1
|
Olaseni AO, Oguntayo R, Nel JA. Mediating role of emotional suppression in the relationship between psychological factors and intimate partner violence among couples with mixed-romantic orientations. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 2024; 31:38-47. [PMID: 37724445 DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2023.2258505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is considered a serious public health concern among couples, regardless of the sexual orientation. However, there is a dearth of data about the determining factors of IPV among couples with mixed-romantic orientations, and not much is known about the role that intra-psychic factors play in the relationship between psychological factors and IPV. Therefore, the study set out to examine the mediating role of emotional suppression in the relationship between psychological factors and IPV among couples with mixed-romantic orientations in Nigeria. The study adopted a correlational research design. A total of 241 respondents (61.4% identified as heterosexual and 38.6% as bisexual) in mixed-romantic orientation marriages, were engaged using respondents-driven sampling. Outcomes revealed that emotional suppression (indirectly) mediated the relationship between depressive symptoms [c'-path analysis; b = .029, t(240) = 108, p = <.01; bootstrap =.0573-1715], anxiety [c'-path analysis; b = .027, t(240) = -0.044, p = <.05; bootstrap = .108-.004], stress [c'-path analysis; b = 0.019, t(240) = 0.057, p = <.001; bootstrap = .0247-.0992] and IPV among couples with mixed-romantic orientations. It was concluded that emotional suppression directly and indirectly mediated the relationship between psychological factors and IPV. Recommendations and limitations are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A O Olaseni
- Department of Psychology, College of Human Sciences, University of South Africa (UNISA), Pretoria, South Africa
| | - R Oguntayo
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Social Sciences and Administrations, Universidad Autonoma de Ciudad Juarez, Juarez, Mexico
| | - J A Nel
- Department of Psychology, College of Human Sciences, University of South Africa (UNISA), Pretoria, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fathnezhad-Kazemi A, Zeighami Mohammadi S, Nayebinia AS. Association Between Health-Promoting Behaviors and Reproductive Health Needs in Women Experiencing Domestic Violence. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:10998-11016. [PMID: 37386851 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231178361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Violence against women is considered as one of the most serious social problems in all the societies. It is common that the abused women experience physical, psychological, and health problems, as well as reproductive health issues. Domestic violence affects women's health behaviors and ability to seek any form of health care. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between health-promoting behaviors and reproductive health needs in women experienced domestic violence. This cross-sectional study was conducted from May 5 to September 21, 2021, on 380 abused women. Cluster sampling was performed in health centers of Karaj. Data were collected using demographic survey questions, Domestic Violence Survey, Reproductive Health Needs of Domestic Violated Women scale, and health-promoting behaviors questionnaire. The mean (standard deviation) scores for reproductive health needs and health-promoting behaviors were 158.88 (20.24) and 131.08 (20.53), respectively. Psychological violence had the highest (69.5%) prevalence among all types and 37.6% of women reported severe violence. The results of Spearman's rank correlation coefficient test indicated that all dimensions of the reproductive health needs of abused women (men's participation, self-care, support and health services, and sexual and marital relationships) positively and significantly related to the total score and various dimensions of health-promoting behaviors (interpersonal relationship, health responsibility, physical activity, spiritual growth, nutrition, and stress management). The dimensions of health-promoting behaviors together can explain 21.6% of the changes in reproductive health needs based on linear regression. Violence is a global public concern and paying attention to the various health dimensions in abused women is an important aspect of the health policies. Developing health-promoting behaviors in abused women improves their reproductive health state and society as a whole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azita Fathnezhad-Kazemi
- Department of Midwifery, Women's Reproductive and Mental Health Research Center, Tabriz Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Anvar-Sadat Nayebinia
- Clinical Cares and Health Promotion Research Center, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sinha D, Srivastava S, T M, Kumar P. Predictors for the change in intimate partner violence among adolescent married girls aged 15-19 years: Estimates from random effect model. BMC Womens Health 2023; 23:108. [PMID: 36918886 PMCID: PMC10015729 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02252-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is one of the most common forms of violence against women. IPV against adolescents and young adult married women (15-19 years only) is poorly understood and not much researched as compared to their adult counterparts. The present study investigates the changes in multiple forms of IPV and tries to understand its association with different individual factors. METHODS The study used longitudinal data from Understanding the lives of Adolescent and Young Adults study (UDAYA), conducted in 2015-16 (wave 1) and 2018-19 (wave 2). The survey was done in two Indian states namely, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. The sample size of the present study was 4,254 married adolescent girls aged 15-19 years. Multiple forms of IPV were the outcome variables of this study. A random effect regression analysis was used to estimate the association of changes in physical, sexual, and emotional violence with decision-making power and mobility restrictions along with other covariates. RESULTS Findings show that physical and emotional violence have increased from wave 1 to wave 2. Furthermore, married adolescent girls who took decisions alone/with others were less likely to suffer from IPV (β=-0.02; p < 0.05). Adolescent girls who agreed with the perception about wife-beating were more likely to report physical (β = 0.07; p < 0.05), sexual (β = 0.13; p < 0.05), and emotional violence (β = 0.14; p < 0.05). The risk of IPV was significantly more among adolescent girls whose family paid dowry compared to those who did not pay it (β = 0.04; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Interventions against those social norms that harm any female adolescents' status in society and negatively impact their educational attainment should be adopted, simultaneously, with programs that promote gender equality in all aspects of their life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debashree Sinha
- Department of Population & Development, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, 400088, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shobhit Srivastava
- Department of Mathematical Demography & Statistics, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, 400088, Maharashtra, India
| | - Muhammad T
- Department of Population Policies and Programs, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, 400088, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Specialist-Monitoring & Evaluation, Health Action Trust, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kapadia-Kundu N, Tamene H, Ayele M, Dana F, Heliso S, Velu S, Berhanu T, Alemayehu G, Leslie L, Kaufman M. Applying a gender lens to social norms, couple communication and decision making to increase modern contraceptive use in Ethiopia, a mixed methods study. Reprod Health 2022; 19:138. [PMID: 35765014 PMCID: PMC9237964 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-022-01440-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethiopia, sub-Saharan Africa's second most populous country has seen improvements in women's reproductive health. The study objectives are (1) using mixed methods research, to identify determinants of contraceptive use in four regions of Ethiopia, and (2) to explore the relationship between social norms, gender equitable norms, couple communication and contraceptive use. METHODS The study includes both quantitative and qualitative methods. Researchers interviewed a total of 2770 women of reproductive age (15-49 years) in 2016 using a structured survey covering six health areas. Eligible households were identified using a multi-stage cluster-sampling technique. Using probability proportionate to size sampling, the researchers selected 10% of the proposed target woredas (24 of 240 woredas). The qualitative study included 8 rapid assessments, 16 in-depth interviews, 24 key informant interviews, and 16 focus group discussions. Qualitative data were analyzed using NVivo version 8. RESULTS Adjusted odds ratios were estimated for current modern family planning use among married women with logistic regression. The primary influencing factors for contraceptive use are gender equitable norms, high self-efficacy, and weekly exposure to the radio. Qualitative data indicate that the timing of contraceptive use is linked to the social norm of the desired family size of 4-5 children. Gender inequity is evident in couple communication with men controlling decision making even if women initiated conversations on family planning. A key finding based on an inductive analysis of qualitative data indicates that the micro-processes of couple communication and decision making are often dictated by male advantage. The study identified six micro-processes that lead to gender inequity which need to be further examined and researched. CONCLUSIONS Barriers to contraceptive use include unequal couple communication and compromised decision making. Inequitable gender norms are also barriers to modern contraceptive use. The study recommends using a gender lens to study couple communication and decision making, with the goal of making both processes more equitable to accelerate the adoption of modern family planning methods in Ethiopia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nandita Kapadia-Kundu
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Communication Programs, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA.
| | - Habtamu Tamene
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Communication Programs, Ethiopia, Africa Avenue (Bole Road) Dembel City Center 10th Floor, P.O. Box: 26171 Code 1000, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Minyahil Ayele
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Communication Programs, Ethiopia, Africa Avenue (Bole Road) Dembel City Center 10th Floor, P.O. Box: 26171 Code 1000, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Feleke Dana
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Communication Programs, Ethiopia, Africa Avenue (Bole Road) Dembel City Center 10th Floor, P.O. Box: 26171 Code 1000, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Simon Heliso
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Communication Programs, Ethiopia, Africa Avenue (Bole Road) Dembel City Center 10th Floor, P.O. Box: 26171 Code 1000, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sanjanthi Velu
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Communication Programs, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Tsega Berhanu
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Communication Programs, Ethiopia, Africa Avenue (Bole Road) Dembel City Center 10th Floor, P.O. Box: 26171 Code 1000, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Guda Alemayehu
- United States Agency for International Development (USAID/Ethiopia), 3Q57+9C7, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Lindsey Leslie
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Communication Programs, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Michelle Kaufman
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Communication Programs, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
De Wet-Billings N. Single motherhood, social independence and non-communicable disease (NCD) outcomes among young females (15-24 years old) in South Africa. AAS Open Res 2022. [DOI: 10.12688/aasopenres.13238.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) acquired during youth follow into and affect adulthood. The association between young mother’s social independence and NCD status is of policy interest due to its effect on economic and social development. This study aimed to determine the causal relationship between social independence and NCD outcomes among young, single mothers in South Africa. Methods: Data from the South African National Income Dynamics Survey (NIDS) in 2008 and 2017 was used to determine if single mothers developed hypertension, diabetes or asthma by various indicators of social independence, including highest level of education and employment status. The sample was initially made-up of unmarried females (15-24 years old) without any children in 2008. Both fertility and social independence was followed-up to 2017. Results: In total, 66 young females developed an NCD by 2017 and 87% (n=57) of these women had a child in the interim period. Employment of young females increased from 4.78% in 2008 to 37.79% in 2017, but completion of secondary or tertiary education declined from 67.94% in 2008 to 56.01% in 2017. In addition, half (50.88%) of the young females were partially independent by 2017, with only 11.03% being fully independent at this time. Finally, logistic regression results showed that the likelihood of developing an NCD increased if young females with children were not socially independent. Conclusions: The relationship between social independence and NCDs suggest that policies and programmes in South Africa need to incorporate socioeconomic status as a determinant of disease and in particular, need to address socioeconomic indicators as additive measures and not autonomous indicators.
Collapse
|
6
|
Performance Management and the Police Response to Women in India. SOCIAL SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci11020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Crimes against women have critical implications, not only for victims but also for overall community health and safety. Communities entrust law enforcement agencies with the responsibility to safeguard vulnerable people through effective and efficient policing approaches that provide a safe environment. Enhancing and improving the efficiency and performance of the police is an important part of preventing and reducing crimes against women. One approach to addressing specific performance targets is to adopt a performance management strategy. This paper examines survey data from 310 police officials in northern India about one such strategy: the balanced scorecard (BSC). Our analysis illuminates police perspectives about the perceived benefits of a generalized performance management strategy such as the BSC for improving police performance in addressing crimes against women and the needs of female citizens. Our findings reveal that respondents’ assessments of all four dimensions of the balanced scorecard are associated with their degree of optimism that performance measurement can improve the police response to crimes against women.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ahmad J, Khan N, Mozumdar A. Spousal Violence Against Women in India: A Social-Ecological Analysis Using Data From the National Family Health Survey 2015 to 2016. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:10147-10181. [PMID: 31642354 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519881530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Even after enactment of the Protection of Women From Domestic Violence Act 2005, over the last 10 years, the rate of decline of prevalence of spousal violence against women has remained low in India. This study attempts to explain the experience of spousal violence using a social-ecological framework. We analyzed the National Family Health Survey 2015 to 2016 (NFHS-4) data of 66,013 ever-married women aged 15 to 49 years. Participants in the domestic violence module of the NFHS-4 reported their experience of violence committed by their husband within the 12 months preceding the survey. Multilevel logistic regression analyses were done to determine the association between spousal violence and different explanatory variables of various levels of social ecology including variables on women's empowerment. About one fourth of ever-married women reported experiencing any form of violence during the last year. The experience of spousal violence was significantly associated with social ecology at multiple levels. At the individual level, the odds of experiencing physical violence were higher among younger women, who married at a younger age, had an age gap of 3 to 4 years with her husband, and had more children. Women in vulnerable groups, with poor economic status, and members of marginalized communities had higher odds of experiencing spousal violence. Women had high odds of experiencing spousal violence if living in a social ecology with unfavorable social norms, higher rates of domestic crimes, and a higher prevalence of underage marriage. The association of spousal violence with women's empowerment remained inconclusive. The results argue for manipulating contextual factors to empower women to challenge gender-related equations and investing in education for gender sensitization at the higher level social ecologies.
Collapse
|
8
|
Khatoon F, Fatima M, Zaidi Z, Nishad S, Ahmad A. Domestic Violence During Pregnancy: Evaluating the Impact on Maternal and Perinatal Health-A Pilot Study in Uttar Pradesh. J Obstet Gynaecol India 2021; 71:386-392. [PMID: 34566297 DOI: 10.1007/s13224-021-01463-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Domestic Violence [DV] is a global health problem of pandemic proportions. WHO identifies it as psychological, physical or sexual violence or threats of the same, in the premises of one's home. The perpetrator can be husband, intimate partner, friend or a family member. DV during pregnancy has widespread implications on adverse obstetric maternal and foetal outcomes. Aim of the Study To find out the prevalence of domestic violence in antenatal women and observe the association between DV and maternal and perinatal outcome. Methodology It is a cohort study carried out at ELMCH, over a period of 10 months. Data were collected from pregnant women reporting to the outpatient department of obstetrics and gynaecology in their third trimester of pregnancy. The pregnancies were followed up till delivery and one week postpartum to study the obstetric and perinatal outcome. Appropriate statistical methods were applied to determine significance of the observations, and odds ratio was calculated for the risk factors. Results The prevalence of DV during pregnancy was 22.2%, with psychological violence being the most common form observed. Increased relative risk was found for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, antepartum haemorrhage, recurrent urinary tract infection and preterm labour. Apgar scores of babies in affected mothers was lower, and there were significantly greater NICU admissions. This was independent of period of gestation at delivery. Conclusion DV affects at least 1/4th of antenatal women. Majority of them do not realise the extent and forms of DV and accept the violence as a routine norm of marital life. DV during pregnancy has a significant association with adverse obstetric and perinatal outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fareha Khatoon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003 India
| | - Maariya Fatima
- Department of Paediatrics, Baba Raghav Das Medical College, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Zeashan Zaidi
- Department of Community Medicine, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003 India
| | - Suman Nishad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003 India
| | - Ayesha Ahmad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003 India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
De Wet-Billings N. Single motherhood, social independence and non-communicable disease (NCD) outcomes among young females (15-24 years old) in South Africa. AAS Open Res 2021. [DOI: 10.12688/aasopenres.13238.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) acquired during youth follow into and affect adulthood. The association between young mother’s social independence and NCD status is of policy interest due to its effect on economic and social development. This study aimed to determine the causal relationship between social independence and NCD outcomes among young, single mothers in South Africa. Methods: Data from the South African National Income Dynamics Survey (NIDS) in 2008 and 2017 was used to determine if single mothers developed hypertension, diabetes or asthma by various indicators of social independence, including highest level of education and employment status. The sample was initially made-up of unmarried females (15-24 years old) without any children in 2008. Both fertility and social independence was followed-up to 2017. Results: In total, 66 young females developed an NCD by 2017 and 87% (n=57) of these women had a child in the interim period. Employment of young females increased from 4.78% in 2008 to 37.79% in 2017, but completion of secondary or tertiary education declined from 67.94% in 2008 to 56.01% in 2017. In addition, half (50.88%) of the young females were partially independent by 2017, with only 11.03% being fully independent at this time. Finally, logistic regression results showed that the likelihood of developing an NCD increased if young females with children were not socially independent. Conclusions: The relationship between social independence and NCDs suggest that policies and programmes in South Africa need to incorporate socioeconomic status as a determinant of disease and in particular, need to address socioeconomic indicators as additive measures and not autonomous indicators.
Collapse
|
10
|
De Wet-Billings N. Single motherhood, social independence and non-communicable disease (NCD) outcomes among young females (15-24 years old) in South Africa. AAS Open Res 2021. [DOI: 10.12688/aasopenres.13238.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) acquired during youth follow into and affect adulthood. The association between young mother’s social independence and NCD status is of policy interest due to its effect on economic and social development. This study aimed to determine the causal relationship between social independence and NCD outcomes among young, single mothers in South Africa. Methods: Data from the South African National Income Dynamics Survey (NIDS) in 2008 and 2017 was used to determine if single mothers developed hypertension, diabetes or asthma by various indicators of social independence, including highest level of education and employment status. The sample was initially made-up of unmarried females (15-24 years old) without any children in 2008. Both fertility and social independence was followed-up to 2017. Results: In total, 66 young females developed an NCD by 2017 and 87% (n=57) of these women had a child in the interim period. Employment of young females increased from 4.78% in 2008 to 37.79% in 2017, but completion of secondary or tertiary education declined from 67.94% in 2008 to 56.01% in 2017. In addition, half (50.88%) of the young females were partially independent by 2017, with only 11.03% being fully independent at this time. Finally, logistic regression results showed that the likelihood of developing an NCD increased if young females with children were not socially independent. Conclusions: The relationship between social independence and NCDs suggest that policies and programmes in South Africa need to incorporate socioeconomic status as a determinant of disease and in particular, need to address socioeconomic indicators as additive measures and not autonomous indicators.
Collapse
|
11
|
Mojahed A, Alaidarous N, Kopp M, Pogarell A, Thiel F, Garthus-Niegel S. Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence Among Intimate Partners During the Perinatal Period: A Narrative Literature Review. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:601236. [PMID: 33633606 PMCID: PMC7900188 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.601236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) affects individuals and families from all backgrounds, regardless of their ethnicity, socio-economic status, sexual orientation, or religion. Pregnancy and childbirth could be a time of vulnerability to violence because of changes in physical, emotional, social, and economic demands and needs. Prevalence of IPV against women during the perinatal period is increasingly researched and documented. However, evidence on IPV prevalence among intimate partners as well as on the course of IPV over the perinatal period is scarce. The purpose of this review was to provide a narrative synthesis of the existing literature regarding the prevalence estimates of IPV among intimate partners over the perinatal period. Through this review, we also gained better insight into associated factors, as well as the various forms of IPV. Of the 766 studies assessing prevalence estimates identified, 86 were included, where 80 studies focused on unidirectional IPV (i.e., perpetrated by men against women) and six studies investigated bidirectional IPV (i.e., IPV perpetrated by both partners). Most of the included studies reported lower overall prevalence rates for unidirectional IPV postpartum (range: 2-58%) compared to pregnancy (range: 1.5-66.9%). Psychological violence was found to be the most prevalent form of violence during the entire perinatal period. Studies on bidirectional IPV mostly reported women's perpetration to be almost as high as that of their partner or even higher, yet their findings need to be interpreted with caution. In addition, our results also highlighted the associated factors of IPV among partners, in which they were assimilated into a multi-level ecological model and were analyzed through an intersectional framework. Based on our findings, IPV is found to be highly prevalent during the entire perinatal period and in populations suffering from social inequalities. Further research exploring not only the occurrence, but also the motivations and the context of the bidirectionality of IPV during the perinatal period may facilitate better understanding of the detrimental consequences on partners and their families, as well as the development of effective intervention strategies. Public health prevention approaches intervening at optimal times during the perinatal period are also needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amera Mojahed
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Medical Faculty, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nada Alaidarous
- Arthur Labatt Family School of Nursing, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Marie Kopp
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Medical Faculty, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anneke Pogarell
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Freya Thiel
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susan Garthus-Niegel
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Medical Faculty, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Child Health and Development, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Montagu D, Giessler K, Nakphong MK, Roy KP, Sahu AB, Sharma K, Green C, Sudhinaraset M. Results of a person-centered maternal health quality improvement intervention in Uttar Pradesh, India. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242909. [PMID: 33306689 PMCID: PMC7732121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Poor patient experiences during delivery in Uttar Pradesh, India is a common problem. It delays presentation at facilities after the onset of labor and contributes to poor maternal health outcomes. Patient-centered maternity care (PCMC) is recognized by the World Health Organization as critical to overall quality. Changing PCMC requires changing the process of care, and is therefore especially challenging. Methods We used a matched case-control design to evaluate a quality improvement process directed at PCMC and based on widely established team-based methods used in many OECD countries. The intervention was introduced into three government facilities and teams supported to brainstorm and test improvements over 12 months. Progress was measured through pre-post interviews with new mothers, scored using a validated PCMC scale. Analysis included chi-squared and difference-in-difference tests. Findings On a scale to 100, the PCMC score of the intervention group increased 22.9 points compared to controls. Deliveries attended by midwives, dais, ASHAs or non-skilled providers resulted in significantly higher PCMC scores than those attended to by nurses or doctors. The intervention was associated with one additional visit from a doctor and over two additional visits from nurses per day, compared to the control group. Interpretation This study has demonstrated the effectiveness of a team-based quality improvement intervention to ameliorate women’s childbirth experiences. These improvements were locally designed and led, and offer a model for potential replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Montagu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Katie Giessler
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Michelle Kao Nakphong
- School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | | | | | - Kovid Sharma
- Population Services International, New Delhi, India
| | - Cathy Green
- Independent Consultant, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - May Sudhinaraset
- School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jungari S, Chauhan BG, Bomble P, Pardhi A. Violence against women in urban slums of India: A review of two decades of research. Glob Public Health 2020; 17:115-133. [PMID: 33253046 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2020.1850835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
It is estimated that about one-third of women ever experienced violence in their lifetime. India has experienced steady urban growth accompanying increase of urban populations living in slums. Several studies have reported prevalence of various forms of violence in urban slums. To our knowledge, no systematic review has been conducted exclusively reporting violence against women in India's urban slums. The review aims to synthesise the studies of violence against women conducted in the last two decades (2000-2020). We searched PubMed, Scopus and other relevant search engines to identify articles published between years 2000 and 2020, which focused on Indian women slum dwellers' experiences of violence. We included 14 studies, which satisfied the inclusion criteria in this review. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocol was used to assess the studies. The prevalence of any form of violence against women, as reported in the studies, ranged from 15% to 59.3%. The major risk factors identified were husband's alcohol abuse, women justifying the violence inflicted on then, low educational levels of both women and men, dowry issues, age difference between the spouses and termination of a previous pregnancy. It is evident from the review that urban slum women experience persistent violence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Jungari
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Bal Govind Chauhan
- Population Research Centre, Gokhle Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune, India
| | - Priyanka Bomble
- Department of Public Health & Mortality Studies, International Institute of Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Ashish Pardhi
- School of Social Work, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ler P, Sivakami M, Monárrez-Espino J. Prevalence and Factors Associated With Intimate Partner Violence Among Young Women Aged 15 to 24 Years in India: A Social-Ecological Approach. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2020; 35:4083-4116. [PMID: 29294780 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517710484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a critical public health issue that has reached epidemic proportions. Research investigating IPV among young women in India using large-scale population data is lacking. This study examined the prevalence and factors associated with IPV among women aged 15 to 24 years in India through a social-ecological approach. This cross-sectional study analyzed data from the National Family Health Survey, a population-based survey conducted in India from 2005 to 2006. The past-year prevalence of emotional, physical, and sexual forms of IPV, among ever-married women aged 15 to 24 years were computed. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to evaluate the association of factors at various levels of the social-ecological framework with the past-year experience of emotional, physical, sexual, and any form of IPV. The past-year prevalence of IPV among women aged 15 to 24 years (n = 16,285) was 29%. Physical IPV was the most common, affecting 23% in the past year. The past-year prevalence of sexual IPV among women aged 15 to 24 years at 9.5% was higher than older women. Individual factors significantly associated with the past-year experience of all forms of IPV were the young age at first marriage, parental IPV, and ever had a terminated pregnancy. At the relationship level, husband's controlling behaviors, his consumption of alcohol, and experience of violence from other family members were positively associated with all forms of IPV in the past year. Poverty and acceptance of IPV increased the women's odds of experiencing IPV. IPV was associated with multiple factors occurring at all levels of the social-ecological framework. Actions to prevent and eliminate IPV in India demand multidisciplinary and collaborative efforts that are tailored specifically for adolescents and young women. It is imperative to protect the girls and young women from IPV; it protects the future of India.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Ler
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mathias K, Kermode M, San Sebastian M, Davar B, Goicolea I. An asymmetric burden: Experiences of men and women as caregivers of people with psycho-social disabilities in rural North India. Transcult Psychiatry 2019; 56:76-102. [PMID: 30141376 DOI: 10.1177/1363461518792728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Caring for a family member with a psycho-social disability can be both rewarding and burdensome. This study analyses the experiences of caregivers of people with psychosocial disabilities (PPSDs) in rural communities in North India using relational gender theory. In-depth interviews with 18 female and male caregivers of PPSDs probed the social, emotional and health impacts of their caregiving role. Nine themes were identified that were grouped under three meta-themes: intra-personal, inter-personal and institutional impacts. Under the intra-personal meta-theme, all caregivers experienced high tension, with women describing almost overwhelming stress. Women minimised their role as caregivers, and felt negative and hopeless about their futures, while men had a more positive view of the future and themselves. Embodied experiences of psychological and social distress were consistently described by women, but not by men. Within the interpersonal meta-theme, men experienced opportunity for social connection and social support that was seldom available to women. Interpersonal violence with other household members was described by both men and women. Within the institutional meta-theme, both men and women described strength in unity, and gestures leading to the reordering of gender relations. These findings underline the significant and diffuse impacts of a gender order that values males and disadvantages females as caregivers of PPSDs, with the asymmetry of a greater burden for women. The findings point to the urgent need for global mental health policies that support and empower caregivers and that strengthen gender equality.
Collapse
|
16
|
Pun KD, Rishal P, Infanti JJ, Bjørngaard JH, Koju R, Schei B, Darj E. Exposure to domestic violence influences pregnant women's preparedness for childbirth in Nepal: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200234. [PMID: 30048459 PMCID: PMC6061992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate if domestic violence affected women's ability to prepare for childbirth. Birth preparedness and complication readiness (BP/CR) includes saving money, arranging transportation, identifying a skilled birth attendant, a health facility, and a blood donor before childbirth. During data collection, Nepal experienced two earthquakes and therefore it was possible to examine associations between domestic violence, women's BP/CR and effects of the earthquakes. METHODS Women who were between 12 and 28 weeks of gestation participated in a descriptive cross-sectional study at a hospital antenatal clinic in Nepal, where they completed a structured questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics, obstetric history, experiences of domestic violence, and BP/CR. The 5-item Abuse Assessment Screen was used to assess prevalence of domestic violence, and a questionnaire on safe motherhood obtained from Jhpiego was used to assess BP/CR status. The participants self-completed the questionnaire on a tablet computer. Those who reported at least three out of five BP/CR activities were considered prepared for childbirth. RESULTS A total of 1011 women participated in the study: 433 pre-earthquakes and 578 post-earthquakes. With respect to BP/CR, 78% had identified a health facility for childbirth and 65% had saved money prior to childbirth. Less than 50% had identified a birth attendant to assist with the delivery, transportation to a health facility, or arranged for a potential blood donor. Prior to the earthquakes, 38% were unprepared; by contrast, almost 62% were not prepared after the earthquakes. A significant association was found between exposure to violence and not being prepared for childbirth (AOR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.4-3.9). The women with increased odds of not being prepared for childbirth were illiterate (AOR = 9.9, 95% CI:5.7-17), young (AOR = 3.4, 95% CI:1.6-7.2), from the most oppressed social classes (AOR = 3.0, 95% CI:1.2-7.6), were married to illiterate husbands (AOR = 2.5, 95% CI:1.2-5.2), had attended fewer than four antenatal visits (AOR = 2.0, 95% CI: 1.4-2.6), had low incomes (AOR = 1.7, 95% CI:1.1-2.9) or lived in rural settings (AOR = 1.5, 95% confidence interval CI:1.2-2.1). CONCLUSION The paper identifies vulnerable women who require extra care from the health system, and draws attention to the need for interventions to reduce the harmful effects of domestic violence on women's preparations for childbirth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kunta Devi Pun
- Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Central Norway Regional Health Authority, Stjørdal, Norway
| | - Poonam Rishal
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Central Norway Regional Health Authority, Stjørdal, Norway
| | - Jennifer Jean Infanti
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Johan Håkon Bjørngaard
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Research Centre Brøset, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rajendra Koju
- Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
| | - Berit Schei
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Darj
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Central Norway Regional Health Authority, Stjørdal, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dhar D, McDougal L, Hay K, Atmavilas Y, Silverman J, Triplett D, Raj A. Associations between intimate partner violence and reproductive and maternal health outcomes in Bihar, India: a cross-sectional study. Reprod Health 2018; 15:109. [PMID: 29921276 PMCID: PMC6009820 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-018-0551-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bihar, India has higher rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) and maternal and infant mortality relative to India as a whole. This study assesses whether IPV is associated with poor reproductive and maternal health outcomes, as well as whether poverty exacerbates any observed associations, among women who gave birth in the preceding 23 months in Bihar, India. Methods A cross-sectional analysis of data from a representative household sample of mothers of children 0–23 months old in Bihar, India (N = 13,803) was conducted. Associations between lifetime IPV (physical and/or sexual violence) and poor reproductive health outcomes ever (miscarriage, stillbirth, and abortion) as well as maternal complications for the index pregnancy (early and/or prolonged labor complications, other complications during pregnancy or delivery) were assessed using multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for demographics and fertility history of the mother. Models were then stratified by wealth index to determine whether observed associations were stronger for poorer versus wealthier women. Results IPV was reported by 45% of women in the sample. A history of miscarriage, stillbirth, and abortion was reported by 8.7, 4.6, and 1.3% of the sample, respectively. More than one in 10 women (10.7%) reported labor complications during the last pregnancy, and 16.3% reported other complications during pregnancy or delivery. Adjusted regressions revealed significant associations between IPV and miscarriage (AOR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.11–1.65) and stillbirth (AOR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.02–1.82) ever, as well as with labor complications (AOR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.04–1.54) and other pregnancy/delivery complications (AOR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.42–1.99). Women in the poorest quartile (Quartile 1) saw no associations between IPV and miscarriage (Quartile 1 AOR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.67–1.45) or stillbirth (Quartile 1 AOR = 1.17, 95% CI = 0.69–1.98), whereas women in the higher wealth quartile (Quartile 3) did see associations between IPV and miscarriage (Quartile 3 AOR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.07, 2.25) and stillbirth (Quartile 3 AOR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.04, 3.08). Discussion IPV is highly prevalent in Bihar and is associated with increased risk for miscarriage, stillbirth, and maternal health complications. Associations between IPV and miscarriage and stillbirth do not hold true for the poorest women, possibly because other risks attached to poverty and deprivation may be greater contributors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diva Dhar
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, New Delhi, India
| | - Lotus McDougal
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0507, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0507, USA
| | | | | | - Jay Silverman
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0507, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0507, USA
| | - Daniel Triplett
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0507, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0507, USA
| | - Anita Raj
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0507, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0507, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Arboit J, Costa MCD, Silva EBD, Colomé ICDS, Prestes M. Violência doméstica contra mulheres rurais: práticas de cuidado desenvolvidas por agentes comunitários de saúde. SAUDE E SOCIEDADE 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-12902018169293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo A violência contra as mulheres é considerada um problema de saúde pública. No cenário rural, se torna ainda mais grave, haja vista um histórico de singularidades e isolamento das mulheres. Este estudo buscou conhecer as práticas de cuidado desenvolvidas por agentes comunitários de saúde na atenção às mulheres em situação de violência doméstica residentes em áreas rurais. Trata-se de uma investigação exploratório-descritiva, de abordagem qualitativa, da qual participaram 13 agentes comunitárias de saúde. A produção de dados ocorreu através da técnica de grupo focal e de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Para a análise dos dados empregou-se a análise de conteúdo. Os resultados revelaram que essas profissionais de saúde utilizavam práticas de cuidado relacionais, como o diálogo, a escuta ativa e o vínculo, bem como aquelas relativas ao próprio contexto e ao serviço de saúde, como as orientações e o trabalho em equipe. As agentes comunitárias de saúde encontravam possibilidades de identificar e intervir nas situações de violência doméstica contra mulheres rurais. Contudo, necessitavam de qualificação, apoio multiprofissional e intersetorial para que pudessem responder de modo eficaz às demandas biopsicossociais dessa população específica.
Collapse
|