosinophils and elastic fibers in both the pulmonary vessels and the lung parenchyma, probably due to a reduction of oxidative stress and of the transcription factor NF-kB and VEGF levels in the lung. In addition, it reduced the thickness of the pulmonary vascular wall. The treatment had no effect on the collagen fibers. In most of the parameters, the effect of sakuranetin was similar to the dexamethasone effect. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Sakuranetin had anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, preventing vascular and distal parenchyma changes in this experimental model of asthma.
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17
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The schistosome glutathione S-transferase P28GST, a unique helminth protein, prevents intestinal inflammation in experimental colitis through a Th2-type response with mucosal eosinophils. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:322-35. [PMID: 26174763 PMCID: PMC4801903 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal helminth parasites are potent inducers of T helper type 2 (Th2) response and have a regulatory role, notably on intestinal inflammation. As infection with schistosomes is unlikely to provide a reliable treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases, we have investigated the beneficial effect of a schistosome enzymatic protein, the 28-kDa glutathione S-transferase (P28GST), on the modulation of disease activity and immune responses in experimental colitis. Our results showed that immunization with recombinant P28GST is at least as efficient as established schistosome infection to reduce colitis lesions and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Considering underlying mechanisms, the decrease of inflammatory parameters was associated with the polarization of the immune system toward a Th2 profile, with local and systemic increases of interleukin (IL)-13 and IL-5. Dense eosinophil infiltration was observed in the colons of P28GST-immunized rats and mice. Depletion of eosinophils by treatment with an anti-Siglec-F monoclonal antibody and use of IL-5-deficient mice led to the loss of therapeutic effect, suggesting the crucial role for eosinophils in colitis prevention by P28GST. These findings reveal that immunization with P28GST, a unique recombinant schistosome enzyme, ameliorates intestinal inflammation through eosinophil-dependent modulation of harmful type 1 responses, representing a new immuno-regulatory strategy against inflammatory bowel diseases.
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18
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Pardo M, Shafer MM, Rudich A, Schauer JJ, Rudich Y. Single Exposure to near Roadway Particulate Matter Leads to Confined Inflammatory and Defense Responses: Possible Role of Metals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:8777-8785. [PMID: 26121492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation of traffic-associated atmospheric particulate matter (PM2.5) is recognized as a significant health risk. In this study, we focused on a single ("subclinical response") exposure to water-soluble extracts from PM collected at a roadside site in a major European city to elucidate potential components that drive pulmonary inflammatory, oxidative, and defense mechanisms and their systemic impacts. Intratracheal instillation (IT) of the aqueous extracts induced a 24 h inflammatory response characterized by increased broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cells and cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), increased reactive oxygen species production, but insignificant lipids and proteins oxidation adducts in mouse lungs. This local response was largely self-resolved by 48 h, suggesting that it could represent a subclinical response to everyday-level exposure. Removal of soluble metals by chelation markedly diminished the pulmonary PM-mediated response. An artificial metal solution (MS) recapitulated the PM extract response. The self-resolving nature of the response is associated with activating defense mechanisms (increased levels of catalase and glutathione peroxidase expression), observed with both PM extract and MS. In conclusion, metals present in PM collected near roadways are largely responsible for the observed transient local pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress. Simultaneous activation of the antioxidant defense response may protect against oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pardo
- †Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Martin M Shafer
- ‡Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Assaf Rudich
- §Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - James J Schauer
- ‡Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Yinon Rudich
- †Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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19
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Gustafsson Å, Bergström U, Ågren L, Österlund L, Sandström T, Bucht A. Differential cellular responses in healthy mice and in mice with established airway inflammation when exposed to hematite nanoparticles. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 288:1-11. [PMID: 26163175 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the inflammatory and immunological responses in airways and lung-draining lymph nodes (LDLNs), following lung exposure to iron oxide (hematite) nanoparticles (NPs). The responses to the hematite NPs were evaluated in both healthy non-sensitized mice, and in sensitized mice with an established allergic airway disease. The mice were exposed intratracheally to either hematite NPs or to vehicle (PBS) and the cellular responses were evaluated on days 1, 2, and 7, post-exposure. Exposure to hematite NPs increased the numbers of neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes in the airways of non-sensitized mice on days 1 and 2 post-exposure; at these time points the number of lymphocytes was also elevated in the LDLNs. In contrast, exposing sensitized mice to hematite NPs induced a rapid and unspecific cellular reduction in the alveolar space on day 1 post-exposure; a similar decrease of lymphocytes was also observed in the LDLN. The results indicate that cells in the airways and in the LDLN of individuals with established airway inflammation undergo cell death when exposed to hematite NPs. A possible explanation for this toxic response is the extensive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the pro-oxidative environment of inflamed airways. This study demonstrates how sensitized and non-sensitized mice respond differently to hematite NP exposure, and it highlights the importance of including individuals with respiratory disorders when evaluating health effects of inhaled nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Gustafsson
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden; Dept of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden.
| | - Ulrika Bergström
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden; Dept of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, SE-751 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lina Ågren
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lars Österlund
- Dept of Engineering Sciences, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas Sandström
- Dept of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Anders Bucht
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden; Dept of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden
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20
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Huang SK, Zhang Q, Qiu Z, Chung KF. Mechanistic impact of outdoor air pollution on asthma and allergic diseases. J Thorac Dis 2015; 7:23-33. [PMID: 25694815 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.12.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, asthma and allergic diseases, such as allergic rhinitis and eczema, have become increasingly common, but the reason for this increased prevalence is still unclear. It has become apparent that genetic variation alone is not sufficient to account for the observed changes; rather, the changing environment, together with alterations in lifestyle and eating habits, are likely to have driven the increase in prevalence, and in some cases, severity of disease. This is particularly highlighted by recent awareness of, and concern about, the exposure to ubiquitous environmental pollutants, including chemicals with oxidant-generating capacities, and their impact on the human respiratory and immune systems. Indeed, several epidemiological studies have identified a variety of risk factors, including ambient pollutant gases and airborne particles, for the prevalence and the exacerbation of allergic diseases. However, the responsible pollutants remain unclear and the causal relationship has not been established. Recent studies of cellular and animal models have suggested several plausible mechanisms, with the most consistent observation being the direct effects of particle components on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the resultant oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. This review attempts to highlight the experimental findings, with particular emphasis on several major mechanistic events initiated by exposure to particulate matters (PMs) in the exposure-disease relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shau-Ku Huang
- 1 Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 115 Zhunan, Taiwan ; 2 Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA ; 3 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 4 National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London & Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Qingling Zhang
- 1 Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 115 Zhunan, Taiwan ; 2 Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA ; 3 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 4 National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London & Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Zhiming Qiu
- 1 Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 115 Zhunan, Taiwan ; 2 Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA ; 3 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 4 National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London & Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- 1 Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 115 Zhunan, Taiwan ; 2 Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA ; 3 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 4 National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London & Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK
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Induction of eosinophil apoptosis by hydrogen peroxide promotes the resolution of allergic inflammation. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1632. [PMID: 25675292 PMCID: PMC4669804 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils are effector cells that have an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic disease. Defective removal of these cells likely leads to chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma. Thus, there is great interest in understanding the mechanisms responsible for the elimination of eosinophils from inflammatory sites. Previous studies have demonstrated a role for certain mediators and molecular pathways responsible for the survival and death of leukocytes at sites of inflammation. Reactive oxygen species have been described as proinflammatory mediators but their role in the resolution phase of inflammation is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of reactive oxygen species in the resolution of allergic inflammatory responses. An eosinophilic cell line (Eol-1) was treated with hydrogen peroxide and apoptosis was measured. Allergic inflammation was induced in ovalbumin sensitized and challenged mouse models and reactive oxygen species were administered at the peak of inflammatory cell infiltrate. Inflammatory cell numbers, cytokine and chemokine levels, mucus production, inflammatory cell apoptosis and peribronchiolar matrix deposition was quantified in the lungs. Resistance and elastance were measured at baseline and after aerosolized methacholine. Hydrogen peroxide accelerates resolution of airway inflammation by induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis of eosinophils and decrease remodeling, mucus deposition, inflammatory cytokine production and airway hyperreactivity. Moreover, the inhibition of reactive oxygen species production by apocynin or in gp91phox−/− mice prolonged the inflammatory response. Hydrogen peroxide induces Eol-1 apoptosis in vitro and enhances the resolution of inflammation and improves lung function in vivo by inducing caspase-dependent apoptosis of eosinophils.
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Cui Y, Xie X, Jia F, He J, Li Z, Fu M, Hao H, Liu Y, Liu JZ, Cowan PJ, Zhu H, Sun Q, Liu Z. Ambient fine particulate matter induces apoptosis of endothelial progenitor cells through reactive oxygen species formation. Cell Physiol Biochem 2015; 35:353-63. [PMID: 25591776 DOI: 10.1159/000369701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Bone marrow (BM)-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play a critical role in angiogenesis and vascular repair. Some environmental insults, like fine particulate matter (PM) exposure, significantly impair cardiovascular functions. However, the mechanisms for PM-induced adverse effects on cardiovascular system remain largely unknown. The present research was to study the detrimental effects of PM on EPCs and explore the potential mechanisms. METHODS PM was intranasal-distilled into male C57BL/6 mice for one month. Flow cytometry was used to measure the number of EPCs, apoptosis level of circulating EPCs and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Serum TNF-α and IL-1β were measured using ELISA. To determine the role of PM-induced ROS in EPC apoptosis, PM was co-administrated with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in wild type mice or used in a triple transgenic mouse line (TG) with overexpression of antioxidant enzyme network (AON) composed of superoxide dismutase (SOD)1, SOD3, and glutathione peroxidase (Gpx-1) with decreased in vivo ROS production. RESULTS PM treatment significantly decreased circulating EPC population, promoted apoptosis of EPCs in association with increased ROS production and serum TNF-α and IL-1β levels, which could be effectively reversed by either NAC treatment or overexpression of AON. CONCLUSION PM exposure significantly decreased circulating EPCs population due to increased apoptosis via ROS formation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Cui
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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da Silva RA, Almeida FM, Olivo CR, Saraiva-Romanholo BM, Perini A, Martins MA, Carvalho CRF. Comparison of the Effects of Aerobic Conditioning Before and After Pulmonary Allergic Inflammation. Inflammation 2014; 38:1229-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-0090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gustafsson A, Jonasson S, Sandström T, Lorentzen JC, Bucht A. Genetic variation influences immune responses in sensitive rats following exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles. Toxicology 2014; 326:74-85. [PMID: 25456268 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the immunological responses in rats following inhalation to titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), in naïve rats and in rats with induced allergic airway disease. The responses of two different inbred rat strains were compared: the Dark Aguoti (DA), susceptible to chronic inflammatory disorders, and the Brown Norwegian (BN), susceptible to atopic allergic inflammation. Naïve rats were exposed to an aerosol of TiO2 NPs once daily for 10 days. Another subset of rats was sensitized to the allergen ovalbumin (OVA) in order to induce airway inflammation. These sensitized rats were exposed to TiO2 NPs before and during the allergen challenge. Naïve rats exposed to TiO2 NPs developed an increase of neutrophils and lymphocytes in both rat strains. Airway hyperreactivity and production of inflammatory mediators typical of a T helper 1 type immune response were significantly increased, only in DA rats. Sensitization of the rats induced a prominent OVA-specific-IgE and IgG response in the BN rat while DA rats only showed an increased IgG response. Sensitized rats of both strains developed airway eosinophilia following allergen challenge, which declined upon exposure to TiO2 NPs. The level of neutrophils and lymphocytes increased upon exposure to TiO2 NPs in the airways of DA rats but remained unchanged in the airways of BN rats. In conclusion, the responses to TiO2 NPs were strain-dependent, indicating that genetics play a role in both immune and airway reactivity. DA rats were found to be higher responder compared to BN rats, both when it comes to responses in naïve and sensitized rats. The impact of genetically determined factors influencing the inflammatory reactions pinpoints the complexity of assessing health risks associated with nanoparticle exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asa Gustafsson
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Respiratory medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Sofia Jonasson
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Thomas Sandström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Respiratory medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johnny C Lorentzen
- The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Work Environment Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Bucht
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Respiratory medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Carvalho GMC, Nagato LKDS, Fagundes SDS, Dos Santos FB, Calheiros AS, Malm O, Bozza PT, Saldiva PHN, Faffe DS, Rocco PRM, Zin WA. Time course of pulmonary burden in mice exposed to residual oil fly ash. Front Physiol 2014; 5:366. [PMID: 25309454 PMCID: PMC4174882 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Residual oil fly ash (ROFA) is a common pollutant in areas where oil is burned. This particulate matter (PM) with a broad distribution of particle diameters can be inhaled by human beings and putatively damage their respiratory system. Although some studies deal with cultured cells, animals, and even epidemiological issues, so far a comprehensive analysis of respiratory outcomes as a function of the time elapsed after exposure to a low dose of ROFA is wanted. Thus, we aimed to investigate the time course of mechanical, histological, and inflammatory lung changes, as well as neutrophils in the blood, in mice exposed to ROFA until 5 days after exposure. BALB/c mice (25 ± 5 g) were randomly divided into 7 groups and intranasally instilled with either 10 μL of sterile saline solution (0.9% NaCl, CTRL) or ROFA (0.2 μg in 10 μL of saline solution). Pulmonary mechanics, histology (normal and collapsed alveoli, mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells, and ultrastructure), neutrophils (in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) were determined at 6 h in CTRL and at 6, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h after ROFA exposure. ROFA contained metal elements, especially iron, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and organochlorines. Lung resistive pressure augmented early (6 h) in the course of lung injury and other mechanical, histological and inflammatory parameters increased at 24 h, returning to control values at 120 h. Blood neutrophilia was present only at 24 and 48 h after exposure. Swelling of endothelial cells with adherent neutrophils was detected after ROFA instillation. No neutrophils were present in the lavage fluid. In conclusion, the exposure to ROFA, even in low doses, induced early changes in pulmonary mechanics, lung histology and accumulation of neutrophils in blood of mice that lasted for 4 days and disappeared spontaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lilian Katiê da Silva Nagato
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sheila da Silva Fagundes
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávia Brandão Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andrea Surrage Calheiros
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacodynamics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Olaf Malm
- Laboratory of Radioisotopes, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Torres Bozza
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacodynamics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Hilário N Saldiva
- Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Débora Souza Faffe
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Metabolism Firmino Torres de Castro, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Rieken Macedo Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Walter Araujo Zin
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Arantes-Costa FM, Grund LZ, Martins MA, Lima C. Airborne pollutant ROFA enhances the allergic airway inflammation through direct modulation of dendritic cells in an uptake-dependent mechanism. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 22:9-20. [PMID: 24975839 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Studies suggest that airborne pollutants are important cofactors in the exacerbation of lung diseases. The role of DC on the exacerbation of lung inflammation induced by particulate matter pollutants is unclear. We evaluated the effects of residual oil fly ash (ROFA) on the phenotype and function of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) in vitro and lung dendritic cells (DCs) in vivo, and the subsequent T-cell response. In a model of asthma, exposure to ROFA exacerbated pulmonary inflammation, which was attributed to the increase of eosinophils, IL-5- and IFN-γ-producing T cells, and goblet cells as well as decreased number of Treg and pDC. However, the ROFA showed no ability to modulate the production of anaphylactic IgE. In vitro studies showed that ROFA directly induced the maturation of DCs up-regulating the expression of co-stimulatory molecules and cytokines and MMP production in an uptake-dependent and oxidative stress-dependent manner. Furthermore, ROFA-pulsed BMDC transferred to allergic mice exacerbated eosinophilic inflammation as well as promoted increased epithelial and goblet cells changes. Thus, pollutants may constitute an important and risk factor in the exacerbation of asthma with inhibition of the negative regulatory signals in the lung, with enhanced mDC activation that sustains the recruitment of effector T lymphocytes and eosinophil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Magalhaes Arantes-Costa
- Immunoregulation Unit, Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, Sao Paulo CEP 05503-009, SP, Brazil; Laboratório de Terapêutica Experimental (LIM20), Faculdade de Medicina da USP, Av. Dr Arnaldo, 455, Sala 1220, Sao Paulo CEP 01246-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Lidiane Zito Grund
- Immunoregulation Unit, Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, Sao Paulo CEP 05503-009, SP, Brazil
| | - Milton Arruda Martins
- Laboratório de Terapêutica Experimental (LIM20), Faculdade de Medicina da USP, Av. Dr Arnaldo, 455, Sala 1220, Sao Paulo CEP 01246-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla Lima
- Immunoregulation Unit, Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, Sao Paulo CEP 05503-009, SP, Brazil.
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Bargut TCL, Ferreira TPT, Daleprane JB, Martins MA, Silva PMR, Aguila MB. Fish oil has beneficial effects on allergen-induced airway inflammation and hyperreactivity in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75059. [PMID: 24040386 PMCID: PMC3765396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fish oil (FO) is rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which have been suggested to be anti-inflammatory and are associated with improvement of several inflammatory diseases. In this study, we investigated the influence of FO on allergen-induced lung inflammation and airway hyperreactivity in mice. Methods Male A/J mice were fed either a standard-chow (SC) or a FO diet (FO) for 8 weeks. After 4 weeks, each group was further randomized for ovalbumin (SC-OVA and FO-OVA) or saline (SC-SAL and FO-SAL) challenge. Resistance and elastance were measured at baseline and after aerosolized methacholine, 24h after the last challenge. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed for leukocyte counts. Lung tissue mucus deposition, peribronchiolar matrix deposition and eosinophil infiltration were quantified. Serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and IgG1 (ref 2.2), lung IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, INFγ and eotaxin-1 and 2 were detected by ELISA and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), GATA-3 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) expression was measured by Western blot. Results Levels of serum IgE and IgG1 were significantly higher in OVA sensitized mice. OVA challenge resulted in increased eosinophil infiltration, increased inflammatory cytokine production, peribronchiolar matrix and mucus deposition and airway hyperreactivity to aerosolized methacholine. Elevated lung NFκB and GATA-3 expression was noted in OVA-challenged mice. These changes were attenuated in mice fed with FO diet. Higher PPARγ expression was also detected in the lungs from the FO-fed groups. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that FO intake attenuated classical asthma features by suppressing the systemic sensitization, thus providing evidence that FO might be a prophylactic alternative for asthma prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thereza Cristina Lonzetti Bargut
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Paula Teixeira Ferreira
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julio Beltrame Daleprane
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Martins
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marcia Barbosa Aguila
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Magnani ND, Marchini T, Vanasco V, Tasat DR, Alvarez S, Evelson P. Reactive oxygen species produced by NADPH oxidase and mitochondrial dysfunction in lung after an acute exposure to Residual Oil Fly Ashes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 270:31-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Young SH, Wolfarth MG, Roberts JR, Kashon ML, Antonini JM. Adjuvant effect of zymosan after pulmonary treatment in a mouse ovalbumin allergy model. Exp Lung Res 2013; 39:48-57. [PMID: 23282019 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2012.749960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An association has been observed between indoor mold contamination and lung allergy and asthma. This relationship is not fully understood. 1→3-β-Glucan is the major cell wall component of fungi and a good marker of fungi exposure. The objective was to evaluate the adjuvant effect of zymosan, a crude yeast cell wall preparation of 1→3-β-glucan, during ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization in an allergy model. BALB/c mice were sensitized by pharyngeal aspiration with saline, 50 μg of OVA, or OVA with 1, 10, 50, or 75 μg of zymosan on days 0, 7, and 14. One week after sensitization, each sensitized animal group was challenged with an aspiration dose of 50 μg of OVA once a week for 2 weeks. At 1 day after the last aspiration, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and blood was collected, and markers of lung allergy and inflammation were assessed. An adjuvant effect of zymosan on OVA allergy during sensitization was observed as indicated by significant elevations in lung eosinophils, serum OVA-specific IgE, and lung IL-5 in the groups sensitized with zymosan and OVA. Pulmonary treatment with zymosan also amplified lung inflammation. Elevations were observed in lung neutrophils, TNF-α, and parameters of lung injury in the groups primed with both zymosan and OVA. In nearly all parameters, a non-linear dose-response relationship was observed in the groups primed with OVA and zymosan. The optimum adjuvant dose of zymosan was 10 μg. This study demonstrated an adjuvant effect of zymosan when exposures occurred during the sensitization phase in an OVA-induced allergy model in BALB/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Houng Young
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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Hizume DC, Toledo AC, Moriya HT, Saraiva-Romanholo BM, Almeida FM, Arantes-Costa FM, Vieira RP, Dolhnikoff M, Kasahara DI, Martins MA. Cigarette smoke dissociates inflammation and lung remodeling in OVA-sensitized and challenged mice. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2012; 181:167-76. [PMID: 22446562 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of cigarette smoke (CS) on lung inflammation and remodeling in a model of ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized and OVA-challenged mice. Male BALB/c mice were divided into 4 groups: non-sensitized and air-exposed (control); non-sensitized and exposed to cigarette smoke (CS), sensitized and air-exposed (OVA) (50 μg+OVA 1% 3 times/week for 3 weeks) and sensitized and cigarette smoke exposed mice (OVA+CS). IgE levels were not affected by CS exposure. The increases in total bronchoalveolar fluid cells in the OVA group were attenuated by co-exposure to CS, as were the changes in IL-4, IL-5, and eotaxin levels as well as tissue elastance (p<0.05). In contrast, only the OVA+CS group showed a significant increase in the protein expression of IFN-γ, VEGF, GM-CSF and collagen fiber content (p<0.05). In our study, exposure to cigarette smoke in OVA-challenged mice resulted in an attenuation of pulmonary inflammation but led to an increase in pulmonary remodeling and resulted in the dissociation of airway inflammation from lung remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah C Hizume
- Department of Medicine (LIM-20), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Andrade MDF, de Miranda RM, Fornaro A, Kerr A, Oyama B, de Andre PA, Saldiva P. Vehicle emissions and PM(2.5) mass concentrations in six Brazilian cities. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2012; 5:79-88. [PMID: 22408695 PMCID: PMC3286514 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-010-0104-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In Brazil, the principal source of air pollution is the combustion of fuels (ethanol, gasohol, and diesel). In this study, we quantify the contributions that vehicle emissions make to the urban fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) mass in six state capitals in Brazil, collecting data for use in a larger project evaluating the impact of air pollution on human health. From winter 2007 to winter 2008, we collected 24-h PM(2.5) samples, employing gravimetry to determine PM(2.5) mass concentrations; reflectance to quantify black carbon concentrations; X-ray fluorescence to characterize elemental composition; and ion chromatography to determine the composition and concentrations of anions and cations. Mean PM(2.5) concentrations in the cities of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte, Curitiba, Porto Alegre, and Recife were 28, 17.2, 14.7, 14.4, 13.4, and 7.3 μg/m(3), respectively. In São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, black carbon explained approximately 30% of the PM(2.5) mass. We used receptor models to identify distinct source-related PM(2.5) fractions and correlate those fractions with daily mortality rates. Using specific rotation factor analysis, we identified the following principal contributing factors: soil and crustal material; vehicle emissions and biomass burning (black carbon factor); and fuel oil combustion in industries (sulfur factor). In all six cities, vehicle emissions explained at least 40% of the PM(2.5) mass. Elemental composition determination with receptor modeling proved an adequate strategy to identify air pollution sources and to evaluate their short- and long-term effects on human health. Our data could inform decisions regarding environmental policies vis-à-vis health care costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria de Fatima Andrade
- Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1226, CEP 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Adalgiza Fornaro
- Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1226, CEP 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Americo Kerr
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Oyama
- Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1226, CEP 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Saldiva
- University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
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Avila MB, Mazzoli-Rocha F, Magalhães CB, Saldiva PHN, Carvalho AR, Faffe DS, Zin WA. Residual oil fly ash worsens pulmonary hyperreactivity in chronic allergic mice. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2011; 179:151-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2011.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Carnieli DS, Yoshioka E, Silva LFF, Lanças T, Arantes FM, Perini A, Martins MA, Saldiva PHN, Dolhnikoff M, Mauad T. Inflammation and remodeling in infantile, juvenile, and adult allergic sensitized mice. Pediatr Pulmonol 2011; 46:650-65. [PMID: 21360835 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.21436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway structural changes occur early in childhood asthma, but it is unknown whether the development of airway alterations in children is similar to that of adults. We compared inflammation and remodeling parameters in allergic sensitized infantile, juvenile, and adult mice. METHODS Infantile mice (18D) were sensitized with three intraperitoneal injections (i.p.) of ovalbumin (OVA) at days 5 and 7 and challenged with OVA at days 14-16. The 18D1 group received an additional challenge at days 9-11. The juvenile mice (40D) received challenges at days 22-24 and 36-38. Adult mice (100D) were sensitized at days 60-62 and received three inhalations at days 77-79 and 96-98. Animals were submitted to whole body plethysmography. Airway eosinophils, CD3+ T-lymphocytes, IL-5+ cells, mucus content, collagen and reticular fibers density, and smooth muscle thickness were quantified. RESULTS All sensitized animals presented with airway hyperresponsiveness, without differences in eosinophil cell density. The density of CD3+ T-cells was higher in the 100D and 18D1 groups than in the 18D and 40D groups. Infantile sensitized groups demonstrated increased interleukin-5 expression in the airways. Infantile mice demonstrated more mucus in the bronchiolar epithelium than the 40D and 100D mice. The 18D animals demonstrated less collagen than the 18D1 group. Juvenile and adult mice had increased airway smooth muscle thickness when compared to age-matched controls, but no differences were observed in the infantile groups. CONCLUSION We have shown that infantile mice develop inflammatory and structural alterations in the airways that are partially different from those developed in older animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise S Carnieli
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
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Salbutamol improves markers of epithelial function in mice with chronic allergic pulmonary inflammation. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2011; 177:155-61. [PMID: 21443970 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2011.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of salbutamol on the markers of epithelial function in a murine model of chronic allergic pulmonary inflammation by recording the ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and the transepithelial potential difference (PD) in vivo. Mice were sensitized and received four challenges of ovalbumin (OVA group) or 0.9% saline (control group). Forty-eight hours after the 4th inhalation, we observed eosinophilia in the bronchoalveolar lavage and epithelium remodeling with stored acid mucus in the OVA group (P < 0.001). No difference in the baseline CBF was noticed between the groups; however, the OVA group had a significantly lower baseline PD (P = 0.013). Salbutamol increased the CBF in all groups studied, and the dose response curve to salbutamol increased the PD in the OVA group from 10(-4)M to 10(-2)M. We suggest that salbutamol affects the CBF and the depth of the periciliary layer, which, in great part, determines the ability of the cilia to propel the mucus layer. This effect may have a positive impact on airway mucociliary transport in asthma and may have clinical implications.
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Biselli PJC, Lopes FDTQS, Moriya HT, Rivero DHRF, Toledo AC, Saldiva PHN, Mauad T, Martins MA. Short-term exposure of mice to cigarette smoke and/or residual oil fly ash produces proximal airspace enlargements and airway epithelium remodeling. Braz J Med Biol Res 2011; 44:460-8. [PMID: 21445523 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2011007500040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with inflammatory cell reactions, tissue destruction and lung remodeling. Many signaling pathways for these phenomena are still to be identified. We developed a mouse model of COPD to evaluate some pathophysiological mechanisms acting during the initial stage of the disease. Forty-seven 6- to 8-week-old female C57/BL6 mice (approximately 22 g) were exposed for 2 months to cigarette smoke and/or residual oil fly ash (ROFA), a concentrate of air pollution. We measured lung mechanics, airspace enlargement, airway wall thickness, epithelial cell profile, elastic and collagen fiber deposition, and by immunohistochemistry transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), macrophage elastase (MMP12), neutrophils and macrophages. We observed regional airspace enlargements near terminal bronchioles associated with the exposure to smoke or ROFA. There were also increases in airway resistance and thickening of airway walls in animals exposed to smoke. In the epithelium, we noted a decrease in the ciliated cell area of animals exposed to smoke and an increase in the total cell area associated with exposure to both smoke and ROFA. There was also an increase in the expression of TGF-β1 both in the airways and parenchyma of animals exposed to smoke. However, we could not detect inflammatory cell recruitment, increases in MMP12 or elastic and collagen fiber deposition. After 2 months of exposure to cigarette smoke and/or ROFA, mice developed regional airspace enlargements and airway epithelium remodeling, although no inflammation or increases in fiber deposition were detected. Some of these phenomena may have been mediated by TGF-β1.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J C Biselli
- Departamento de Clínica Médica (LIM 20), Universidade de São Paulo.
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Jang J, Lim DH, Choi IH. The impact of nanomaterials in immune system. Immune Netw 2010; 10:85-91. [PMID: 20631878 PMCID: PMC2902674 DOI: 10.4110/in.2010.10.3.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As a nanotechnology has been actively applied to the overall areas of scientific fields, it is necessary to understand the characteristic features, physical behaviors and the potential effects of exposure to nanomaterials and their toxicity. In this article we review the immunological influences induced by several nanomaterials and emphasize establishment of the animal models to estimate the impact of these nanomaterials on development of immunological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Jang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Nanomedical National Core Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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Almeida-Reis R, Toledo AC, Reis FG, Marques RH, Prado CM, Dolhnikoff M, Martins MA, Leick-Maldonado EA, Tibério IFLC. Repeated stress reduces mucociliary clearance in animals with chronic allergic airway inflammation. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2010; 173:79-85. [PMID: 20601216 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated if repeated stress modulates mucociliary clearance and inflammatory responses in airways of guinea pigs (GP) with chronic inflammation. The GP received seven exposures of ovalbumin or saline 0.9%. After 4th inhalation, animals were submitted to repeated forced swim stressor protocol (5x/week/2 weeks). After 7th inhalation, GP were anesthetized. We measured transepithelial potential difference, ciliary beat frequency, mucociliary transport, contact angle, cough transportability and serum cortisol levels. Lungs and adrenals were removed, weighed and analyzed by morphometry. Ovalbumin-exposed animals submitted to repeated stress had a reduction in mucociliary transport, and an increase on serum cortisol, adrenals weight, mucus wettability and adhesivity, positive acid mucus area and IL-4 positive cells in airway compared to non-stressed ovalbumin-exposed animals (p<0.05). There were no effects on eosinophilic recruitment and IL-13 positive cells. Repeated stress reduces mucociliary clearance due to mucus rheological-property alterations, increasing acid mucus and its wettability and adhesivity. These effects seem to be associated with IL-4 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Almeida-Reis
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Laing S, Wang G, Briazova T, Zhang C, Wang A, Zheng Z, Gow A, Chen AF, Rajagopalan S, Chen LC, Sun Q, Zhang K. Airborne particulate matter selectively activates endoplasmic reticulum stress response in the lung and liver tissues. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010; 299:C736-49. [PMID: 20554909 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00529.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested a link between inhaled particulate matter (PM) exposure and increased mortality and morbidity associated with pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. However, a precise understanding of the biological mechanism underlying PM-associated toxicity and pathogenesis remains elusive. Here, we investigated the impact of PM exposure in intracellular stress signaling pathways with animal models and cultured cells. Inhalation exposure of the mice to environmentally relevant fine particulate matter (aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm, PM(2.5)) induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activation of unfolded protein response (UPR) in the lung and liver tissues as well as in the mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7. Ambient PM(2.5) exposure activates double-strand RNA-activated protein kinase-like ER kinase (PERK), leading to phosphorylation of translation initiation factor eIF2α and induction of C/EBP homologous transcription factor CHOP/GADD153. Activation of PERK-mediated UPR pathway relies on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is critical for PM(2.5)-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, PM(2.5) exposure can activate ER stress sensor IRE1α, but it decreases the activity of IRE1α in splicing the mRNA encoding the UPR trans-activator X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1). Together, our study suggests that PM(2.5) exposure differentially activates the UPR branches, leading to ER stress-induced apoptosis through the PERK-eIF2α-CHOP UPR branch. This work provides novel insights into the cellular and molecular basis by which ambient PM(2.5) exposure elicits its cytotoxic effects that may be related to air pollution-associated pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzette Laing
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, The Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Meyerholz DK, Griffin MA, Castilow EM, Varga SM. Comparison of histochemical methods for murine eosinophil detection in an RSV vaccine-enhanced inflammation model. Toxicol Pathol 2009; 37:249-55. [PMID: 19181630 DOI: 10.1177/0192623308329342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A comparative study of histochemical detection of eosinophils in fixed murine tissue is lacking. Five histochemical methods previously reported for eosinophil detection were quantitatively and qualitatively compared in an established murine RSV vaccine-enhanced inflammation model. Nonspecific neutrophil staining was evaluated in tissue sections of neutrophilic soft tissue lesions and bone marrow from respective animals. Eosinophils had granular red to orange-red cytoplasmic staining, depending on the method, whereas neutrophils had, when stained, a more homogenous cytoplasmic pattern. Nonspecific background staining of similar coloration was variably seen in vascular walls and erythrocytes. Astra Blue/Vital New Red, Congo Red, Luna, Modified Hematoxylin and Eosin, and Sirius Red techniques were all effective in detecting increased eosinophil recruitment compared to controls; however, differences in eosinophil quantification varied significantly between techniques. Astra Blue/Vital New Red had the best specificity for differentiating eosinophils and neutrophils but had a reduced ability to enumerate eosinophils and was the most time intensive. The Luna stain had excessive nonspecific staining of tissues and a reduced enumeration of infiltrating eosinophils, which made it suboptimal. For multiple parameters such as eosinophil detection, specificity, and contrast with background tissues, the Sirius Red followed by Congo Red and Modified Hematoxylin and Eosin methods were useful, each with their own staining qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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