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Sender D, Hulsey B, Cañete‐Gibas C, Wiederhold N, Lee JK, Finley A, Cruz C, White ME. Disseminated Aspergillus citrinoterreus and concurrent localized dermal phaeohyphomycosis in an immunosuppressed dog. Clin Case Rep 2024; 12:e7573. [PMID: 38405361 PMCID: PMC10884524 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.7573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Key Clinical message We report on a dog with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) treated with immunomodulatory therapy that developed phaeohyphomycosis and Aspergillus citrinoterreus infections. This is the first reported case of A. citrinoterreus in dogs. It details cytological and microbiological findings leading to diagnosis and highlights the importance of investigating new lesions in immunocompromised patients. Abstract A 5-year-old Staffordshire terrier mix treated with immunosuppressive therapy for IMHA was diagnosed with concurrent disseminated A. citrinoterreus and localized Curvularia lunata infections. This case highlights the potential development of multiple concurrent opportunistic fungal infections and is the first reported case of A. citrinoterreus infection in a dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sender
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineAuburn UniversityAuburnAlabamaUSA
| | - Benjamin Hulsey
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Midwestern College of Veterinary MedicineMidwestern UniversityGlendaleArizonaUSA
| | - Connie Cañete‐Gibas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, University of TexasSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - Nathan Wiederhold
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, University of TexasSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - Jung Keun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Midwestern College of Veterinary MedicineMidwestern UniversityGlendaleArizonaUSA
| | - Abigail Finley
- Department of Pathology, Midwestern College of Veterinary MedicineMidwestern UniversityGlendaleArizonaUSA
| | - Catherine Cruz
- Department of Pathology, Midwestern College of Veterinary MedicineMidwestern UniversityGlendaleArizonaUSA
| | - Mary E. White
- Department of Pathology, Midwestern College of Veterinary MedicineMidwestern UniversityGlendaleArizonaUSA
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2
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Weissenbacher-Lang C, Grenl A, Blasi B. Meta-Analysis and Systematic Literature Review of the Genus Pneumocystis in Pet, Farm, Zoo, and Wild Mammal Species. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1081. [PMID: 37998885 PMCID: PMC10672670 DOI: 10.3390/jof9111081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A systematic literature search on Pneumocystis in 276 pet, farm, zoo, and wild mammal species resulted in 124 publications originating from 38 countries that were analyzed descriptively and statistically, for which inclusion and exclusion criteria were exactly defined. The range of recorded Pneumocystis prevalence was broad, yet in half of the citations a prevalence of ≤25% was documented. Prevalence was significantly dependent on the method used for Pneumocystis detection, with PCR revealing the highest percentages. Pet animals showed the lowest median Pneumocystis prevalence, followed by farm, wild, and zoo animals. In contrast, pet and farm animals showed higher proportions of high-grade infection levels compared to zoo and wild mammals. Only in individual cases, all of them associated with severe Pneumocystis pneumonia, was an underlying immunosuppression confirmed. Acquired immunosuppression caused by other diseases was frequently discussed, but its significance, especially in highly immunosuppressive cases, needs to be clarified. This meta-analysis supported a potential influence of the social and environmental factors of the host on Pneumocystis transmission in wildlife, which must be further elucidated, as well as the genetic diversity of the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Weissenbacher-Lang
- Department for Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.G.); (B.B.)
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3
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Johnson LR, Hulsebosch SE, Viall AK, Danesi P, Woolard KD, Cook SE, Maggs DJ, Leonard BC. Oculosystemic pneumocystosis in 2 sibling Chihuahuas. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1179-1185. [PMID: 37134072 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sibling female and male Chihuahuas were evaluated for a 9-month history of tachypnea that failed to respond to fenbendazole, doxycycline, amoxicillin-clavulanate, and prednisone. Physical examination identified tachypnea, hyperpnea, and harsh bronchovesicular lung sounds. Fundic examination disclosed diffuse chorioretinitis, manifested as multifocal chorioretinal granulomas in the female dog and occasional chorioretinal scars in the male dog. Thoracic radiographs indicated moderate to severe interstitial to broncho-interstitial infiltrates in both dogs. Serum and urine antigen and antibody testing in the female dog failed to identify infectious agents, but cytologic assessment of hepatic lymph node, liver, and splenic aspirates identified Pneumocystis trophozoites. Infection was confirmed in both dogs by 28S rRNA PCR sequencing from multiple tissue samples. The female dog responded well to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, but the male dog was euthanized because of liver failure, presumably related to antimicrobial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynelle R Johnson
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sean E Hulsebosch
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Austin K Viall
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Patrizia Danesi
- Parasitology, Mycology and Medical Enthomology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Kevin D Woolard
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sarah E Cook
- Comparative Pathology Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - David J Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Brian C Leonard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
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4
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Detection of Pneumocystis and Morphological Description of Fungal Distribution and Severity of Infection in Thirty-Six Mammal Species. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020220. [PMID: 36836334 PMCID: PMC9960768 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis spp. are thought to adapt to the lungs of potentially all mammals. However, the full host range, fungal burden and severity of infection are unknown for many species. In this study, lung tissue samples originating from 845 animals of 31 different families of eight mammal orders were screened by in situ hybridization (ISH) using a universal 18S rRNA probe for Pneumocystis, followed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining for determining histopathological lesions. A total of 216 (26%) samples were positive for Pneumocystis spp., encompassing 36 of 98 investigated mammal species, with 17 of them being described for the first time for the presence of Pneumocystis spp. The prevalence of Pneumocystis spp. as assessed by ISH varied greatly among different mammal species while the organism load was overall low, suggesting a status of colonization or subclinical infection. Severe Pneumocystis pneumonia seemed to be very rare. For most of the Pneumocystis-positive samples, comparative microscopic examination of H&E- and ISH-stained serial sections revealed an association of the fungus with minor lesions, consistent with an interstitial pneumonia. Colonization or subclinical infection of Pneumocystis in the lung might be important in many mammal species because the animals may serve as a reservoir.
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5
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Danesi P, Petini M, Falcaro C, Bertola M, Mazzotta E, Furlanello T, Krockenberger M, Malik R. Pneumocystis Colonization in Dogs Is as in Humans. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063192. [PMID: 35328882 PMCID: PMC8955813 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pneumocystis is an atypical fungus that resides in the pulmonary parenchyma of many mammals, including humans and dogs. Immunocompetent human hosts are usually asymptomatically colonised or show subtle clinical signs, but some immunocompromised people can develop florid life-threatening Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). Since much less is known concerning Pneumocystis in dogs, we posit the question: can Pneumocystis colonization be present in dogs with inflammatory airway or lung disease caused by other pathogens or disease processes? In this study, Pneumocystis DNA was detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of 22/255 dogs (9%) with respiratory distress and/or chronic cough. Although young dogs (<1 year-of-age) and pedigree breeds were more often Pneumocystis-qPCR positive than older dogs and crossbreds, adult dogs with other infectious conditions and/or a history of therapy-resistant pulmonary disease could also be qPCR-positive, including two patients with suppression of the immune system. Absence of pathognomonic clinical or radiographic signs render it impossible to convincingly discriminate between overt PCP versus other lung/airway disease processes colonised by P. canis. It is possible that colonisation with P. canis might play a certain role as a co-pathogen in some canine patients with lower respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Danesi
- Parasitology, Mycology and Medical Enthomology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (C.F.); (M.B.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-8084902
| | - Matteo Petini
- Clinica e Laboratorio Veterinario San Marco, Veggiano, 35030 Padua, Italy; (M.P.); (T.F.)
| | - Christian Falcaro
- Parasitology, Mycology and Medical Enthomology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (C.F.); (M.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Michela Bertola
- Parasitology, Mycology and Medical Enthomology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (C.F.); (M.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Elisa Mazzotta
- Parasitology, Mycology and Medical Enthomology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (C.F.); (M.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Tommaso Furlanello
- Clinica e Laboratorio Veterinario San Marco, Veggiano, 35030 Padua, Italy; (M.P.); (T.F.)
| | - Mark Krockenberger
- Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Services, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
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6
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Merrill K, Coffey E, Furrow E, Masseau I, Rindt H, Reinero C. X-linked CD40 ligand deficiency in a 1-year-old male Shih Tzu with secondary Pneumocystis pneumonia. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 35:497-503. [PMID: 33274522 PMCID: PMC7848317 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An approximately 1‐year‐old male intact Shih Tzu dog was referred to a tertiary facility with a history of progressive tachypnea, increased respiratory effort, and weight loss over a 3‐month period that failed to improve with empirical antimicrobial treatment. Upon completion of a comprehensive respiratory evaluation, the dog was diagnosed with severe Pneumocystis pneumonia and secondary pulmonary hypertension. Clinical signs resolved and disease resolution was confirmed after completion of an 8‐week course of trimethoprim‐sulfonamide, 4‐week tapering dose of prednisone to decrease an inflammatory response secondary to acute die‐off of organisms, a 2‐week course of clopidogrel to prevent clot formation, and a 2‐week course of a phosphodiesterase‐5 inhibitor to treat pulmonary hypertension. Immunodiagnostic testing and genetic sequencing were performed to evaluate for potential immunodeficiency as an underlying cause for the development Pneumocystis pneumonia, and identified an X‐linked CD40 ligand deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Merrill
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Ringgold Standard Institution - Small Animal Internal Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Emily Coffey
- University of Minnesota, Ringgold Standard Institution, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eva Furrow
- University of Minnesota, Internal Medicine Veterinary Medical Center, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Isabelle Masseau
- Department of Sciences Cliniques, Universite de Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hansjörg Rindt
- University of Missouri, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Carol Reinero
- University of Missouri, Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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7
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Giannoulopoulos G, Lobetti R. Pneumocystosis in a lurcher puppy. Med Mycol Case Rep 2020; 30:15-18. [PMID: 33014701 PMCID: PMC7522037 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A 10-month-old lurcher with history of recurrent skin problems, presented with tachypnoea which had progressively become severe. Investigations included haematology, serum biochemistry, blood coagulation profile, diagnostic imaging, bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Cytological evaluation of the BAL revealed the presence of Pneumocystis cysts. The patient was euthanased on humane grounds prior to treatment against Pneumocystosis. To the best of our knowledge this is the first case of Pneumocystosis in a lurcher puppy.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Giannoulopoulos
- Wilson Veterinary Group, 5-11 Tenters Street, Bishop Auckland, County Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Remo Lobetti
- Bryanston Veterinary Hospital, 6 Ballyclare Drive, Bryanston, Johannesburg, South Africa
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8
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Sakashita T, Kaneko Y, Izzati UZ, Hirai T, Fuke N, Torisu S, Yamaguchi R. Disseminated Pneumocystosis in a Toy Poodle. J Comp Pathol 2020; 175:85-89. [PMID: 32138848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A 1-year and 7-months-old neutered male toy poodle was presented with persistent respiratory distress, gradual weight loss and melaena. Thoracic radiography showed an unstructured interstitial lung pattern. Histopathological examination of tissues collected at necropsy examination revealed disseminated infection by Pneumocystis carinii. The organisms were detected in the lungs, lymph nodes, liver, heart, kidneys, spleen, gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. In the lungs, the organisms were present in the alveolar space and interstitial tissue, and calcified foci containing P. carinii were observed. The presence of the organism in non-thoracic lymph nodes provided evidence of lymphogenous spread. A definitive diagnosis of disseminated pneumocystosis was achieved through the use of Grocott methenamine silver staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and polymerase chain reaction for P. carinii. Depletion of cells expressing immunoglobulin (Ig)A and IgG was confirmed by IHC of lymphoid tissue, suggesting possible underlying immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sakashita
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Y Kaneko
- Department of Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - U Z Izzati
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - T Hirai
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - N Fuke
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - S Torisu
- Department of Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - R Yamaguchi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
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9
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Danesi P, Corrò M, Falcaro C, Carminato A, Furlanello T, Cocchi M, Krockenberger MB, Meyer W, Capelli G, Malik R. Molecular detection of Pneumocystis in the lungs of cats. Med Mycol 2020; 57:813-824. [PMID: 30566653 PMCID: PMC7107658 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Pneumocystis comprises potential pathogens that reside normally in the lungs of a wide range of mammals. Although they generally behave as transient or permanent commensals, they can occasionally cause life-threatening pneumonia (Pneumocystis pneumonia; PCP) in immunosuppressed individuals. Several decades ago, the presence of Pneumocystis morphotypes (trophic forms and cysts) was described in the lungs of normal cats and cats with experimentally induced symptomatic PCP (after immunosuppression by corticosteroids); yet to date spontaneous or drug-induced PCP has not been described in the clinical feline literature, despite immunosuppression of cats by long-standing retrovirus infections or after kidney transplantation. In this study, we describe the presence of Pneumocystis DNA in the lungs of normal cats (that died of various unrelated causes; n = 84) using polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) targeting the mitochondrial small and large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (mtSSU rRNA and mtLSU rRNA). The presence of Pneumocystis DNA was confirmed by sequencing in 24/84 (29%) cats, with evidence of two different sequence types (or lineages). Phylogenetically, lineage1 (L1; 19 cats) and lineage 2 (L2; 5 cats) formed separate clades, clustering with Pneumocystis from domestic pigs (L1) and carnivores (L2), respectively. Results of the present study support the notion that cats can be colonized or subclinically infected by Pneumocystis, without histological evidence of damage to the pulmonary parenchyma referable to pneumocystosis. Pneumocystis seems most likely an innocuous pathogen of cats’ lungs, but its possible role in the exacerbation of chronic pulmonary disorders or viral/bacterial coinfections should be considered further in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Danesi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Michela Corrò
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Christian Falcaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Antonio Carminato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | | | - Monia Cocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Mark B Krockenberger
- Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Services, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Clinical School, Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gioia Capelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, B22, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Petini M, Furlanello T, Danesi P, Zoia A. Nested-polymerase chain reaction detection of Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. canis in a suspected immunocompromised Cavalier King Charles spaniel with multiple infections. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2019; 7:2050313X19841169. [PMID: 31065354 PMCID: PMC6487761 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x19841169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 7-month-old Cavalier King Charles Spaniel female was referred due to a chronic cough refractory to antibiotic treatments. Laboratory findings showed leukocytosis, increased serum C-reactive protein, hypogammaglobulinemia, and decreased total serum immunoglobulin G concentration. Thoracic radiographs showed a mild bronchial pattern. Cytology of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid revealed a septic inflammation. Bordetella bronchiseptica, Mycoplasma spp., and Pneumocystis carinii were identified by polymerase chain reaction testing, and Klebsiella pneumonia was cultured from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Moreover, Escherichia coli was also cultured from urine. Pneumocystis spp. identification was done by sequencing of genetic amplicons. The dog died due to cardiopulmonary arrest secondary to a spontaneous pneumothorax on the day following the procedure. This report documents the detection of Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. canis in a suspected immunocompromised Cavalier King Charles Spaniel with concurrent pulmonary and urinary tract infections involving four different pathogens, and highlights the importance of the use of polymerase chain reaction testing to detect canine Pneumocystis spp. in cases with negative bronchoalveolar lavage cytology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrizia Danesi
- Operative Unit of Mycology, Parasitology Lab, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVE), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Andrea Zoia
- San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Veggiano, Italy
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Best MP, Boyd SP, Danesi P. Confirmed case of
Pneumocystis
pneumonia in a Maltese Terrier × Papillon dog being treated with toceranib phosphate. Aust Vet J 2019; 97:162-165. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MP Best
- Brisbane Veterinary Specialist Centre Albany Creek Queensland Australia
| | - SP Boyd
- QML Vetnostics Murrarie Queensland Australia
| | - P Danesi
- Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie Legnaro (PD) Italy
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12
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Dedeaux A, Grooters A, Wakamatsu-Utsuki N, Taboada J. Opportunistic Fungal Infections in Small Animals. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2018; 54:327-337. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Opportunistic fungal infections have long been recognized as rare causes of disease in immunocompetent dogs and cats. Recently, the escalating use of multiagent immunosuppression protocols (especially those that include cyclosporine) has resulted in an increased number of patients with opportunistic fungal infection encountered by small animal practitioners and has altered the typical case phenotype. Based on histologic and cytologic features such as pigmentation, hyphal diameter, and distribution in tissue, these opportunistic mycoses can be placed into categories such as phaeohyphomycosis, hyalohyphomycosis, and eumycotic mycetoma. This review aims to summarize the clinical presentations, methods for diagnosis, treatment recommendations, and prognosis for both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients with opportunistic fungal infections. An example case description is included to illustrate the most common current clinical presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dedeaux
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (A.D., A.G., J.T.) and Department of Pathobiological Sciences (N.W-U.), Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Amy Grooters
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (A.D., A.G., J.T.) and Department of Pathobiological Sciences (N.W-U.), Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Nobuko Wakamatsu-Utsuki
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (A.D., A.G., J.T.) and Department of Pathobiological Sciences (N.W-U.), Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Joseph Taboada
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (A.D., A.G., J.T.) and Department of Pathobiological Sciences (N.W-U.), Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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13
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Okine AAK, Chapman S, Hostutler RA, Livingston R. Diagnosis of pneumocystis pneumonia in a 2-year-old King Charles Cavalier Spaniel using the polymerase chain reaction. Vet Clin Pathol 2018; 47:146-149. [PMID: 29575136 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A 2-year-old, female spayed, King Charles Cavalier Spaniel was presented for evaluation of dyspnea, inappetence, and lethargy. Thoracic radiographs revealed a moderate diffuse interstitial lung pattern affecting the perihilar and caudodorsal lung fields, and an echocardiogram revealed severe pulmonary hypertension. A bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed, and cytology revealed mixed inflammation with cysts and trophozoites consistent with Pneumocystis. Pneumocystis infection was later confirmed with PCR. To the author's knowledge, this report represents the first case of canine pneumocystis pneumonia diagnosed antemortem with PCR from a BAL sample. Pneumocystis represents an important, but uncommon cause of afebrile pneumonia in immunosuppressed dogs.
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14
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Danesi P, Ravagnan S, Johnson LR, Furlanello T, Milani A, Martin P, Boyd S, Best M, Galgut B, Irwin P, Canfield PJ, Krockenberger MB, Halliday C, Meyer W, Malik R. Molecular diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in dogs. Med Mycol 2018; 55:828-842. [PMID: 28339756 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a life-threatening fungal disease that can occur in dogs. The aim of this study was to provide a preliminary genetic characterisation of Pneumocystis carinii f.sp.'canis' (P. canis) in dogs and thereby develop a reliable molecular protocol to definitively diagnose canine PCP. We investigated P. canis in a variety of lung specimens from dogs with confirmed or strongly suspected PCP (Group 1, n = 16), dogs with non-PCP lower respiratory tract problems (Group 2, n = 65) and dogs not suspected of having PCP or other lower respiratory diseases (Group 3, n = 11). Presence of Pneumocystis DNA was determined by nested PCR of the large and small mitochondrial subunit rRNA loci and by a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay developed using a new set of primers. Molecular results were correlated with the presence of Pneumocystis morphotypes detected in cytological/histological preparations. Pneumocystis DNA was amplified from 13/16 PCP-suspected dogs (Group 1) and from 4/76 dogs of control Groups 2 and 3 (combined). The latter four dogs were thought to have been colonized by P. canis. Comparison of CT values in 'infected' versus 'colonized' dogs was consistent with this notion, with a distinct difference in molecular burden between groups (CT ≤ 26 versus CT range (26 <CT < 35), respectively). Phylogenetic analyses showed that P. canis is specifically 'canine' associated, being separated from other mammalian Pneumocystis species, thereby confirming the accuracy of qPCR amplicon for Pneumocystis in dogs. Using qPCR, Pneumocystis DNA can be detected in specimens from the respiratory tract and a CT value can be interpreted to distinguish infection versus colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Danesi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Silvia Ravagnan
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Lynelle R Johnson
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Adelaide Milani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Patricia Martin
- Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Services, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Susan Boyd
- QML Vetnostics, Riverview Place, Metroplex on Gateway, Murrarie, QLD Australia
| | - Matthew Best
- Brisbane Veterinary Specialist Centre, Corner Keong & Old Northern Roads, Albany Creek, QLD Australia
| | - Bradley Galgut
- Australian Specialised Animal Pathology (ASAP) Laboratories, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Irwin
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paul J Canfield
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark B Krockenberger
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catriona Halliday
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, ICPMR - Pathology West, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Medical School-Westmead Hospital, Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, B22, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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15
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Schiborra F, Scudder CJ, Littler RM, Lamb CR, McConnell JF, Maddox TW. CT findings in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in five dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2018; 59:508-513. [PMID: 29577303 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is a rare disease in dogs. It is primarily reported in cavalier King Charles spaniels and miniature dachshunds with suspected underlying immunodeficiency. This case series reports the findings in five dogs (four cavalier King Charles spaniels and one Bedlington terrier) with confirmed P. carinii pneumonia. Thoracic (CT) revealed ground glass opacity of the pulmonary parenchyma with a diffuse or multifocal distribution. The severity of this pattern was variable. Less consistent imaging findings included parenchymal bands, bronchial dilation and signs consistent with pulmonary hypertension. Four dogs recovered well with treatment and there was resolution of CT abnormalities in all dogs with follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Schiborra
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - C J Scudder
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - R M Littler
- Northwest Surgeons, Delamere House, Sutton Weaver, Cheshire, WA7 3FW, UK
| | - C R Lamb
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - J F McConnell
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - T W Maddox
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
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16
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Weissenbacher-Lang C, Fuchs-Baumgartinger A, Guija-De-Arespacochaga A, Klang A, Weissenböck H, Künzel F. Pneumocystosis in dogs: meta-analysis of 43 published cases including clinical signs, diagnostic procedures, and treatment. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 30:26-35. [PMID: 29145787 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717742429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated 43 published cases of dogs with confirmed Pneumocystis infection regarding the value of clinical parameters indicating the presence of the disease as well as tools for the detection of the pathogen. The assessed parameters included clinical signs, laboratory findings, results of thoracic radiography, autopsy, histopathology, methods for the detection of Pneumocystis, as well as medical therapy. Pneumocystosis was diagnosed most often in certain breeds (Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Miniature Dachshund) with a predisposition for impaired immunity. The median age of the dogs was 1 y. Chronic therapy-resistant respiratory signs, such as tachypnea, dyspnea, and cough, along with leukocytosis, neutrophilia, and hypogammaglobulinemia, were the most frequently described clinical and clinicopathologic abnormalities. Pneumocystosis can be masked by coinfections with other respiratory pathogens, and the successful detection of Pneumocystis organisms is of major relevance. Several detection methods have been used in the past, but only a few provide reliable results. In 2017, the cytologic evaluation of Giemsa-stained bronchoalveolar lavage samples is generally used, even if sensitivity is only moderate. More reliable results can be achieved using special stains or sensitive molecular techniques. Fast and reliable detection of Pneumocystis is the essential basis for appropriate treatment and higher survival chances for dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Weissenbacher-Lang
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Clinical Pathology Platform (Guija-De-Arespacochaga), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Fuchs-Baumgartinger
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Clinical Pathology Platform (Guija-De-Arespacochaga), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Abigail Guija-De-Arespacochaga
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Clinical Pathology Platform (Guija-De-Arespacochaga), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Klang
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Clinical Pathology Platform (Guija-De-Arespacochaga), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Weissenböck
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Clinical Pathology Platform (Guija-De-Arespacochaga), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank Künzel
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Clinical Pathology Platform (Guija-De-Arespacochaga), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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17
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Weissenbacher-Lang C, Fuchs-Baumgartinger A, Klang A, Kneissl S, Pirker A, Shibly S, von Ritgen S, Weissenböck H, Künzel F. Pneumocystis carinii infection with severe pneumomediastinum and lymph node involvement in a Whippet mixed-breed dog. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:757-762. [PMID: 28548623 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717710237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 3.5-y-old Whippet mixed-breed dog was presented with a history of respiratory distress, exercise intolerance, and generalized demodicosis. Hematologic alterations included marked leukocytosis and neutrophilia. Radiographic examination showed a diffuse interstitial and mild peripheral alveolar lung pattern and pneumomediastinum. Because the cytologic examination of the bronchoalveolar aspirate was not diagnostic and a persistent perforation of the upper respiratory tract could not be ruled out, the dog was submitted to thoracoscopy, and subsequently the left cranial lung lobe as well as mediastinal and sternal lymph nodes were resected. Pulmonary pneumocystosis with spread to the thoracic lymph nodes was suspected after histologic investigation of lung and lymph nodes, which was confirmed by in situ hybridization, PCR, and subsequent Sanger sequencing. We document a rare, simultaneous occurrence of severe pulmonary and thoracic lymph node pneumocystosis with spontaneous pneumomediastinum in a dog. Definitive diagnosis was achieved through the use of Grocott methenamine silver staining, in situ hybridization, and PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Weissenbacher-Lang
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Diagnostic Imaging (Kneissl), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Small Animal Surgery (Pirker), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Shibly, Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Anesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive-Care Medicine (von Ritgen), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Fuchs-Baumgartinger
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Diagnostic Imaging (Kneissl), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Small Animal Surgery (Pirker), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Shibly, Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Anesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive-Care Medicine (von Ritgen), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Klang
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Diagnostic Imaging (Kneissl), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Small Animal Surgery (Pirker), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Shibly, Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Anesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive-Care Medicine (von Ritgen), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sibylle Kneissl
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Diagnostic Imaging (Kneissl), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Small Animal Surgery (Pirker), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Shibly, Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Anesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive-Care Medicine (von Ritgen), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Pirker
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Diagnostic Imaging (Kneissl), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Small Animal Surgery (Pirker), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Shibly, Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Anesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive-Care Medicine (von Ritgen), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarina Shibly
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Diagnostic Imaging (Kneissl), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Small Animal Surgery (Pirker), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Shibly, Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Anesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive-Care Medicine (von Ritgen), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephanie von Ritgen
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Diagnostic Imaging (Kneissl), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Small Animal Surgery (Pirker), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Shibly, Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Anesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive-Care Medicine (von Ritgen), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Weissenböck
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Diagnostic Imaging (Kneissl), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Small Animal Surgery (Pirker), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Shibly, Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Anesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive-Care Medicine (von Ritgen), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank Künzel
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Diagnostic Imaging (Kneissl), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Small Animal Surgery (Pirker), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Shibly, Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Anesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive-Care Medicine (von Ritgen), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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18
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Swann JW, Skelly BJ. Canine autoimmune hemolytic anemia: management challenges. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2016; 7:101-112. [PMID: 30050843 PMCID: PMC6055891 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s81869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia is one of the most common manifestations of canine immune-mediated disease, yet treatment regimens remain nonstandardized and, in some cases, controversial. The main reason for this, as for most diseases in veterinary medicine, is the lack of large-scale placebo-controlled trials so that the efficacy of one treatment over another can be established. Most of the evidence used for treatment comes from retrospective studies and from personal preference and experience, and because of this, treatment regimens tend to vary among institutions and individual clinicians. Management of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia includes immunosuppression, thromboprophylaxis, and supportive care measures to help prevent and treat concurrent conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Swann
- Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire
| | - Barbara J Skelly
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,
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19
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Kanemoto H, Morikawa R, Chambers JK, Kasahara K, Hanafusa Y, Uchida K, Ohno K, Nakayama H. Common variable immune deficiency in a Pomeranian with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:715-9. [PMID: 25715954 PMCID: PMC4488410 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A Pomeranian dog, 1 year- and 8 month-old neutered female, was presented with persistent respiratory distress and recurrent generalized demodicosis. Physical examination revealed cyanosis, rough respiratory sounds, multifocal alopecia and dermal erosions on the dorsal side of the forelimbs, perineal area and skin around the eyes. A severe diffuse interstitial lung pattern was observed on thoracic radiographs. The blood examination revealed neutrophilia and hypoglobulinemia. Serum immunoglobulin concentrations of IgG and IgA were low. Histopathological examination revealed severe diffuse interstitial pneumonia with Pneumocystis carinii infection. Severe lymphoid depletion was observed in the spleen and other organs with lymphoid follicles consisted mainly of CD3-positive T cells and few cells of B-cell lineage. B-cell hypoplasia with subsequent antibody deficiency was suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Kanemoto
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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20
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Ralph E, Reppas G, Halliday C, Krockenberger M, Malik R. Pneumocystis canis pneumonia in dogs. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/ma15026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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21
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Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies are congenital defects that affect formation or function of the immune system. Congenital immunodeficiency should be considered as a differential diagnosis for repeated infections in a young animal. Defects in the immune system may lead to complete or partial loss of immunity. Some animals with mild immunodeficiency can be managed with long-term antibiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C DeBey
- Hill's Veterinary Consultation Service, Hill's Pet Nutrition Inc., 400 SW 8th Avenue, Topeka, KS, USA.
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22
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McKenzie E, Lupfer C, Banse H, Hinchcliff K, Love S, Nelson S, Davis M, Payton M, Pastey M. Hypogammaglobulinemia in racing Alaskan sled dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 24:179-84. [PMID: 19925575 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum immunoglobulin dynamics have not been studied in racing sled dogs, despite hypoglobulinemia having been reported during racing events. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Hypoglobulinemia in racing sled dogs is associated with decreases in serum IgA, IgE, IgG, and IgM concentrations during prolonged exercise. ANIMALS One hundred and fifty-seven Alaskan sled dogs that successfully completed a 1,000 mile race. METHODS Serum was obtained from 118 sled dogs within 1 month before the race and within 12 hours after completing the race. Serum also was obtained after 4 months of rest from 51 dogs that successfully completed the race, including 12 previously sampled dogs. Serum total protein ([TP]), albumin, and globulin ([Gl]) were measured, and serum IgA, IgE, IgG, and IgM were quantified by ELISA. RESULTS The proportion of dogs with [Gl] < or = 2.2 g/dL was significantly greater immediately after racing (38 of 118 dogs, 32.2%) than before racing (21 of 118 dogs, 17.8%, P = .005). Four months after racing, [Gl] was < or = 2.2 g/dL in 23.5% (12 of 51) of dogs. [IgG] was significantly lower before (8.21 +/- 4.95 mg/mL) and immediately after (7.97 +/- 5.62) racing compared with 4 months after racing (18.88 +/- 5.76). Serum [IgM] and [IgE] were higher and [IgA] was lower before racing compared with immediately after racing. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Sled dogs participating in long-distance racing have substantial decreases in [IgG] in addition to decreases in [IgM] and [IgE]. The pronounced hypogammaglobulinemia observed in a large proportion of racing sled dogs might predispose them to infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E McKenzie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Oregon State University, 227 Magruder Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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23
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Abstract
Every breath holds the potential to introduce infectious organisms and irritating particulates into the respiratory tract. Despite this continuous exposure, the lungs usually remain sterile. Further, potential pathogens are distinguished from innocuous particulates, thus sparing the respiratory tract from damaging inflammation. The article reviews the complex defenses used to protect the respiratory tract and also discusses the implications of failed defense systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah A Cohn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri-Columbia College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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24
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Watson P, Wotton P, Eastwood J, Swift S, Jones B, Day M. Immunoglobulin Deficiency in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels withPneumocystisPneumonia. J Vet Intern Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02891.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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25
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Schatzberg SJ, Haley NJ, Barr SC, Lahunta A, Sharp NJ. Polymerase Chain Reaction Screening for DNA Viruses in Paraffin-Embedded Brains from Dogs with Necrotizing Meningoencephalitis, Necrotizing Leukoencephalitis, and Granulomatous Meningoencephalitis. J Vet Intern Med 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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26
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Kokron CM, Errante PR, Barros MT, Baracho GV, Camargo MM, Kalil J, Rizzo LV. Clinical and laboratory aspects of common variable immunodeficiency. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2004; 76:707-26. [PMID: 15558152 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652004000400007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is an immunological disorder characterized by defective antibody production, recurrent infections, most notably of the respiratory tract, autoimmune phenomena and cancer. Some CVID patients may also present disturbances of the cellular immune response such as a decrease in the number and proportion of different lymphocyte populations, diminished lymphoproliferative response to mitogens and antigens, altered production of cytokines, and deficient expression of cell-surface molecules. Most Brazilian CVID patients included in this study show a decrease in T and B lymphocyte counts in the peripheral blood. Furthermore, their lymphocytes are more susceptible to apoptosis following activation than normal individuals, and they have a decrease in the expression of activation molecules like CD25, CD69, CD40L and CD70. Moreover, they show a decreased synthesis of IL-4 and IL-5 in comparison with normal individuals. The increase in susceptibility to apoptosis following activation, may also be responsible for the decrease in the expression of activation molecules and CD40L, decrease in Th2 cytokines synthesis, and in the number of T and B circulating cells. In this study we discuss some of these immunological disturbances correlating them to the patients' clinical features and comparing our patients' findings to the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Kokron
- Serviço de Imunologia, Av. Dr. Anéas de Carvalho Aguilar, 155, 8 andar, bloco 3, 05403-010 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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27
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Abstract
Angiostrongylosis was diagnosed in 23 dogs presenting to the Queen Mother Hospital for Animals between June 1999 and August 2002. The animals' clinical records were reviewed retrospectively and certain risk factors were compared with a control population of 3407 dogs. Twenty-two of the 23 dogs were from south-east England and dogs from Surrey (n=8) were significantly overrepresented. There were also significantly more Cavalier King Charles spaniels (n=5) and Staffordshire bull terriers (n=5) among the affected dogs than in the control group. The median age of affected dogs was 10 months (range five to 90 months). The most common presenting signs were cough (65 per cent), dyspnoea (43 per cent), haemorrhagic diathesis (35 per cent) and collapse (26 per cent). Four dogs were thrombocytopenic and eight had significant prolongations in prothrombin time and/or activated partial thromboplastin time. Thoracic radiographs were abnormal in 18 of 19 dogs. A variety of changes were observed, the most typical being a patchy alveolar-interstitial pattern affecting the dorsocaudal lung fields. Angiostrongylus vasorum larvae were found in seven of 10 bronchoalveolar lavage specimens and 19 of 19 faecal samples. Three dogs died shortly after admission to the hospital. The remainder were successfully treated with fenbendazole at a dose of 50 mg/kg for five to 21 days. A vasorum should now be considered endemic to south-east England.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Chapman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA
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28
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MacNeill AL, Alleman AR, Franklin RP, Long M, Giguère S, Uhl E, López-Martinez A, Wilkerson M. Pneumonia in a Paso-Fino mare. Vet Clin Pathol 2003; 32:73-6. [PMID: 12833221 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2003.tb00317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A 5-year-old Paso-Fino mare was presented for severe respiratory distress. The mare had foaled 2 months prior to presentation. The horse was in poor body condition with a dull hair coat. A mild fever was noted during physical examination and increased bronchovesicular sounds were auscultated. Thoracic radiographs showed an interstitial pattern and an alveolar infiltrate with distinct air bronchograms. Moderate purulent inflammation with increased mucus was observed in tracheal wash fluid, but no infectious agents were identified. A bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) contained a large amount of mucus and reactive mononuclear phagocytes with variable numbers of intracellular fungal organisms morphologically consistent with Pneumocystis carinii. The mare had undetectable levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and decreased IgG levels in the serum. Immunophenotyping revealed decreased expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. Moderate to marked hyperplasia of type II epithelial cells was present throughout histologic sections of lung, but the fungal organisms were not observed. A culture system has not been developed for diagnosis of P carinii infection. Instead, diagnosis of P carinii pneumonia is achieved by microscopic identification of characteristic morphologic features of the pathogen. Cytologic examination of BAL fluid is the preferred method used to diagnose human infection with P carinii. In humans, the diagnostic sensitivity of cytology is significantly higher than the sensitivity of histopathologic examination of lung biopsies. The difference in sensitivity between BAL cytology and lung histopathology may also apply to the diagnosis of P carinii pneumonia in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L MacNeill
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Health Science Center, PO Box 100103, Gainesville, FL 32610-0103, USA.
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Flaminio MJBF, LaCombe V, Kohn CW, Antczak DF. Common variable immunodeficiency in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002; 221:1296-302, 1267. [PMID: 12418696 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2002.221.1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A 12-year-old Quarter Horse mare that was nonresponsive to medical treatment was evaluated for chronic respiratory disease and hepatobiliary disease. Serum immunoglobulin concentrations were measured by use of radial immunodiffusion that revealed trace to nondetectable concentrations of IgG, IgG(T), IgM, and IgA. Use of serum protein electrophoresis confirmed agammaglobulinemia by the absence of the expected peak in the gamma region. In addition, vaccination with tetanus toxoid did not result in specific immunoglobulin production. Flow cytometric analysis of blood lymphocyte subpopulations revealed the absence of B cells in blood. Immunohistochemical analysis of tissue sections revealed the absence of B lymphocytes in bone marrow and spleen, with occasional B cells in the peripheral lymph nodes. Blood lymphocyte proliferation assays revealed weak responses to pokeweed mitogen and no response to stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. Considering the age and sex of the horse, results of the immunologic tests suggested a diagnosis of common variable immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Julia B F Flaminio
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Franklin RP, Long MT, MacNeill A, Alleman R, Giguère S, Uhl E, López-Martinez A, Wilkerson M. Proliferative Interstitial Pneumonia,Pneumocystis cariniiInfection, and Immunodeficiency in an Adult Paso Fino Horse. J Vet Intern Med 2002. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2002.tb02396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Bell TG, Butler KL, Sill HB, Stickle JE, Ramos-Vara JA, Dark MJ. Autosomal recessive severe combined immunodeficiency of Jack Russell terriers. J Vet Diagn Invest 2002; 14:194-204. [PMID: 12033674 DOI: 10.1177/104063870201400302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of unexplained mortality among 33 sibling offspring of a single pair of dogs, a family of Jack Russell Terriers was investigated. Twelve pups, 5 male and 7 female, died between 8 and 14 weeks of age. Six of those animals died in the field within 50 hours following vaccination with modified live vaccines. Subsequent histopathologic examination revealed the absence of splenic white pulp in 4 dogs and hepatic inclusions diagnostic for adenoviral infection in 2 dogs. Two additional litters yielded 2 pups with the same splenic and hepatic lesions. These observations led to a detailed study of 7 siblings whelped specifically for this investigation. Four of these 7 siblings had a profound lymphopenia and a decrease in serum immunoglobulins. Six of these dogs were necropsied at 7 weeks of age, and 4 of them had marked hypoplasia of all lymphoid tissue. The affected pups had an 86% decrease in mean thymic weight, with poor corticomedullary differentiation, and very few CD3-positive (T cell) thymocytes were detected immunohistochemically. However, the affected thymic tissue stained intensely with a immunochemical stain for cytokeratin. The other affected lymphoid tissues were identified histologically only by stromal architectural characteristics. Lymph nodes lacked both CD3 and CD79a (B cell) positive cells. The analyzed breeding data were consistent with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. This canine severe combined immunodeficiency has immunologic and pathologic features similar to those observed in immunodeficient C.B-17 mice and Arabian horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Bell
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA
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Hagiwara Y, Fujiwara S, Takai H, Ohno K, Masuda K, Furuta T, Nakayama H, Doi K, Tsujimoto H. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel. J Vet Med Sci 2001; 63:349-51. [PMID: 11307943 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.63.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was diagnosed by postmortem examination of a one-year-old Cavalier King Charles Spaniel with four-week history of dyspnea. Cytologic and histologic examination of lung tissues revealed numerous P. carinii trophozoites and cysts, and P. carinii specific DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction. The dog showed hypogammagloblinemia and extremely low levels of serum IgG. It was considered that P. carinii pneumonia in this case was associated with an immunodeficient condition which has already been reported in Miniature Dachshunds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hagiwara
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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