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Kuruoglu FE, Ekici ZM, Nak D, Ozyigit MO, Kupeli ZA, Koca D. Investigation of efficacy of two different chemotherapy protocols used in neoadjuvant chemotherapy in clinical stages II-IV canine malignant mammary tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2024; 22:284-294. [PMID: 38600051 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The first aim of this study is to demonstrate the clinical efficacy and reliability of two different neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) protocols consisting of doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide (AC) and paclitaxel in dogs with clinical stages II-IV canine malignant mammary tumours (CMTs). Secondly, to determine the Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2-positive and triple-negative molecular subtypes and their value in predicting clinical response to NAC in biopsy samples, and thirdly, to reveal the changes in Ki-67, human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2), oestrogen receptor (ER), and progesterone receptor (PgR) expression levels induced by NAC. Thirty dogs with clinical stages II-IV CMTs (T1-3N0-1M0) according to the modified TNM system were included in the study. Dogs in group-1 (n = 15) AC combination and dogs in group-2 (n = 15) were administered paclitaxel. Partial response (PR) was the most common clinical response in both treatment groups (66.66% and 86.66%, respectively). There was no difference between the groups regarding clinical response parameters (p = .001). The rate of treatment responders was higher than the rate of non-responders in both groups (p < .001). The adverse effects observed in both groups were mostly limited to grades 1 and 2 and all were easy to manage. The most frequently detected molecular subtype was Luminal A (59.25%). Complete response (CR) was achieved in 33.33% of dogs with triple-negative CMT in the AC group and 14.29% of the Luminal A subtype in the paclitaxel group. Alterations in Ki-67, HER2, ER, and PgR expressions after chemotherapy were not statistically significant (p > .05). As a result, we have shown that these neoadjuvant chemotherapy protocols are effective and safe alternative treatment options for CMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikriye Ecem Kuruoglu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Veterinary Faculty, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Merve Ekici
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Veterinary Faculty, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Deniz Nak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Veterinary Faculty, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Musa Ozgur Ozyigit
- Department of Department of Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Zehra Avci Kupeli
- Department of Department of Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Davut Koca
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Veterinary Faculty, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
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Flory A, Wilson-Robles H. Noninvasive Blood-Based Cancer Detection in Veterinary Medicine. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2024; 54:541-558. [PMID: 38195361 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The past decade has seen incredible advances in blood-based cancer detection in people and in dogs - yet this represents only a glimpse of the benefits these tests can provide to patients. The clinical uses of this technology range from screening asymptomatic individuals for early detection to use as an aid in diagnosis when cancer is suspected, to cancer monitoring both during and after treatment. This article summarizes the benefits of early cancer detection and examines use cases and methods of blood-based cancer detection in dogs, including quantitative, qualitative, and alternative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi Flory
- PetDx, 9310 Athena Circle, Suite 230, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Heather Wilson-Robles
- Volition Veterinary Diagnostics Development, LLC 1489 West Warm Springs Road Suite 110, Henderson, NV 89014, USA; Ethos Discovery, 10435 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; The Oncology Service, United Veterinary Health, 6651 Backlick Road, Springfield, VA 22150, USA
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Huniadi M, Nosálová N, Almášiová V, Horňáková Ľ, Valenčáková A, Hudáková N, Cizkova D. Three-Dimensional Cultivation a Valuable Tool for Modelling Canine Mammary Gland Tumour Behaviour In Vitro. Cells 2024; 13:695. [PMID: 38667310 PMCID: PMC11049302 DOI: 10.3390/cells13080695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell cultivation has been one of the most popular methods in research for decades. Currently, scientists routinely use two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures of commercially available cell lines and primary cultures to study cellular behaviour, responses to stimuli, and interactions with their environment in a controlled laboratory setting. In recent years, 3D cultivation has gained more attention in modern biomedical research, mainly due to its numerous advantages compared to 2D cultures. One of the main goals where 3D culture models are used is the investigation of tumour diseases, in both animals and humans. The ability to simulate the tumour microenvironment and design 3D masses allows us to monitor all the processes that take place in tumour tissue created not only from cell lines but directly from the patient's tumour cells. One of the tumour types for which 3D culture methods are often used in research is the canine mammary gland tumour (CMT). The clinically similar profile of the CMT and breast tumours in humans makes the CMT a suitable model for studying the issue not only in animals but also in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykhailo Huniadi
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia; (M.H.); (N.N.); (Ľ.H.); (A.V.); (N.H.)
| | - Natália Nosálová
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia; (M.H.); (N.N.); (Ľ.H.); (A.V.); (N.H.)
| | - Viera Almášiová
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia;
| | - Ľubica Horňáková
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia; (M.H.); (N.N.); (Ľ.H.); (A.V.); (N.H.)
| | - Alexandra Valenčáková
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia; (M.H.); (N.N.); (Ľ.H.); (A.V.); (N.H.)
| | - Nikola Hudáková
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia; (M.H.); (N.N.); (Ľ.H.); (A.V.); (N.H.)
| | - Dasa Cizkova
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia; (M.H.); (N.N.); (Ľ.H.); (A.V.); (N.H.)
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Rueda JR, Porto CD, Franco RP, da Costa IB, Bueno LMC, Girio RJS, Manhoso FFR, Bueno PCDS, Repetti CSF. Mammary neoplasms in female dogs: Clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. VET MED-CZECH 2024; 69:99-114. [PMID: 38751991 PMCID: PMC11093647 DOI: 10.17221/4/2024-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
With the increase in the life expectancy of domestic animals and their increasingly affectionate relationship with their owners, it is possible to observe an increase in cases of neoplasms in these animals. Mammary neoplasia mainly affects older females who have not been castrated, due to hormonal dependence for the development of the tumour. The main form of treatment is surgery. This study aims to carry out an updated review on mammary neoplasms in female dogs covering the anatomy, physiology, prevalence, causes, diagnoses, treatments, prevention and prognosis, based on scientific articles by renowned researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina Reato Rueda
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Marilia – UNIMAR, Marilia/SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Dias Porto
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Marilia – UNIMAR, Marilia/SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Raul Jose Silva Girio
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Marilia – UNIMAR, Marilia/SP, Brazil
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Srisawat W, Pringproa K, Prachasilchai W, Thongtharb A, Sthitmatee N. Epidemiology and classification for canine and feline mammary gland tumors: a histopathological survey of 437 mammary gland tumor biopsies performed in a secondary care hospital in Chiang Mai, Thailand from 2012 to 2019. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17077. [PMID: 38500523 PMCID: PMC10946389 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Metastatic disease resulting from mammary gland tumors (MGTs) is a known cause of death among dogs and cats. Keys to successful prevention and management strategies involve the accurate recording of diagnostic data. Methods This retrospective study reviewed the epidemiology and classification of canine mammary gland tumors (CMTs) and feline mammary gland tumors (FMTs), as well as the factors including sex, age, and breed related to the occurrence of these tumors. Accordingly, 1,736 tumor biopsy cases were reported from 2012 to 2019 at Chiang Mai University Small Animal Hospital, Thailand, with 1,639 canine tumor biopsy cases and 97 feline tumor biopsy cases. Results The proportion of CMTs was reported at 24.5% (401/1,639) for all canine tumor biopsy cases. Benign and malignant tumors were reported at 14.5% (58/401) and 85.5% (343/401) for all CMT cases, respectively. The mean age of dogs affected by benign CMTs was 9.0 ± 3.0 years, which was significantly lower than for malignant CMTs at 9.9 ± 2.8 years (P = 0.0239). According to histopathological classification, benign mixed tumors and simple carcinoma types were highest among benign and malignant CMT cases, respectively. Moreover, female dogs were at significantly higher risk of developing mammary gland tumors (OR = 45.8, 95% CI [3.9-86.0], P < 0.0001) than male dogs, as well as older dogs (>8 years) (OR = 1.7, 95% CI [1.2-2.2], P = 0.0001) compared to young ones (≤8 years). The proportion of FMTs was 37.1% (36/97) for all feline tumor biopsy cases. Benign and malignant tumors for all FMTs were reported at 16.7% (6/36) and 83.3% (30/36), respectively. According to histopathological classifications, adenoma and simple carcinoma were present in the highest proportion among benign and malignant FMTs, respectively. Female cats were at a significantly higher risk of developing mammary gland tumors than male cats (OR = 25.7, 95% CI [3.9-272.8], P < 0.0001). Conclusions and clinical importance There was a high proportion of MGT cases compared with other tumor cases reported in a secondary care hospital in Chiang Mai, Thailand from 2012 to 2019, and malignant tumor biopsies have been more frequently observed than benign tumor biopsies in both CMT and FMT cases. The resulting data originating from this study can be an aid for veterinary oncologists in better educating clients and planning treatment and prevention strategies and it can be used as a basis for further experimental studies in the oncology section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwisa Srisawat
- Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine and Biological Products, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kidsadagon Pringproa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Atigan Thongtharb
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nattawooti Sthitmatee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine and Biological Products, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Nosalova N, Huniadi M, Horňáková Ľ, Valenčáková A, Horňák S, Nagoos K, Vozar J, Cizkova D. Canine Mammary Tumors: Classification, Biomarkers, Traditional and Personalized Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2891. [PMID: 38474142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, many studies have focused their attention on the dog as a proper animal model for human cancer. In dogs, mammary tumors develop spontaneously, involving a complex interplay between tumor cells and the immune system and revealing several molecular and clinical similarities to human breast cancer. In this review, we summarized the major features of canine mammary tumor, risk factors, and the most important biomarkers used for diagnosis and treatment. Traditional therapy of mammary tumors in dogs includes surgery, which is the first choice, followed by chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or hormonal therapy. However, these therapeutic strategies may not always be sufficient on their own; advancements in understanding cancer mechanisms and the development of innovative treatments offer hope for improved outcomes for oncologic patients. There is still a growing interest in the use of personalized medicine, which should play an irreplaceable role in the research not only in human cancer therapy, but also in veterinary oncology. Moreover, immunotherapy may represent a novel and promising therapeutic option in canine mammary cancers. The study of novel therapeutic approaches is essential for future research in both human and veterinary oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Nosalova
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Mykhailo Huniadi
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Ľubica Horňáková
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Alexandra Valenčáková
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Slavomir Horňák
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Kamil Nagoos
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Vozar
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Dasa Cizkova
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
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Miller JL, Reddy A, Harman RM, Van de Walle GR. A xenotransplantation mouse model to study physiology of the mammary gland from large mammals. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298390. [PMID: 38416747 PMCID: PMC10901318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Although highly conserved in structure and function, many (patho)physiological processes of the mammary gland vary drastically between mammals, with mechanisms regulating these differences not well understood. Large mammals display variable lactation strategies and mammary cancer incidence, however, research into these variations is often limited to in vitro analysis due to logistical limitations. Validating a model with functional mammary xenografts from cryopreserved tissue fragments would allow for in vivo comparative analysis of mammary glands from large and/or rare mammals and would improve our understanding of postnatal development, lactation, and premalignancy across mammals. To this end, we generated functional mammary xenografts using mammary tissue fragments containing mammary stroma and parenchyma isolated via an antibody-independent approach from healthy, nulliparous equine and canine donor tissues to study these species in vivo. Cryopreserved mammary tissue fragments were xenotransplanted into de-epithelialized fat pads of immunodeficient mice and resulting xenografts were structurally and functionally assessed. Preimplantation of mammary stromal fibroblasts was performed to promote ductal morphogenesis. Xenografts recapitulated mammary lobule architecture and contained donor-derived stromal components. Mammatropic hormone stimulation resulted in (i) upregulation of lactation-associated genes, (ii) altered proliferation index, and (iii) morphological changes, indicating functionality. Preimplantation of mammary stromal fibroblasts did not promote ductal morphogenesis. This model presents the opportunity to study novel mechanisms regulating unique lactation strategies and mammary cancer induction in vivo. Due to the universal applicability of this approach, this model serves as proof-of-concept for developing mammary xenografts for in vivo analysis of virtually any mammals, including large and rare mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Miller
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Reddy
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Rebecca M Harman
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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8
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Gherman LM, Chiroi P, Nuţu A, Bica C, Berindan-Neagoe I. Profiling canine mammary tumors: A potential model for studying human breast cancer. Vet J 2024; 303:106055. [PMID: 38097103 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite all clinical progress recorded in the last decades, human breast cancer (HBC) remains a major challenge worldwide both in terms of its incidence and its management. Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) share similarities with HBC and represent an alternative model for HBC. The utility of the canine model in studying HBC relies on their common features, include spontaneous development, subtype classification, mutational profile, alterations in gene expression profile, and incidence/prevalence. This review describes the similarities between CMTs and HBC regarding genomic landscape, microRNA expression alteration, methylation, and metabolomic changes occurring during mammary gland carcinogenesis. The primary purpose of this review is to highlight the advantages of using the canine model as a translational animal model for HBC research and to investigate the challenges and limitations of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana-Madalina Gherman
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Experimental Center of Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Paul Chiroi
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andreea Nuţu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cecilia Bica
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Tkaczyk-Wlizło A, Kowal K, Śmiech A, Ślaska B. Occurrence of mammary gland tumours in male dogs and its weak association with development of testicular tumours: a review. J Appl Genet 2024; 65:137-153. [PMID: 38123735 PMCID: PMC10789838 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-023-00818-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Mammary gland tumours (MGTs) are commonly occurring neoplasms in female dogs. However, rare cases of MGTs in male dogs have been reported for years. Due to the low incidence of MGTs in male dogs in comparison to female dogs, veterinary oncology is mainly focused on mammary neoplasms diagnosed in female dogs and extensive research is conducted in this scientific area. Therefore, there are no sufficient epidemiological data on male dogs and the aetiology of their tumour development is still poorly understood.The aim of this literature review was to present cases of MGTs in male dogs for better understanding the scale of the problem over the years. The analyses of 74 affected male dogs with 92 tumours showed that the majority of MGTs in male dogs were benign tumours (54.3%), especially in form of adenomas, often developed in posterior canine mammary glands (58.1%).The increased number of canine MGTs in male dogs aged 7 -13 years with an age peak at 11 years was noted. The age of affected animals was not related to breed. Mammary gland neoplasms were diagnosed predominately in Crossbreeds (20.2%) followed by Cocker Spaniels (18.9%) and German Shepherds (10.8%).The association between MGT development in male dogs and co-occurrence of testicular tumours (TTs) has been discussed for years. Thus, cases of development of both tumours were included in this study. As a result, only in 12.7% cases of MGTs also history of TTs was described. Therefore, no general association between these tumours should be assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Tkaczyk-Wlizło
- Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka St, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kowal
- Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka St, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Śmiech
- Department of Pathomorphology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 30 Głęboka St, 20-612, Lublin, Poland
| | - Brygida Ślaska
- Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka St, 20-950, Lublin, Poland.
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Ke CH, Lin CN, Lin CS. Hormone, Targeted, and Combinational Therapies for Breast Cancers: From Humans to Dogs. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:732. [PMID: 38255807 PMCID: PMC10815110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent cancer in women. In female dogs, canine mammary gland tumor (CMT) is also the leading neoplasm. Comparative oncology indicates similar tumor behaviors between human BCs (HBCs) and CMTs. Therefore, this review summarizes the current research in hormone and targeted therapies and describes the future prospects for HBCs and CMTs. For hormone receptor-expressing BCs, the first medical intervention is hormone therapy. Monoclonal antibodies against Her2 are proposed for the treatment of Her2+ BCs. However, the major obstacle in hormone therapy or monoclonal antibodies is drug resistance. Therefore, increasing alternatives have been developed to overcome these difficulties. We systemically reviewed publications that reported inhibitors targeting certain molecules in BC cells. The various treatment choices for humans decrease mortality in females with BC. However, the development of hormone or targeted therapies in veterinary medicine is still limited. Even though some clinical trials have been proposed, severe side effects and insufficient case numbers might restrict further explorations. This difficulty highlights the urgent need to develop updated hormone/targeted therapy or novel immunotherapies. Therefore, exploring new therapies to provide more precise use in dogs with CMTs will be the focus of future research. Furthermore, due to the similarities shared by humans and dogs, well-planned prospective clinical trials on the use of combinational or novel immunotherapies in dogs with CMTs to obtain solid results for both humans and dogs can be reasonably anticipated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Hsu Ke
- Sustainable Swine Research Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (C.-H.K.); (C.-N.L.)
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Nan Lin
- Sustainable Swine Research Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (C.-H.K.); (C.-N.L.)
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Si Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Chae HK, Oh YI, Lim GH, Jung YC, Park SH, An JH, Park SM, Seo KW, Chu SN, Li Q, Youn HY. Anti-cancer effects of DHP107 on canine mammary gland cancer examined through in-vitro and in-vivo mouse xenograft models. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:3. [PMID: 38172758 PMCID: PMC10763473 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03837-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine mammary gland cancer (CMGC) is a common neoplasm in intact bitches. However, the benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-proliferative effects of paclitaxel on CMGC in in-vitro and in-vivo settings. RESULTS Paclitaxel dose-dependently inhibited viability and induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in both primary and metastatic CMGC cell lines (CIPp and CIPm). In animal experiments, the average tumour volume decreased significantly in proportion to the administered oral paclitaxel dose. By examining tumour tissue using a TUNEL assay and immunohistochemical staining with anti-CD31 as a marker of endothelial differentiation, respectively, it was confirmed that oral paclitaxel induced apoptosis and exerted an anti-angiogenetic effect in tumour tissues. Further, downregulation of cyclin D1 in tumour tissues suggested that oral paclitaxel induced cell cycle arrest in tumour tissues in-vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that paclitaxel may have anti-cancer effects on CMGC through cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis, and anti-angiogenesis. This study could provide a novel approach to treat CMGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Kyu Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Western Referral Animal Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-In Oh
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Hyun Lim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Chan Jung
- Laboratory Animal Center, CHA University, CHA Biocomplex, Sungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Seol-Hee Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun An
- Department of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Min Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Won Seo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Nam Chu
- Pangyo Research Laboratory, DaeHwa Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Sungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, YanBian University, YanJi, JiLin, 133000, China.
| | - Hwa-Young Youn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Atmane MI, Vigneau AL, Beaudry F, Rico C, Boerboom D, Paquet M. Therapeutic trial of fluvastatin in a cell line xenograft model of canine mammary gland cancer. Vet Comp Oncol 2023; 21:634-645. [PMID: 37709554 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo signalling pathway is involved in breast cancer and canine mammary tumour (CMT). This study sought to evaluate the efficacy of fluvastatin on the Hippo pathway and its main effectors, YAP and TAZ, in vivo in a murine CMT cell line xenograft model. On treatment day 1, mice were divided into four groups: vehicle, fluvastatin, doxorubicin or a combination therapy. Tumour volumes were monitored with callipers and tissues harvested on day 28th of treatment. Histopathological examination of tumour tissues and major organs was performed as well as tumour evaluation of necrosis, apoptosis, cellular proliferation, expression of YAP, TAZ and the mRNA levels of four of their target genes (CTGF, CYR61, ANKRD1 and RHAMM2). Results showed a statistically significant variation in tumour volumes only for the combination therapy and final tumour weight only for the doxorubicin group compared to control. There was no significant difference in tumour necrosis, expression of CC3, ki-67, YAP and TAZ measured by immunohistochemistry and in the mRNA levels of the target genes. Unexpectedly, lung metastases were found in the control group (9) and not in the fluvastatin treated group (7). In addition, mass spectrometry-based quantification of fluvastatin reveals concentrations comparable to levels reported to exert therapeutic effects. This study shows that fluvastatin tumours concentration reached therapeutic levels without having an effect on the hippo pathway or various tumour parameters. Interestingly, only the control group had lung metastases. This study is the first to explore the repurposing of statins for cancer treatment in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Issam Atmane
- Département de Pathologie et de Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Anne-Laurence Vigneau
- Département de Pathologie et de Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Francis Beaudry
- Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cerveau et l'apprentissage (CIRCA), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Charlène Rico
- Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Derek Boerboom
- Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche en reproduction et fertilité (CRRF), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Marilène Paquet
- Département de Pathologie et de Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche en reproduction et fertilité (CRRF), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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13
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Gherman ML, Zanoaga O, Budisan L, Raduly L, Berindan-Neagoe I. Doxorubicin as a Potential Treatment Option in Canine Mammary Tumors. Vet Sci 2023; 10:654. [PMID: 37999477 PMCID: PMC10674590 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10110654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine mammary tumors represent one of the leading malignant pathologies in female dogs, displaying the importance of efficient therapeutic findings, besides the golden-standard surgery, able to limit the development of the disease. Studies in human cancers demonstrated that Doxorubicin presents a good effect in different biological processes like apoptosis, autophagy, the cell cycle, cell invasion, and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. This study followed the effects of Doxorubicin on two canine mammary cancer cell lines P114 and CMT-U27. Doxorubicin treatment in both cell lines shows an inhibitory effect in cell proliferation and an alteration in expression of the EMT-related genes. The obtained results provide valuable information for revealing the link between Doxorubicin, phenotypic changes, and proliferation dynamics in canine mammary tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalina Luciana Gherman
- Experimental Center, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.Z.); (L.B.); (I.B.-N.)
| | - Oana Zanoaga
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.Z.); (L.B.); (I.B.-N.)
| | - Liviuta Budisan
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.Z.); (L.B.); (I.B.-N.)
| | - Lajos Raduly
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.Z.); (L.B.); (I.B.-N.)
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.Z.); (L.B.); (I.B.-N.)
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14
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Vazquez E, Lipovka Y, Cervantes-Arias A, Garibay-Escobar A, Haby MM, Queiroga FL, Velazquez C. Canine Mammary Cancer: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3147. [PMID: 37835752 PMCID: PMC10571550 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammary cancer is the most frequently diagnosed neoplasia in women and non-spayed female dogs and is one of the leading causes of death in both species. Canines develop spontaneous mammary tumors that share a significant number of biological, clinical, pathological and molecular characteristics with human breast cancers. This review provides a detailed description of the histological, molecular and clinical aspects of mammary cancer in canines; it discusses risk factors and currently available diagnostic and treatment options, as well as remaining challenges and unanswered questions. The incidence of mammary tumors is highly variable and is impacted by biological, pathological, cultural and socioeconomic factors, including hormonal status, breed, advanced age, obesity and diet. Diagnosis is mainly based on histopathology, although several efforts have been made to establish a molecular classification of canine mammary tumors to widen the spectrum of treatment options, which today rely heavily on surgical removal of tumors. Lastly, standardization of clinical study protocols, development of canine-specific biological tools, establishment of adequate dog-specific disease biomarkers and identification of targets for the development of new therapies that could improve survival and have less adverse effects than chemotherapy are among the remaining challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Vazquez
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales s/n, Hermosillo 83000, Mexico; (E.V.); (Y.L.); (A.G.-E.); (M.M.H.)
| | - Yulia Lipovka
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales s/n, Hermosillo 83000, Mexico; (E.V.); (Y.L.); (A.G.-E.); (M.M.H.)
| | - Alejandro Cervantes-Arias
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, The National University of Mexico (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Investigación Científica 3000, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04360, Mexico;
| | - Adriana Garibay-Escobar
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales s/n, Hermosillo 83000, Mexico; (E.V.); (Y.L.); (A.G.-E.); (M.M.H.)
| | - Michelle M. Haby
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales s/n, Hermosillo 83000, Mexico; (E.V.); (Y.L.); (A.G.-E.); (M.M.H.)
| | - Felisbina Luisa Queiroga
- CECAV—Animal and Veterinary Research Center, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carlos Velazquez
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales s/n, Hermosillo 83000, Mexico; (E.V.); (Y.L.); (A.G.-E.); (M.M.H.)
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15
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da Silva EMG, dos Santos TR, Silva MJB. Identifying the Risk Factors for Malignant Mammary Tumors in Dogs: A Retrospective Study. Vet Sci 2023; 10:607. [PMID: 37888559 PMCID: PMC10610602 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10100607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammary cancer is one of the main causes of death in female dogs worldwide, considering that many risk factors are involved in its development. This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between epidemiological and clinical risk factors with the histopathological diagnosis of malignant mammary tumors in dogs treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Uberlândia, which has one of the first veterinary oncology services in Brazil. A retrospective matched case-control study was conducted to identify risk factors for the development of malignant mammary tumors in dogs. The variables analyzed were size dog, breed, housing, type of diet, and body score. Potential risk factors were selected by univariate analysis (p < 0.25) before multivariate forward binary logistic regression. The most frequent benign tumor was the benign mixed tumor (35.2%), and the most frequent malignant tumor was the mixed carcinoma (27.4%). Size dog, breed, housing, and overweight are predictors of malignant mammary tumors in dogs. The highest risk of developing malignant mammary tumors is associated with large female dogs, Yorkshire or Poodle breeds, living outside the home, or being overweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elis Maressa Gonçalves da Silva
- Laboratory of Tumor Biomarkers and Osteoimmunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida Pará, 1720, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia 38400-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Thaisa Reis dos Santos
- Instituto de Ciências Clínicas Veterinárias, Universidad Austral del Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Marcelo José Barbosa Silva
- Laboratory of Tumor Biomarkers and Osteoimmunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida Pará, 1720, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia 38400-000, MG, Brazil
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16
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Kolasinac SS, Griffiths D, Moe L, Sørum H, Rootwelt V. Ductal Architecture: Corrosion Casting of Canine Mammary Glands Using an Intraductal Approach. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2932. [PMID: 37760331 PMCID: PMC10525160 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Detailed knowledge related to the morphology, anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the canine mammary gland is scarce. Mammary tissue undergoes massive changes instructed by hormones multiple times within the lifespan of every bitch, affecting its appearance. To address the ductal system's appearance and to present how different our findings regarding the canine mammary gland are in comparison with the available literature, we obtained cadaveric specimens after euthanasia and mastectomy. All bitches were euthanised due to poor prognosis for their recovery from maladies unrelated to mammae. Using intraductal cannulation ex vivo, milk- or fluid-yielding ducts were perfused using VasQtec (polyurethane resin), which revealed casts, i.e., imprints of ducts and glandular structures in situ. We observed primary, vertically positioned ducts that ascended throughout the teat and continued branching to secondary, tertiary, etc., horizontally positioned ducts, which drained mammary gland lobes under the skin located close to the abdominal wall. The ascendant teat canal could be split into two and could be connected to gland alveoli or end blind. Alveolar formations were located along ducts and ductules in bigger and/or smaller clusters. This study is the first to generate a 3D image of canine ducts and glandular tissue using an intraductal approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Sibcic Kolasinac
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 15, 1433 Aas, Norway; (L.M.); (V.R.)
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 90, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - David Griffiths
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 15, 1433 Aas, Norway;
| | - Lars Moe
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 15, 1433 Aas, Norway; (L.M.); (V.R.)
| | - Henning Sørum
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 15, 1433 Aas, Norway;
| | - Vibeke Rootwelt
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 15, 1433 Aas, Norway; (L.M.); (V.R.)
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17
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Diniz-Gonçalves GS, Hielm-Björkman A, da Silva VB, Ribeiro LGR, da Costa Vieira-Filho CH, Silva LP, Barrouin-Melo SM, Cassali GD, Damasceno KA, Estrela-Lima A. GATA-3 expression and its correlation with prognostic factors and survival in canine mammary tumors. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1179808. [PMID: 37483298 PMCID: PMC10356988 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1179808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The transcription factor GATA-3 plays a significant role in mammary gland development and differentiation. Recent studies on human oncology have demonstrated its association with favorable pathologic factors in breast cancer. Canine mammary tumours, proposed as comparative and translational study models, have epidemiological, clinical, biological, and genetic characteristics similar to those of human breast cancers. Methods Here, we evaluated the frequency of GATA-3 expression in mammary tumors of dogs and its relationship with prognostic factors and survival. Tumor samples were obtained from 40 female dogs and grouped according to histological type into benign tumors (n = 10), carcinoma in mixed tumors (CMTs) (n = 20), and aggressive tumors (n = 10). CMTs were further separated according to histological grade, and data on clinical staging and diagnosis, histopathological grading, and survival rate were collected. Results GATA-3 and estrogen receptor (ER) expression were higher in benign and well-differentiated carcinomas than in aggressive tumors, which showed greater Ki-67 expression. The expression rate of ER in the studied groups was equivalent to that of GATA-3. We identified a strong positive correlation between GATA-3 and ER expression frequencies and a negative correlation between those of GATA-3 and Ki-67. There were associations between GATA-3 (p < 0.001), Ki-67 (p = 0.003), tumor size (p < 0.001), clinical stage (p = 0.002), lymph node metastasis (p < 0.001), and histological grade (p < 0.001) by univariate survival analysis. The parameters ER (p = 0.015) and GATA-3 (p = 0.005) also influenced survival in a multifactorial manner. Discussion Kaplan-Meier analysis of survival curves validated our previous findings that dogs with GATA-3 expression in ≥79.4% of cells had significantly higher survival rates (p < 0.001). The performance analysis showed that the expression of GATA-3 in ≥79.4% of cells effectively predicted survival or death in dogs with mammary tumors. Collectively, these results suggest that GATA-3 can be a relevant marker in the study of mammary tumor progression and has potential as a prognosis marker for predicting outcomes in canine mammary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Hielm-Björkman
- DogRisk Research Group, Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vanessa Bonfim da Silva
- Research Center on Mammary Oncology NPqOM/HOSPMEV, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Lorena Gabriela Rocha Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | | | - Laís Pereira Silva
- Research Center on Mammary Oncology NPqOM/HOSPMEV, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Stella Maria Barrouin-Melo
- DogRisk Research Group, Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Geovanni Dantas Cassali
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Department of General Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Karine Araújo Damasceno
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory (LAPEX), Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Estrela-Lima
- Research Center on Mammary Oncology NPqOM/HOSPMEV, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- DogRisk Research Group, Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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18
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Uribe-Querol E, Romero-Romero L, Govezensky T, Rosales C. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and principal component analysis offer prognostic advantage for dogs with mammary tumors. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1187271. [PMID: 37396996 PMCID: PMC10312309 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1187271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In veterinary medicine, cancer is the leading cause of death in companion animals, and mammary gland tumors represent the most common neoplasm in female dogs. Several epidemiological risk factors, such as age, breed, hormones, diet, and obesity have been reported to be relevant for canine mammary tumors. Nowadays, the gold standard for diagnosis of canine mammary tumors is the pathological examination of the suspected tissue. However, tumor grade can only be assessed after surgical removal or biopsy of the altered tissue. Therefore, in cases of tumors that could be surgically removed, it would be very helpful to be able to predict the biological behavior of the tumor, before performing any surgery. Since, inflammation constitutes part of the tumor microenvironment and it influences each step of tumorigenesis, cellular and biochemical blood markers of systemic inflammation, such as the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the albumin to globulin ratio (AGR) have been proposed as prognostic factors for human cancer development. The NLR and the AGR have not been explored enough as prognostic factors for cancer development in veterinary medicine. Methods To determine the prognostic value of NLR in canine mammary tumors, clinical records including biochemistry and hematological studies of female dogs with mammary tumors and of control healthy dogs, were used to determine the pre-treatment NLR and AGR. Other clinical data included age, breed, tumor size, histological tumor grade, and survival time after surgery. Results and discussion It was found that a higher pre-treatment NLR value (NLR > 5) associates with less survival rate. In contrast, the AGR did not show any predictive value on the malignancy of the tumor. However, by combining the NLR with AGR, age of the dog, and tumor size in a principal component analysis (PCA), the grade of the tumor and survival after surgery could be appropriately predicted. These data strongly suggest that pre-treatment NLR values have a prognostic value for the survival rate after surgery of dogs with mammary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Uribe-Querol
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Romero-Romero
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tzipe Govezensky
- Apoyo de estadística, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rosales
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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19
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Ferreira T, Gama A, Seixas F, Faustino-Rocha AI, Lopes C, Gaspar VM, Mano JF, Medeiros R, Oliveira PA. Mammary Glands of Women, Female Dogs and Female Rats: Similarities and Differences to Be Considered in Breast Cancer Research. Vet Sci 2023; 10:379. [PMID: 37368765 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10060379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common and well-known types of cancer among women worldwide and is the most frequent neoplasm in intact female dogs. Female dogs are considered attractive models or studying spontaneous breast cancer, whereas female rats are currently the most widely used animal models for breast cancer research in the laboratory context. Both female dogs and female rats have contributed to the advancement of scientific knowledge in this field, and, in a "One Health" approach, they have allowed broad understanding of specific biopathological pathways, influence of environmental factors and screening/discovery of candidate therapies. This review aims to clearly showcase the similarities and differences among woman, female dog and female rat concerning to anatomical, physiological and histological features of the mammary gland and breast/mammary cancer epidemiology, in order to better portray breast tumorigenesis, and to ensure appropriate conclusions and extrapolation of results among species. We also discuss the major aspects that stand out in these species. The mammary glands of female dogs and women share structural similarities, especially with respect to the lactiferous ducts and lymphatic drainage. In contrast, female rats have only one lactiferous duct per nipple. A comprehensive comparison between humans and dogs is given a special focus, as these species share several aspects in terms of breast/mammary cancer epidemiology, such as age of onset, hormonal etiology, risk factors, and the clinical course of the disease. Holistically, it is clear that each species has advantages and limitations that researchers must consider during the development of experimental designs and data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Ferreira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Adelina Gama
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Seixas
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana I Faustino-Rocha
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Zootechnics, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Center, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
| | - Carlos Lopes
- Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vítor M Gaspar
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João F Mano
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Research Department of the Portuguese League against Cancer-Regional Nucleus of the North (Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro-Núcleo Regional do Norte), 4200-177 Porto, Portugal
- Virology Service, Portuguese Institute of Oncology (IPO), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Biomedical Research Center (CEBIMED), Faculty of Health Sciences of the Fernando Pessoa University, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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20
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Elahirad E, Gharagozlou MJ, Khosravi A, Sasani F. TLRs expression in canine mammary gland neoplasms: a pathological and molecular study. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 261:110611. [PMID: 37245345 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
TLRs are a class of PRRs that play a vital role in innate immunity. TLRs are expressed on immune cells and mammary epithelial cells. They can promote tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion, and viability signaling. The current study aimed to test the correlation between histologic types and grades of neoplasms and TLRs gene expression levels. Twenty-one tissue samples of canine mammary neoplasms were stained with H&E. Then, it evaluated histologic type and grade according to the methods of Goldschmidt et al. and Peña, respectively. We established real-time PCR quantification assays to measure the mRNA abundances of TLRs in normal and neoplastic mammary glands. Profile pattern of TLR 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 9 genes expression in canine mammary glands performed in 21 samples of mammary gland neoplasms and three non-neoplastic mammary gland samples from normal dogs. TLR 3, 4, and 9 mRNA overexpression were detected. In addition, tubulopapillary carcinoma grade II, SCC grade III, and carcinoma mixed type grade II demonstrated the highest relative TLR-3, and 9 mRNA expression levels. Complex carcinoma grade I, ductal carcinoma grade II, and anaplastic carcinoma grade II showed the highest relative TLR4 mRNA expression level. Although histopathological characteristics of tumors, including histologic type, grade, and inflammation, influenced TLRs mRNA expression level, such correlation was insignificant (P > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Elahirad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Alireza Khosravi
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhang Sasani
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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21
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de Souza MCC, Flecher MC, Arrais FM, de Sena BV, Giuliano A, Horta RDS. Comparison of surgical resection of Axillary Lymph Nodes in Dogs with Mammary Gland Tumors with or without sentinel lymph node visualization with patent blue dye. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1149315. [PMID: 37252402 PMCID: PMC10213635 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1149315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dogs' axillary lymph node (ALN) is often difficult to locate before surgical resection. The anatomical location of ALN often discourages Veterinarians from surgical lymphadenectomy. Considering the limited literature available, the actual incidence of metastases and the prognostic relevance are poorly understood. Methods A non-randomized, prospective clinical study was conducted with female dogs (n = 41) with mammary gland tumor (MGT) in the thoracic or cranial abdominal mammary glands. The study investigated the risks of ALN metastasis based on tumors clinical findings, tumor size, histopathological diagnosis and grade. The main aim of this study was to compare ALN resection with or without patent blue 2.5% (PB) dye injection for sentinel lymph node visualization. A total of 46 mastectomies were performed and five animals underwent two mastectomies. In the first group, 17 patients underwent a mastectomy and lymphadenectomy without PB injection (G1). In contrast, in the second group, 24 patients also received PB injections for sentinel lymph node mapping (G2). The ALN was identified in 38/46 cases (82%). The ALN was identified and excised in only 58% of surgeries in G1(19/46), while in group 2, the lymph node was identified in 92% of the cases and resected in 100% of the cases. The use of PB improves ALN's identification and reduces the surgical resection time in dogs with MGT. Results and discussion Surgical time differed between the two groups, as it was significantly shorter in the PB injection group compared to group 1 (80 vs. 45 min) (p < 0.0001). The overall frequency of ALN metastasis was 32%. Macroscopic abnormalities in the lymph nodes, tumor size (>3 cm), and diagnosis of anaplastic carcinoma or grade II/III mammary gland tumors were associated with a higher probability of ALN metastasis. Metastases in the ALNs are more common, in dogs presenting with tumors larger than 3 cm and diagnosed with aggressive histological subtypes. The ALNs should be removed for correct staging, prognostic evaluation, and decision for adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mayra Cunha Flecher
- Departament of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ming Arrais
- Departament of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Voltolin de Sena
- Departament of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Antonio Giuliano
- Departament of Veterinary Clinical Science, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rodrigo dos Santos Horta
- Departament of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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22
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Transcriptomic Profile of Canine Mammary Ductal Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065212. [PMID: 36982287 PMCID: PMC10049542 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs can be excellent models for spontaneous studies about breast cancers, presenting similarities in clinical behavior and molecular pathways of the disease. Thus, analyses of the canine transcriptome can identify deregulated genes and pathways, contributing to the identification of biomarkers and new therapeutic targets, benefiting humans and animals. In this context, this study aimed to determine the transcriptional profile of canine mammary ductal carcinoma and contribute to the clarification of the importance of deregulated molecules in the molecular pathways involved in the disease. Therefore, we used mammary ductal carcinoma tissue samples and non-tumor mammary tissue from the radical mastectomy of six female dogs. Sequencing was performed on the NextSeq-500 System platform. A comparison of carcinoma tissue and normal tissue revealed 633 downregulated and 573 upregulated genes, which were able to differentiate the groups by principal component analysis. Gene ontology analysis indicated that inflammatory, cell differentiation and adhesion, and extracellular matrix maintenance pathways were mainly deregulated in this series. The main differentially expressed genes observed in this research can indicate greater disease aggressiveness and worse prognosis. Finally, the study of the canine transcriptome indicates that it is an excellent model to generate information relevant to oncology in both species.
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23
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Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Phenotypic Marker Evaluation in Human, Canine, and Feline Mammary Gland Tumors. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050878. [PMID: 36899736 PMCID: PMC10000046 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process by which epithelial cells acquire mesenchymal properties. EMT has been closely associated with cancer cell aggressiveness. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mRNA and protein expression of EMT-associated markers in mammary tumors of humans (HBC), dogs (CMT), and cats (FMT). Real-time qPCR for SNAIL, TWIST, and ZEB, and immunohistochemistry for E-cadherin, vimentin, CD44, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), ERBB2, Ki-67, cytokeratin (CK) 8/18, CK5/6, and CK14 were performed. Overall, SNAIL, TWIST, and ZEB mRNA was lower in tumors than in healthy tissues. Vimentin was higher in triple-negative HBC (TNBC) and FMTs than in ER+ HBC and CMTs (p < 0.001). Membranous E-cadherin was higher in ER+ than in TNBCs (p < 0.001), whereas cytoplasmic E-cadherin was higher in TNBCs when compared with ER+ HBC (p < 0.001). A negative correlation between membranous and cytoplasmic E-cadherin was found in all three species. Ki-67 was higher in FMTs than in CMTs (p < 0.001), whereas CD44 was higher in CMTs than in FMTs (p < 0.001). These results confirmed a potential role of some markers as indicators of EMT, and suggested similarities between ER+ HBC and CMTs, and between TNBC and FMTs.
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Canine mammary carcinoma: current therapeutic targets and future perspectives – a review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2022-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Canine mammary carcinoma (CMC) is the most common neoplasm in bitches, and it shares many biological similarities with breast cancer in humans. Drug resistance, high epigenetic mutations, and relapse rates are among the challenges which eventually urge the need for a veterinary oncologist to discover new therapeutic approaches that are more effective and safer. Therefore, in this review, we also cover the current therapeutic strategies from human medicine for the future perspectives of tumor immunotherapy in veterinary medicine. These strategies have great potential to be employed as therapeutic or prophylactic options due to their ability to modulate a specific and potent immune response against CMC. As we acquire a better understanding of canine tumor immunology, we can move towards a brighter prognosis. Additionally, we report on the recent successful studies in breast cancer that may benefit canines as well.
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25
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Parisi F, Millanta F, Nicastro M, Vannozzi I, Poli A. Confirmation of the Prognostic Value of Foxp3+ Cells in Canine Mammary Tumors. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030505. [PMID: 36766393 PMCID: PMC9913641 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Foxp3+ cell counts were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 59 canine mammary tumors, 20 adenomas, and 39 carcinomas in three different compartments: intratumoral, within the adjacent stroma, and in the distant stroma. Foxp3+ lymphocyte counts were compared with histotype, grading, presence of lymphatic invasion, immunohistochemical expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors, expression of c-erbB-2, and the overall survival (OS). Our findings confirmed that Foxp3+ cells were significantly higher in canine mammary carcinomas compared to adenomas. A significantly higher number of Foxp3+ cells were detected in grade III carcinomas compared to grade II carcinomas, as well as in tumors with lymphatic invasion and loss of ER-expression. Finally, a high number of Foxp3+ cells was associated with poor prognosis. In conclusion, our findings highlighted the association of Foxp3+ lymphocytes with negative clinicopathological features and shorter overall survival (OS), thus confirming the role of Tregs as a negative prognostic marker in canine mammary carcinomas.
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26
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Flory A, McLennan L, Peet B, Kroll M, Stuart D, Brown D, Stuebner K, Phillips B, Coomber BL, Woods JP, Miller M, Tripp CD, Wolf‐Ringwall A, Kruglyak KM, McCleary‐Wheeler AL, Phelps‐Dunn A, Wong LK, Warren CD, Brandstetter G, Rosentel MC, DiMarzio LR, O'Kell AL, Cohen TA, Grosu DS, Chibuk J, Tsui DWY, Chorny I, Rafalko JM. Cancer detection in clinical practice and using blood-based liquid biopsy: A retrospective audit of over 350 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:258-267. [PMID: 36661398 PMCID: PMC9889684 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guidelines-driven screening protocols for early cancer detection in dogs are lacking, and cancer often is detected at advanced stages. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To examine how cancer typically is detected in dogs and whether the addition of a next-generation sequencing-based "liquid biopsy" test to a wellness visit has the potential to enhance cancer detection. ANIMALS Client-owned dogs with definitive cancer diagnoses enrolled in a clinical validation study for a novel blood-based multicancer early detection test. METHODS Retrospective medical record review was performed to establish the history and presenting complaint that ultimately led to a definitive cancer diagnosis. Blood samples were subjected to DNA extraction, library preparation, and next-generation sequencing. Sequencing data were analyzed using an internally developed bioinformatics pipeline to detect genomic alterations associated with the presence of cancer. RESULTS In an unselected cohort of 359 cancer-diagnosed dogs, 4% of cases were detected during a wellness visit, 8% were detected incidentally, and 88% were detected after the owner reported clinical signs suggestive of cancer. Liquid biopsy detected disease in 54.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 49.5%-59.8%) of patients, including 32% of dogs with early-stage cancer, 48% of preclinical dogs, and 84% of dogs with advanced-stage disease. CONCLUSIONS/CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Most cases of cancer were diagnosed after the onset of clinical signs; only 4% of dogs had cancer detected using the current standard of care (i.e., wellness visit). Liquid biopsy has the potential to increase detection of cancer when added to a dog's wellness visit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Deirdre Stuart
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary CollegeUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Devon Brown
- Bridge Animal Referral CenterEdmondsWashingtonUSA
| | - Kathy Stuebner
- Clinical Investigation CenterUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Brenda Phillips
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital of San DiegoSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Brenda L. Coomber
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary CollegeUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - J. Paul Woods
- Institute for Comparative Cancer Investigation at the Mona Campbell Centre for Animal Cancer, Ontario Veterinary College, University of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Mairin Miller
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital of North CountySan MarcosCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Amber Wolf‐Ringwall
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesUniversity of Minnesota, College of Veterinary MedicineSaint PaulMinnesotaUSA
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Ren X, Fan Y, Shi D, Xu E, Liu Y. MicroRNA-124 inhibits canine mammary carcinoma cell proliferation, migration and invasion by targeting CDH2. Res Vet Sci 2022; 146:5-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Filippou A, Damianou C. Ultrasonic attenuation of canine mammary tumours. ULTRASONICS 2022; 125:106798. [PMID: 35785631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2022.106798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine mammary tumours (CMTs) are the most common neoplasm appearing in female dogs and are considered the equivalent animal model of human breast cancer. However, in the literature, there is a gap for ultrasonic characterisation of these tumours. In this study, experimental measurements for acoustic attenuation and propagation speed of three surgically excised malignant CMTs were implemented. METHODS The three tumours were fixed in formaldehyde for up to 72 h and a total of five sample pieces were sectioned from the three tumours to account for the varied morphology observed along the tumours. The through-transmission and pulse-echo techniques were employed for experimental measurements of the acoustic attenuation and propagation speed. RESULTS Acoustic propagation speed of the five samples as measured at 2.7 MHz was in the range of 1568-1636 m/s. Correspondingly, acoustic attenuation was in the range of 1.95-3.45 dB/cm.MHz. Variations in both speed and attenuation were observed between samples acquired from the same tumour. CONCLUSIONS Present findings suggest that both acoustic attenuation and propagation speed of CMTs are higher than normal canine tissues due to increased heterogeneity and varied morphology visually observed between the tumour specimens and evidenced by histological examination. Nevertheless, experimental results could aid in enhancing the use of ultrasound in the diagnosis and treatment of CMTs as well as provide essential data for comparative oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antria Filippou
- Cyprus University of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering, and Informatics, Limassol, Cyprus.
| | - Christakis Damianou
- Cyprus University of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering, and Informatics, Limassol, Cyprus.
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Hormonal Homologies between Canine Mammary Cancer and Human Breast Cancer in a Series of Cases. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9080395. [PMID: 36006309 PMCID: PMC9414677 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary There is worldwide interest in understanding the cancerous diseases that are causing increasing deaths in humans. In recent years, interest has grown in finding suitable models of different types of cancer in animals to lead the scientific community to a better understanding of the disease, in order to win the battle against cancer. The aim of this investigation was to compare breast cancer samples and canine mammary tumors from a hormonal point of view to validate the canine species as a model to study human breast cancer. There was a close similarity between premenopausal human breast cancer and canine mammary cancer in terms of hormonal receptors. In both species, all hormones assayed were increased in tumors compared to normal mammary gland samples. This research not only further supports canine mammary cancer as a spontaneous model for the study of human breast cancer but is also important in providing a deeper understanding of the hormonal pathogenesis of breast/mammary cancer in each independent species. Abstract The validity of spontaneous canine mammary cancer (CMC) as a natural model for the study of human breast cancer (HBC) from a hormonal point of view has never been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we analyzed the immunohistochemical expression of aromatase (Arom) and steroid receptors [estrogen receptor α (ER α), estrogen receptor β (ER β), progesterone receptor (PR) and androgen receptor (AR)] and intratumor steroid hormone levels of 17β-estradiol (E2), estrone sulfate (SO4E1), progesterone (P4), androstenedione (A4), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and testosterone (T) in 78 samples of mammary cancer—51 human breast cancer (HBC) and 27 canine mammary cancer (CMC)—and corresponding controls. Frequency of tumors expressing Arom, ERβ, PR, and AR was similar in both species, whereas ERα+ tumors were less frequent in the canine species. There was a closer similarity between premenopausal HBC and CMC. In HBC and CMC, all hormones assayed were increased in tumors compared to control samples. Intratumor androgen levels were similar in the two species, although levels of progesterone and estrogens were higher in the HBC samples than the CMC samples. Statistical associations among Arom, receptors, and hormones analyzed suggest that the major hormonal influence in both species is estrogenic through the ER, being the α isoform predominant in the human samples. Our findings further support CMC as a spontaneous model for the study of HBC, especially premenopausal HBC, although several differences, such as the more prevalent ERα immunoexpression and higher intratumor levels of estrogens and P4 in HBC, should be taken into account in comparative hormonal studies.
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Zheng HH, Du CT, Yu C, Zhang YZ, Huang RL, Tang XY, Xie GH. Epidemiological Investigation of Canine Mammary Tumors in Mainland China Between 2017 and 2021. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:843390. [PMID: 35812867 PMCID: PMC9257276 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.843390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies enable us to analyze disease behavior, define risk factors, and establish fundamental prognostic criteria. This study aimed to determine the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of canine tumors diagnosed during the years 2017–2021. The results showed that canine mammary tumors were the most common tumors, and their relative incidence for 5-years-total was 46.71% (504/1,079), with 48.41% (244/504) of benign, and 51.59% (260/504) of malignant. Pure breeds accounted for 84.13% (424/504) of submissions, and adult female dogs (9–12 years old) were most frequently involved, followed by 5–8-year-old females. Remarkably, 2.58% (13/504) occurred in the male dogs. In addition, a high prevalence of mammary tumors (77.38%, 390/504) was diagnosed in unneutered dogs, and different incidence rates were observed in different regions (Northeast, Southeast, Northwest and Southwest China). For clinical factors, the tumor size ranged from 0.5 to 28 cm, with the 0–5 cm being the most common tumor size (47.82%, 241/504), and malignant tumors (4.33 ± 2.88 cm, mean ± SD) were bigger than benign ones (3.06 ± 1.67 cm, mean ± SD) (p < 0.001). The incidence of single tumor (55.36%, 279/504) was higher than that of multiple tumors in dogs, while the latter had a higher incidence of malignant tumors (74.67%, 168/225). According to this study, we also found that canine mammary tumors were more common in the last two pairs of mammary glands. In addition, multiple linear regression analysis showed that there was linear significant relationship between three independent variables (age, tumor size, and tumor number) and histological properties of canine mammary tumor [(p>|t|) < 0.05]. This is the first retrospective statistical analysis of such a large dataset in China to reveal the link between epidemiological clinical risks and histological diagnosis. It aids in the improvement of the host's knowledge of canine tumor disorders and the early prevention of canine mammary tumors.
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Valdivia G, Alonso-Diez Á, Alonso-Miguel D, Suárez M, García P, Ortiz-Díez G, Pérez-Alenza MD, Peña L. Epitheliosis is a histopathological finding associated with malignancy and poor prognosis in dogs with mammary tumors. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:747-758. [PMID: 35451346 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221092013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Canine mammary epitheliosis (ME) is a poorly studied dysplasia that may have premalignant potential. In this study, the clinicopathological relevance of ME was prospectively studied in 90 female dogs with mammary tumors (MTs) that underwent radical mastectomy. ME distribution, extent, and coexistence with benign and malignant MTs were evaluated for each case (505 mammary glands). ME was macroscopically undetectable and was present in 47/90 (52%) cases, frequently bilateral. In dogs with malignant MTs and ME, diffuse ME throughout the mammary chain was present in 10/39 (26%) cases. A histological ME-carcinoma transition was evident in certain histotypes. By immunohistochemistry (AE1/AE3, cytokeratin 14 [CK-14], CK-8/18, vimentin, calponin, p63, Ki-67, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2), ME was a slow-growing, triple-negative process with a strong predominance of basal-like nonmyoepithelial cells. ME was associated with older dogs (P = .016), malignant tumors (P = .044), worse clinical stages (P = .013), lymph node metastasis (LNM, P = .021), higher histological grade tumors (P = .035), and shorter overall survival (OS) in univariate analysis (P = .012). Interestingly, ME was distantly located to the malignant tumor in most cases (P = .007). In multivariate analyses, LNM (P = .005), histological grade (P = .006), and tumor size (P = .006) were independent predictors of OS. For the pathologist, the observation of ME should be clearly stated in the MT biopsy report to alert the surgeon/oncologist. Given the differences between canine ME and its human histopathological counterpart (atypical ductal hyperplasia), "epitheliosis" should remain the preferred term for the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Laura Peña
- Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Chen Q, Xu C, Sun Z, Yang J, Chen F, Lin Z, Lin D, Jiang Y, Lin J. Development of S4A-BSA-Au NPs for enhanced anti-tumor therapy of canine breast cancer. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:1808-1814. [PMID: 36132165 PMCID: PMC9419510 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00640a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
S4A ((1R,2R,3S)-1,2-propanediol acetal-zeylenone) is one of the derivatives of zeylenone and exhibits superior cytotoxicity against the canine breast cancer cell line CIPp. However, its poor aqueous solubility and toxicity to normal tissue limit its clinical application. Therefore, in order to enhance the anticancer effect of S4A, in this article, BSA/BSA-Au-nanocluster-aggregated core/shell nanoparticles (B-BANC-NPs) were prepared by using bovine serum albumin (BSA) and HAuCl4, and then we further synthesized S4A-BSA-Au NPs which were spherical, with a diameter of about 60 nm. In vitro cytotoxicity assessed by using CCK-8 assay demonstrated that the IC50 value of the S4A-BSA-Au NPs was 10.39 μg mL-1, which was not significantly different from that of S4A (10.45 μg mL-1). In vitro apoptosis assay showed that the apoptosis rate of cells treated with S4A-BSA-Au NPs was 20.12%, which was significantly higher than that of the control group treated with S4A (11.3%). Notably, S4A-BSA-Au NPs were shown to effectively accumulate at tumor sites with fluorescence tracing. Besides, the effect of S4A-BSA-Au NPs on SPARC expression was determined by western blotting, and the result showed that 24 h after applying S4A-BSA-Au NPs, SPARC expression in low, middle and high dosage groups was lower than that of the control group, and the tendency showed dose dependence. The results revealed that S4A-BSA-Au NPs could effectively improve the anti-tumor activity of S4A on canine breast cancer, which may be associated with their abilities to effectively accumulate within tumor and to reduce the expression of SPARC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District Beijing China
- Center of Research and Innovation of Chinese Traditional Veterinary Medicine China
| | - Chengfang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District Beijing China
- Center of Research and Innovation of Chinese Traditional Veterinary Medicine China
| | - Zhonghao Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100730 China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University Jinan 250061 China
| | - Fan Chen
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University Jinan 250061 China
| | - Zixiang Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District Beijing China
| | - Degui Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District Beijing China
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University Jinan 250061 China
| | - Jiahao Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District Beijing China
- Center of Research and Innovation of Chinese Traditional Veterinary Medicine China
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Ramadan ES, Salem NY, Emam IA, AbdElKader NA, Farghali HA, Khattab MS. MicroRNA-21 expression, serum tumor markers, and immunohistochemistry in canine mammary tumors. Vet Res Commun 2021; 46:377-388. [PMID: 34787777 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09861-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) are one of the most common malignancies in dogs and are associated with significant mortality. Serum tumor markers and non-coding microRNAs have gained widespread popularity in human oncology studies. The present study has two aims, first one is to investigate the miR-21 expression compared with changes in serum tumor markers (CEA and CA15-3) in CMT. The second aim is to detect the immunohistochemistry markers as vimentin, P63, and -SMA in CMT. METHODS This study enrolled 17 female dogs: 10 with mammary tumors and seven controls without tumors. Blood samples were collected to measure miR-21, CEA, and CA 15-3, and histological samples were prepared for histological grading and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS CA 15-3 was elevated in all animals, whereas CEA levels showed no change compared with controls. miR-21 was upregulated 12.84-fold in animals with CMT. The most frequently recorded CMT was the mixed type. Myoepithelial cells were identified by P63 immunoreactivity, but not SMA. High expression of miR-21 was observed with positive vimentin immunoreactivity, indicating the mesenchymal origin of the tumor cells. CONCLUSION The present study showed that miR-21 was elevated to a greater extent than CA 15-3 (12.84-fold vs. threefold). Tumors that was positive for vimentin immunoreactivity was also associated with an elevation in the levels of miR-21, showing that miR-21 is released from mesenchymal cells. These findings support the hypothesis that miR-21 may be a more sensitive, noninvasive indicator for CMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman S Ramadan
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Noha Y Salem
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim A Emam
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211, Giza, Egypt
| | - Naglaa A AbdElKader
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211, Giza, Egypt
| | - Haithem A Farghali
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa S Khattab
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211, Giza, Egypt.
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Colombo J, Moschetta-Pinheiro MG, Novais AA, Stoppe BR, Bonini ED, Gonçalves FM, Fukumasu H, Coutinho LL, Chuffa LGDA, Zuccari DAPDC. Liquid Biopsy as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Tool for Women and Female Dogs with Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5233. [PMID: 34680380 PMCID: PMC8533706 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast cancer (BC) is the malignant neoplasm with the highest mortality rate in women and female dogs are good models to study BC. OBJECTIVE We investigated the efficacy of liquid biopsy to detect gene mutations in the diagnosis and follow-up of women and female dogs with BC. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, 57 and 37 BC samples were collected from women and female dogs, respectively. After core biopsy and plasma samples were collected, the DNA and ctDNA of the tumor fragments and plasma were processed for next generation sequencing (NGS) assay. After preprocessing of the data, they were submitted to the Genome Analysis ToolKit (GATK). RESULTS In women, 1788 variants were identified in tumor fragments and 221 variants in plasma; 66 variants were simultaneously detected in tumors and plasma. Conversely, in female dogs, 1430 variants were found in plasma and 695 variants in tumor fragments; 59 variants were simultaneously identified in tumors and plasma. The most frequently mutated genes in the tumor fragments of women were USH2A, ATM, and IGF2R; in female dogs, they were USH2A, BRCA2, and RRM2. Plasma of women showed the most frequent genetic variations in the MAP3K1, BRCA1, and GRB7 genes, whereas plasma from female dogs had variations in the NF1, ERBB2, and KRT17 genes. Mutations in the AKT1, PIK3CA, and BRIP genes were associated with tumor recurrence, with a highly pathogenic variant in PIK3CA being particularly prominent. We also detected a gain-of-function mutation in the GRB7, MAP3K1, and MLH1 genes. CONCLUSION Liquid biopsy is useful to identify specific genetic variations at the beginning of BC manifestation and may be accompanied over the entire follow-up period, thereby supporting the clinicians in refining interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jucimara Colombo
- Laboratory of Molecular Investigation in Cancer (LIMC), Department of Molecular Biology, Faculdade de Medicina de São José, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil; (J.C.); (M.G.M.-P.); (A.A.N.); (B.R.S.); (E.D.B.); (F.M.G.)
| | - Marina Gobbe Moschetta-Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Investigation in Cancer (LIMC), Department of Molecular Biology, Faculdade de Medicina de São José, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil; (J.C.); (M.G.M.-P.); (A.A.N.); (B.R.S.); (E.D.B.); (F.M.G.)
| | - Adriana Alonso Novais
- Laboratory of Molecular Investigation in Cancer (LIMC), Department of Molecular Biology, Faculdade de Medicina de São José, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil; (J.C.); (M.G.M.-P.); (A.A.N.); (B.R.S.); (E.D.B.); (F.M.G.)
| | - Bruna Ribeiro Stoppe
- Laboratory of Molecular Investigation in Cancer (LIMC), Department of Molecular Biology, Faculdade de Medicina de São José, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil; (J.C.); (M.G.M.-P.); (A.A.N.); (B.R.S.); (E.D.B.); (F.M.G.)
| | - Enrico Dumbra Bonini
- Laboratory of Molecular Investigation in Cancer (LIMC), Department of Molecular Biology, Faculdade de Medicina de São José, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil; (J.C.); (M.G.M.-P.); (A.A.N.); (B.R.S.); (E.D.B.); (F.M.G.)
| | - Francine Moraes Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Molecular Investigation in Cancer (LIMC), Department of Molecular Biology, Faculdade de Medicina de São José, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil; (J.C.); (M.G.M.-P.); (A.A.N.); (B.R.S.); (E.D.B.); (F.M.G.)
| | - Heidge Fukumasu
- Laboratory of Comparative and Translational Oncology (LOCT), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil;
| | - Luiz Lehmann Coutinho
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil;
| | - Luiz Gustavo de Almeida Chuffa
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil;
| | - Debora Aparecida Pires de Campos Zuccari
- Laboratory of Molecular Investigation in Cancer (LIMC), Department of Molecular Biology, Faculdade de Medicina de São José, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil; (J.C.); (M.G.M.-P.); (A.A.N.); (B.R.S.); (E.D.B.); (F.M.G.)
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Sonographic Assessment of the Normal and Abnormal Feline Mammary Glands and Axillary and Inguinal Lymph Nodes. Vet Med Int 2021; 2021:9998025. [PMID: 34306608 PMCID: PMC8270698 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9998025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound has been used as a diagnostic tool in normal mammary glands and mammary tumors of several species. This study aims to describe the B-mode and Doppler ultrasound features of the mammary glands and draining lymph nodes in 32 adult female cats. Group 1 (G1) consisted of 22 cats without changes in the mammary glands. The average age was 45 ± 25.09 months, where 63.6% (n = 14) were neutered and 31.8% (n = 7) had received progestin at some point for reproductive control. Mammary gland structure was predominantly hypoechoic and homogeneous, with well-defined margins. The average thickness was 1.52 ± 1.59 mm, although it may be affected by estrus, pregnancy, and lactation. In G1, 100% of lymph nodes were homogeneous, 98% were hypoechoic, and 100% were with well-defined margins and hilar vascularization. Group 2 (G2) consisted of 10 cats with mammary nodules. The average age was 88.8 ± 40.5 months, and 70% were intact and all had already received progestin. Ultrasound demonstrated enlarged mammary glands, with nodules of different textures clinically, mainly affecting the abdominal mammary glands (61%). In 33.33%, there were visible mammary ducts. Only 54.17% were homogeneous, 95.83% were hypoechoic, and the margins were regular in 52.08%. Lymph nodes in abnormal mammary chains may present changes in size, shape, echotexture, and echogenicity. Ultrasound examination of the mammary glands and lymph nodes are possible to evaluate the entire mammary chain as well the superficial inguinal and axillary lymph nodes for abnormalities in the feline.
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Abstract
An understanding of the anatomy, histology, and development of the equine mammary gland underpins study of the pathology of diseases including galactorrhoea, agalactia, mastitis, and mammary tumour development. This review examines the prenatal development of the equine mammary gland and the striking degree to which the tissue undergoes postnatal development associated with the reproductive cycle. The gland is characterised by epithelial structures arranged in terminal duct lobular units, similar to those of the human breast, supported by distinct zones of intra- and interlobular collagenous stroma. Mastitis and mammary carcinomas are two of the most frequently described equine mammary pathologies and have an overlap in associated clinical signs. Mastitis is most frequently associated with bacterial aetiologies, particularly Streptococcus spp., and knowledge of the process of post-lactational regression can be applied to preventative husbandry strategies. Equine mammary tumours are rare and carry a poor prognosis in many cases. Recent studies have used mammosphere assays to reveal novel insights into the identification and potential behaviour of mammary stem/progenitor cell populations. These suggest that mammospheres derived from equine cells have different growth dynamics compared to those from other species. In parallel with studying the equine mammary gland in order to advance knowledge of equine mammary disease at the interface of basic and clinical science, there is a need to better understand equine lactational biology. This is driven in part by the recognition of the potential value of horse and donkey milk for human consumption, particularly donkey milk in children with 'Cow Milk Protein Allergy'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Hughes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Collagen molecular phenotypic switch between non-neoplastic and neoplastic canine mammary tissues. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8659. [PMID: 33883562 PMCID: PMC8060395 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87380-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In spite of major advances over the past several decades in diagnosis and treatment, breast cancer remains a global cause of morbidity and premature death for both human and veterinary patients. Due to multiple shared clinicopathological features, dogs provide an excellent model of human breast cancer, thus, a comparative oncology approach may advance our understanding of breast cancer biology and improve patient outcomes. Despite an increasing awareness of the critical role of fibrillar collagens in breast cancer biology, tumor-permissive collagen features are still ill-defined. Here, we characterize the molecular and morphological phenotypes of type I collagen in canine mammary gland tumors. Canine mammary carcinoma samples contained longer collagen fibers as well as a greater population of wider fibers compared to non-neoplastic and adenoma samples. Furthermore, the total number of collagen cross-links enriched in the stable hydroxylysine-aldehyde derived cross-links was significantly increased in neoplastic mammary gland samples compared to non-neoplastic mammary gland tissue. The mass spectrometric analyses of type I collagen revealed that in malignant mammary tumor samples, lysine residues, in particular those in the telopeptides, were markedly over-hydroxylated in comparison to non-neoplastic mammary tissue. The extent of glycosylation of hydroxylysine residues was comparable among the groups. Consistent with these data, expression levels of genes encoding lysyl hydroxylase 2 (LH2) and its molecular chaperone FK506-binding protein 65 were both significantly increased in neoplastic samples. These alterations likely lead to an increase in the LH2-mediated stable collagen cross-links in mammary carcinoma that may promote tumor cell metastasis in these patients.
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Deckwirth V, Rajakylä EK, Cattavarayane S, Acheva A, Schaible N, Krishnan R, Valle-Delgado JJ, Österberg M, Björkenheim P, Sukura A, Tojkander S. Cytokeratin 5 determines maturation of the mammary myoepithelium. iScience 2021; 24:102413. [PMID: 34007958 PMCID: PMC8111680 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
At invasion, transformed mammary epithelial cells expand into the stroma through a disrupted myoepithelial (ME) cell layer and basement membrane (BM). The intact ME cell layer has thus been suggested to act as a barrier against invasion. Here, we investigate the mechanisms behind the disruption of ME cell layer. We show that the expression of basal/ME proteins CK5, CK14, and α-SMA altered along increasing grade of malignancy, and their loss affected the maintenance of organotypic 3D mammary architecture. Furthermore, our data suggests that loss of CK5 prior to invasive stage causes decreased levels of Zinc finger protein SNAI2 (SLUG), a key regulator of the mammary epithelial cell lineage determination. Consequently, a differentiation bias toward luminal epithelial cell type was detected with loss of mature, α-SMA-expressing ME cells and reduced deposition of basement membrane protein laminin-5. Therefore, our data discloses the central role of CK5 in mammary epithelial differentiation and maintenance of normal ME layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivi Deckwirth
- Section of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Eeva Kaisa Rajakylä
- Section of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Sandhanakrishnan Cattavarayane
- Section of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Anna Acheva
- Section of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Niccole Schaible
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ramaswamy Krishnan
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Juan José Valle-Delgado
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 00076, Finland
| | - Monika Österberg
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 00076, Finland
| | - Pia Björkenheim
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Antti Sukura
- Section of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Sari Tojkander
- Section of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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Ventrella D, Ashkenazi N, Elmi A, Allegaert K, Aniballi C, DeLise A, Devine PJ, Smits A, Steiner L, Forni M, Bouisset-Leonard M, Bacci ML. Animal Models for In Vivo Lactation Studies: Anatomy, Physiology and Milk Compositions in the Most Used Non-Clinical Species: A Contribution from the ConcePTION Project. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030714. [PMID: 33808012 PMCID: PMC7998628 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Nowadays, the importance of breastfeeding has been very well recognized not only by the scientific world but also by public opinion. Such awareness has nonetheless put a lot of pressure on women under chronic pharmacological medication, or that simply need to alleviate common post-partum health issues, due to the lack of scientific data regarding the potential transfer to the offspring during lactation. In such a scenario, the ConcePTION project aims at creating a trusted ecosystem that can efficiently generate and disseminate reliable evidence-based information regarding the effects of medications used during pregnancy and breastfeeding to women and their healthcare providers. Due to the need for a reliable animal species to obtain scientific data, the present review summarizes the main features contributing to the lactation process in the most commonly used laboratory animal species. Abstract The present review aims to summarize the main features of mammary gland anatomy, and the physiology of lactation and colostrum/milk in the most commonly used animal species for regulatory toxicity. The final goal is the selection of a preferred animal species to be enrolled in studies investigating the potential transfer of drugs and exogenous molecules through milk, within the Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) funded project ConcePTION. Reference data regarding humans were also collected and analyzed in order to highlight critical similarities and differences with the studied species. Additional practical considerations were also taken into account, such as ethical consideration regarding the chosen species which affects the group size, financial implications and technical feasibility of lactation trials (e.g., ease of sampling, volume of sampling, husbandry requirements and scientific recognition). In conclusion, the present analysis of the literature confirms the complexity of the decisional process behind the choice of an animal model for in vivo trials. For some of the evaluated species, data were either poor or missing, highlighting the necessity to generate more physiological background studies for species that are routinely used in laboratory settings. Overall, when taking into consideration ethical factors, feasible group size, milk volume and ease of milk collection, and physiological similarities with humans, minipigs seem to represent the most appropriate choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Ventrella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emlia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (D.V.); (C.A.); (M.F.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Nurit Ashkenazi
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Netanya 42504, Israel; (N.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Alberto Elmi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emlia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (D.V.); (C.A.); (M.F.); (M.L.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-2097923
| | - Karel Allegaert
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (K.A.); (A.S.)
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Camilla Aniballi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emlia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (D.V.); (C.A.); (M.F.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Anthony DeLise
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, NJ 07936, USA;
| | - Patrick John Devine
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;
| | - Anne Smits
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (K.A.); (A.S.)
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lilach Steiner
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Netanya 42504, Israel; (N.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Monica Forni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emlia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (D.V.); (C.A.); (M.F.); (M.L.B.)
| | | | - Maria Laura Bacci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emlia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (D.V.); (C.A.); (M.F.); (M.L.B.)
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Senescence Marker Protein 30 (SMP30): A Novel Pan-Species Diagnostic Marker for the Histopathological Diagnosis of Breast Cancer in Humans and Animals. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052340. [PMID: 33652881 PMCID: PMC7956281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence marker protein 30 (SMP30) is a cell survival factor playing an important role in vitamin C synthesis and antiapoptosis. Moreover, its cytoprotective role suggests a possibility to be related to cancer cell survival. Mammary carcinoma is a common cancer in both humans and animals. Because of its histopathological diversity, especially in the early stage, histopathological diagnosis may be complicated; therefore, a diagnostic marker is helpful for confirmation. The present study analyzed the expression pattern of SMP30 in mammary carcinoma in humans, dogs, and cats. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and western blot analysis were used to investigate SMP30 expression patterns. The expression was specifically observed in neoplastic glandular epithelial cells. The expression increased with the malignancy of glandular epithelial cells with a highly proliferative status. However, SMP30 expression was low in normal mammary gland tissues or well-differentiated adenoma tissues. The patterns were consistently reproduced in canine primary mammary carcinoma cells and MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human carcinoma cell lines. This study provides useful information to understand SMP30 expression in various stages of mammary carcinoma and to suggest its utility as a pan-species diagnostic marker, thereby helping to establish strategies for diagnosing mammary carcinoma in several species.
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Hormonal Carcinogenesis in Canine Mammary Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms of Estradiol Involved in Malignant Progression. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030608. [PMID: 33652604 PMCID: PMC7996861 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary cancer is a frequent neoplasia in female dogs, in which most important risk factors are hormonal. Sexual hormones as estradiol play an important role in mammary carcinogenesis, being able to induce carcinogenic initiation, promotion and progression. However, the molecular mechanisms involved are incompletely understood. Estradiol is synthesized mainly in the ovaries, nevertheless, high concentrations of estradiol and some of its hormonal precursors have also been described in malignant mammary tumor tissue. The mechanisms of action of estradiol include the classic genomic effects that modulate gene transcription, and non-genomic effects, which trigger quick effects after estradiol binds to its specific receptors. These responses modulate various intracellular signaling pathways, triggering post-translational modification of several proteins. This review will discuss the well-known underlying mechanisms associated with the action of estradiol in the malignant progression of canine mammary tumors.
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Valdivia G, Alonso-Diez Á, Pérez-Alenza D, Peña L. From Conventional to Precision Therapy in Canine Mammary Cancer: A Comprehensive Review. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:623800. [PMID: 33681329 PMCID: PMC7925635 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.623800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) are the most common neoplasm in intact female dogs. Canine mammary cancer (CMC) represents 50% of CMTs, and besides surgery, which is the elective treatment, additional targeted and non-targeted therapies could offer benefits in terms of survival to these patients. Also, CMC is considered a good spontaneous intermediate animal model for the research of human breast cancer (HBC), and therefore, the study of new treatments for CMC is a promising field in comparative oncology. Dogs with CMC have a comparable disease, an intact immune system, and a much shorter life span, which allows the achievement of results in a relatively short time. Besides conventional chemotherapy, innovative therapies have a large niche of opportunities. In this article, a comprehensive review of the current research in adjuvant therapies for CMC is conducted to gather available information and evaluate the perspectives. Firstly, updates are provided on the clinical-pathological approach and the use of conventional therapies, to delve later into precision therapies against therapeutic targets such as hormone receptors, tyrosine kinase receptors, p53 tumor suppressor gene, cyclooxygenases, the signaling pathways involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and immunotherapy in different approaches. A comparison of the different investigations on targeted therapies in HBC is also carried out. In the last years, the increasing number of basic research studies of new promising therapeutic agents on CMC cell lines and CMC mouse xenografts is outstanding. As the main conclusion of this review, the lack of effort to bring the in vitro studies into the field of applied clinical research emerges. There is a great need for well-planned large prospective randomized clinical trials in dogs with CMC to obtain valid results for both species, humans and dogs, on the use of new therapies. Following the One Health concept, human and veterinary oncology will have to join forces to take advantage of both the economic and technological resources that are invested in HBC research, together with the innumerable advantages of dogs with CMC as a spontaneous animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Valdivia
- Department Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Mammary Oncology Unit, Complutense Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Alonso-Diez
- Department Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Mammary Oncology Unit, Complutense Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Alenza
- Department Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Mammary Oncology Unit, Complutense Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Peña
- Department Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Mammary Oncology Unit, Complutense Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Borecka P, Ratajczak-Wielgomas K, Ciaputa R, Kandefer-Gola M, Janus I, Piotrowska A, Kmiecik A, Podhorska-Okolów M, Dzięgiel P, Nowak M. Expression of Periostin in Cancer-associated Fibroblasts in Mammary Cancer in Female Dogs. In Vivo 2021; 34:1017-1026. [PMID: 32354887 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Mammary neoplasms, like breast neoplasms in women, are one of the most common tumours in female dogs. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) found in the tumour stroma play a role in angiogenesis and increase cell migration, contributing to tumour growth and progression, as well as metastasis. The aim of our work was to determine the level of periostin (POSTN) expression in CAFs in mammary tumours of female dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS The research material consisted of 77 carcinomas and 24 adenomas of the mammary ridge in female dogs. Immunohistochemistry tests were performed using antibodies directed against the antigens POSTN, Ki-67, ERB-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (HER2), vimentin, and alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA). Expression of POSTN at the mRNA level was determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction methods in 20 cases of mammary neoplasms. RESULTS Expression of POSTN in CAFs was observed in 92% of mammary cancer samples and in 25% of mammary adenoma samples in female dogs. A statistically significant increase in POSNT expression in CAFs was found in the carcinomas compared with mammary adenomas in female dogs. Expression of POSTN in CAFs in mammary carcinomas in female dogs positively correlated with the histological malignancy grade of tumours and the expression of Ki-67 proliferative antigen. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a role of POSTN on the pathogenesis of mammary tumours in female dogs. Moreover, POSTN may prove to be a useful marker in the evaluation of cancerous stroma of mammary tumours in female dogs, and may have prognostic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Borecka
- Department of Pathology, Division of Pathomorphology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Rafal Ciaputa
- Department of Pathology, Division of Pathomorphology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kandefer-Gola
- Department of Pathology, Division of Pathomorphology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Janus
- Department of Pathology, Division of Pathomorphology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Alicja Kmiecik
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.,Department of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical Education in Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Nowak
- Department of Pathology, Division of Pathomorphology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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44
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Parisi F, Tesi M, Millanta F, Gnocchi M, Poli A. M1 and M2 tumour-associated macrophages subsets in canine malignant mammary tumours: An immunohistochemical study. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:32-38. [PMID: 33582312 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Among the innate and adaptative immune cells recruited to the tumour site, tumour associated macrophages (TAMs) are particularly abundant and by simplified classification can be classified into (M1) and (M2) TAMs. In the present study, we quantified by immunohistochemistry ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1)-positive total and CD204-positive M2-polarized TAMs in 60 canine malignant mammary tumours (CMMTs) to analyze the relationship between M1 or M2 response and the histopathologic features of examined CMMTs, the dogs' body condition score (BCS) and the progression of the neoplastic disease. The mean number of total and CD204+ TAMS were significantly higher in solid and in grade III than in grades I and II carcinomas. Moreover, the mean number of CD204-positive TAMs was significantly higher in CMMTs with lymphatic invasion and necrosis rather than CMMTs without. The presence of higher number of CD204-positive M2-polarized TAMs was associated with a worst outcome of the neoplastic disease: bitches bearing CMMTs with a prevalent M2-polarized TAM response had a median cancer-specific survival time of 449 days, while in animals with a M1-polarized TAM response the median cancer-specific survival time was 1209 days. The results of our study confirm that in CMMTs the presence of a M2-polarized TAMs response might affect the tumour development and behaviour. Finally, it strongly suggests the potential of CD204 expression as a prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Parisi
- Department of Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa I-56124, Italy
| | - Matteo Tesi
- Department of Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa I-56124, Italy
| | - Francesca Millanta
- Department of Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa I-56124, Italy
| | - Marzia Gnocchi
- Department of Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa I-56124, Italy
| | - Alessandro Poli
- Department of Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa I-56124, Italy.
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45
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An Immunohistochemical Study of the PTEN/AKT Pathway Involvement in Canine and Feline Mammary Tumors. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020365. [PMID: 33535663 PMCID: PMC7912927 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The PTEN/AKT pathway is involved in several human and animal tumors’ pathogenesis. This study investigates the PTEN/AKT pathway’s biological and prognostic values in canine and feline mammary tumors. PTEN, phospho-AKT (p-AKT) and Rictor expression was determined by immunohistochemistry in canine mammary adenomas and carcinomas and feline mammary carcinomas. In mammary tumors of both species p-Akt was inversely correlated with PTEN expression and positively with Rictor expression; p-Akt and Rictor expression correlated with poorer prognosis. This data could provide a rationale for further studies of this pathway in veterinary oncology due to prognostic and therapeutic implications. Abstract Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome10 (PTEN), phospho-v-Akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (AKT), and the Rapamycin-Insensitive Companion of mTOR (Rictor) expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry in 10 canine mammary adenomas (CMAs), 40 canine mammary carcinomas (CMCs), and 30 feline mammary carcinomas (FMCs). All the CMAs, 25 of 40 CMCs (63%) and 7 of 30 FMCs (23%), were PTEN-positive. In dogs, no CMAs and 15 of 25 CMCs (37%) expressed phospho-AKT (p-AKT), while 24 of 30 FMCs (82%) were p-AKT-positive. One of 10 CMAs (10%), 24 of 40 CMCs (60%) and 20 of 30 FMCs (67%) were Rictor-positive. In the dog, PTEN expression correlated with less aggressive tumors, absence of lymphatic invasion, and longer survival. P-AKT expression correlated with more aggressive subtype, lymphatic invasion, and poorer survival and Rictor expression with lymphatic invasion. In cats, PTEN correlated with less aggressive carcinomas, absence of lymphatic invasion, and better survival. P-AKT and Rictor expression correlated with poorer survival. PTEN expression was inversely correlated with p-AKT and Rictor in both species, while p-AKT positively correlated with Rictor expression. A strong PTEN/AKT pathway involvement in behavior worsening of CMT and FMTs is demonstrated, providing a rationale for further studies of this pathway in veterinary oncology.
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46
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Pecile A, Groppetti D, Ferrari R, Grieco V, Giudice C, Spediacci C, Stefanello D, Boracchi P. Solitary and multiple simultaneous malignant epithelial mammary tumours in dogs: An explorative retrospective study. Res Vet Sci 2021; 135:153-161. [PMID: 33524825 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Canine mammary tumours represent a hard-prognostic task for veterinary clinicians. TNM staging and grading systems refer to a single tumour. Significant limits come to light when these systems are applied to multiple mammary tumours due to the arbitrary criterion in determining which single tumour is representative of the patient's prognosis. This study explored some clinical features of 50 dogs affected by at least one malignant mammary tumour. Clinical features and staging, together with histological classification and grading, have been related to disease-free survival (DFS) with the purpose to evaluate their impact on prognosis. The prognosis was worse in 10-11-year-old dogs (P < 0.05), in dogs affected by complex carcinoma (P < 0.05), and in patients assigned to Peña grade I (P < 0.05). The bodyweight was not linearly related to DFS (P < 0.01), and patients with a low number of neoformations (n ≤ 2) showed a better prognosis than dogs with 3-5 tumours (P < 0.05). Both the average and the total size of malignant tumours were related to DFS (P < 0.05). Dogs assigned with stage I had the best DFS (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the Peña grade I alone would not seem to guarantee a favourable prognosis when applied to mammary tumours in dogs affected by multiple simultaneous presentations. Different characteristics, besides tumour grading, such as tumour immunophenotype and expression of hormonal receptors, could in the future, contribute to elucidate the clinical behaviour of multiple canine mammary tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pecile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - D Groppetti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - R Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - V Grieco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - C Giudice
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - C Spediacci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - D Stefanello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - P Boracchi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Vanzetti 5, 20133 Milan, Italy
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47
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Cheng N, Diao H, Lin Z, Gao J, Zhao Y, Zhang W, Wang Q, Lin J, Zhang D, Jin Y, Bao Y, Lin D. Benzyl Isothiocyanate Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits Tumor Growth in Canine Mammary Carcinoma via Downregulation of the Cyclin B1/Cdk1 Pathway. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:580530. [PMID: 33263014 PMCID: PMC7686582 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.580530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Canine mammary carcinoma is common in female dogs, and its poor prognosis remains a serious clinical challenge, especially in developing countries. Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) has attracted great interest because of its inhibitory effect against tumor activity. However, its effect and the underlying mechanisms of action in canine mammary cancer are not well-understood. Here, we show that BITC suppresses mammary tumor growth, both in vivo and in vitro, and reveal some of the potential mechanisms involved. Methods: The effect of BITC on canine mammary cancer was evaluated on CIPp and CMT-7364, canine mammary carcinoma lines. The cell lines were treated with BITC and then subjected to wound healing and invasion assays. Cell cycles and apoptosis were measured using flow cytometry; TUNEL assay; immunohistochemistry (IHC) for caspase 3, caspase 9, and cyclin D1; hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining; and/or quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results: BITC showed a strong suppressive effect in both CIPp and CMT-7364 cells by inhibiting cell growth in vitro; these effects were both dose- and time-dependent. BITC also inhibited migration and invasion of CIPp and CMT-7364 cells. BITC induced G2 arrest and apoptosis, decreasing tumor growth in nude mice by downregulation of cyclin B1 and Cdk1 expression. Conclusion: BITC suppressed both invasion and migration of CIPp and CMT-7364 cells and induced apoptosis. BITC inhibited canine mammary tumor growth by suppressing cyclinB1 and Cdk1 expression in nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxiu Diao
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoyan Lin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiafeng Gao
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Weijiao Zhang
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Qi Wang
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jiahao Lin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yipeng Jin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongping Bao
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Degui Lin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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48
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Hughes K. Comparative mammary gland postnatal development and tumourigenesis in the sheep, cow, cat and rabbit: Exploring the menagerie. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 114:186-195. [PMID: 33082118 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sheep, cows, cats, and rabbits are kept by humans for agricultural purposes and as companion animals. Much of the mammary research in these species has focussed on mastitis in the case of ruminants and rabbits, and mammary tumourigenesis in cats and rabbits. However, similarities with the human breast suggest that these species may be currently underutilised as valuable comparative models of breast development and disease. The mammary gland undergoes cyclical postnatal development that will be considered here in the context of these non-traditional model species, with a focus on the mammary microenvironment at different postnatal developmental stages. The second part of this review will consider mammary tumour development. Ruminants are thought to be relatively 'resistant' to mammary tumourigenesis, likely due to multiple factors including functional properties of ruminant mammary stem/progenitor cells, diet, and/or the fact that production animals undergo a first parity soon after puberty. By contrast, unneutered female cats and rabbits have a propensity to develop mammary neoplasms, and subsets of these may constitute valuable comparative models of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Hughes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom.
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49
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Burrai GP, Gabrieli A, Moccia V, Zappulli V, Porcellato I, Brachelente C, Pirino S, Polinas M, Antuofermo E. A Statistical Analysis of Risk Factors and Biological Behavior in Canine Mammary Tumors: A Multicenter Study. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091687. [PMID: 32961915 PMCID: PMC7552647 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) represent a serious issue in worldwide veterinary practice and several risk factors are variably implicated in the biology of CMTs. The present study examines the relationship between risk factors and histological diagnosis of a large CMT dataset from three academic institutions by classical statistical analysis and supervised machine learning methods. Epidemiological, clinical, and histopathological data of 1866 CMTs were included. Dogs with malignant tumors were significantly older than dogs with benign tumors (9.6 versus 8.7 years, P < 0.001). Malignant tumors were significantly larger than benign counterparts (2.69 versus 1.7 cm, P < 0.001). Interestingly, 18% of malignant tumors were smaller than 1 cm in diameter, providing compelling evidence that the size of the tumor should be reconsidered during the assessment of the TNM-WHO clinical staging. The application of the logistic regression and the machine learning model identified the age and the tumor's size as the best predictors with an overall diagnostic accuracy of 0.63, suggesting that these risk factors are sufficient but not exhaustive indicators of the malignancy of CMTs. This multicenter study increases the general knowledge of the main epidemiologica-clinical risk factors involved in the onset of CMTs and paves the way for further investigations of these factors in association with CMTs and in the application of machine learning technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni P. Burrai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.P.B.); (A.G.); (S.P.); (M.P.)
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Andrea Gabrieli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.P.B.); (A.G.); (S.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Valentina Moccia
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, AGRIPOLIS–Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro Padua, Italy; (V.M.); (V.Z.)
| | - Valentina Zappulli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, AGRIPOLIS–Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro Padua, Italy; (V.M.); (V.Z.)
| | - Ilaria Porcellato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (I.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Chiara Brachelente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (I.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Salvatore Pirino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.P.B.); (A.G.); (S.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Marta Polinas
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.P.B.); (A.G.); (S.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Elisabetta Antuofermo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.P.B.); (A.G.); (S.P.); (M.P.)
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-079-229-440
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50
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Benavente MA, Bianchi CP, Aba MA. Expression of Arginine Vasopressin Type 2 Receptor in Canine Mammary Tumours: Preliminary Results. J Comp Pathol 2020; 179:36-40. [PMID: 32958145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate the potential association of arginine vasopressin type 2 receptor (AVPR2) in canine mammary tumours with expression of oestrogen receptors α (ORα) and β (ORβ) and clinicopathological features of the neoplasms. Twenty-six canine mammary tumour samples (11 benign, 15 malignant) were immunolabelled for AVPR2, ORα and ORβ antigens. Moderate to intense immunolabelling of AVPR2 antigen, found in all neoplasms, was not significantly associated with expression of ORα or ORβ antigens or with clinicopathological features. These findings indicate a potential role for AVPR2 in the development of canine mammary tumours and the use of AVPR2-selective vasopressin analogues as therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Benavente
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, National Council for Scientific and Technical Research, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - C P Bianchi
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, National Council for Scientific and Technical Research, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M A Aba
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, National Council for Scientific and Technical Research, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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