1
|
Wang Y, Leaker B, Qiao G, Sojoodi M, Eissa IR, Epstein ET, Eddy J, Dimowo O, Lauer GM, Chung RT, Qadan M, Lanuti M, Fuchs BC, Tanabe KK. Precision-Cut Liver Slices as an ex vivo model to evaluate antifibrotic therapies for liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.30.564772. [PMID: 37961334 PMCID: PMC10635008 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.30.564772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Precision-Cut Liver Slices (PCLS) are an ex vivo culture model developed to study hepatic drug metabolism. One of the main benefits of this model is that it retains the structure and cellular composition of the native liver. PCLS also represents a potential model system to study liver fibrosis in a setting that more closely approximates in vivo pathology than in vitro methods. The aim of this study was to assess whether responses to antifibrotic interventions can be detected and quantified with PCLS. Methods PCLS of 250 μm thickness were prepared from four different murine fibrotic liver models: choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD), thioacetamide (TAA), diethylnitrosamine (DEN), and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). PCLS were treated with 5 μM Erlotinib for 72 hours. Histology and gene expression were then compared with in vivo murine experiments and TGF-β1 activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). These types of PCLS characterization were also evaluated in PCLS from human cirrhotic liver. Results PCLS viability in culture was stable for 72 hours. Treatment of erlotinib, an EGFR inhibitor significantly inhibited the expression of profibrogenic genes Il6, Col1a1 and Timp1 in PCLS from CDAHFD-induced cirrhotic mice, and Il6, Col1a1 and Tgfb1 in PCLS from TAA-induced cirrhotic rats. Erlotinib treatment of PCLS from DEN-induced cirrhotic rats inhibited the expression of Col1a1, Timp1, Tgfb1 and Il6, which was consistent with the impact of erlotinib on Col1a1 and Tgfb1 expression in in vivo DEN-induced cirrhosis. Erlotinib treatment of PCLS from CCl4-induced cirrhosis caused reduced expression of Timp1, Col1a1 and Tgfb1, which was consistent with the effect of erlotinib in in vivo CCl4-induced cirrhosis. In addition, in HSCs at PCLS from normal mice, TGF-β1 treatment upregulated Acta2 (αSMA), while treatment with erlotinib inhibited the expression of Acta2. Similar expression results were observed in TGF-β1 treated in vitro HSCs. Expression of MMPs and TIMPs, key regulators of fibrosis progression and regression, were also significantly altered under erlotinib treatment in PCLS. Expression changes under erlotinib treatment were also corroborated with PCLS from human cirrhosis samples. Conclusion The responses to antifibrotic interventions can be detected and quantified with PCLS at the gene expression level. The antifibrotic effects of erlotinib are consistent between PCLS models of murine cirrhosis and those observed in vivo and in vitro. Similar effects were also reproduced in PCLS derived from patients with cirrhosis. PCLS is an excellent model to assess antifibrotic therapies that is aligned with the principles of Replacement, Reduction and Refinement (3Rs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Wang
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ben Leaker
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard-MIT program in Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Guoliang Qiao
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mozhdeh Sojoodi
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ibrahim Ragab Eissa
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Eliana T. Epstein
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jonathan Eddy
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Oizoshimoshiofu Dimowo
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Georg M. Lauer
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Raymond T. Chung
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Motaz Qadan
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michael Lanuti
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bryan C. Fuchs
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kenneth K. Tanabe
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hepatoprotective Effect of Silver Nanoparticles at Two Different Particle Sizes: Comparative Study with and without Silymarin. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:2923-2938. [PMID: 35877426 PMCID: PMC9321183 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44070202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles have been used for numerous therapeutic purposes because of their increased biodegradability and bioavailability, yet their toxicity remains questionable as they are known to interact easily with biological systems because of their small size. This study aimed to investigate and compare the effect of silver nanoparticles’ particle size in terms of their potential hazard, as well as their potential protective effect in an LPS-induced hepatotoxicity model. Liver slices were obtained from Sprague Dawley adult male rats, and the thickness of the slices was optimized to 150 μm. Under regulated physiological circumstances, freshly cut liver slices were divided into six different groups; GP1: normal, GP2: LPS (control), GP3: LPS + AgNpL (positive control), GP4: LPS + silymarin (standard treatment), GP5: LPS + AgNpS + silymarin (treatment I), GP6: LPS + AgNpL + silymarin (treatment II). After 24 h of incubation, the plates were gently removed, and the supernatant and tissue homogenate were all collected and then subjected to the following biochemical parameters: Cox2, NO, IL-6, and TNF-α. The LPS elicited marked hepatic tissue injury manifested by elevated cytokines and proinflammatory markers. Both small silver nanoparticles and large silver nanoparticles efficiently attenuated LPS hepatotoxicity, mainly via preserving the cytokines’ level and diminishing the inflammatory pathways. In conclusion, large silver nanoparticles exhibited effective hepatoprotective capabilities over small silver nanoparticles.
Collapse
|
3
|
Chidlow SJ, Randle LE, Kelly RA. Predicting physiologically-relevant oxygen concentrations in precision-cut liver slices using mathematical modelling. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275788. [PMID: 36322567 PMCID: PMC9629643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Precision cut liver slices represent an encouraging ex vivo method to understand the pathogenesis of liver disease alongside drug induced liver injury. Despite being more physiologically relevant compared to in vitro models, precision cut liver slices are limited by the availability of healthy human tissue and experimental variability. Internal oxygen concentration and media composition govern the longevity and viability of the slices during the culture period and as such, a variety of approaches have been taken to maximise the appropriateness of the internal oxygen concentrations across the slice. The aim of this study was to predict whether it is possible to generate a physiologically relevant oxygen gradient of 35-65mmHg across a precision cut liver slice using mathematical modelling. Simulations explore how the internal oxygen concentration changes as a function of the diameter of the slice, the position inside the well and the external incubator oxygen concentration. The model predicts that the desired oxygen gradient may be achieved using a 5mm diameter slice at atmospheric oxygen concentrations, provided that the slice is positioned at a certain height within the well of a 12-well plate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. J. Chidlow
- School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - L. E. Randle
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - R. A. Kelly
- School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Syngenta, Early-Stage Research, Jeallot’s Hill Research Centre, Bracknell, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
de Hoyos-Vega JM, Hong HJ, Stybayeva G, Revzin A. Hepatocyte cultures: From collagen gel sandwiches to microfluidic devices with integrated biosensors. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:041504. [PMID: 34703968 PMCID: PMC8519630 DOI: 10.1063/5.0058798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes are parenchymal cells of the liver responsible for drug detoxification, urea and bile production, serum protein synthesis, and glucose homeostasis. Hepatocytes are widely used for drug toxicity studies in bioartificial liver devices and for cell-based liver therapies. Because hepatocytes are highly differentiated cells residing in a complex microenvironment in vivo, they tend to lose hepatic phenotype and function in vitro. This paper first reviews traditional culture approaches used to rescue hepatic function in vitro and then discusses the benefits of emerging microfluidic-based culture approaches. We conclude by reviewing integration of hepatocyte cultures with bioanalytical or sensing approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose M. de Hoyos-Vega
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, USA
| | - Hye Jin Hong
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, USA
| | - Gulnaz Stybayeva
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, USA
| | - Alexander Revzin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Supadmanaba IGP, Comandatore A, Morelli L, Giovannetti E, Lagerweij T. Organotypic-liver slide culture systems to explore the role of extracellular vesicles in pancreatic cancer metastatic behavior and guide new therapeutic approaches. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:937-946. [PMID: 33945374 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1925646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Recent studies suggested that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a role both in the metastatic niche formation and in the progression of several tumors, including pancreatic cancer. In particular, the effects of EVs on metastasis should be studied in model systems that take into account both the tumor cells and the metastatic site/tumor microenvironment. Studies with labeled EVs or EV-secreting cells in ex vivo models will reflect the physiological and pathological functions of EVs. The organotypic-tissue slide culture systems can fulfill such a role.Areas covered: This review provides an overview of available organotypic-culture slide systems. We specifically focus on the assay system of liver culture-slides in combination with pancreatic tumors, which can be modulated to test the efficacy of new therapeutic approaches.Expert opinion: The intercellular exchange of EVs has emerged as a biologically relevant phenomenon to drive cancer metastasis. However, further models need to be developed to better elucidate the functional roles of EVs. The use of novel organotypic slide culture systems provides the opportunity to explore the role of EVs in the metastatic behavior of pancreatic cancer, decreasing the use of costly and cumbersome organoid or animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Gede Putu Supadmanaba
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Annalisa Comandatore
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- General Surgery Unit, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Morelli
- General Surgery Unit, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Pharmacology Lab, AIRC Start-Up Unit, Fondazione Pisana per La Scienza, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tonny Lagerweij
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Preparation of robust fluorescent probes for tracking endogenous formaldehyde in living cells and mouse tissue slices. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:3499-3526. [PMID: 32968251 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-0384-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is the simplest active carbonyl species that can be spontaneously produced in the body and plays important roles in human cognitive ability and spatial memory. However, excessive intake of FA may cause a series of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, heart and liver diseases and various neuropathies. Hence, the exploration of sensitive and fast detection methods for FA is crucial to understand and diagnose these diseases. Recently, fluorescent probes have been increasingly employed as powerful tools for detecting a broad range of different small molecules due to their high selectivity, rapid response, convenient operation and relatively non-invasive nature. Thus, we have developed two naphthalimide-based fluorescent probes for detecting FA in cells and in lysosomes. Compared with other FA fluorescent probes, these two probes have several advantages, including high sensitivity and selectivity, excellent two-photon properties and high signal-to-noise ratio. In this protocol, we provide detailed procedures for the synthesis of the two probes; characterization of their sensitivity, selectivity and stability in solution; and representative application procedures for detecting FA in living cells and mouse liver tissue slices. The protocol requires ~88 h to synthesize the probes, ~24 h to characterize the probes in solution and ~25 h to carry out the biological fluorescence imaging experiments in cells and liver tissue slices.
Collapse
|
7
|
Srinivasaiah S, Musumeci G, Mohan T, Castrogiovanni P, Absenger-Novak M, Zefferer U, Mostofi S, Bonyadi Rad E, Grün NG, Weinberg AM, Schäfer U. A 300 μm Organotypic Bone Slice Culture Model for Temporal Investigation of Endochondral Osteogenesis. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2019; 25:197-212. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2018.0368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sriveena Srinivasaiah
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Research Unit for Experimental Neurotraumatology, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Human Anatomy and Histology Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Tamilselvan Mohan
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Laboratory for Characterization and Processing, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Paola Castrogiovanni
- Human Anatomy and Histology Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Ulrike Zefferer
- Research Unit for Experimental Neurotraumatology, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sepideh Mostofi
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ehsan Bonyadi Rad
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nicole Gabriele Grün
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Ute Schäfer
- Research Unit for Experimental Neurotraumatology, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Saraswathi V, Perriotte-Olson C, Ganesan M, Desouza CV, Alnouti Y, Duryee MJ, Thiele GM, Nordgren TM, Clemens DL. A combination of dietary N-3 fatty acids and a cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor attenuates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 42:149-159. [PMID: 28187366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We sought to determine whether a combination of purified n-3 fatty acids (n-3) and SC-560 (SC), a cyclooxygenase-1-specific inhibitor, is effective in ameliorating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in obesity. Female wild-type mice were fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet (HF) supplemented with n-3 in the presence or absence of SC. Mice treated with SC alone exhibited no change in liver lipids, whereas n-3-fed mice tended to have lower hepatic lipids. Mice given n-3+SC had significantly lower liver lipids compared with HF controls indicating enhanced lipid clearance. Total and sulfated bile acids were significantly higher only in n-3+SC-treated mice compared with chow diet (CD) controls. Regarding mechanisms, the level of pregnane X receptor (PXR), a nuclear receptor regulating drug/bile detoxification, was significantly higher in mice given n-3 or n-3+SC. Studies in precision-cut liver slices and in cultured hepatoma cells showed that n-3+SC enhanced not only the expression/activation of PXR and its target genes but also the expression of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), another regulator of bile synthesis/clearance, indicating that n-3+SC can induce both PXR and FXR. The mRNA level of FGFR4 which inhibits bile formation showed a significant reduction in Huh 7 cells upon n-3 and n-3+SC treatment. PXR overexpression in hepatoma cells confirmed that n-3 or SC each induced the expression of PXR target genes and in combination had an enhanced effect. Our findings suggest that combining SC with n-3 potentiates its lipid-lowering effect, in part, by enhanced PXR and/or altered FXR/FGFR4 signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viswanathan Saraswathi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Curtis Perriotte-Olson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Murali Ganesan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Cyrus V Desouza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yazen Alnouti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Michael J Duryee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Geoffrey M Thiele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Tara M Nordgren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Dahn L Clemens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Parkinson A. An Overview of Current Cytochrome P450 Technology for Assessing the Safety and Efficacy of New Materials. Toxicol Pathol 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/019262339602400107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Studies of xenobiotic biotransformation by in vitro techniques are destined to play an increasingly important role in assessing the safety and efficacy of drugs and other new chemical entities. The first part of this article summarizes some of the in vitro techniques that have been developed to evaluate xenobiotics as inducers of liver microsomal cytochrome P450. The second part provides an overview of reaction phenotyping, an in vitro technology for determining which human P450 enzyme or enzymes are involved in the biotransformation of xenobiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Parkinson
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Center for Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160-7417, XenoTech L.L.C., 3800 Cambridge, Kansas City, Kansas 66103
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Delgado-Montemayor C, Cordero-Pérez P, Salazar-Aranda R, Waksman-Minsky N. Models of hepatoprotective activity assessment. MEDICINA UNIVERSITARIA 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmu.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
|
11
|
Rajaratnam R, Martin EK, Dörr M, Harms K, Casini A, Meggers E. Correlation between the Stereochemistry and Bioactivity in Octahedral Rhodium Prolinato Complexes. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:8111-20. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajathees Rajaratnam
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse
4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth K. Martin
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse
4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Markus Dörr
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse
4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Harms
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse
4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Angela Casini
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology
and Targeting, Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands
- Cardiff School
of Chemistry, University of Cardiff, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3A, U.K
| | - Eric Meggers
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse
4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Huang P, Zhuang B, Zhang H, Yan H, Xiao Z, Li W, Zhang J, Tang Q, Hu K, Koeffler HP, Wang J, Yin D. Hepatitis B Virus X Protein (HBx) Is Responsible for Resistance to Targeted Therapies in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Ex Vivo Culture Evidence. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:4420-30. [PMID: 26059188 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Molecular targeted therapy is an important approach for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis B virus-related HCC (HBV-HCC) accounts for approximately 50% of all HCC cases. Bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor (PI), is used extensively for the treatment of hematologic malignancies, but its application in HCC, particularly in HBV-HCC, has not been fully explored. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The effects of bortezomib on HCC tissues were evaluated by TUNEL assays. The growth inhibitory activity was measured using cell viability assays, and apoptosis was measured using flow cytometry. The levels of HBx, P-Raf/Raf, and P-Erk/Erk expression were measured by Western blot analysis. The ability of the MEK inhibitor PD98059 to enhance the cell killing activity of bortezomib was evaluated using ex vivo and in vivo methods. RESULTS The potency of bortezomib varied among HCC samples and cell lines, and HBV/HBx expression was associated with resistance to bortezomib. Bortezomib increased the levels of P-Raf and P-Erk in HBV/HBx-positive cells but not in HBV/HBx-negative HCC cells or in breast cancer or glioblastoma multiform cells. HBx was also upregulated after exposure to bortezomib, which was associated with the inhibition of proteasome activity. P-Erk upregulation mediated by bortezomib was effectively suppressed by the addition of the MEK inhibitor PD98059. Moreover, bortezomib and PD98059 synergistically inhibited HCC cell proliferation, as measured using both ex vivo and in vivo models. CONCLUSIONS Our studies demonstrate for the first time that HBx causes resistance to bortezomib in HCC, and this resistance can be antagonized by a MEK signaling inhibitor, providing a novel therapeutic approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pinbo Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Research Center of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baoxiong Zhuang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Research Center of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heyun Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Research Center of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Yan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Research Center of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyu Xiao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianlong Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qibin Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaishun Hu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Research Center of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - H Phillip Koeffler
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California. National University of Singapore (CSI, NCIS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Dong Yin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Research Center of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mattei G, Cristiani I, Magliaro C, Ahluwalia A. Profile analysis of hepatic porcine and murine brain tissue slices obtained with a vibratome. PeerJ 2015; 3:e932. [PMID: 25945319 PMCID: PMC4419543 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is aimed at characterizing soft tissue slices using a vibratome. In particular, the effect of two sectioning parameters (i.e., step size and sectioning speed) on resultant slice thickness was investigated for fresh porcine liver as well as for paraformaldehyde-fixed (PFA-fixed) and fresh murine brain. A simple framework for embedding, sectioning and imaging the slices was established to derive their thickness, which was evaluated through a purposely developed graphical user interface. Sectioning speed and step size had little effect on the thickness of fresh liver slices. Conversely, the thickness of PFA-fixed murine brain slices was found to be dependent on the step size, but not on the sectioning speed. In view of these results, fresh brain tissue was sliced varying the step size only, which was found to have a significant effect on resultant slice thickness. Although precision-cut slices (i.e., with regular thickness) were obtained for all the tissues, slice accuracy (defined as the match between the nominal step size chosen and the actual slice thickness obtained) was found to increase with tissue stiffness from fresh liver to PFA-fixed brain. This quantitative investigation can be very helpful for establishing the most suitable slicing setup for a given tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Mattei
- Research Center "E. Piaggio," University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - I Cristiani
- Research Center "E. Piaggio," University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - C Magliaro
- Research Center "E. Piaggio," University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - A Ahluwalia
- Research Center "E. Piaggio," University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy ; Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council , Pisa , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Galler K, Schleser F, Fröhlich E, Requardt RP, Kortgen A, Bauer M, Popp J, Neugebauer U. Exploitation of the hepatic stellate cell Raman signature for their detection in native tissue samples. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 6:946-56. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ib00130c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The unique information concentrated in Raman spectra serves to differentiate hepatic stellate cells from hepatocytes, detect them in living tissue and provide insight in their activation state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Galler
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology
- Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care
- Jena University Hospital
- Germany
| | - Franziska Schleser
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care
- Jena University Hospital
- Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine
- Jena University Hospital
| | - Esther Fröhlich
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care
- Jena University Hospital
- Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine
- Jena University Hospital
| | | | - Andreas Kortgen
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care
- Jena University Hospital
- Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine
- Jena University Hospital
| | - Michael Bauer
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care
- Jena University Hospital
- Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine
- Jena University Hospital
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology
- Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care
- Jena University Hospital
- Germany
| | - Ute Neugebauer
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology
- Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care
- Jena University Hospital
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kuehl AR, Abshagen K, Eipel C, Laschke MW, Menger MD, Laue M, Vollmar B. External inosculation as a feature of revascularization occurs after free transplantation of murine liver grafts. Am J Transplant 2013; 13:286-98. [PMID: 23205733 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04336.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The induction of angiogenesis is essential for successful engraftment of freely transplanted cells or cellular composites. How to augment angiogenesis to ensure an appropriate viability of the grafts is still under investigation. This study evaluated the proangiogenic capability of different syngeneic free liver transplants and elucidated the origin of the newly formed vascular network via use of an eGFP(+) /eGFP(-) (enhanced green fluorescent protein) cross-over design. Using intravital fluorescence microscopy, we found that neonatal and resected murine liver transplants implanted into dorsal skinfold chambers display a significantly enhanced vascularization compared to regular adult transplants. Immunohistochemically, less tissue hypoxia, apoptosis and macrophage infiltration was observed in the neonatal and resected transplants, which is in line with improved vascularization of those grafts. Additionally, electron microscopy revealed morphological hallmarks of liver cells. eGFP(+) liver transplants implanted on eGFP(-) recipients displayed vascular sprouting from the grafts themselves and connection to the recipients` microvasculature, which also undergoes transient proangiogenic response. This process is described as external inosculation, with microvessels exhibiting a chimeric nature of the endothelial lining. These data collectively show that proliferative stimulation is taking effect on angiogenic properties of free transplants and might provide a novel tool for modulating the revascularization of free grafts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A-R Kuehl
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zimmermann M, Lampe J, Lange S, Smirnow I, Königsrainer A, Hann-von-Weyhern C, Fend F, Gregor M, Bitzer M, Lauer UM. Improved reproducibility in preparing precision-cut liver tissue slices. Cytotechnology 2009; 61:145-52. [PMID: 20091220 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-009-9246-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision-cut liver tissue slices (PCLS) have been used for decades to study pharmacological metabolism as well as toxicology and efficacy of novel substances on primary material under standardized conditions. Slicing of primary liver tissue has been done using different slicing machines. Since there has been great variability in the results, we sought to compare the reproducibility of tissue slices generated using the newly developed Leica VT1200 S vibrating blade microtome with Vibrocheck (LV) and the Krumdieck tissue slicer (KD) which has been the standard apparatus for this application so far. Liver samples from five different species (human, pig, cattle, rat, mouse) were cut and the reproducibility of slice thickness was analyzed by cross sectioning the PCLS. The quality of the sliced tissue was determined via measurement of the ATP content. As a result, we found an improved accuracy and reproducibility of rat, mouse and human tissue slices using the new Leica vibrating blade microtome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Zimmermann
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 10, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Verma N, Behera BC, Makhija U. Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activity of a Lichen Usnea ghattensis in Vitro. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 151:167-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8164-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
18
|
Catania JM, Pershing AM, Gandolfi AJ. Precision-cut tissue chips as an in vitro toxicology system. Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 21:956-61. [PMID: 17376647 PMCID: PMC1986647 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Revised: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Precision-cut tissue slices mimic specific organ toxicity because normal cellular heterogeneity and organ architecture are retained. To optimize the use of the smaller tissues of the mouse and to establish easy assays for tissue viability, a tissue chip based system was used to generate large numbers of samples from a single organ. Iodoacetamide (IAM) was used as a model toxicant and assays for intracellular potassium (normalized to DNA content) were used to establish viability and toxicant susceptibility. Thereafter, assays that were more rapid and specific were pursued. Lysates from tissues incubated in 6-carboxyfluorescein fluoresced proportionately to concentrations of IAM, indicating disruption of cellular membranes. Similarly, FURA-2, a probe applied to lysates to measure calcium levels, fluoresced proportionately to IAM dosage. Monobromobimane, a fluorescent sulfhydryl probe, displayed a decrease in fluorescent intensity at higher IAM challenge-a finding confirmed with an absorbance assay with Ellman's reagent. Importantly, the number of samples per organ/mouse was increased at least threefold and a significant time reduction per analysis was realized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Catania
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kern MA, Haugg AM, Eiteneuer E, Konze E, Drebber U, Dienes HP, Breuhahn K, Schirmacher P, Kasper HU. Ex vivo analysis of antineoplastic agents in precision-cut tissue slices of human origin: effects of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition in hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int 2006; 26:604-12. [PMID: 16762006 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2006.01268.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cultures of precision-cut tissue slices allow the investigation of substance effects on human tissues under in vivo-like conditions over a limited time span. We have adapted the model for direct analyses of antineoplastic substances on tumor tissues. We have recently demonstrated that selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors strongly suppress growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells in vitro and nude mouse HCC implants by inducing apoptosis and reducing proliferation. We have now analyzed the effects of COX-2 inhibition on human tumor tissue. Three hundred micrometer slices of tumorous and non-tumorous liver tissue from three surgically resected HCCs were cultured with increasing concentrations of the selective COX-2 inhibitor Meloxicam (20-200 microM) for 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. The cultured tissue slices were analysed morphologically and by immunohistology for proliferation (Ki-67), apoptosis (M30), and COX-2 expression. COX-2 was expressed in all HCCs and in the non-tumorous liver tissue. Cytoplasmic COX-2 immunoreactivity in HCCs increased during culturing time. In two of three cases, COX-2 inhibition significantly increased tumor cell apoptosis in HCCs, whereas the low basal apoptosis rate in the non-tumorous liver parenchyma did not change. Tumor cell proliferation was mildly reduced, but the changes did not reach statistical significance. These results demonstrate that the precision-cut tissue slice culture model is a useful tool to analyze directly drug-dependent antitumorous or unwanted organ-specific effects. The analysis of COX-2 inhibition lends further support to the antineoplastic effects previously demonstrated in vitro and in animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Kern
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Naik RS, Mujumdar AM, Ghaskadbi S. Protection of liver cells from ethanol cytotoxicity by curcumin in liver slice culture in vitro. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2004; 95:31-37. [PMID: 15374604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2003] [Revised: 04/12/2004] [Accepted: 06/03/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin, a widely used spice and colouring agent in food has been shown to have a broad spectrum of biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-neoplastic, antimutagenic and antioxidant. We have used liver slice culture model to demonstrate hepatoprotective activity of curcumin in vitro. Ethanol has been used as a hepatotoxin and the cytotoxicity of ethanol is estimated by quantitating the release of LDH. Ethanol induces 3.5 times more release of LDH from the liver cells and twice the amount of lipid peroxidation as compared to the cells from untreated liver tissue and this was significantly reduced in presence of curcumin (5 microM). We measured the activity of antioxidant enzymes (AOEs) namely superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase and found that in ethanol treated cells activity of all three enzymes was elevated. However, when curcumin was added along with ethanol their levels were kept low. The fact that release of LDH is significantly reduced along with lipid peroxidation and the activity of AOEs is kept low indicates that curcumin by its antioxidant activity reduced the oxidative stress induced by ethanol and protected the liver cells in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R S Naik
- Department of Zoology, University of Pune, Pune 411007, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Martin H, Bournique B, Blanchi B, Lerche-Langrand C. High-throughput optimization by statistical designs: example with rat liver slices cryopreservation. Anal Biochem 2003; 319:56-64. [PMID: 12842107 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(03)00275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to optimize cryopreservation conditions of rat liver slices in a high-throughput format, with focus on reproducibility. A statistical design of 32 experiments was performed and intracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDHi) activity and antipyrine (AP) metabolism were evaluated as biomarkers. At freezing, modified University of Wisconsin solution was better than Williams'E medium, and pure dimethyl sulfoxide was better than a cryoprotectant mixture. The best cryoprotectant concentrations were 10% for LDHi and 20% for AP metabolism. Fetal calf serum could be used at 50 or 80%, and incubation of slices with the cryoprotectant could last 10 or 20 min. At thawing, 42 degrees C was better than 22 degrees C. After thawing, 1h was better than 3h of preculture. Cryopreservation increased the interslice variability of the biomarkers. After cryopreservation, LDHi and AP metabolism levels were up to 84 and 80% of fresh values. However, these high levels were not reproducibly achieved. Two factors involved in the day-to-day variability of LDHi were identified: the incubation time with the cryoprotectant and the preculture time. In conclusion, the statistical design was very efficient to quickly determine optimized conditions by simultaneously measuring the role of numerous factors. The cryopreservation procedure developed appears suitable for qualitative metabolic profiling studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Martin
- Drug Safety Evaluation, Aventis Pharma SA, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Langdale LA, Kajikawa O, Frevert C, Liggitt HD. Sustained tolerance to lipopolysaccharide after liver ischemia-reperfusion injury. Shock 2003; 19:553-8. [PMID: 12785011 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000055238.25446.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Liver ischemia-reperfusion injury (IR) would be expected to alter the capacity of previously ischemic as well as continuously perfused segments that are exposed to circulating inflammatory mediators to respond to a subsequent infectious insult. IR is reported to induce tolerance to subsequent endotoxin stimulation if the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge is delayed until the late, neutrophil-mediated phase of reperfusion. Whether ischemic or perfused liver is differentially affected and whether LPS-tolerance may be overcome by increasing exposure is unknown. We hypothesized that late tolerance after IR reflects a refractory state in which the liver's expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in response to secondary LPS is limited. Precision-cut tissue culture methodology was used to investigate the capacity of rabbit liver to respond to a spectrum of LPS stimulation 24 h after partial IR. Slices from normal liver showed a dose-dependent response to LPS for tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) expression. Slices from both previously ischemic and continuously perfused lobes retained dose responsiveness for TNF-alpha, although TNF-alpha was significantly decreased at high LPS concentrations compared with normal liver. Ischemic liver sustained this blunted response despite extended exposure to LPS, whereas perfused slices recovered responsiveness to high dose LPS with prolonged stimulation. IR induced interleukin-8 in both ischemic and perfused liver, but secondary LPS stimulation did not augment interleukin-8 expression. Hepatic IR induces a late tolerance to secondary LPS challenge in locally ischemic tissue that cannot be overcome by increasing LPS exposure. Nonischemic liver exposed to the systemic effects of IR injury, however, retains a capacity to respond to LPS with sufficient stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorrie A Langdale
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington and VA-PSHC, Seattle, Washington 98108, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Martin H, Sarsat JP, de Waziers I, Housset C, Balladur P, Beaune P, Albaladejo V, Lerche-Langrand C. Induction of cytochrome P450 2B6 and 3A4 expression by phenobarbital and cyclophosphamide in cultured human liver slices. Pharm Res 2003; 20:557-68. [PMID: 12739762 DOI: 10.1023/a:1023234429596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the potential of cultured human liver slices to predict cytochrome P450 (CYP) inducibility, regarding global and zonal CYP expression, together with drug-induced histologic changes. METHODS We first assessed whether CYP2B6, 3A4, and 2C9 expression was maintained in cultured liver slices. Cultured hepatocytes were used as the reference culture system. Then we tested the effects of phenobarbital and cyclophosphamide on CYP expression in both models. RESULTS Morphologic features are preserved in slices. Basal CYP expression declines with time in culture in both models. Slices display the same region specificity of CYP2B6, 2C9, and 3A4 expression as intact liver. CYP2B6 and 3A4 mRNA, apoprotein, and enzyme-related activities were induced by phenobarbital and cyclophosphamide, whereas CYP2C9 apoprotein was not. Their immunoreactivities were also increased, while their zonal distribution was preserved on slice tissue sections. Microsomal enzyme induction was confirmed by histology. CONCLUSIONS Cultured human liver slices are an attractive alternative to hepatocyte culture for the prediction of human CYP isoenzyme induction by xenobiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Martin
- Drug Safety Evaluation, Aventis Pharma SA, Vitry-sur-Seine, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Drug discovery and development consists of a series of processes starting with the demonstration of pharmacological effects in experimental cell and animal models and ending with drug safety and efficacy studies in patients. A main limitation is often the unacceptable level of toxicity with the liver as the primary target organ. Therefore, approaches to study hepatic toxicity in the early phase of drug discovery represent an important step towards rational drug development. A variety of in vitro liver models have been developed in the past years. Next to their use in drug development, they can also be applied to study environmental toxins and their hepatotoxicity. The 3 main approaches are ex vivo isolated and perfused organ models, precision-cut liver slices and cell culture models. Although the advantage of whole organ perfusions is based on the assessment of physiologic parameters such as bile production and morphologic parameters such as tissue histology, cell culture models can be efficiently used to assess cellular metabolism, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. The advantage of precision-cut liver slices is based on the juxtaposition of cellular assays and tissue morphology. None of these models can be compared as they all focus on different fields of hepatoxicology. For the future, the ideal setup for testing the hepatic toxicity of a new compound could of primary studies in cell or slice cultures to assess cellular effects and secondary studies using ex vivo perfused organs to examine gross organ function parameters and histology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Groneberg
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité School of Medicine, Humboldt-University Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Carmago S, Shah SV, Walker PD. Meprin, a brush-border enzyme, plays an important role in hypoxic/ischemic acute renal tubular injury in rats. Kidney Int 2002; 61:959-66. [PMID: 11849450 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been shown that non-congenic mice strains with lower levels of renal meprin develop less renal injury following renal ischemia and reperfusion. We have demonstrated that following ischemia-reperfusion renal injury, there is a rapid shift of meprin localization and intensity from the brush border to the cytoplasmic compartment, tubular lumens and the tubular basement membranes. Radical shifts in the localization of an activated enzyme to potentially sensitive areas of the tubule suggest a toxic role for meprin in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Though meprin degrades extracellular matrix components and other substrates, to our knowledge meprin cytotoxicity has never been examined. Therefore, the first objective of this study was to determine if meprin is directly cytotoxic to renal cells in vitro. The second objective was to determine if inhibition of meprin is protective against hypoxia-reoxygenation injury in vitro and ischemia-reperfusion injury in vivo. METHODS The immortalized porcine epithelial cell line (LLC-PK1) and Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells in culture were exposed to meprin in various concentrations and for various times. Cell death was determined by Trypan Blue exclusion, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and the 3-[4,5] dimethylthiazol-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Renal slices were used to examine the effect of the meprin inhibitor, actinonin, on hypoxic injury in vitro. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in ischemia-reperfusion injury studies to determine the effect of actinonin on renal function as measured by plasma urea nitrogen, creatinine and renal histology. RESULTS Meprin is cytotoxic to LLC-PK1 and MDCK cells in a concentration and time dependent manner. The meprin inhibitor 1,10-phenanthroline completely abolished the cytotoxic effect. Renal slices exposed to hypoxia and hypoxia followed by reoxygenation showed marked cell death. Pre-treatment with the actinonin was markedly protective while not interfering with the hypoxia-induced fall in adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) levels. In in vivo studies, rats exposed to ischemia/reperfusion injury were markedly protected against acute renal failure by IP treatment with actinonin. CONCLUSIONS Meprin is cytotoxic to cultured renal tubular epithelial cells in vitro. Renal slices are protected from hypoxia-reoxygenation injury in vitro by the meprin inhibitor actinonin. Meprin inhibition is protective against rat renal hypoxia-reoxygenation injury. These data strongly support the concept that meprin is cytotoxic and may play a key role in renal ischemia-reperfusion induced renal injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Carmago
- Department of Pathology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Davila JC, Rodriguez RJ, Melchert RB, Acosta D. Predictive value of in vitro model systems in toxicology. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2001; 38:63-96. [PMID: 9597149 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.38.1.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The application of in vitro model systems to evaluate the toxicity of xenobiotics has significantly enhanced our understanding of drug- and chemical-induced target toxicity. From a scientific perspective, there are several reasons for the popularity of in vitro model systems. From the public perspective, in vitro model systems enjoy increasing popularity because their application may allow a reduction in the number of live animals employed in toxicity testing. In this review, we present an overview of the use of in vitro model systems to investigate target organ toxicity of drugs and chemicals, and provide selective examples of these model systems to better understand cutaneous and ocular toxicity and the role of drug metabolism in the hepatotoxicity of selected agents. We conclude by examining the value and use of in vitro model systems in industrial development of new pharmaceutical agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Davila
- G.D. Searle, Product Safety Assessment, Skokie, Illinois 60077, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Martin H, Bournique B, Sarsat JP, Albaladejo V, Lerche-Langrand C. Cryopreserved rat liver slices: a critical evaluation of cell viability, histological integrity, and drug-metabolizing enzymes. Cryobiology 2000; 41:135-44. [PMID: 11034792 DOI: 10.1006/cryo.2000.2275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of a cryopreservation procedure on the biochemical, morphological and functional integrity of rat liver slices just after thawing and after 24 h culture were evaluated. Freshly prepared slices were incubated in modified University of Wisconsin solution containing 50% fetal calf serum and 10% dimethyl sulfoxide for 20 min on ice prior to a rapid cooling in liquid nitrogen. After 10-40 days, slices were thawed rapidly at 42 degrees C. Total protein content and (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) (MTT) reduction were well preserved at thawing, whereas ATP content was markedly decreased relative to freshly prepared slices (-83%). The major microscopic findings in sections of just-thawed liver slices consisted of hepatocellular dissociation and minimal apoptosis. The qualitative profile of antipyrine (AP) metabolism was well preserved in cryopreserved slices, but the amounts of phase I and phase II AP metabolites produced over a 3-h incubation period were markedly reduced relative to fresh slices (-58 to -71%). When cryopreserved slices were cultured for 24 h after thawing, the viability was markedly reduced, as reflected by the almost complete absence of MTT reduction and the loss of ATP content. Histological examinations showed extensive cellular necrosis. The amount of AP metabolites produced by cryopreserved slices was similar after a 3- or a 24-h culture period, indicating that AP metabolism capacities were lost at 24 h culture. In conclusion, our results suggest that cryopreserved rat liver slices may be a useful model for short-term in vitro determination of drug metabolism pathways. Further work is required to extend their use for toxicological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Martin
- Drug Safety Evaluation, Aventis Pharma SA, 94403 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ekins S, Ring BJ, Grace J, McRobie-Belle DJ, Wrighton SA. Present and future in vitro approaches for drug metabolism. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2000; 44:313-24. [PMID: 11274898 DOI: 10.1016/s1056-8719(00)00110-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The 1980s through 1990s witnessed the widespread incorporation of in vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) approaches into drug development by drug companies. This has been exemplified by the integration of the basic science of cytochrome P450s (CYPs) into most drug metabolism departments so that information on the metabolic pathways of drugs and drug-drug interactions (DDIs) is no longer an academic exercise, but essential for regulatory submission. This has come about due to the application of a variety of new technologies and in vitro models. For example, subcellular fractions have been widely used in metabolism studies since the 1960s. The last two decades has seen the increased use of hepatocytes as the reproducibility of cell isolations improved. The 1990s saw the rejuvenation of liver slices (as new slicers were developed) and the utilization of cDNA expressed enzymes as these technologies matured. In addition, there has been considerable interest in extrapolating in vitro data to in vivo for parameters such as absorption, clearance and DDIs. The current philosophy of drug development is moving to a 'fail early--fail cheaply' paradigm. Therefore, in vitro ADME approaches are being applied to drug candidates earlier in development since they are essential for identifying compounds likely to present ADME challenges in the latter stages of drug development. These in vitro tools are also being used earlier in lead optimization biology, in parallel with approaches for optimizing target structure activity relationships, as well as identification of DDI and the involvement of metabolic pathways that demonstrate genetic polymorphisms. This would suggest that the line between discovery and development drug metabolism has blurred. In vitro approaches to ADME are increasingly being linked with high-throughput automation and analysis. Further, if we think of perhaps the fastest available way to screen for successful drugs with optimal ADME characteristics, then we arrive at predictive computational algorithms, which are only now being generated and validated in parallel with in vitro and in vivo methods. In addition, as we increase the number of ADME parameters determined early, the overall amount of data generated for both discovery and development will increase. This will present challenges for the efficient and fast interpretation of such data, as well as incorporation and communication to chemistry, biology, and clinical colleagues. This review will focus on and assess the nature of present in vitro metabolism approaches and indicate how they are likely to develop in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Ekins
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Drop Code 0730, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Davila JC, Morris DL. Analysis of cytochrome P450 and phase II conjugating enzyme expression in adult male rat hepatocytes. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1999; 35:120-30. [PMID: 10476907 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-999-0013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and Phase II conjugating enzymes by prototypical hepatic enzyme inducers was studied in adult male rat hepatocytes. Hepatocytes were suspended and cultured in diluted Matrigel in a basal serum-free Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium and exposed to the prototypical liver enzyme inducers, 3-methylcholanthrene, phenobarbital, hydrocortisone, and clofibrate for 48 h. Total RNA and microsomes were isolated and prepared, respectively, at 72 h. The expression of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2B1, CYP2C11, CYP2E1, CYP3A1, CYP3A2, CYP4A1, fatty acyl-CoA oxidase, uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase, glutathione-S-transferase, and sulfotransferase was determined at the mRNA level with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The expression of CYP1A1, CYP2B1, CYP2C11, CYP2E1, and CYP4A1 was also measured at the apoprotein level by Western immunoblotting. Using these culture and expression analysis techniques, we have found that the expression of these metabolic enzymes can be maintained in culture for up to 7 d at the mRNA and apoprotein levels. In addition, hepatocytes were found to respond to chemical enzyme inducers with marked increases in enzyme expression at either the mRNA or protein level and in a concentration-related fashion. Cells were responsive to enzyme induction as early as 24 h after initial plating. The results obtained from this investigation indicate that the presence of diluted Matrigel (at a concentration of 0.35 mg/ml), the use of low concentrations of insulin (1 microM), hydrocortisone (0.1 microM), and serum-free culture medium can maintain the differentiated phenotype and responsiveness of cultured hepatocytes to chemical-induced metabolic enzyme expression. Under the conditions used in this study, enzyme induction in adult male rat hepatocytes shows close agreement with enzyme induction observed in the livers of rats exposed to these or similar prototypical enzyme inducers. Rat hepatocytes cultured in the presence of diluted Matrigel coupled with enzyme mRNA expression analysis with RT-PCR are proven to be a valuable and important in vitro toxicological approach to assess the chemical-induced changes in expression of liver CYP450 and Phase II conjugating enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Davila
- Monsanto Life Sciences/Searle Pharmaceuticals, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Oudar O, Moreau A, Feldmann G, Scoazec JY. Expression and regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in organotypic cultures of rat liver tissue. J Hepatol 1998; 29:901-9. [PMID: 9875636 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(98)80117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The objective of the present study was to analyze the expression and regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in organotypic cultures of rat liver slices, which preserve the normal microenvironment of liver cells. METHODS Rat liver slices were maintained in culture for 15 min to 24 h and examined for ICAM-1 expression by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting in basal conditions and after stimulation with 1000 IU/ml interferon-gamma (IFNgamma), 1000 IU/ml tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) and 50 microg/ml endotoxin. Immunohistochemical results were evaluated using a semiquantitative scoring system. RESULTS In uncultured slices, ICAM-1 was not detected on hepatocytes. In unstimulated liver slices maintained in organotypic culture, ICAM-1 was induced at the surface of scattered hepatocytes (score at 15 min, 0.33+/-0.47 and at 24 h, 1.17+/-0.69). After 4 h of stimulation, a significant increase in ICAM-1 expression by hepatocytes and adjacent sinusoidal cells, but not by intra-hepatic biliary epithelial cells, was observed for IFNgamma (score: 2.35+/-0.47) and endotoxin (score: 2.67+/-0.47), but not with TNF alpha (score: 0.66+/-0.47). After 24 h of stimulation, a further increase in the extent of ICAM-1 expression by hepatocytes was observed for IFNgamma (score: 3.67+/-0.47) and endotoxin (score: 4.0+/-0.0), and a significant overexpression of ICAM-1 by hepatocytes was detectable after treatment with TNF alpha (score: 3.67+/-0.47). CONCLUSIONS In rat liver organotypic cultures, TNF alpha, IFNgamma and endotoxin induce the expression of ICAM-1 in hepatocytes and adjacent sinusoidal endothelial cells, but not in portal tracts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Oudar
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, INSERM U.327, Faculté de Médecine Xavier-Bichat, Paris, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gokhale MS, Bunton TE, Zurlo J, Yager JD. Cytochrome P450 isoenzyme activities in cultured rat and mouse liver slices. Xenobiotica 1997; 27:341-55. [PMID: 9149374 DOI: 10.1080/004982597240505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
1. The objective of this study was to determine the basal and inducible activities of several cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes and monitor the acinar and hepatocyte morphology in precision cut, cultured rat and mouse liver slices. 2. The slices were cultured up to 96 h in Chee's essential medium supplemented with insulin, transferrin, selenium, DMSO, dexamethasone and epidermal growth factor. A dynamic roller system was used to incubate the slices at 37 degrees C in an atmosphere of 95% O2:5% CO2. 3. Histopathology of the liver slices revealed maintenance of normal hepatic lobular architecture with time in culture. 4. CYP isozyme activities were measured at various times of culture. In rat liver slices, at 72 h, CYP1A1/1A2 activity was induced 4-fold by beta NF and 37-fold by dioxin (TCDD) whereas in mouse liver slices, 1A1/1A2 activity was not inducible by beta NF but was induced 19-fold by TCDD. At 72 h, CYP2A5 (coumarin-7-hydroxylase) activity was not detected in rat liver slices but in mouse liver slices, 2A5 was induced 2-fold by beta NF, 11-fold by phenobarbital (PB) and 3-fold by TCDD. 5. Hydroxylation of testosterone at specific positions was used as an indication of the activities of various P450 isoforms. Testosterone was added to the cultures at 0 and 72 h and the metabolites were measured at 24 and 96 h respectively by hplc analysis. Depending upon the species, the treatment and the time in culture, CYP1A, 2A, 3A, 2B and 2C activities were detectable. 3A activity was highly induced by PB in both rat and mouse liver slices. These results demonstrate that this culture system can be used to assess and compare xenobiotic metabolism in liver slices from rodent species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Gokhale
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205-2179, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|