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Chen T, Du H, Zhou H, He Y, Yang J, Li C, Wei C, Yu D, Wan H. Yinhuapinggan granule ameliorates lung injury caused by multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii via inhibiting NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21871. [PMID: 38027639 PMCID: PMC10661428 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Yinhuapinggan granule (YHPG) is a traditional Chinese medicine prescription with rich clinical experience for the treatment of colds and coughs. The aim of this study is to investigate the protective effect of YHPG on multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) infection in vivo and its potential anti-inflammatory mechanism. BALB/c mice were intranasally inoculated with MDR A. baumannii strain to establish the pneumonia infection model, and received intraperitoneally cyclophosphamide to form immunosuppression before attack. YHPG (6, 12 and 18 g/kg) was administered by gavage once a day for 3 consecutive days after infection. The protective effect of YHPG was evaluated by lung index, spleen index, thymus index, pathological changes of lung tissue and inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) in serum. The expression of key targets of NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway in vivo was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blot. The results showed that YHPG improved the lung index and its inhibition rate, immune organ indexes and lung pathological changes in infected mice, and significantly reduced IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α levels in serum. In addition, YHPG significantly down-regulated the mRNA and protein expression of NF-κB p65, NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in mice lung tissue. The results of the current study demonstrated that YHPG has significant protective effects on mice infected with MDR A.baumannii, which may be related to the regulation of inflammatory factors and NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway, indicating that YHPG has a wide range of clinical application value and provides a theoretical basis for its treatment of MDR A.baumannii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhang Chen
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Haixia Du
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Huifen Zhou
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Yu He
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Jiehong Yang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Chang Li
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Chenxing Wei
- Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Daojun Yu
- Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Haitong Wan
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
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He W, Gu A, Wang D. Four-week repeated exposure to tire-derived 6-PPD quinone causes multiple organ injury in male BALB/c mice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 894:164842. [PMID: 37336398 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6-PPDQ) is the ozonation product of tire antioxidant 6-PPD. 6-PPDQ can be detected in different environments, such as roadway runoff and dust. Although 6-PPDQ toxicity has been frequently assessed in aquatic organisms, the possible toxic effects of 6-PPDQ on mammals remain largely unclear. We here aimed to perform systematic assessment to evaluate 6-PPDQ toxicity on multiple organs in mice. Male BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally injected with 6-PPDQ for two exposure modes, single intraperitoneal injection and repeated intraperitoneal injection every four days for 28 days. Serum, liver, kidney, lung, spleen, testis, brain, and heart were collected for injury evaluation by organ index, histopathology analysis and biochemical parameters. In 0.4 and 4 mg/kg 6-PPDQ single injected mice, no significant changes in organ indexes and biochemical parameters were detected, and only moderate pathological changes were observed in organs of liver, kidney, lung, and brain. Very different from this, in 0.4 and 4 mg/kg 6-PPDQ repeated injected mice, we observed the obvious increase in organ indexes of liver, kidney, lung, testis, and brain, and the decrease in spleen index. Meanwhile, the significant pathological changes were formed in liver, kidney, lung, spleen, testis, and brain in 0.4 and 4 mg/kg 6-PPDQ repeated injected mice. Biochemical parameters of liver (alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)) and kidney (urea and creatinine) were all significantly upregulated by repeated injection with 0.4 and 4 mg/kg 6-PPDQ. After repeated exposure, most of 6-PPDQ was accumulated in liver and lung of mice. Therefore, our results suggested the risk of repeated exposure to 6-PPDQ in inducing toxicity on multiple organs in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenmiao He
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aihua Gu
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Dayong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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3
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Song MK, Baek YW, Kim DI, Yoon SH, Lee K. Effects of stabilizer magnesium nirate on CMIT/MIT-induced respiratory toxicity. Toxicol Res 2023; 39:373-382. [PMID: 37398574 PMCID: PMC10313627 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-023-00170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite a humidifier disinfectant (HD) product containing chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) and methylisothiazolinone (MIT) with approximately 22% magnesium nitrate as a stabilizer, no report on the effects of magnesium nitrate on the respiratory toxicity of CMIT/MIT is available. In this study, Kathon CG and Proclin 200, containing approximately 1.5% CMIT/MIT with different magnesium nitrate concentrations (22.6% and 3%, respectively), were used to compare respiratory effects after intratracheal instillation (ITI) in C57BL/6 mice. C57BL/6 mice were randomized into groups of saline control, magnesium nitrate, Kathon CG, and Proclin 200 with 1.14 mg/kg of CMIT/MIT as the active ingredient, and administration was performed 6 times in a 2-3 day-interval in 2 weeks in all groups. Differential cell count analysis, cytokine analysis, and histological analysis of lung tissue were performed to characterize the injury features. Both Kathon and Proclin 200 induced an increase in inflammatory cell levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, in particular, eosinophils and type 2 T helper cell (Th2)-secreted cytokines. All histopathological changes including granulomatous inflammation, mixed inflammatory cell infiltration, mucous cell hyperplasia, eosinophil infiltration, and pulmonary fibrosis were induced with similar frequency and severity in Kathon CG and Proclin 200 groups. Our results suggested that magnesium nitrate did not affect CMIT/MIT-induced lung injury in the intratracheally instilled model. Further inhalation studies are needed to determine the distribution and toxicity differences of CMIT/MIT in the lungs according to the magnesium nitrate concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Kyung Song
- Inhalation Toxicology Center for Airborne Risk Factor, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baekhak1-Gil, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-Do, 56212 Republic of Korea
- Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
- Humidifier Disinfectant Health Center, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Wook Baek
- Humidifier Disinfectant Health Center, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyong-Ro 42, Seogu, Incheon, 22689 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Im Kim
- Inhalation Toxicology Center for Airborne Risk Factor, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baekhak1-Gil, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-Do, 56212 Republic of Korea
- Humidifier Disinfectant Health Center, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Yoon
- Inhalation Toxicology Center for Airborne Risk Factor, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baekhak1-Gil, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-Do, 56212 Republic of Korea
- Humidifier Disinfectant Health Center, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhong Lee
- Inhalation Toxicology Center for Airborne Risk Factor, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baekhak1-Gil, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-Do, 56212 Republic of Korea
- Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
- Humidifier Disinfectant Health Center, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
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Lambré C, Barat Baviera JM, Bolognesi C, Chesson A, Cocconcelli PS, Crebelli R, Gott DM, Grob K, Lampi E, Mengelers M, Mortensen A, Rivière G, Silano (until 21 December 2020†) V, Steffensen I, Tlustos C, Vernis L, Zorn H, Batke M, Bignami M, Corsini E, FitzGerald R, Gundert‐Remy U, Halldorsson T, Hart A, Ntzani E, Scanziani E, Schroeder H, Ulbrich B, Waalkens‐Berendsen D, Woelfle D, Al Harraq Z, Baert K, Carfì M, Castoldi AF, Croera C, Van Loveren H. Re-evaluation of the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs. EFSA J 2023; 21:e06857. [PMID: 37089179 PMCID: PMC10113887 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.6857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2015, EFSA established a temporary tolerable daily intake (t-TDI) for BPA of 4 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day. In 2016, the European Commission mandated EFSA to re-evaluate the risks to public health from the presence of BPA in foodstuffs and to establish a tolerable daily intake (TDI). For this re-evaluation, a pre-established protocol was used that had undergone public consultation. The CEP Panel concluded that it is Unlikely to Very Unlikely that BPA presents a genotoxic hazard through a direct mechanism. Taking into consideration the evidence from animal data and support from human observational studies, the immune system was identified as most sensitive to BPA exposure. An effect on Th17 cells in mice was identified as the critical effect; these cells are pivotal in cellular immune mechanisms and involved in the development of inflammatory conditions, including autoimmunity and lung inflammation. A reference point (RP) of 8.2 ng/kg bw per day, expressed as human equivalent dose, was identified for the critical effect. Uncertainty analysis assessed a probability of 57-73% that the lowest estimated Benchmark Dose (BMD) for other health effects was below the RP based on Th17 cells. In view of this, the CEP Panel judged that an additional uncertainty factor (UF) of 2 was needed for establishing the TDI. Applying an overall UF of 50 to the RP, a TDI of 0.2 ng BPA/kg bw per day was established. Comparison of this TDI with the dietary exposure estimates from the 2015 EFSA opinion showed that both the mean and the 95th percentile dietary exposures in all age groups exceeded the TDI by two to three orders of magnitude. Even considering the uncertainty in the exposure assessment, the exceedance being so large, the CEP Panel concluded that there is a health concern from dietary BPA exposure.
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Yoon SH, Song MK, Kim DI, Lee JK, Jung JW, Lee JW, Lee K. Comparative study of lung toxicity of E-cigarette ingredients to investigate E-cigarette or vaping product associated lung injury. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130454. [PMID: 37055947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
No comparative study has yet been performed on the respiratory effects of individual E-cigarette ingredients. Here, lung toxicity of individual ingredients of E-cigarette products containing nicotine or tetrahydrocannabinol was investigated. Mice were intratracheally administered propylene glycol (PG), vegetable glycerin (VG), vitamin E acetate (VEA), or nicotine individually for two weeks. Cytological and histological changes were noticed in PG- and VEA-treated mice that exhibited pathophysiological changes which were associated with symptoms seen in patients with symptoms of E-cigarette or Vaping Use-Associated Lung Injuries (EVALI) or E-cigarette users. Compared to potential human exposure situations, while the VEA exposure condition was similar to the dose equivalent of VEA content in E-cigarettes, the PG condition was about 47-137 times higher than the dose equivalent of the daily PG intake of E-cigarette users. These results reveal that VEA exposure is much more likely to cause problems related to EVALI in humans than PG. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that PG exposure was associated with fibrotic lung injury via the AKT signaling pathway and M2 macrophage polarization, and VEA exposure was associated with asthmatic airway inflammation via the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. This study provides novel insights into the pathophysiological effects of individual ingredients of E-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hoon Yoon
- Inhalation Toxicology Center for Airborne Risk Factor, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak1-gil, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Song
- Inhalation Toxicology Center for Airborne Risk Factor, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak1-gil, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Republic of Korea; Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Im Kim
- Inhalation Toxicology Center for Airborne Risk Factor, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak1-gil, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeom-Kyu Lee
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Disease Research, Department of Chronic Disease Convergence Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Jung
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Disease Research, Department of Chronic Disease Convergence Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Won Lee
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Disease Research, Department of Chronic Disease Convergence Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhong Lee
- Inhalation Toxicology Center for Airborne Risk Factor, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak1-gil, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Republic of Korea; Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Areecheewakul S, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Haque E, Jing X, Meyerholz DK, O'Shaughnessy PT, Thorne PS, Salem AK. Time course of pulmonary inflammation and trace element biodistribution during and after sub-acute inhalation exposure to copper oxide nanoparticles in a murine model. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:40. [PMID: 35698146 PMCID: PMC9195454 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00480-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been shown that copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) induce pulmonary toxicity after acute or sub-acute inhalation exposures. However, little is known about the biodistribution and elimination kinetics of inhaled CuO NPs from the respiratory tract. The purposes of this study were to observe the kinetics of pulmonary inflammation during and after CuO NP sub-acute inhalation exposure and to investigate copper (Cu) biodistribution and clearance rate from the exposure site and homeostasis of selected trace elements in secondary organs of BALB/c mice. Results Sub-acute inhalation exposure to CuO NPs led to pulmonary inflammation represented by increases in lactate dehydrogenase, total cell counts, neutrophils, macrophages, inflammatory cytokines, iron levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and lung weight changes. Dosimetry analysis in lung tissues and BAL fluid showed Cu concentration increased steadily during exposure and gradually declined after exposure. Cu elimination from the lung showed first-order kinetics with a half-life of 6.5 days. Total Cu levels were significantly increased in whole blood and heart indicating that inhaled Cu could be translocated into the bloodstream and heart tissue, and potentially have adverse effects on the kidneys and spleen as there were significant changes in the weights of these organs; increase in the kidneys and decrease in the spleen. Furthermore, concentrations of selenium in kidneys and iron in spleen were decreased, pointing to disruption of trace element homeostasis. Conclusions Sub-acute inhalation exposure of CuO NPs induced pulmonary inflammation, which was correlated to Cu concentrations in the lungs and started to resolve once exposure ended. Dosimetry analysis showed that Cu in the lungs was translocated into the bloodstream and heart tissue. Secondary organs affected by CuO NPs exposure were kidneys and spleen as they showed the disruption of trace element homeostasis and organ weight changes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12989-022-00480-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudartip Areecheewakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa, College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Andrea Adamcakova-Dodd
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Ezazul Haque
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52246, USA
| | - Xuefang Jing
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Patrick T O'Shaughnessy
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52246, USA.
| | - Aliasger K Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa, College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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7
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Wu W, Tian L, Zhang W, Booth JL, Ritchey JW, Wu S, Xu C, Brown BR, Metcalf JP. Early IFN-β administration protects cigarette smoke exposed mice against lethal influenza virus infection without increasing lung inflammation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4080. [PMID: 35260752 PMCID: PMC8902729 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During influenza A virus (IAV) infection, it is unclear whether type I interferons (IFNs) have defensive antiviral effects or contribute to immunopathology in smokers. We treated nonsmoking (NS) and cigarette smoke (CS)-exposed mice intranasally with early (prophylactic) or late (therapeutic) IFN-β. We compared the mortality and innate immune responses of the treated mice following challenge with IAV. In NS mice, both early and late IFN-β administration decreased the survival rate in mice infected with IAV, with late IFN-β administration having the greatest effect on survival. In contrast, in CS-exposed mice, early IFN-β administration significantly increased survival during IAV infection while late IFN-β administration did not alter mortality. With regards to inflammation, in NS mice, IFN-β administration, especially late administration, significantly increased IAV-induced inflammation and lung injury. Early IFN-β administration to CS-exposed mice did not increase IAV-induced inflammation and lung injury as occurred in NS mice. Our results demonstrate, although IFN-β administration worsens the susceptibility of NS mice to influenza infection with increased immunopathology, early IFN-β administration to CS-exposed mice, which have suppression of the intrinsic IFN response, improved outcomes during influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Wu
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Room 425, RP1, 800 N. Research Pkwy., Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
| | - Lili Tian
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Room 425, RP1, 800 N. Research Pkwy., Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Room 425, RP1, 800 N. Research Pkwy., Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - J Leland Booth
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Room 425, RP1, 800 N. Research Pkwy., Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Jerry William Ritchey
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Shuhua Wu
- Division of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Brent R Brown
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Room 425, RP1, 800 N. Research Pkwy., Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Jordan P Metcalf
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Room 425, RP1, 800 N. Research Pkwy., Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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8
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Woo JH, Kim KC, Kim HY, Kim IH, Kim SH, Lee K. Comparative toxicity of polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate in three strains of rats. Mol Cell Toxicol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-021-00169-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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9
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Lee YH, Seo DS. Toxicity of humidifier disinfectant polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride by two-week whole body-inhalation exposure in rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2020; 33:265-277. [PMID: 33239844 PMCID: PMC7677626 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2020-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMG·HCl) as a humidifier
disinfectant caused an outbreak of pulmonary disease, leading to the deaths of pregnant
women and children in South Korea. However, limited information is available on the
inhalation toxicity of PHMG·HCl. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the subacute
inhalation toxicity of PHMG·HCl by whole-body exposure in rats. F344 rats were exposed to
0 mg/m3, 1 mg/m3, 5 mg/m3, or 25 mg/m3 of
PHMG·HCl for 6 h/day, 5 days/week for two weeks via whole-body inhalation. Emaciation and
rale were observed in rats in the 25 mg/m3 PHMG·HCl group. Significant changes
in body weight, hematology, serum chemistry and organ weight were observed in all
PHMG·HCl-exposed groups. Gross lesions showed ballooning or red focus in the lungs of rats
in the PHMG·HCl-exposed groups. In histopathological examination, most of histological
lesions (including degeneration, atrophy, ulcer, inflammatory cell infiltration,
inflammation, and fibrosis in nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, and lungs) indicated tissue
damage by PHMG·HCl in all PHMG·HCl-exposed groups. Additionally, atrophy of the spleen,
thymus, and reproductive organs; immaturity of the testes; and cell debris in the
epididymides were affected by the reduction in body weight in PHMG·HCl-exposed groups. In
conclusion, two-week repeated whole-body inhalation exposure of rats to PHMG·HCl reveled
toxic effects on the respiratory system and secondary effects on other organs. The results
of this study indicate that the no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) for PHMG·HCl is
below 1 mg/m3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hoon Lee
- Inhalation Toxicity Research Center, Chemicals Research Bureau, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, 339-30 Expo-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-380, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Seok Seo
- Inhalation Toxicity Research Center, Chemicals Research Bureau, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, 339-30 Expo-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-380, Republic of Korea
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10
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Blackwood CB, Sen-Kilic E, Boehm DT, Hall JM, Varney ME, Wong TY, Bradford SD, Bevere JR, Witt WT, Damron FH, Barbier M. Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses against Bordetella pertussis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Murine Model of Mucosal Vaccination against Respiratory Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040647. [PMID: 33153066 PMCID: PMC7712645 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole cell vaccines are frequently the first generation of vaccines tested for pathogens and can inform the design of subsequent acellular or subunit vaccines. For respiratory pathogens, administration of vaccines at the mucosal surface can facilitate the generation of a localized mucosal immune response. Here, we examined the innate and vaccine-induced immune responses to infection by two respiratory pathogens: Bordetella pertussis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In a model of intranasal administration of whole cell vaccines (WCVs) with the adjuvant curdlan, we examined local and systemic immune responses following infection. These studies showed that intranasal vaccination with a WCV led to a reduction of the bacterial burden in the airways of animals infected with the respective pathogen. However, there were unique changes in the cytokines produced, cells recruited, and inflammation at the site of infection. Both mucosal vaccinations induced antibodies that bind the target pathogen, but linear regression and principal component analysis revealed that protection from these pathogens is not solely related to antibody titer. Protection from P. aeruginosa correlated to a reduction in lung weight, blood lymphocytes and neutrophils, and the cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, KC/GRO, and IL-10, and promotion of serum IgG antibodies and the cytokine IFN-γ in the lung. Protection from B. pertussis infection correlated strongly with increased anti-B-pertussis serum IgG antibodies. These findings reveal valuable correlates of protection for mucosal vaccination that can be used for further development of both B. pertussis and P. aeruginosa vaccines.
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11
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Akçan R, Lale A. Commentary on: Chen HI, deJong J. Increased lung weights in drug-related fatalities. J Forensic Sci 2017;62(6):1632-4. J Forensic Sci 2018; 63:1331-1332. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramazan Akçan
- Medical Faculty Department of Forensic Medicine; Hacettepe University; Ankara Turkey
| | - Aykut Lale
- Medical Faculty Department of Forensic Medicine; Hacettepe University; Ankara Turkey
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12
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Tibiletti M, Bianchi A, Stiller D, Rasche V. Pulmonary perfusion quantification with flow-sensitive inversion recovery (FAIR) UTE MRI in small animal imaging. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 29:1791-1799. [PMID: 27809405 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Blood perfusion in lung parenchyma is an important property for assessing lung function. In small animals, its quantitation is limited even with radioactive isotopes or dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI techniques. In this study, the feasibility flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) for the quantification of blood flow in lung parenchyma in free breathing rats at 7 T has been investigated. In order to obtain sufficient signal from the short T2 * lung parenchyma, a 2D ultra-short echo time (UTE) Look-Locker read-out has been implemented. Acquisitions were segmented to maintain acquisition time within an acceptable range. A method to perform retrospective respiratory gating (DC-SG) has been applied to investigate the impact of respiratory movement. Reproducibilities within and between sessions were estimated, and the ability of FAIR-UTE to identify the decrease of lung perfusion under hyperoxic conditions was tested. The implemented technique allowed for the visualization of lung parenchyma with excellent SNR and no respiratory artifact even in ungated acquisitions. Lung parenchyma perfusion was obtained as 32.54 ± 2.26 mL/g/min in the left lung, and 34.09 ± 2.75 mL/g/min in the right lung. Application of retrospective gating significantly but minimally changes the perfusion values, implying that respiratory gating may not be necessary with this center-our acquisition method. A decrease of 10% in lung perfusion was found between normoxic and hyperoxic conditions, proving the feasibility of the FAIR-UTE approach to quantify lung perfusion changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Tibiletti
- Core Facility Small Animal MRI, 89081 Ulm, University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrea Bianchi
- In-Vivo Imaging Laboratory, Target Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Detlef Stiller
- In-Vivo Imaging Laboratory, Target Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Volker Rasche
- University Hospital of Ulm, Internal Medicine II, Ulm, Germany
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