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Radev S, Freeth M, Thompson AR. 'I'm not just being difficult . . . I'm finding it difficult': A qualitative approach to understanding experiences of autistic parents when interacting with statutory services regarding their autistic child. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2024; 28:1394-1404. [PMID: 37997851 PMCID: PMC11134976 DOI: 10.1177/13623613231212794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT Becoming a parent is an important part of adult life for many people, including autistic people. Many parents of autistic children can find getting the right support for their children difficult. Knowledge is currently poor about how this is experienced by parents who are also autistic themselves. The main researcher is also an autistic parent to an autistic child and other experts by experience were consulted in the development of the study. Ten autistic mothers with autistic children in mainstream education were interviewed about their experiences of seeking support for their autistic children from services such as healthcare and education. Participants talked about finding the overall system being the main problem, rather than the individuals working in it, and about needing to fight to get the right support for their children. These are points that non-autistic parents have also raised before. Participants also talked about feeling judged and stigmatised for being autistic, and about struggling to manage sensory and communication difficulties, which is something that has not been talked about by non-autistic parents. Improving services to offer better support to autistic families is important and can be achieved through better training. This training should be developed and run by autistic adults and focus on positive aspects of autism, rather than negative.
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Holc S, Yailian A, Pernon E, Baghdadli A. Barriers and facilitators to achieving employment in mainstream settings in adults with autism spectrum disorder without intellectual developmental disorders: A scoping review. L'ENCEPHALE 2024:S0013-7006(24)00100-3. [PMID: 38729799 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2024.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Autistic people without Intellectual Developmental Disorders (IDD) have a significantly lower employment rate compared to the general population even though employment favors social integration and quality of life. AIMS To examine the barriers and facilitators to employability in mainstream settings for autistic adults without intellectual disability. METHODS Following the scoping review guidelines, we searched the Cochrane, PubMed and PsycINFO databases for references published between 01/01/2000 to 01/08/2023. RESULTS A review of the 44 identified articles suggests the existence of multiple individual and environmental factors influencing job access and retention. CONCLUSIONS This is the first review to assess the facilitators and barriers to employment support for autistic people without intellectual disability. The results underline the need for studying strategies to promote access to employment and job retention for autistic people. Future research should explore the mediating and moderating factors leading to the improvement of employability of autistic people WIDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Holc
- Autism Resource Center and Center of Excellence for Autism and Developmental Disorders (CeAND), CHU de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre Yailian
- Autism Resource Center and Center of Excellence for Autism and Developmental Disorders (CeAND), CHU de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Pernon
- Autism Resource Center and Center of Excellence for Autism and Developmental Disorders (CeAND), CHU de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Amaria Baghdadli
- Autism Resource Center and Center of Excellence for Autism and Developmental Disorders (CeAND), CHU de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France; UFR de médecine, université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France.
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Kiehl I, Pease R, Hackmann C. The adult experience of being diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder: A qualitative meta-synthesis. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2024; 28:1060-1074. [PMID: 38360530 DOI: 10.1177/13623613231220419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT There is little research looking at the experience of individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder as adults. Adults diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder face different challenges than children, and more research is needed to better understand those challenges. For this review, autistic and non-autistic researchers looked at research on the experience of receiving a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder as an adult. We looked for themes in people's experience leading up to diagnosis, going through the diagnostic process, and living their life after diagnosis. We analyzed 24 studies and found three overarching themes that captured thirty-two themes describing the experience of diagnosis. The three overarching themes expressed issues with identity and relationships before and after the diagnosis and identified that the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in adulthood impacted people's adaptation to and assimilation (i.e. the making sense of and internalizing the diagnosis) of autism spectrum disorder. While the diagnostic process itself was confusing and disappointing for many, it often led to a sense of relief and clarity regarding past experiences and had effects on identity and self-esteem. It created opportunities to connect with other autistic individuals and to access services, though appropriate supports were widely lacking. Recommendations are made that the impact of the diagnosis on people's identity and choices about telling others about their diagnosis, and whether and how people want to make adaptations, should be discussed and thought through in the process of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Kiehl
- Massachusetts General Hospital, USA
- McLean Hospital, USA
- Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Ruby Pease
- Norfolk and Suffolk Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Corinna Hackmann
- Norfolk and Suffolk Foundation Trust, UK
- The University of East Anglia, UK
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O'Connor RA, Doherty M, Ryan-Enright T, Gaynor K. Perspectives of autistic adolescent girls and women on the determinants of their mental health and social and emotional well-being: A systematic review and thematic synthesis of lived experience. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2024; 28:816-830. [PMID: 38145308 DOI: 10.1177/13623613231215026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT Difficulties with mental health and low levels of well-being are more common among autistic girls and women than non-autistic people, but we do not fully understand why. Research does not focus enough on what autistic girls and women could tell us about this. This review aims to summarise the studies where autistic girls and women explain things that affect their mental health and well-being to help us understand how to prevent these difficulties from developing. Three research databases were searched to find possibly relevant studies. There were 877 studies found, which two researchers screened according to particular criteria. They found 52 studies that could be included in this review. One researcher evaluated the quality of these studies and extracted the key information from them. This review summarises the views of 973 autistic girls and women aged between 13 and 70+. The findings from the 52 studies were analysed, and we found many factors that affect the mental health and well-being of autistic girls and women. These factors fall into two categories: (1) difficulties living in a world not designed for autistic people and (2) the impact of stigma due to being autistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Ag O'Connor
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Republic of Ireland
- Health Service Executive, Republic of Ireland
| | - Mary Doherty
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
- Our Lady's Hospital, Navan, Republic of Ireland
| | - Theresa Ryan-Enright
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Republic of Ireland
- Health Service Executive, Republic of Ireland
| | - Keith Gaynor
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Republic of Ireland
- DETECT, Early Intervention Service, Blackrock, Republic of Ireland
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Radev S, Freeth M, Thompson AR. How healthcare systems are experienced by autistic adults in the United Kingdom: A meta-ethnography. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2024:13623613241235531. [PMID: 38465626 DOI: 10.1177/13623613241235531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT Autistic adults are more likely to experience mental and physical health difficulties, and yet can find it difficult to get the support that they need. A meta-ethnographic approach was used to review the existing research on autistic adults' experiences of accessing healthcare. Four databases were searched for qualitative and mixed-method studies which looked at the experiences of autistic adults who did not also have a learning disability when using healthcare services in the United Kingdom. Fifteen papers met the criteria to be included, and seven steps were used to analyse the information and develop new themes. Three main themes were identified: Professionals' lack of knowledge can be damaging, Need to reduce processing demands and Adaptation to improve engagement. This review highlights how damaging misdiagnosis, inappropriate treatment, overwhelming environments and systems that are difficult to access can have on the well-being of autistic adults. Limited knowledge and understanding about autism knowledge among healthcare professionals along with autistic adult's own communication and sensory differences indicate that there is a need for improved training developed with autistic adults and adaptations.
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Huang Y, Arnold SRC, Foley KR, Trollor JN. A Qualitative Study of Adults' and Support Persons' Experiences of Support After Autism Diagnosis. J Autism Dev Disord 2024; 54:1157-1170. [PMID: 36484961 PMCID: PMC9734854 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05828-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adulthood autism diagnosis has become increasingly common, but little is known about post-diagnosis support experiences and needs. We interviewed 19 autistic adults and 4 support persons on experiences of formal and informal post-diagnosis support. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to identify themes. Participants reported difficulties accessing suitable formal support, especially regarding education and employment. Informal support was helpful but created challenges in the relationships between autistic adults and support persons. For autistic adults, support from autistic peers fostered belonging and self-acceptance. We also identified complex interactions between adults' post-diagnosis identity development and support experiences as they resolved the dilemma between self-acceptance and a desire to change. Findings have important implications for services working with autistic adults and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Huang
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry (3DN), Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Samuel R C Arnold
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry (3DN), Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- The Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Kitty-Rose Foley
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry (3DN), Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Julian N Trollor
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry (3DN), Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Southey S, Morris R, Nicholas D, Pilatzke M. Autistic Perspectives on Employment: A Scoping Review. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION 2024:10.1007/s10926-023-10163-x. [PMID: 38326702 DOI: 10.1007/s10926-023-10163-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inclusive recruitment and employment of autistic adults has garnered recent attention in research and policy. To address a need to better understand the experiences of autistic adults in relation to paid employment, we asked the literature, what are the experiences of autistic individuals (from their perspectives) in competitive employment? METHODS A scoping review was conducted to summarize and consolidate the findings across research to date. A systematic search and screen of the literature resulted in 32 relevant studies. FINDINGS Key study characteristics, participant demographics, and thematic findings are shared, along with considerations and recommendations for future research and practice. Six key themes were described by autistic participants across the 32 studies: (1) accessibility of employment, (2) workplace relationships and communication, (3) role alignment, (4) sensory needs and/or mental health, (5) colleagues' knowledge and beliefs about autism, and (6) family and community context. CONCLUSION It is anticipated that the results of this review will be beneficial for stakeholders engaging in discussions and decision-making across research and employment contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Southey
- Faculty of Social Work, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
- The Redpath Centre, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Rae Morris
- School of Social Work, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Rae Morris Counselling Group, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David Nicholas
- Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Huang Y, Arnold SRC, Foley KR, Trollor JN. Experiences of Support Following Autism Diagnosis in Adulthood. J Autism Dev Disord 2024; 54:518-531. [PMID: 36409392 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05811-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore experiences of support after adulthood autism diagnosis. In this mixed-methods survey study of 137 adults, we found that most common formal supports received were counselling and mental health. Common unmet support needs were sensory sensitivities and accessing other services. Cost, lack of information, and fear of not being taken seriously were common barriers. Informal support was mainly helpful for self-understanding and emotions toward diagnosis. Qualitative findings included difficulties accessing formal support, need for practical quality-of-life supports and support from autistic peers and online communities. Based on these findings, future development of supportive interventions should address unmet needs, improve access, and explore the integration of autistic peer support and online support into formal services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Huang
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry (3DN), UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- The Cooperative Research Centre for Living With Autism (Autism CRC), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Samuel R C Arnold
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry (3DN), UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
- The Cooperative Research Centre for Living With Autism (Autism CRC), Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Kitty-Rose Foley
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry (3DN), UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Julian N Trollor
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry (3DN), UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- The Cooperative Research Centre for Living With Autism (Autism CRC), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Hickey EJ, DaWalt LS, Hong J, Taylor JL, Mailick MR. Trajectories of Competitive Employment of Autistic Adults through Late Midlife. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:265. [PMID: 38275545 PMCID: PMC10815573 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Autistic adults experience challenges in maintaining employment; however, little is known about patterns of competitive employment through late midlife. This longitudinal study examined the change in hours of competitive employment for a cohort of autistic adults over a 22-year period. The study's aims were to provide a fine-grained analysis of competitive employment patterns, to determine whether there was age-related change, and to test whether trajectories differed between those with and without intellectual disability (ID). Using an accelerated longitudinal design, trajectories of hours of competitive employment were estimated from young adulthood through late midlife in a community-based cohort (n = 341; 1327 observations). Results indicated a significant curvilinear trajectory of age-related change in hours of competitive employment, with differences between those with and without ID. For those without ID, the number of competitive employment hours increased from young adulthood until early midlife, then leveled off and decreased into late midlife. For those with ID, engagement in competitive employment was low throughout. Although competitive employment is just one option for vocational engagement, it is a goal often articulated by autistic adults who seek entry into the general workforce. The present research reveals their degree of engagement in the competitive workforce across the decades of adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Hickey
- University Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA;
| | - Leann Smith DaWalt
- University Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA;
| | - Jinkuk Hong
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA; (J.H.); (M.R.M.)
| | - Julie Lounds Taylor
- Pediatrics and Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr., Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
| | - Marsha R. Mailick
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA; (J.H.); (M.R.M.)
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Hamilton J, Finch T, Le Couteur A, Mackintosh J, Petrou A, Garland D, Parr JR. The lived experiences of relatives of autistic adults, and their perceptions of their relationships with autistic adults across multiple age-related transitions and demands: A qualitative interview study with reflexive thematic analysis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0294232. [PMID: 38241348 PMCID: PMC10798545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need to better understand autism across the life course, including the lives of both autistic people and supporting relatives. As part of a larger mixed methods cohort study involving autistic adults, carers and relatives this sub-study focused on the experiences of relatives alone to learn more about the lives of people from the wider personal networks. Our research questions were: 1. What are the experiences of family members who care for and/or support autistic adults, 2. How can the viewpoints of relatives add to what we know about transitions and challenges experienced by autistic adults, and 3. What strategies/support have been helpful for adults and relatives? METHODS Relatives of autistic adults were purposively sampled and recruited using the Relatives/Carers cohort from the Adult Autism Spectrum Cohort-UK. 18 participants aged 31-81years who were related to 16 autistic adults aged 18-57years were interviewed for 24-91minutes. Interview transcripts were examined using reflexive thematic analysis. MAIN FINDINGS Two overarching themes were developed, 'Family support goes a long way in caring for autistic adults' and 'When families turn to society for support' with subthemes. Relatives described benefits they had gained and their admiration for autistic adults. They reflected on how they gave support for independence in various contexts of dependence. They also identified the challenges that both autistic adults and families face navigating support systems (for example for healthcare and employment). An important novel outcome was the advocated value of role-models with lived experience who come from outside of the family. RECOMMENDATIONS The findings lead to recommendations for: (i) Strategies to reduce the barriers for support that are faced by autistic individuals and relatives during crisis points; (ii) recognition and support for what enables both relatives and autistic adults to function independently (e.g. funded activities, flexible employment); (iii) future planning conversations to include relatives who can enhance knowledge and help plan for future care or support needs for autistic adults and (iv) opportunities for role models (persons with lived experience, autistic adults and relatives) to inspire others and disseminate knowledge. CONCLUSIONS These findings add valuable insights into the experiences of relatives of autistic adults and challenge the reader to have greater appreciation of the many roles relatives can contribute across time and in a variety of contexts. These perspectives add important information for those working with and planning provision for autistic adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahnese Hamilton
- Research and Development, Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy Finch
- Department of Nursing, Midwifery & Health, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Le Couteur
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Joan Mackintosh
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Petrou
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Garland
- Specialised Training Team, National Autistic Society, North East England, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy R. Parr
- Research and Development, Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Cage E, Botha M, McDevitt L, King KN, Biscoe L, Tucker K, Pearson A. Diagnosis as a new beginning not an end: A participatory photovoice study on navigating an autism diagnosis in adulthood. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2024:13623613231220418. [PMID: 38230649 DOI: 10.1177/13623613231220418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT Lots of people seek an autism diagnosis as an adult, and they often say that being diagnosed can be positively life-changing, but the experience of getting a diagnosis can be difficult. We often do not hear the views of people currently looking for a diagnosis, or talk to them about how diagnosis relates to their identity. In our study, we looked at experiences of people currently seeking an autism diagnosis in the UK. We used participatory methods, where six people seeking diagnosis were included as collaborators in the research. They took part in four different sessions, where they helped to shape the research, took part in interviews about their experiences and helped to analyse the patterns in all the interviews. We also used something called photovoice during the interviews, where they could use photos to show how they felt about navigating a diagnosis. We identified four common themes: (1) everyone had experienced some form of crisis before seeking diagnosis; (2) when they realised they were autistic, they felt seen; (3) the diagnostic process and criteria were not working, and they felt judged by clinicians and (4) there was limited support available after diagnosis. In another session, we identified actions that need to be taken which have implications for policy and practice, including improving the diagnostic process and criteria with autistic people, autistic people being listened to more by people like general practitioners and clinicians and diagnosis services needing to be more flexible and appreciate different aspects of someone's identity and neurodivergence.
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Long KA, LaRochelle J, Gordillo M, Pariseau EM, DeCelle MG, Orsmond G. Siblings FORWARD: Development of a New Program to Engage Siblings of Autistic Adults in Future Planning. J Autism Dev Disord 2023:10.1007/s10803-023-06178-1. [PMID: 38117420 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-06178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The adult service system does not adequately meet the needs of autistic adults, prompting families to continue their supportive roles. Siblings frequently assume these roles when parents are no longer able to do so, often without preparation or planning. We received feedback on the proposed Siblings FORWARD (Focusing on Relationships, Well-being, and Responsibility aheaD) program concept, which would involve 6-7 individualized sessions over ~ 3 months and would facilitate siblings' proactive future planning involvement with their autistic family member. Siblings FORWARD would bolster siblings' skills, knowledge, and self-efficacy to engage in future planning with their family members. We report on perceived need for a sibling program and feedback on the proposed program goals, content, and design. Adult siblings (n = 13), autistic adults (n = 6), and service providers (n = 17) participated in individual interviews or focus groups. Data were systematically coded and analyzed using directed content analysis. Siblings, autistic adults, and service providers expressed high enthusiasm for the Siblings FORWARD concept. Participants indicated that the combination of skill-building and education would promote continued, collaborative future planning that persists after the formal program ends. They had positive impressions of the program concept, goals, content, and design, including the telehealth delivery model. Siblings and autistic adults reported wanting to participate in Siblings FORWARD. This uniform, strong enthusiasm for the Siblings FORWARD concept warrants moving forward to examine preliminary acceptability and feasibility. Ultimately, greater sibling involvement in family future planning may improve autistic adults' functioning through improved continuity of care and support across adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A Long
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Program in Clinical Psychology, Boston University, 900 Commonwealth Ave., Second Floor, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jade LaRochelle
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Newton Wellesley Hospital, Newton, MA, USA
| | - Monica Gordillo
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Program in Clinical Psychology, Boston University, 900 Commonwealth Ave., Second Floor, Boston, MA, USA
- Nemours Children's Health, Delaware, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Emily M Pariseau
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Program in Clinical Psychology, Boston University, 900 Commonwealth Ave., Second Floor, Boston, MA, USA
- Nemours Children's Health, Delaware, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Melissa G DeCelle
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gael Orsmond
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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Jubenville-Wood T, Nicholas DB, Weiss J, Cairns S. Facilitators and barriers in psychotherapy from the perspective of autistic adults: an enhanced critical incident study. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being 2023; 18:2278858. [PMID: 37979185 PMCID: PMC11000678 DOI: 10.1080/17482631.2023.2278858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A significant portion of autistic adults experience mental health challenges. Currently, the literature is incomplete when it comes to understanding the needs and preferences of autistic adults who receive therapy. This study elicited the perspectives of autistic adults, focusing on the facilitators, barriers and ways to enhance psychotherapy based on receiving this care for mental health problems. METHODS Using the qualitative, exploratory approach of the Enhanced Critical Incident Technique, eight autistic adults took part in interviews. RESULTS A total of 147 critical incidents were extracted from participant interviews and categories salient to therapeutic practice. The study identified key factors influencing therapy, such as trust and respect, practical approaches, client factors, structure of sessions, knowledge about autism, support for individualized needs, access to mental health services, and involvement of family/advocate. These factors were categorized into eight main areas relevant to therapeutic practice. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this research reveal that psychotherapy with autistic adults is analogous to performing this work with non-autistic adults, in the sense that this work too entails elements of individually tailored treatment and the reliance on common therapeutic factors. There are also differences in this work that necessitate providers having foundational knowledge about autism. Learning directly from autistic adults' insights may help to improve upon the delivery of mental health care for autistic adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David B. Nicholas
- Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathan Weiss
- Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sharon Cairns
- Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Mazurek MO, Pappagianopoulos J, Brunt S, Sadikova E, Nevill R, Menezes M, Harkins C. A mixed methods study of autistic adults' mental health therapy experiences. Clin Psychol Psychother 2023; 30:767-779. [PMID: 36708045 PMCID: PMC10372197 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Autistic adults are at high risk for co-occurring mental health problems and need access to effective and appropriate mental health treatment. However, the relative effectiveness or acceptability of specific mental health strategies among autistic adults has not been previously examined. The current study sought to gain a deeper understanding of autistic adults' experiences and preferences regarding mental health strategies using a mixed methods approach. Autistic adults (n = 303, ages 21-77) completed online surveys and open-ended questions about their mental health and therapy experiences. Most (88.8%) had participated in therapy, with cognitive approaches being the most common. Regarding overall therapy experiences, qualitative analyses revealed four primary themes and nine subthemes. Therapist acceptance and understanding were seen as critical for therapy success, and many participants felt that therapy was helpful for personal growth. However, many participants found that talking in session was challenging and noted that aspects of the session format affected their ability to engage in therapy. Regarding specific strategies, four cross-cutting themes and eight strategy-specific subthemes were identified. A variety of strategies were seen as helpful for reducing anxiety and improving mood. However, autistic adults reported trouble generalizing strategies to daily life and found some techniques to be difficult to implement due, in part, to their unique autism-related needs. As the first study of its kind, the results underscore the importance of establishing a safe and accepting therapeutic relationship, providing accommodations to support communication needs, and considering individual differences and preferences when selecting mental health strategies for autistic clients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah O Mazurek
- Department of Human Services, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Sophie Brunt
- Department of Human Services, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Eleonora Sadikova
- Department of Human Services, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Rose Nevill
- Department of Human Services, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Michelle Menezes
- Department of Human Services, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Christina Harkins
- Department of Human Services, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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15
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Wilson RB, Thompson AR, Rowse G, Smith R, Dugdale AS, Freeth M. Autistic women's experiences of self-compassion after receiving their diagnosis in adulthood. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2023; 27:1336-1347. [PMID: 36373832 PMCID: PMC10291390 DOI: 10.1177/13623613221136752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of autistic individuals' experiences of self-compassion is very limited. This study investigated autistic women's experiences of self-compassion after receiving their diagnosis in adulthood. Eleven autistic women were interviewed about their experiences of receiving their diagnosis in adulthood and their experiences of self-compassion. Systematic analysis of the interview transcripts revealed common themes in the participants' experiences. Participants reported that their autism diagnosis helped them to better understand themselves, particularly when reflecting on problematic past experiences. After receiving an autism diagnosis, participants described being able to relate to themselves with greater self-kindness compared to previous self-criticism; this included allowing themselves to assert their needs and engage in self-care activities. Participants spoke about having difficult social experiences, including feeling pressure to conform to expectations in society and often feeling misunderstood. The findings highlight the barriers autistic women face obtaining their diagnoses and demonstrate the need for autism training for professionals to support early identification. Findings from this study suggest that interventions aimed at developing self-compassion could support and enhance autistic women's well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard Smith
- Derbyshire Community Health Services, NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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16
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Ghanouni P, Seaker L. What does receiving autism diagnosis in adulthood look like? Stakeholders' experiences and inputs. Int J Ment Health Syst 2023; 17:16. [PMID: 37291614 DOI: 10.1186/s13033-023-00587-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The age of diagnosis is crucial for optimal health outcomes; however, some individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) may not be diagnosed until adulthood. Limited information is available about the lived experience of receiving a diagnosis during adulthood. Thus, we aimed to investigate stakeholders' experiences about the ASD diagnosis during adulthood. METHOD We interviewed 18 individuals including 13 adults with ASD who had received a late diagnosis during adulthood and 5 parents of individuals with ASD from various Canadian provinces. RESULTS Using a thematic analysis, three main themes emerged: (a) noticing differences and similarities, (b) hindering elements to diagnosis, and (c) emotional response to diagnostic odyssey. CONCLUSION This study adds to the literature about experiences of receiving ASD diagnosis in adulthood. Given the impact of diagnosis on individuals, it is important to minimize the barriers to ensure individuals who require ASD-related supports can access them in a timely and effective manner. This study highlights the importance of receiving an ASD diagnosis and facilitates positive health outcomes. The findings from the current study can be used to guide adult diagnostic processes and practices to help make ASD diagnosis more accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Ghanouni
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Dalhousie University, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Liam Seaker
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Dalhousie University, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
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17
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Employment Outcomes for People With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Theory Mapping of the Evidence. REHABILITATION RESEARCH, POLICY, AND EDUCATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1891/re-22-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Background:People with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are three to four times less largely to be with employment compared to neurotypical others. Theory based studies may provide helpful indicators for the design and implementation of employment supports for people with ASD.Objective:This critical review examined the extent of the evidence for theory in studies on employment outcomes for people with ASD and taking into account social inequality. For the evidence, 35 studies were selected for review if they were published in the period 2000–2016 and assessed for the association between work participation with ASD applying descriptive survey or quasi-experimental design.Methods:Studies were examined for use of any theory, including four predetermined theory types: social liminality, psychosocial, behavioral, and structural-infrastructural. They were also content-analyzed to determine if they cited any evidence of social inequality influences on employment outcomes with ASD.Findings:Results indicated that none of the studies explicitly applied and tested a theory on work participation with ASD. Rather, the majority of the studies were implicitly framed on predominantly behavioral type theory with minor elements of workplace psychosocial support theory-oriented interventions. Regard of structural-infrastructural type theory addressing social inequality is incidentally addressed by a few of the studies (n= 3) that examined family income status influences.Conclusion:In conclusion, extant studies on the association between employment outcomes and ASD are seriously limited in their explanatory value by a lack of theoretical grounding. They also neglect influences of antecedent social inequality in employment outcomes with ASD. Future studies should apply specific theory to questions on employment outcomes with ASD to provide usable evidence to inform employment support policy instruments and interventions for people with ASD.
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18
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Thompson-Hodgetts S. Reflections on my experiences as a non-autistic autism researcher. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2023; 27:259-261. [PMID: 36056606 PMCID: PMC9806471 DOI: 10.1177/13623613221121432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Thompson-Hodgetts
- Sandy Thompson-Hodgetts, Department of
Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta,
2-64 Corbett Hall, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G4, Canada.
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19
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de Broize M, Evans K, Whitehouse AJ, Wray J, Eapen V, Urbanowicz A. Exploring the Experience of Seeking an Autism Diagnosis as an Adult. AUTISM IN ADULTHOOD 2022; 4:130-140. [PMID: 36605969 PMCID: PMC9645668 DOI: 10.1089/aut.2021.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Emerging research suggests that seeking an autism diagnosis as an adult is usually difficult and time-consuming but brings relief once a diagnosis is made. This study explored the experience of the pathway to an autism diagnosis during adulthood for adults living in Australia. Methods We conducted a qualitative phenomenological study and interviewed 13 adults who identified as autistic about their pathway to autism diagnosis in their mode of choice. Spoken interviews were transcribed verbatim, and transcripts were analyzed by using a thematic approach. Results Data analysis resulted in 6 themes and 20 meaning units that described the experiences of adults seeking an autism diagnosis in Australia. These themes involved two interwoven journeys that spanned before, during, and after the diagnostic process. The personal journey involved feeling different, considering autism, and living as autistic, whereas the clinical journey involved missed opportunities, varied diagnostic experiences, and absent supports. Conclusions Given the potential benefits for adults obtaining a formal autism diagnosis and accessing post-diagnostic supports, it is important that health professionals and governments collaborate to reduce access barriers and ensure adequate services are available. The findings from this study informed the development of Australia's national guideline for autism diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew de Broize
- Queensland Centre for Intellectual and Developmental Disability, MRI-UQ, The University of Queensland The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), The University of Queensland, Long Pocket Precinct, Indooroopilly, Australia
| | - Kiah Evans
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), The University of Queensland, Long Pocket Precinct, Indooroopilly, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Australia.,School of Allied Health, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia.,School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Andrew J.O. Whitehouse
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), The University of Queensland, Long Pocket Precinct, Indooroopilly, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
| | - John Wray
- Child Development Service, Child and Adolescent Health Service, West Perth, Australia
| | - Valsamma Eapen
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), The University of Queensland, Long Pocket Precinct, Indooroopilly, Australia.,Academic Unit of Child Psychiatry and South West Sydney Local Health District (AUCS) and Ingham Institute, Liverpool, Sydney, Australia.,School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, Australia
| | - Anna Urbanowicz
- Queensland Centre for Intellectual and Developmental Disability, MRI-UQ, The University of Queensland The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), The University of Queensland, Long Pocket Precinct, Indooroopilly, Australia.,Social and Global Studies Centre, School of Global, Urban and Social Studies, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.,Address correspondence to: Anna Urbanowicz, BSc(OT)Hons, PhD, Social and Global Studies Centre, School of Global, Urban and Social Studies, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
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20
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Finch TL, Mackintosh J, Petrou A, McConachie H, Le Couteur A, Garland D, Parr JR. "We couldn't think in the box if we tried. We can't even find the damn box": A qualitative study of the lived experiences of autistic adults and relatives of autistic adults. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264932. [PMID: 35286347 PMCID: PMC8920184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autistic children grow to become autistic adults, and autism is increasingly diagnosed in adulthood and later life. This qualitative study aimed to understand experiences of autism throughout adulthood. A national cohort study of autistic adults and relatives of autistic adults (ASC-UK), enabled purposive recruitment of a diverse sample. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 29 autistic adults (aged 20-71 years), mostly diagnosed in adulthood, and 16 relatives (aged 31-81 years) of autistic adults diagnosed across both childhood and adulthood (including some with learning disability). Interview topics included health, relationships, education, employment, quality of life and everyday experiences. Thematic analysis of the accounts of the autistic adults identified six key themes relating to their experiences: (1) diagnosis as validating yet limiting; (2) supportive and non-supportive social agents; (3) the "invisibility" of the needs of autistic adults; (4) health in the context of autism; (5) staying 'outside' the circle; and (6) multiple lives with autism. Data from relatives about autistic adult experiences gave additional perspectives on these themes. Experiences reported in other studies-of 'difference' from others, challenges of social engagement, and learning to 'conform' to society's expectations-were evident and relevant to male and female autistic adults, across all age groups, and unrelated to stage of life when diagnosed. Some expressed disappointment with their lives, but others were proud of their achievements. Education and employment, whilst challenging for many, were also rewarding for some. Health care and social services were often experienced as inaccessible, inappropriate, or lacking understanding of the individual's needs. We conclude that greater public understanding of autism as experienced in adulthood is needed. Key priorities are improving the availability of 'appropriate' health and social care services for autistic adults and families, and providing practical support to enable enhanced participation in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L. Finch
- Department of Nursing, Midwifery & Health, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Joan Mackintosh
- Newcastle University, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Petrou
- Newcastle University, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Sir James Spence Institute, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Helen McConachie
- Newcastle University, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Sir James Spence Institute, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Le Couteur
- Newcastle University, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Sir James Spence Institute, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jeremy R. Parr
- Newcastle University, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Sir James Spence Institute, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Cumbria, Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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21
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Crompton CJ, Hallett S, McAuliffe C, Stanfield AC, Fletcher-Watson S. "A Group of Fellow Travellers Who Understand": Interviews With Autistic People About Post-diagnostic Peer Support in Adulthood. Front Psychol 2022; 13:831628. [PMID: 35369218 PMCID: PMC8964394 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.831628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Receiving a diagnosis of autism in adulthood can be a life changing event, impacting identity, relationships, and mental health. A lack of post-diagnostic support has been highlighted by autistic adults, their allies, clinicians, and service providers. It can be a source of distress for autistic adults, reinforcing feelings of social isolation and rejection. Peer support could be a cost-effective, flexible, and sustainable model to provide community-based support for autistic adults. However, there is little research on the value of peer support, despite calls from the autistic community. This qualitative study explored autistic experiences and needs post-diagnosis, identifying specific ways that peer support may benefit them, and exploring the limitations of peer support. Twelve autistic adults who had all received an autism diagnosis in adulthood completed a semi-structured interview focussing on the diagnostic experience, post-diagnostic support needed and provided, engagement with the autistic community, and post-diagnostic peer support. Thematic analysis of interview transcripts resulted in four themes: (1) Mismatch in support needed and provided; (2) Community connection; (3) Flexible and personalised support; and (4) Sustainability. Participants indicated that peer support may be a useful mechanism to support autistic adults’ post-diagnosis and offers unique opportunities not available through other support channels. Though informal peer support exists, it could be more sustainable and effective if well-supported and funded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Crompton
- Patrick Wild Centre, Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Salvesen Mindroom Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sonny Hallett
- The Autistic Mutual Aid Society Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew C Stanfield
- Patrick Wild Centre, Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sue Fletcher-Watson
- Salvesen Mindroom Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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22
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Bauer V, Bouchara T, Bourdot P. Extended Reality Guidelines for Supporting Autism Interventions Based on Stakeholders' Needs. J Autism Dev Disord 2022; 53:2078-2111. [PMID: 35244836 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05447-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
While Extended Reality (XR) autism research, ranging from Augmented to Virtual Reality, focuses on socio-emotional abilities and autistic children requiring low support, common interventions address the entire spectrum and focus on other abilities, including perceptual abilities. Based on these observations, this paper first addresses common practitioners' interventions, and then suggests XR use cases and guidelines to better support them. To do so, 34 interviews were conducted with stakeholders, mainly including practitioners, and then analyzed. Emerging XR use cases were compared with the findings from two former systematic literature reviews, and emerging design guidelines were compared with the findings from a literature survey that we conducted. Findings suggest that collaborative XR sensory-based and mediation approaches could benefit the entire spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Bauer
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, LISN, VENISE Team, Orsay, France.
| | - Tifanie Bouchara
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, LISN, VENISE Team, Orsay, France.,HeSam Universite, CNAM, CEDRIC (EA4626), ILJ Team, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Bourdot
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, LISN, VENISE Team, Orsay, France
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23
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Brede J, Cage E, Trott J, Palmer L, Smith A, Serpell L, Mandy W, Russell A. “We Have to Try to Find a Way, a Clinical Bridge” - autistic adults' experience of accessing and receiving support for mental health difficulties: A systematic review and thematic meta-synthesis. Clin Psychol Rev 2022; 93:102131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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24
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Westerberg B, Bäärnhielm S, Giles C, Hylén U, Holländare F, Bejerot S. An Internet Based Intervention for Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder-A Qualitative Study of Participants Experiences. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:789663. [PMID: 35002808 PMCID: PMC8729877 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.789663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Adults with autism spectrum disorder face several barriers to accessing evidence-based care, including difficulties in communicating needs, social anxiety or in traveling to a health care unit. In recent years, several forms of internet-based treatments have shown to be effective for a variety of psychiatric conditions. Internet-based treatment alternatives allow convenient and flexible formats, and therefore have the potential to increase access to health care for individuals with autism spectrum disorder. However, knowledge about how internet-based treatment features may suit the needs of individuals with autism is limited. The aim of this study was to explore the participant experiences of an internet-based intervention for adults with autism spectrum disorder. The primary focus of the investigation was on autism-specific needs in relation to the features unique to the online format. Methods: In this qualitative study, semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with 14 participants who had completed a text-based internet-based intervention for adults with autism spectrum disorder. We used an inductive approach and analyzed the data using qualitative content analysis. Results: Five main categories were identified: (1) implications of the online format, (2) the fixed non-individualized model, (3) therapist interaction, (4) interacting with other participants, and (5) making use of the treatment content. Overall, participants appreciated the availability and that they could work on their treatment independent of time or location. Among those participating in group-based chat-sessions with the other participants, it was considered a generally positive experience. Furthermore, most participants felt safe and relaxed in relation to the therapist and appreciated the text-based format. However, several participants felt that the format and content of the treatment was not sufficiently adapted to their individual life situation. Conclusion: In conclusion, this internet-based treatment constitutes an accessible and energy-saving treatment alternative for adults with autism. Further, integrating group-based components seems feasible in an otherwise individual internet-based treatment for individuals with autism. However, group-based components do require a clear purpose and rationale. Future studies should develop and evaluate treatment adaptations tailored to individual needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Westerberg
- University Health Care Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Sofie Bäärnhielm
- Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Clover Giles
- Center for Lifespan Developmental Research, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Hylén
- University Health Care Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Holländare
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Susanne Bejerot
- University Health Care Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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25
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Understanding the impact of dog ownership on autistic adults: implications for mental health and suicide prevention. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23655. [PMID: 34880277 PMCID: PMC8655007 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02504-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental health problems and suicide are more frequent in autistic adults than general population. Dog ownership can improve human well-being. This study aimed to generate a framework of well-being outcomes for dog-related activities in autistic adults and compare it to the framework generated for a general adult population. Thirty-six autistic dog owners (18–74 years old, 18 males) from diverse UK regions were interviewed and transcripts thematically analysed. 16.7% reported that their dogs prevented them from taking their own lives, mainly due to the dog's affection and the need to care for the animal. Close dog-owner interactions (e.g., cuddling, walking, dog's presence) were the most frequent activities improving emotions/moods and life functioning, whereas routine-like activities (e.g., feeding the animal) particularly enhanced life functioning. Well-being worsening was mainly linked to dog behaviour problems, dog poor health/death and obligations to the dog. Despite some negatives associated with ownership, having a dog could improve the well-being of many autistic adults and assist suicide prevention strategies in this high-risk group. The framework was consistent with that generated previously, indicating its robustness and the potential opportunity to focus on dog-related activities rather than the vague concept of “ownership” when considering the impact of ownership on well-being.
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26
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Harvery M, Froude EH, Foley KR, Trollor JN, Arnold SRC. Employment profiles of autistic adults in Australia. Autism Res 2021; 14:2061-2077. [PMID: 34374491 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Autistic adults experience a high number of job changes, reduced working hours, minimal workplace supports, and overrepresentation in entry-level and low paid positions. This study adds to the existing evidence base to guide clinical decisions and interventions for this population. This study utilized baseline data collected between 2015 and 2017 from the Autism CRC's Australian Longitudinal Study of Autism in Adulthood. The aim was to describe the employment profiles and explore factors related to employment for Australian autistic adults aged 25 and older (N = 149). Comparisons between participants and the Australian workforce were made using Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) data. Two logistic regression models were conducted to explore the association between underemployment and underutilisation with personal and environmental factors. In comparison to the Australian workforce, autistic adults were more likely to work part-time, work reduced hours and be employed at skill levels lower than their qualifications warranted. Logistic regressions reported that more autistic traits, more social supports and having workplace adjustments implemented were significantly associated with a higher odds of autistic adults being appropriately employed and/or utilized in the workforce. Results suggest that interventions implementing appropriate workplace adjustments, a supportive workplace environment, and adequate social supports may improve employment outcomes for autistic adults. All employees may benefit from workplace resources targeted toward fostering an inclusive workplace environment. LAY SUMMARY: This study aimed to describe the employment profiles and explore factors related to employment for Australian autistic adults. We compared this with the Australian workforce using data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Autistic adults with more autistic traits and more social and workplace supports were more likely to be employed and have jobs that were better suited to them. Autistic adults might have better employment outcomes if they have the appropriate workplace adjustments, a supportive workplace and adequate social supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Harvery
- School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elspeth H Froude
- School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kitty-Rose Foley
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Julian N Trollor
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Samuel R C Arnold
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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27
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Chapple M, Davis P, Billington J, Myrick JA, Ruddock C, Corcoran R. Overcoming the Double Empathy Problem Within Pairs of Autistic and Non-autistic Adults Through the Contemplation of Serious Literature. Front Psychol 2021; 12:708375. [PMID: 34385964 PMCID: PMC8354525 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.708375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research based on the needs of the autistic community has explored the frequent social misunderstandings that arise between autistic and non-autistic people, known as the double empathy problem. Double empathy understandings require both groups to respect neurodiversity by focussing on individuality across groups. This study aimed to explore how literature, through its ability to uncover nuanced emotional response differences between readers, could facilitate double empathy understandings within pairs of autistic and non-autistic adults. A longitudinal, qualitative design was used, with 4 gender-matched pairs. Participants read Of Mice and Men for 1 week, whilst completing a structured, reflective diary. This was followed by 4 one-hour paired reading sessions, where pairs discussed the book and their reflections in depth. Participants were then invited to a final one-on-one interview to discuss their thoughts and experiences of the paired reading sessions. Thematic and literary analysis of the session and interview data revealed four themes (1) The Book as Social Oil; (2) From a World of Difference to a World of Affinity; (3) Emotional Intelligence: From Thinking About to Feeling with; and (4) From Overwhelming to Overcoming. All participants reported having achieved an individualised view of one another to explore their nuanced differences. The non-autistic group reported a more sensitive understanding of what it means to be autistic, while the autistic group overcame concerns about non-autistic people stereotyping autism, and instead reported feeling valued and accommodated by their non-autistic partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Chapple
- Department of Primary Care and Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Davis
- Centre for Research Into Reading, Literature and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Josie Billington
- Centre for Research Into Reading, Literature and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Rhiannon Corcoran
- Department of Primary Care and Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre for Research Into Reading, Literature and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Remington A, Heasman B, Romualdez AM, Pellicano E. Experiences of autistic and non-autistic individuals participating in a corporate internship scheme. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2021; 26:201-216. [PMID: 34151609 PMCID: PMC8750129 DOI: 10.1177/13623613211025115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Autistic people have significant challenges in obtaining and maintaining
employment yet there remains a shortage of research in this area, especially
research directly comparing the experiences of autistic individuals to their
non-autistic colleagues in the same organisation. The present study examined the
experiences of autistic and non-autistic interns, and their managers, taking
part in a corporate internship scheme. Data were gathered via semi-structured
interviews and online questionnaires prior to, and following, the internship.
Many commonalties were identified, with both groups of interns and managers
sharing positive journeys through the internship. Specific issues raised by
autistic interns centred around impact of prior employment experiences, mental
health and communication. Compared to managers of non-autistic interns, managers
of autistic interns reported having a greater range of pre-internship concerns,
including concerns about providing the right level of support, communicating
successfully and being equitable in treatment of all employees. Structured
delegation of tasks and flexible communication were successful strategies used
by managers to support autistic interns; clear communication and more consistent
support were perceived to benefit both intern groups. The findings highlight
specific challenges experienced by autistic individuals in the workplace and
suggest effective ways to ensure that autistic interns succeed alongside
non-autistic peers.
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Halder S, Bruyere SM. Self-reported impediments at home, school, and community: autistic adults' first-person accounts of their life trajectories and derived pathways. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2021; 68:900-912. [PMID: 37113660 PMCID: PMC10127941 DOI: 10.1080/20473869.2021.1917111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Despite suggestions of strengths and abilities of autistic people, it has been an underexplored area in autism research, the primary focus of which has been on examining differences and atypicalities as deficits rather than strengths. Understanding the self-reported impediments via first-person accounts of autistic adults for facilitating the strengths is an important prerequisite for an in-depth comprehension of the unique diversities and potentialities of autistic people, and roadmap development. Methods: The study is based on qualitative phenomenological inductive thematic analysis through in-depth interviews with 10 verbally- and cognitively-able autistic adults, following purposive and snowball sampling. Results: The impediments at home, school, and communities are presented through the five inductively extracted themes. Additionally, the study proposes future pathways for fostering an effective environment to nurture the innate potentialities of autistic people via a strength-focused lens. Conclusion: The study endorses the paradox of strength and atypicalities and advocates a shift from a deficit-focused approach to a strength-focused approach of support, and promotes the neurodiverse model of acceptance and embrace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santoshi Halder
- Fulbright Academic and Professional Excellence Fellow, YTI, ILR, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Education, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Susanne Marie Bruyere
- K. Lisa Yang and Hock E. Tan Institute on Employment and Disability, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Disability Studies, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Lee GK, Curtiss SL, Kuo HJ, Chun J, Lee H, Nimako DD. The Role of Acceptance in the Transition to Adulthood: A Multi-Informant Comparison of Practitioners, Families, and Youth with Autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:1444-1457. [PMID: 33942187 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the role of acceptance during the transition process among autistic young adults, parents, and practitioners. Six focus groups were run and thematic analysis was used to identify four themes: Youth on the autism spectrum discussed transition as a time where Self-Advocacy and Self-Acceptance were salient. Both youth and parents discussed the Lack of Understanding and Acceptance they experience. Particularly, youth highlighted the lack of understanding of sensory needs and parents underscored the lack of understanding by medical professionals. In contrast, practitioners highlighted the presence of Community Openness. Both practitioners and parents discussed Finding Personal Support through Acceptance. Self-acceptance and acceptance of autism are imperative for autistic young adults and families to achieve well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria K Lee
- Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology & Special Education, Michigan State University, 620 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Sarah L Curtiss
- College of Education and Human Development, University of Delaware, 25 N. College Avenue, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Hung Jen Kuo
- Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology & Special Education, Michigan State University, 620 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jina Chun
- Department of Rehabilitation Psychology and Special Education, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1000 Bascom Mall, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Heekyung Lee
- Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology & Special Education, Michigan State University, 620 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Danielle D Nimako
- Department or Counselor Education, Emporia State University, 1601 State Street, Emporia, KS, 66801, USA
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Evans K, van der Meer L, Eggleston MJF, Taylor LJ, Thabrew H, Waddington H, Whitehouse AJO. A Survey of Autistic Adults from New Zealand on the Autism Diagnostic Process During Adolescence and Adulthood. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:771-781. [PMID: 33788075 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-04983-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The diagnostic experiences of autistic adults in New Zealand have not been investigated and little is known globally about autistic adults' satisfaction with the autism diagnostic process. This study describes the diagnostic experiences of 70 autistic adults living in New Zealand and explores how these experiences are related to satisfaction during three stages of the diagnostic process. The results show that autistic adults were reasonably satisfied with the early query and diagnostic assessment stages, but were dissatisfied with the post-diagnostic support stage, with significant unmet needs. Dissatisfaction during the post-diagnostic support stage was also related to satisfaction during previous stages and poor coordination of supports. Suggestions are made on how to improve the autism diagnostic pathway for autistic adults in New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiah Evans
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, Perth, WA, 6872, Australia. .,School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia. .,Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Larah van der Meer
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Autism New Zealand, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.,School of Education, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Lauren J Taylor
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Hiran Thabrew
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hannah Waddington
- School of Education, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Andrew J O Whitehouse
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, Perth, WA, 6872, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Prevalence of Decreased Sound Tolerance (Hyperacusis) in Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. Ear Hear 2021; 42:1137-1150. [PMID: 33577214 DOI: 10.1097/aud.0000000000001005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hyperacusis, defined as decreased tolerance to sound at levels that would not trouble most individuals, is frequently observed in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Despite the functional impairment attributable to hyperacusis, little is known about its prevalence or natural history in the ASD population. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis estimating the current and lifetime prevalence of hyperacusis in children, adolescents, and adults with ASD. By precisely estimating the burden of hyperacusis in the ASD population, the present study aims to enhance recognition of this particular symptom of ASD and highlight the need for additional research into the causes, prevention, and treatment of hyperacusis in persons on the spectrum. DESIGN We searched PubMed and ProQuest to identify peer-reviewed articles published in English after January 1993. We additionally performed targeted searches of Google Scholar and the gray literature, including studies published through May 2020. Eligible studies included at least 20 individuals with diagnosed ASD of any age and reported data from which the proportion of ASD individuals with current and/or lifetime hyperacusis could be derived. To account for multiple prevalence estimates derived from the same samples, we utilized three-level Bayesian random-effects meta-analyses to estimate the current and lifetime prevalence of hyperacusis. Bayesian meta-regression was used to assess potential moderators of current hyperacusis prevalence. To reduce heterogeneity due to varying definitions of hyperacusis, we performed a sensitivity analysis on the subset of studies that ascertained hyperacusis status using the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), a structured parent interview. RESULTS A total of 7783 nonduplicate articles were screened, of which 67 were included in the review and synthesis. Hyperacusis status was ascertained in multiple ways across studies, with 60 articles employing interviews or questionnaires and seven using behavioral observations or objective measures. The mean (range) age of samples in the included studies was 7.88 years (1.00 to 34.89 years). The meta-analysis of interview/questionnaire measures (k(3) = 103, nASD = 13,093) estimated the current and lifetime prevalence of hyperacusis in ASD to be 41.42% (95% CrI, 37.23 to 45.84%) and 60.58% (50.37 to 69.76%), respectively. A sensitivity analysis restricted to prevalence estimates derived from the ADI-R (k(3) = 25, nASD = 5028) produced similar values. The estimate of current hyperacusis prevalence using objective/observational measures (k(3) = 8, nASD = 488) was 27.30% (14.92 to 46.31%). Heterogeneity in the full sample of interview/questionnaire measures was substantial but not significantly explained by any tested moderator. However, prevalence increased sharply with increasing age in studies using the ADI-R (BF10 = 93.10, R2Het = 0.692). CONCLUSIONS In this meta-analysis, we found a high prevalence of current and lifetime hyperacusis in individuals with ASD, with a majority of individuals on the autism spectrum experiencing hyperacusis at some point in their lives. The high prevalence of hyperacusis in individuals with ASD across the lifespan highlights the need for further research on sound tolerance in this population and the development of services and/or interventions to reduce the burden of this common symptom.
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Williams ZJ, He JL, Cascio CJ, Woynaroski TG. A review of decreased sound tolerance in autism: Definitions, phenomenology, and potential mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 121:1-17. [PMID: 33285160 PMCID: PMC7855558 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Atypical behavioral responses to environmental sounds are common in autistic children and adults, with 50-70 % of this population exhibiting decreased sound tolerance (DST) at some point in their lives. This symptom is a source of significant distress and impairment across the lifespan, contributing to anxiety, challenging behaviors, reduced community participation, and school/workplace difficulties. However, relatively little is known about its phenomenology or neurocognitive underpinnings. The present article synthesizes a large body of literature on the phenomenology and pathophysiology of DST-related conditions to generate a comprehensive theoretical account of DST in autism. Notably, we argue against conceptualizing DST as a unified construct, suggesting that it be separated into three phenomenologically distinct conditions: hyperacusis (the perception of everyday sounds as excessively loud or painful), misophonia (an acquired aversive reaction to specific sounds), and phonophobia (a specific phobia of sound), each responsible for a portion of observed DST behaviors. We further elaborate our framework by proposing preliminary neurocognitive models of hyperacusis, misophonia, and phonophobia that incorporate neurophysiologic findings from studies of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Williams
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 221 Eskind Biomedical Library and Learning Center, 2209 Garland Ave., Nashville, TN, 37240, United States; Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21st Avenue South, Medical Center East, Room 8310, Nashville, TN, 37232, United States; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, 7203 Medical Research Building III, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, United States; Frist Center for Autism and Innovation, Vanderbilt University, 2414 Highland Avenue, Suite 115, Nashville, TN, 37212, United States.
| | - Jason L He
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Strand Building, Strand Campus, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Carissa J Cascio
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, 7203 Medical Research Building III, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, United States; Frist Center for Autism and Innovation, Vanderbilt University, 2414 Highland Avenue, Suite 115, Nashville, TN, 37212, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2254 Village at Vanderbilt, 1500 21st Ave South, Nashville, TN, 37212, United States; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 110 Magnolia Cir, Nashville, TN, 37203, United States.
| | - Tiffany G Woynaroski
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21st Avenue South, Medical Center East, Room 8310, Nashville, TN, 37232, United States; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, 7203 Medical Research Building III, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, United States; Frist Center for Autism and Innovation, Vanderbilt University, 2414 Highland Avenue, Suite 115, Nashville, TN, 37212, United States; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 110 Magnolia Cir, Nashville, TN, 37203, United States.
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Edelson SM, Nicholas DB, Stoddart KP, Bauman MB, Mawlam L, Lawson WB, Jose C, Morris R, Wright SD. Strategies for Research, Practice, and Policy for Autism in Later Life: A Report from a Think Tank on Aging and Autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 51:382-390. [PMID: 32361792 PMCID: PMC7195819 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04514-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been a growing interest in adults on the autistic spectrum, and more recently, the challenges related to aging in this population. A two-day Think Tank meeting, focused on aging in autism, was convened amongst international leaders in the field of autism research and practice. This meeting included a series of presentations addressing the current status of aging research, followed by discussions regarding priorities going forward. Attendees shared their thoughts and concerns regarding community services, government policies, societal perspectives and physical and mental health. The goal of these discussions was to consider systematic approaches aimed at providing meaningful supports that can ensure a quality of life for seniors on the autism spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Edelson
- Autism Research Institute, 4182 Adams Avenue, San Diego, CA, 92116, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | - Wenn B Lawson
- Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Birmingham University, Birmingham, England
| | - Caroline Jose
- Maritime SPOR SUPPORT Unit, University of Moncton, Moncton, Canada
| | - Rae Morris
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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'Conflict versus Congruence': A Qualitative Study Exploring the Experience of Gender Dysphoria for Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 50:2643-2657. [PMID: 32170540 PMCID: PMC7374476 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-04296-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An emergent evidence base indicates a higher prevalence of autism exists amongst people attending gender identity clinics. This qualitative study explored adults’ with autism experiences of coming to understand and address their gender dysphoria (GD). Data were collected and analysed using Grounded Theory. Ten adults with autism and GD undertook semi-structured interviews. A tentative theoretical framework of common processes involved in understanding and addressing GD for individuals with autism was developed. The experience is captured in the core category—Conflict versus Congruence. A key finding was the impact of autism as a barrier but sometimes a protective factor in participants’ understanding and addressing GD. Participants appeared to achieve greater personal congruence and wellbeing upon transition. Nevertheless, conflicts remained as they navigated the social world with a continuing fear of hostility and sense of difference due to having two stigmatised identities.
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Abstract
It is recognised that a high proportion of adults on the autism spectrum experience depressive symptoms. However, limited research has explored autistic peoples’ experiences of low mood and depression. The aim of this study was to explore the lived experiences of low mood and depression for adults on the autism spectrum. The study employed Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis to investigate the experiences of 8 adults (7 males and 1 female), aged between 19 and 51, who had a diagnosis of autism without co-occurring learning disabilities, and experienced low mood or depression. All participants recorded their thoughts and feelings in a mood diary for 1 week and participated in a semi-structured interview. Three superordinate themes emerged from the data: ‘Autism has made me the person I am’, ‘I can’t function in the world’ and ‘It’s like trying to do accounts on the futures market’: Making sense of emotions. Findings highlight a need for specialist mental health provision for adults who are on the autism spectrum. Limitations of this study and implications for future research are discussed.
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Marsack-Topolewski CN. A Snapshot of Social Support Networks Among Parental Caregivers of Adults with Autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 50:1111-1122. [PMID: 31848797 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-04285-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study provided a description of types and dimensions of informal and formal social support among aging parental caregivers of adult children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Parents participated in a web-based survey regarding use of and satisfaction with social support services for parents or their adult children. Results indicated that many parents participated in autism support groups (27.5%), with psychiatric services (48.8%), counseling (40.6%), and financial assistance (39.7%) the most commonly used formal social supports. Emotional support (88.8%) and informational support (67.5%) were the most common informal social supports used. Professionals who are working with parental caregivers and their adult children diagnosed with ASD should be aware of available social support services to help them find needed services.
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Clark M, Adams D. Listening to parents to understand their priorities for autism research. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237376. [PMID: 32790720 PMCID: PMC7425861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Involving the autism community in research increases the real-world translation and impact of findings. The current study explored the research priorities of parents of school-aged children on the autism spectrum across the home, school, and community settings. A combination of content analysis of an online questionnaire (n = 134) and Q-sort methodology (n = 9) was used. The most commonly identified research priorities in the online questionnaire were child health and well-being (home setting), socialisation and social support (school), and community awareness and understanding of autism (community). The Q-sort method highlighted different top priorities, with understanding the parent, sibling, child and family impact and stress the highest ranked priority for home, teacher/staff education and support for the school, and recognizing and supporting anxiety for the community. The implications of the findings are discussed in relation to shifting the framework of autism research to align research agendas with parental priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Clark
- Autism Centre of Excellence, School of Education and Professional Studies, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Educational Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dawn Adams
- Autism Centre of Excellence, School of Education and Professional Studies, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Educational Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND People with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have an increased susceptibility for many chronic health conditions compared with their peers. An increasing number of adolescents are transitioning from pediatric to adult healthcare services. Thus, being able to access appropriate healthcare services that can not only address specific needs of the person but enable them to better manage healthcare conditions and decrease the development of preventable disease is necessary. A systematic review was conducted to identify barriers and enablers of healthcare access for autistic adults. METHODS The studies included in the review were quantitative and qualitative and were published between 2003 and 2019. The participants for the review are considered to be adults (over 18 years of age) with a primary diagnosis of ASD. RESULTS In total, 1290 studies were initially identified and 13 studies were included based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria outlined in a previous protocol paper. The analysis of these studies identified areas of concern to access appropriate healthcare, such as clinician knowledge, the environment, and life events. CONCLUSION Identifying the barriers to healthcare, highlights ways healthcare services can regulate scope of practice, the physical environment, and the process of managing health conditions, thus, autistic adults can strive for optimal health. This review contributes to peer-reviewed evidence for future research and up-to-date information when developing and piloting health interventions for autistic adults. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION There are no human participants, data, or tissue being directly studied for the purposes of the review; therefore, ethics approval and consent to participate is not applicable. REGISTRATION AND STATUS PROSPERO 2018 CRD42018116093.
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Cage E, Howes J. Dropping out and moving on: A qualitative study of autistic people's experiences of university. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2020; 24:1664-1675. [PMID: 32476451 PMCID: PMC7575306 DOI: 10.1177/1362361320918750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT Many autistic people now go to university, but many of them also drop out of their studies. In fact, it is believed that autistic people are at higher risk of dropping out, but little research has been done to understand why this is happening. This research used interviews to take an in-depth look at 14 autistic people's experiences of dropping out of university. All the things the participants talked about were examined closely by the researchers who identified common themes in what the participants discussed. The first set of themes captured some overarching issues faced by autistic people, such as difficulties with getting diagnosed, a lack of autism understanding, mental health challenges and feeling like an outsider. The next themes were organised within challenges faced at university, including a feeling of culture shock, becoming disengaged from one's studies, a lack of proactive support from their university and a feeling that dropping out became inevitable. Finally, there were themes about life after dropping out, which involved a sense that the experience at university had been traumatic and shameful, but they believed people had to do what is right for them. All of these themes suggest that universities need to be better at supporting autistic people when they first come to university, and that they should actively offer clear support throughout and try and make the university environment more accessible for everyone, to ensure more autistic people have a positive university experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eilidh Cage
- Royal Holloway, University of London, UK.,University of Stirling, UK
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Improving mental health in autistic young adults: a qualitative study exploring help-seeking barriers in UK primary care. Br J Gen Pract 2020; 70:e356-e363. [PMID: 32312761 PMCID: PMC7176358 DOI: 10.3399/bjgp20x709421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autistic people are at increased risk of developing mental health problems. To reduce the negative impact of living with autism in a non-autistic world, efforts to improve take-up and access to care, and support in early years, which will typically start with a GP appointment, must be grounded in the accounts of autistic young adults. Aim To explore how autistic young adults understand and manage mental health problems; and to consider help seeking as a focus. Design and setting A cross-sectional, qualitative study. Autistic participants were purposively selected to represent a range of mental health conditions including anxiety and depression. A subsample were recruited from a population cohort screened for autism in childhood. The study concerns access to primary care. Method Nineteen autistic young adults without learning disabilities, aged 23 or 24 years, were recruited. In-depth, semi-structured interviews explored how they understood and managed mental health problems. Data were analysed thematically. Results Young adults preferred self-management strategies. Multiple factors contributed to a focus on self-management, including: beliefs about the aetiology of mental health difficulties and increased vulnerability with the context of a diagnosis of autism, knowledge of self-management, and a view that formal support was unavailable or inadequate. Families had limited awareness of professional support. Conclusion Young autistic adults without learning disabilities, and their families, may hold erroneous beliefs about autism and mental health. This may affect help seeking and contribute to an exacerbation of symptoms. GPs need to be alert to the fact that autistic young adults in their care may be experiencing mental health difficulties but may not recognise them as such.
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High-Functioning Autistic Students Speak About Their Experience of Inclusion in Mainstream Secondary Schools. SCHOOL MENTAL HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12310-020-09364-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Thompson C, McDonald J, Kidd T, Falkmer T, Bölte S, Girdler S. "I don't want to be a patient": Peer mentoring partnership fosters communication for autistic university students. Scand J Occup Ther 2020; 27:625-640. [PMID: 32180486 DOI: 10.1080/11038128.2020.1738545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background: Despite recognition of the benefits of post-school education in improving life outcomes for autistic adults their university completion rates remain low.Aim: To explore the experiences of undergraduate autistic university students participating in specialist peer mentoring (SPM) to identify active ingredients in the peer mentoring process and to examine the impact of SPM on social communication.Material and method: A total of 30 (8 female; M age = 22.3; SD = 6.7) undergraduate autistic university students engaged in SPM participated in this study. A quantitative pre-test post-test design examined changes in autistic traits. In parallel, the experiences of participating in SPM were explored through semi-structured interviews.Results: Improvements were noted at post-test on the Social Responsiveness Scale-2 total score p = 0.02), and its Social Communication, (p = 0.03) and Social Motivation (p = 0.03) sub-scales. Four themes emerged from the interviews: Developing Partnership and Understanding, Modelling and Practising Communication, Psychological Support and Grading and Planning Skills.Conclusions: These results indicated that the mentor-mentee partnership was a crucial active ingredient of SPM. This partnership appeared to modify social cognition and motivation for autistic university students through modelling and practising communication.Significance: These results demonstrate that SPM can support participation at university for autistic university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Thompson
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Perth, Australia.,School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - J McDonald
- Counselling and Disability Services, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - T Kidd
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - T Falkmer
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Perth, Australia.,School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, and Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - S Bölte
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Perth, Australia.,School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Girdler
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Perth, Australia.,School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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Hayward SM, McVilly KR, Stokes MA. "I Would Love to Just Be Myself": What Autistic Women Want at Work. AUTISM IN ADULTHOOD 2019; 1:297-305. [PMID: 36601315 PMCID: PMC8992832 DOI: 10.1089/aut.2019.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Autistic individuals experience barriers obtaining and sustaining employment. In the general population, gender also impacts labor market experiences. Understanding the occupational aspirations and expectations of individuals disaggregated by autism diagnosis and gender may assist the development of tailored workplace policies and support strategies. Methods We used inductive thematic analysis to understand the employment expectations of 89 participants (34 autistic women, 32 typically developing women, and 23 autistic men) who answered open-ended items in an online survey. Participants were ages 18 to 68 years. We identified themes and compared these by autism diagnosis and gender. Results The first major theme emerging from the data was the desire for an opportunity to have a fulfilling career (i.e., fit), with associated minor themes of job-person and person-environment fit. With no associated minor themes, the second and third major themes were desire for stable employment and low hope for finding meaningful work. Differences were apparent by autism diagnosis and not gender. Conclusions It is pertinent that autistic women have job-person and person-environment fit to thrive at work. Workplace policies and procedures influencing attitudinal, structural, and procedural change appear warranted to facilitate inclusion of autistic women in the labor market. Lay summary Why was this study done?: Autistic people have a lot of difficulties gaining and maintaining suitable work. Yet, no one has asked autistic women what they hope their future in the workforce could look like. Asking this question can highlight problems and possible solutions to help autistic women gain and maintain meaningful employment.What was the purpose of this study?: To help understand the aspirations of autistic women regarding their employment.What did the researchers do?: We asked autistic and nonautistic women, as well as autistic men, in Australia to answer open-ended questions in an online survey about work. One question was "what do you hope for your future in the workforce?" We organized people's responses into categories, or themes, which described different aspects of participants' answers. We then compared written responses of the autistic and nonautistic women, as well as the answers of autistic women and men.What were the results of the study?: Participants' responses can be described with three major themes: (1) an opportunity to have a fulfilling career that matches interests and skills in a suitable environment; (2) wanting stable employment; and (3) having low hope for finding meaningful work. Finding a job that suits interests, skills, and work preferences within a supportive environment was mentioned as vital for sustained participation in the labor market by autistic women. Although these things were also mentioned by nonautistic women, they were much more important for autistic women. Furthermore, autistic women's and men's aspirations are similar, and of equal importance to each of them.What do these findings add to what was already known?: Much is already known about the experiences of autistic men in the workplace. This study addresses and builds on the little research about the occupational aspirations and expectations of autistic women. The results of this study suggest that autistic women want an opportunity to find meaningful and stable work where they "fit in" with the freedom to be themselves. Because some similarities were found between what autistic and nonautistic women (as well as autistic men) need in the workplace, if changes affecting businesses are made to help autistic women, more people would benefit.What are potential weaknesses in the study?: This research is limited by the way information was obtained from participants, and sample characteristics; for example, the autistic women were diagnosed with autism at a younger age than the autistic men. It is a small, qualitative study from a single open-ended survey item. Obtaining participants using social media may mean people in metropolitan areas more likely participated. Furthermore, the sample was from Australia only, looked at people who identified as women or men, and did not address racial or ethnic diversity.How will these findings help autistic adults now or in the future?: Understanding the aspirations of autistic women can suggest interventions that help them succeed in the workforce. The strong desire for job-person-environment fit by autistic women could, for example, suggest encouraging more flexible workplace practices supportive of career development. Or, it could suggest creating a free, or subsidized, support service to help autistic people of all ages find work that matches (or can be molded) to suit their skills, abilities, work preferences, and environmental (e.g., sensory) needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M. Hayward
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia.,Address correspondence to: Susan M. Hayward, PhD, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood 3125, Australia
| | - Keith R. McVilly
- School of Social and Political Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark A Stokes
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
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O’Connor C, Burke J, Rooney B. Diagnostic Disclosure and Social Marginalisation of Adults with ASD: Is There a Relationship and What Mediates It? J Autism Dev Disord 2019; 50:3367-3379. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-04239-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Linking knowledge and attitudes: Determining neurotypical knowledge about and attitudes towards autism. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220197. [PMID: 31344074 PMCID: PMC6657880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
“Why are neurotypicals so pig-ignorant about autism?” an autistic person wrote on the Curtin Autism Research Group’s on-line portal as a response to a call for research questions. Co-produced with an autistic researcher, knowledge about and attitudes towards autism were analysed from 1,054 completed surveys, representing the Australian neurotypical adult population. The majority, 81.5% of participants had a high level of knowledge and 81.3% of participants had a strong positive attitude towards autism. Neither age, nor education level had an impact on attitudes. However, attitudes were influenced by knowledge about ‘Societal Views and Ideas’; ‘What it Could be Like to Have Autism’; and the demographic variables ‘Knowing and having spent time around someone with autism’; and gender (women having more positive attitudes than men). Thus, targeted interventions, geared more towards men than women, to increase knowledge about autism could further improve attitudes and increase acceptance of the autistic community.
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Abstract
Many people perceive autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as a childhood disorder, yet ASD is a lifelong condition. Although little is known about the mental and physical health issues of aging individuals with ASD, there are increasing numbers of older adults being diagnosed with ASD. Although there has been a recent "call to action" (to address lack of knowledge and the dearth of services and programs for aging individuals with autism, the authors think it is also important for those who are involved in educational programs related to gerontology and geriatrics settings to be aware of "autism aging." This term conceptualizes the demographics, person and contextual factors, and intellectual awareness of the trends and patterns of ASD as a life course challenge and opportunity for well-being and quality of life. The purposes of this article are to (1) provide a general overview of autism issues and to examine several dimensions of ASD in the context of the emergent and relevant scholarship in the adult and aging domain, (2) propose how to address the "gap" in the literature on autism and aging in terms of a conceptual model and by improving the methodology, and (3) to discuss the implications of these dimensions for educators in gerontology and geriatrics, and for those professionals who work in clinical and health care services. It is the goal of the authors to have this article represent a general introduction to ASD and to be a part of the foundation for educational awareness for educators in gerontology and geriatrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Wright
- a Gerontology Interdisciplinary Program, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah , USA
| | - Cheryl A Wright
- b Family and Consumer Studies Department , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah , USA
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Elmose M. Understanding loneliness and social relationships in autism: The reflections of autistic adults. NORDIC PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19012276.2019.1625068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mette Elmose
- Institute of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Leedham A, Thompson AR, Smith R, Freeth M. 'I was exhausted trying to figure it out': The experiences of females receiving an autism diagnosis in middle to late adulthood. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2019; 24:135-146. [PMID: 31144507 DOI: 10.1177/1362361319853442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Females often receive autism spectrum condition diagnoses later than males, leaving needs misunderstood. This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of female adults diagnosed with an autism spectrum condition in middle to late adulthood. Eleven autistic females diagnosed over the age of 40 years completed semi-structured interviews, analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Four superordinate themes emerged: A hidden condition (pretending to be normal and fitting in; mental health and mislabelling), The process of acceptance (initial reactions and search for understanding; re-living life through a new lens), The impact of others post-diagnosis (initial reactions; stereotyped assumptions), and A new identity on the autism spectrum (negotiating relationships, connections and community; changing well-being and views of the self; the meaning of diagnosis). Findings highlight several factors not previously identified that affect late diagnosis in females, including widespread limited understandings of others. Diagnosis was experienced by several participants as facilitating transition from being self-critical to self-compassionate, coupled with an increased sense of agency. Participants experienced a change in identity that enabled greater acceptance and understanding of the self. However, this was painful to adjust to at such a late stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Leedham
- University of Sheffield, UK
- Chesterfield Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | | | - Richard Smith
- Chesterfield Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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50
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Gurbuz E, Hanley M, Riby DM. University Students with Autism: The Social and Academic Experiences of University in the UK. J Autism Dev Disord 2019; 49:617-631. [PMID: 30173311 PMCID: PMC6373295 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3741-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The number of university students with autism is increasing, and it is crucial that these students can access adequate support. An online questionnaire was completed by 26 autistic students and 158 non-autistic students enrolled at UK universities to investigate social and academic experiences. Autistic students self-reported significant challenges and more mental health difficulties than non-autistic students. Significant challenges focused on the social components of university life, including social skills, social support opportunities, and levels of ASD awareness from others. Many strengths were also reported regarding academic skills of autistic university students. Importantly, there were more thoughts of withdrawal by the students with autism highlighting the need for support. These data can inform university student support services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Gurbuz
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
- Centre for Developmental Disorders, Durham University, Durham, UK.
| | - Mary Hanley
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre for Developmental Disorders, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Deborah M Riby
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre for Developmental Disorders, Durham University, Durham, UK
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