1
|
McCoy K, Moreland-Johnson A, Wade S, Quinones K, Swiecicki C, Hanson R. Therapist Participation in a Learning Collaborative on Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Impact of COVID-related Stressors and Challenges. Community Ment Health J 2024; 60:1006-1016. [PMID: 38619697 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-024-01256-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The rise in mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic amplified the need to improve access to evidence-based treatments (EBT) and necessitated changes in treatment delivery and training of mental health providers (MHPs). There is limited information on how the pandemic may have impacted MHPs' participation in training and treatment delivery. This study included 269 MHPs who participated in a Learning Collaborative (LC) focused on an EBT. Qualitative interviews conducted with 15 MHPs who participated in the LC during the pandemic identified facilitators and barriers to training participation and EBT delivery that included social support, technology challenges, and difficulty completing cases following the transition to telehealth. Quantitative results showed that MHPs in the peri-COVID cohorts completed significantly fewer cases and fewer consultation calls compared to those prior to the pandemic. Findings suggest that providing support to train MHPs and promote EBT delivery may be beneficial during times of heightened stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey McCoy
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, South Carolina, USA.
- Present Address: Milestones Psychology, 28 W. 25th Street 10th Floor, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
| | | | - Shelby Wade
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kathy Quinones
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, South Carolina, USA
| | - Carole Swiecicki
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, South Carolina, USA
| | - Rochelle Hanson
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, South Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu M, Corbeil T, Bochicchio L, Scheer JR, Wall M, Hughes TL. Childhood sexual abuse, adult sexual assault, revictimization, and coping among sexual minority women. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 151:106721. [PMID: 38479262 PMCID: PMC11104844 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared with heterosexual women, sexual minority women experience higher rates and greater severity of sexual victimization. Little is known about how childhood sexual abuse (CSA), adult sexual assault (ASA), and revictimization impact coping in this population. Few studies have examined the effects of recency, developmental stage, and revictimization on coping. OBJECTIVE To improve psychosocial outcomes following sexual victimization, it is important to understand whether different patterns of exposure differentially impact coping over time. To do so, we investigated associations between CSA, ASA, and revictimization (both CSA and ASA) and adult sexual minority women's coping strategies. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Data are from a longitudinal community-based sample of 513 sexual minority women of diverse ages and races/ethnicities. METHODS Participants reported CSA ( RESULTS High-risk (i.e., genital penetration) CSA and recent ASA were associated with more avoidant coping (compared to no CSA or no ASA). No interaction between CSA and ASA was found, but history of both CSA and ASA had a stronger effect on avoidant coping than no victimization or CSA only. CONCLUSIONS Although sexual revictimization had a stronger impact on coping than CSA or ASA only, we did not find a synergistic effect (i.e., CSA and ASA may have had stacked independent effects). History of ASA was more strongly associated with coping than CSA. Recency of sexual victimization appears especially salient to coping among sexual minority women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariah Xu
- Columbia University, School of Nursing, United States of America.
| | - Thomas Corbeil
- Columbia University, Department of Psychiatry, United States of America
| | | | - Jillian R Scheer
- Syracuse University, Department of Psychology, United States of America
| | - Melanie Wall
- Columbia University, Department of Psychiatry, United States of America
| | - Tonda L Hughes
- Columbia University, School of Nursing, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chauviré-Geib K, Fegert JM. Victims of Technology-Assisted Child Sexual Abuse: A Scoping Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:1335-1348. [PMID: 37313793 PMCID: PMC10913305 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231178754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, technology-assisted child sexual abuse (TA-CSA) has become the focus of attention in politics, legislation, society, as well as research. However, the majority of literature and studies focus primarily on the offenders. This scoping review therefore aims to illustrate how victims of TA-CSA are represented in studies as primary participants. The databases Embase, PsychInfo, PSYNDEX, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science as well as reference lists were searched. Studies needed to be published between 2007 and 2021 and obtain data directly from and about victims to be included in this review. A total of 570 articles were identified from which 20 studies met inclusion criteria. The analysis showed that data can be obtained via different samples like adult and minor victims or other data such as legal documents or sexualized images. The studies researched different types of TA-CSA including exposure to pornographic material, online grooming leading to both online and offline sexual abuse, sexting and sexualized images, and the visual depiction of sexually explicit content. Consequences due to the abuse were of an emotional and psychological nature, medical or physical or impacted relationships, and the social environment. Even though the impact of the abuse on the victims appeared to be similar between different types of TA-CSA, much remains unknown. In order to gain further and more detailed insight into victims of TA-CSA, a universally accepted definition of TA-CSA as well as its different types and their distinctions needs to be established.
Collapse
|
4
|
McCartan KF, King-Hill S, Allardyce S. Reviewing the Evidence on Sibling Sexual Behaviour: Impact on Research, Policy and Practice. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2024; 26:37-44. [PMID: 38345735 PMCID: PMC10948511 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-024-01487-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This paper reviews recent research into sibling sexual behaviour (SSB). This is an emerging professional and community issue that binds together a limited evidence base across research, practice and policy in psychology, criminology, politics, social work and policy studies. The review will demonstrate that a multi-disciplinary, life course, family system approach is the most effective way of starting to develop interventions to prevent and respond to this issue. RECENT FINDINGS SSB has previously been researched as a form of intrafamilial abuse or sibling incest. As a result of this SSB is poorly and inconsistently defined as a concept, meaning that research, practice and policy are sometimes at odds with each other and need to pull together to develop a cohesive framing of the issue. This means that a lot of older research needs to be contextualised in new emerging frames of thinking and ways of working. Current research emphasises the importance of understanding the role of the family system in creating conditions where SSB can occur and its central role in preventing and stopping it from occurring. The research also stresses the importance of professionals understanding the family context of SSB and has the confidence to identify and work proactively with families in a multi-agency and cross-disciplinary way. The prevention of, and response to, SSB requires a multi-level, multi-disciplinary approach. Successful prevention of and response to SSB are as much about the family system as it is about the attitudes, behaviours and experiences of the siblings impacted by the abuse.
Collapse
|
5
|
Fraser JM, Bradford JM, Pritchard C, Moulden HM. Childhood Sexual Abuse by Women of Boys Who Go On to Sexually Offend: Review and Critical Analysis. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2024; 26:45-52. [PMID: 38329571 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-024-01486-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Sexual offending perpetrated by women has historically been overlooked and understudied, and the potentially unique impact of that abuse is even more so. RECENT FINDINGS Women who have sexually offended against children typically do so against older boys, use little or no forms of force or coercion during the abuse, and are unlikely to be prosecuted or sentenced following the abuse. Boys whom women have sexually abused are unlikely to report or disclose the abuse that they have experienced, perhaps because social structures surrounding sexual abuse of boys by women are designed to minimize, excuse, or even encourage such sexual contact. The intersection of these unique features may help understand the role of childhood sexual abuse perpetrated by women in subsequent sexual offending among adult men. Men who have sexually offended experience high rates of childhood sexual abuse perpetrated by women. The relationship between experienced sexual abuse and subsequent perpetration of sexual abuse is neither linear nor causal; however, the characteristics associated with this form of abuse, such as non-disclosure and lack of sentencing, may contribute to adulthood sexual maladjustment and vulnerability to offending among men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Fraser
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Forensic Psychiatry Program, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, West 5th Campus, 100 West 5th Street, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3K7, Canada
| | - John M Bradford
- Forensic Psychiatry Program, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, West 5th Campus, 100 West 5th Street, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3K7, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- Division of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Chanie Pritchard
- Forensic Psychiatry Program, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, West 5th Campus, 100 West 5th Street, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3K7, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Integrated Forensic Program, Royal Ottawa Healthcare Group, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Heather M Moulden
- Forensic Psychiatry Program, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, West 5th Campus, 100 West 5th Street, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3K7, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ogden CL, Tutty LM. "Never Give Up. The Creator Has Good Things in Store for You": Risk Factors, Protective Factors, and Evidence of Resilience for Canadian Indigenous Women Abused by Intimate Partners. Violence Against Women 2024:10778012241233002. [PMID: 38374660 DOI: 10.1177/10778012241233002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Canadian Indigenous women often experience severe partner violence and child abuse, but few studies holistically examine risk and protective factors and evidence of resilience that affect their well-being. This mixed-methods secondary analysis explored the experiences of 40 Canadian Indigenous abused women. Risk factors included intimate partner violence (IPV), childhood abuse, poverty, colonization, and disability. Protective factors included formal and informal support, community support, spirituality, and childhood residence. Evidence of resilience is from interview quotes and none of the measures of depression, mental distress, and posttraumatic stress disorder was in the clinical range. Despite significant IPV and childhood abuse, the women's resilience is highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy L Ogden
- Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Leslie M Tutty
- Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li M, O'Donnell KJ, Caron J, Meaney MJ, Kobor M, D'Arcy C, Su Y, Liu A, Meng X. To what extent do social support and coping strategies mediate the relation between childhood maltreatment and major depressive disorder: A longitudinal community-based cohort. Dev Psychopathol 2024; 36:50-61. [PMID: 36102218 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579422000918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to articulate the roles of social support and coping strategies in the relation between childhood maltreatment (CM) and subsequent major depressive disorder (MDD) with a comprehensive exploration of potential factors in a longitudinal community-based cohort. Parallel and serial mediation analyses were applied to estimate the direct effect (DE) (from CM to MDD) and indirect effects (from CM to MDD through social support and coping strategies, simultaneously and sequentially). Sociodemographic characteristics and genetic predispositions of MDD were considered in the modeling process. A total of 902 participants were included in the analyses. CM was significantly associated with MDD (DE coefficient (β) = 0.015, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.002∼0.028). This relation was partially mediated by social support (indirect β = 0.004, 95% CI = 0.0001∼0.008) and negative coping (indirect β = 0.013, 95% CI = 0.008∼0.020), respectively. Social support, positive coping, and negative coping also influenced each other and collectively mediated the association between CM and MDD. This study provides robust evidence that although CM has a detrimental effect on later-on MDD, social support and coping strategies could be viable solutions to minimize the risk of MDD. Intervention and prevention programs should primarily focus on weakening negative coping strategies, then strengthening social support and positive coping strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muzi Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kieran J O'Donnell
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Yale Child Study Center, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Child & Brain Development Program, CIFAR, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean Caron
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael J Meaney
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael Kobor
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (BCCHR), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Carl D'Arcy
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yingying Su
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aihua Liu
- Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Xiangfei Meng
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Guiney H, Caspi A, Ambler A, Belsky J, Kokaua J, Broadbent J, Cheyne K, Dickson N, Hancox RJ, Harrington H, Hogan S, Ramrakha S, Righarts A, Thomson WM, Moffitt TE, Poulton R. Childhood sexual abuse and pervasive problems across multiple life domains: Findings from a five-decade study. Dev Psychopathol 2024; 36:219-235. [PMID: 36562290 PMCID: PMC10287838 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579422001146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to use longitudinal population-based data to examine the associations between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and risk for adverse outcomes in multiple life domains across adulthood. In 937 individuals followed from birth to age 45y, we assessed associations between CSA (retrospectively reported at age 26y) and the experience of 22 adverse outcomes in seven domains (physical, mental, sexual, interpersonal, economic, antisocial, multi-domain) from young adulthood to midlife (26 to 45y). Analyses controlled for sex, socioeconomic status, prospectively reported child harm and household dysfunction adverse childhood experiences, and adult sexual assault, and considered different definitions of CSA. After adjusting for confounders, CSA survivors were more likely than their peers to experience internalizing, externalizing, and thought disorders, suicide attempts, health risk behaviors, systemic inflammation, poor oral health, sexually transmitted diseases, high-conflict relationships, benefit use, financial difficulties, antisocial behavior, and cumulative problems across multiple domains in adulthood. In sum, CSA was associated with multiple persistent problems across adulthood, even after adjusting for confounding life stressors, and the risk for particular problems incremented with CSA severity. The higher risk for most specific problems was small to moderate, but the cumulative long-term effects across multiple domains reflect considerable individual and societal burden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Guiney
- Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Avshalom Caspi
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- King’s College London, Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Antony Ambler
- Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- King’s College London, Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Jay Belsky
- Robert M. and Natalie Reid Dorn Professor, Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jesse Kokaua
- Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Centre for Pacific Health, Va’a O Tautai, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Kirsten Cheyne
- Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nigel Dickson
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Otago Medical School, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Robert J. Hancox
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Otago Medical School, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - HonaLee Harrington
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sean Hogan
- Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sandhya Ramrakha
- Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Antoinette Righarts
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Otago Medical School, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | | | - Terrie E. Moffitt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- King’s College London, Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Richie Poulton
- Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Woolweaver AB, Abu Khalaf N, Espelage DL, Zhou Z, Reynoso Marmolejos R, Calnan M, Mirsen R. Outcomes Associated with Adolescent Dating and Sexual Violence Victimization: A Systematic Review of School-Based Literature. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024:15248380241226618. [PMID: 38265028 DOI: 10.1177/15248380241226618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Dating and sexual violence (DSV) is a common occurrence among school aged youth and has been associated with numerous harmful long-term outcomes. The goal of this article is to better understand the range of outcomes associated with DSV during youth and adolescence. This systematic review consists of 28 school-based studies from 20 journals discussing outcomes of youth experiences of DSV. Results demonstrate significant associations between DSV victimization and mental health symptoms, substance use, sexual health, academic, and social outcomes. To better understand this issue, this article recommends that schools offer additional training for staff on recognizing DSV. Additionally, improved research is needed in this area including surveys that are inclusive of diverse student identities and include more comprehensive measures of DSV, and additional research on DSV explicitly focused on minoritized groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ziyi Zhou
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | | | - Mary Calnan
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Rachel Mirsen
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bloch MS, Høgenhaug SS, Bols Thomsen JB. Attachment and mentalization among survivors of sexual abuse: A questionnaire survey. Bull Menninger Clin 2024; 88:3-28. [PMID: 38527105 DOI: 10.1521/bumc.2024.88.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Knowledge of the long-term consequences of child sexual abuse (CSA) is crucial to further develop preventive strategies and treatment programs. The aim of this study is to investigate attachment and mentalizing ability in people who have experienced CSA. Attachment style, measured with the Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures Questionnaire (ECR-RS), and mentalization, measured with the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ), were examined through a quantitative questionnaire survey in a sample of 49 individuals who had experienced CSA, and a control group of 612 with no history of CSA. The CSA group was, to a greater extent, identified with insecure attachment style. In addition, participants with insecure attachment were more likely to use hypomentalizing compared to individuals identified with a secure attachment. No significant association was found between attachment style and the relationship between the victim and the offender or the length of traumatic episodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stine Steen Høgenhaug
- Outpatient Clinic of Anxiety Disorders and Personality Disorders, Brønderslev Psychiatric Hospital, Brønderslev, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kaniuka AR, Bowling J, Wright S, Dahl AA, Basinger ED, Benson JK, Stambaugh R, Cramer RJ. Psychometric Properties of the Brief Resilience Scale Among Alternative Sexuality Community Members. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:11870-11889. [PMID: 37482810 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231188055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Assessing resilience among alternative sexuality (alt-sex; e.g., kink, polyamory) community members is imperative as alt-sex individuals often face discrimination and possess intersecting marginalized identities. The Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) has extensive psychometric support; however, prior research indicates both a one- and two-factor (i.e., succumbing and resilience) structure. Further, the psychometric properties of the BRS have not been examined among alt-sex community members. As such, the current study examined the BRS factor structure among alt-sex individuals and measurement invariance across demographic groups (i.e., sexual orientation, gender identity, and sexual assault history). Confirmatory factor analyses and multi-groups invariance analyses were conducted. The two-factor BRS model demonstrated better fit to the data. Model fit did not differ by sexual orientation or gender identity. Measurement invariance was observed by lifetime sexual assault history, with higher factor loadings on succumbing items among alt-sex community members with a lifetime history of sexual assault. Our findings support use of the BRS to measure resilience among alt-sex individuals. Succumbing, or weakened resilience, is a salient factor for alt-sex community members who are sexual assault survivors, warranting further attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Susan Wright
- National Coalition for Sexual Freedom, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jouriles EN, Sitton MJ, Rancher C, Jackson M, McDonald R. Associations of caregiver-adolescent conflict and caregiver emotional support with adolescent trauma symptoms and adjustment after sexual abuse. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 146:106488. [PMID: 37832247 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotional support from a caregiver is believed to be important for reducing the likelihood of adolescent trauma symptoms and adjustment problems after sexual abuse. Conflict with a caregiver, another relational dynamic, is very common during adolescence, but little is known about how it might operate in tandem with emotional support to influence adolescent trauma symptoms and adjustment after sexual abuse. OBJECTIVE To better understand how caregiver emotional support and caregiver-adolescent conflict jointly contribute to adolescent trauma symptoms and adjustment after sexual abuse. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Participants were 477 adolescents (Mage = 13.59, SD = 1.77) and a non-offending caregiver presenting at a children's advocacy center. METHODS Adolescents completed measures of caregiver-adolescent conflict, caregiver emotional support, and their own trauma symptoms and adjustment. Caregivers completed a measure of adolescent adjustment. RESULTS Caregiver-adolescent conflict and caregiver emotional support each correlated in the expected direction with adolescent trauma symptoms and adjustment (conflict correlations ranged from 0.27 to 0.38, all p values ≤.001; support correlations ranged from -0.15 to -0.21, all p values ≤.01). Regression analyses, which simultaneously considered conflict and support, indicated that conflict related to adolescent trauma symptoms and each of the measures of adolescent adjustment, whereas caregiver emotional support contributed to caregiver reports of adolescent adjustment. Caregiver-adolescent conflict did not moderate any of the relations between caregiver emotional support and adolescent trauma symptoms or adjustment. CONCLUSIONS In the aftermath of sexual abuse, caregiver-adolescent conflict contributes to adolescent trauma symptoms and adjustment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ernest N Jouriles
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, P.O. Box 750442, Dallas, TX 75275-0442, USA.
| | - Melissa J Sitton
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, P.O. Box 750442, Dallas, TX 75275-0442, USA
| | - Caitlin Rancher
- National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, 2nd Fl. IOP S., MSC861, Charleston, SC 29425-8610, USA
| | - Mindy Jackson
- Dallas Children's Advocacy Center, 5351 Samuell Blvd., Dallas, TX 75228, USA
| | - Renee McDonald
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, P.O. Box 750442, Dallas, TX 75275-0442, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cunnington C. 'They would rather not have known and me kept my mouth shut': The role of neutralisation in responding to the disclosure of childhood sexual abuse. QUALITATIVE SOCIAL WORK : QSW : RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2023; 22:1157-1174. [PMID: 37969948 PMCID: PMC10638087 DOI: 10.1177/14733250221124300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
There is a well-established literature examining how perpetrators of child sexual abuse (CSA) neutralise the norms and beliefs that ordinarily prohibit such behaviours. However, there has been substantially less focus on how such techniques of neutralisation might also be applied by people and groups who were not directly involved in the abuse, who we might expect to be more supportive. Drawing on a thematic analysis of an open-ended survey (n=140) and semi-structured interviews (n=21) with adults who experienced childhood sexual abuse this paper examines societal responses to disclosure. Identifying three key techniques of neutralisation, it explores how families, professionals and institutions use wider discourses that deny the victim/survivor, deny or minimise harm and silence by appealing to loyalty. The results demonstrate how significant others can constrain, rather than support, the process of disclosure and recovering from CSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Cunnington
- Department of Sociological Studies, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Moorman J, Romano E. The experience of childhood sexual abuse: An exploratory description of psychological and adaptive functioning in Canadian men. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 145:106402. [PMID: 37603934 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) affects a number of men yet knowledge gaps remain around comprehensively describing psychological and adaptive outcomes for this population. OBJECTIVE Examine how a Canadian sample of men with and without CSA histories compares on broader areas of psychological and adaptive functioning. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING This exploratory study included 109 adult men aged 25-60 years who were grouped according to whether they experienced CSA (n = 69) or not (n = 40). Participants were recruited from Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. METHOD Using a multi-method approach, we conducted an exploratory and comprehensive examination of how CSA contributes to various areas of psychological (e.g., depression, anxiety, stress, dissociation, anger, PTSD) and adaptive functioning (e.g., friendship quality, employment) using self-report and clinician-administered measures. RESULTS CSA men were an average of 8.5 years old at abuse onset. Most (62.3 %) had disclosed their CSA experience, waiting an average of 13.6 years before disclosure. After controlling for covariates (i.e., other types of maltreatment, non-maltreatment adversities, education, income), results indicated a significant association between CSA and men's psychological functioning, but not their adaptive functioning. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight the importance of broadening our understanding of how the experience of CSA, controlling for important covariates, can contribute to the well-being of men in order to better respond to their psychological needs.
Collapse
|
15
|
Wen L, Yang K, Chen J, He L, Xiu M, Qu M. Associations between resilience and symptoms of depression and anxiety among adolescents: Examining the moderating effects of family environment. J Affect Disord 2023; 340:703-710. [PMID: 37582465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Depressive and anxiety symptoms in adolescents have experienced increase their risk of peripheral mental health and social problems. For adolescents, the role of family environmental factors should be taken into consideration. This study aimed to explore the association between resilience and depressive and anxiety symptoms in adolescents and to extend the findings by examining the moderating effects of family environment. A total of 35,573 adolescents in middle schools were recruited in China. Childhood abuse, resilience, and symptoms of depression and anxiety were evaluated in adolescents. We found a significant association between resilience and symptoms of depression and anxiety [OR = 0.976 (0.975-0.978), P < 0.001; OR = 0.980 (0.978-0.981), P < 0.001]. The adjusted ORs (95 % CIs) for mental health across the categories of resilience were as follows: 1 (reference) for low resilience, 0.660 (0.620-0.703) for medium resilience, 0.309 (0.286-0.333) for high resilience. The relationship between resilience and depressive symptoms was stronger for girls, non-only children, and those without child abuse experience compared to boys, only child, and those with child abuse experience (all p < 0.05). Our findings of a nationally representative sample in China suggest that gender, only child, parent-child relationship and child abuse moderated the relationship between resilience and symptoms of depression and anxiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Wen
- Neurology Department, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Evidence-based Department, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianghe Chen
- Neurology Department, Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Liqing He
- Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Meihong Xiu
- Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Miao Qu
- Neurology Department, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fayaz I. Factors Associated with Growth in Sexual Violence Survivors: A Systematic Scoping Review. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2023; 50:63-75. [PMID: 37724791 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2023.2256721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Sexual violence has been defined as any sexual act perpetrated against someone's will. Sexual violence has many negative consequences for the victims. The most prevalent mental health issue in victims is posttraumatic stress disorder. However, a new trend in positive psychology suggests that many survivors of traumatic events, in addition to negative repercussions, adapt and develop positive personal changes, i.e., Posttraumatic growth (PTG), to mitigate their impact. This review explores the literature on posttraumatic growth among survivors of sexual violence. The review follows 5 stages of Arksey and O'Malley's framework of scoping review. 6 databases were searched using indexed terms. Approximately 65 articles were initially identified and evaluated in the preliminary search using the specified keywords. Of those retrieved, 16 met the criteria and were included in this study. Posttraumatic stress, Control over Recovery, Social Support, and Spirituality/Religiosity were the significant factors for PTG. The results suggest that fostering social support, spirituality, and a sense of control over recovery can facilitate PTG, highlighting the importance of holistic approaches in promoting resilience after trauma. Implications for practice, policy, and future directions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Fayaz
- School of Liberal Arts and Humanities, Woxsen University, Telangana, India
- Jindal Institute of Behavioural Sciences, OP Jindal Global University, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Stewart SL, Dave HP, Lapshina N. Family dynamics, trauma, and child-related characteristics: examining factors associated with co-occurring mental health problems in clinically-referred children with and without an intellectual (and developmental) disability. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES : JOID 2023; 27:701-714. [PMID: 35584277 DOI: 10.1177/17446295221093967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are common in youth with intellectual and developmental disabilities. This is a vulnerable group of children whose behavioural problems often have more complicated care needs than other children, which can place a great deal of stress on their families. However, the association of family mental health issues, level of intellectual ability, and diagnostic co-morbidity in children is relatively under-studied. In the present study, we investigated the relationship among child diagnoses, family mental health problems, risk for self-injury, and disruption in care among children with (N = 517) and without (N = 517) intellectual and developmental disabilities. A negative binomial regression showed that mental health problems in multiple family members, self-injurious behaviour, and self-reported abuse/trauma was related to greater likelihood of provisional diagnoses of co-occurring psychiatric disorders in both a clinically referred sample and a sample with IDD. Implications for care-planning are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiten P Dave
- Faculty of Education, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Švecová J, Furstova J, Kaščáková N, Hašto J, Tavel P. The effect of childhood trauma and resilience on psychopathology in adulthood: Does bullying moderate the associations? BMC Psychol 2023; 11:230. [PMID: 37568213 PMCID: PMC10422767 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01270-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to traumatic events in childhood, including bullying, can negatively affect physical and mental health in adulthood. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of bullying in different sociodemographic groups of the Slovak Republic and to assess the moderating effect of bullying on the associations between childhood trauma, resilience, and the later occurrence of psychopathology. METHODS For the analyses, a representative sample of the population of the Slovak Republic was used (N = 1018, mean age 46.24 years, 48.7% of men). Multivariate linear regression models were used to investigate the predictive ability of childhood trauma (The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, CTQ) and resilience (The Brief Resilience Scale, BRS) to explain psychopathology (The Brief Symptom Inventory, BSI-53). Bullying (The Adverse Childhood Experiences - International Questionnaire, ACE-IQ) was used as a moderator. RESULTS In total, 13.5% of respondents have experienced bullying. The most common form of bullying was making fun of someone because of how their body or face looked (46.7%) and excluding someone from activities or ignoring them (36.5%). Higher scores in all types of psychopathology and the Global Severity Index (GSI) were significantly associated with higher scores of emotional and sexual abuse, and some of them with physical neglect. The protective effect of resilience was moderated by bullying in several types of psychopathology, specifically in somatization, obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, psychoticism, and the GSI. CONCLUSION Understanding the links between childhood trauma, bullying, and later psychopathology can help professionals target policies, resources, and interventions to support children and families at risk. Every child should feel accepted and safe at home and school.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Švecová
- Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacky University Olomouc, Univerzitni 22, Olomouc, 77111, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Furstova
- Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacky University Olomouc, Univerzitni 22, Olomouc, 77111, Czech Republic
| | - Natália Kaščáková
- Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacky University Olomouc, Univerzitni 22, Olomouc, 77111, Czech Republic
- Psychiatric-Psychotherapeutic Outpatient Clinic, Heydukova 27, Bratislava, 81108, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Hašto
- Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacky University Olomouc, Univerzitni 22, Olomouc, 77111, Czech Republic
- Psychiatric-Psychotherapeutic Outpatient Clinic, Heydukova 27, Bratislava, 81108, Slovakia
| | - Peter Tavel
- Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacky University Olomouc, Univerzitni 22, Olomouc, 77111, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
van der Westhuizen M, Walker-Williams HJ, Fouché A. Meaning Making Mechanisms in Women Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse: A Scoping Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:1363-1386. [PMID: 35109730 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211066100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is a complex and prevalent problem with devastating long-term consequences for survivors. Despite these consequences, some survivors seem to find a source of meaning and fulfillment throughout their recovery process, which may facilitate resilience and posttraumatic growth (PTG). However, little is known from the literature about the specific meaning making mechanisms that CSA survivors experience. A scoping review was conducted by searching relevant journals and several online databases such as EbscoHost, Scopus, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Studies published in English and that discussed meaning making as a topic of recovery from CSA in the context of women survivors' experiences were included, where a total of 57 articles were selected including qualitative (n = 32), quantitative (n = 9), mixed method (n = 9), and review (n = 7) articles. Using thematic analysis, the results of the scoping review found four mechanisms of meaning making and seven sources of meaning describing the meaning making processes of women survivors of CSA. The mechanisms were identified as being benevolent; restoring and empowering the inner self; mobilizing external and social resources; and lastly actively integrating the trauma narrative. This study contributes toward the global knowledge base on meaning making mechanisms of women survivors of CSA by providing the first known summary of studies to date. Future research is recommended to further confirm these findings to inform treatment interventions for women survivors of CSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ansie Fouché
- Compress, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
- United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pond R, Gillmore C, Blanchard N. Lived experiences of resilience for women who have experienced childhood sexual abuse: A systematic review of qualitative studies. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 140:106152. [PMID: 37028256 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child sexual abuse (CSA) can have detrimental, long-lasting consequences but effects are diverse, and resilience, or attainment of better-than-expected outcomes, is possible. OBJECTIVE This systematic review synthesises qualitative research findings about lived experiences of resilience processes used by women who had been subjected to CSA. METHODS A comprehensive search was undertaken of major and minor article databases (e.g., PsychInfo, Medline, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus) and Google Scholar, with hand searching of reference lists and forward searching of retrieved articles. Eight studies met the inclusion criteria (peer-reviewed qualitative or mixed methods studies written in English about experiences of resilience by women who had experienced CSA). Data extraction, quality appraisal, and thematic analysis were performed. RESULTS Thematic analysis generated several process-related resilience themes: distancing oneself from sexual abuse; building healthy interpersonal, community, and cultural connections; drawing on spiritual belief systems; reframing the sexual abuse; placing blame with the perpetrator; reclaiming self-worth; taking control of one's life; and pursuing meaningful goals. For some, it involved forgiveness of self and others, reclaiming one's sexuality, and/or fighting against diverse forms of oppression. There was much evidence that resilience was a dynamic, personal and social-ecological phenomenon. CONCLUSION Counsellors and other professionals can use these findings to help women affected by CSA explore, develop, and strengthen factors that support resilience. Future research could explore the experiences of resilience for women with different cultural backgrounds, socioeconomic status, religious and/or spiritual affiliations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Pond
- Institute of Education, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Christina Gillmore
- Institute of Education, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Nan Blanchard
- Institute of Education, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Vaillancourt-Morel MP, Rosen NO, Péloquin K, Bergeron S. Maltreatment in Childhood and Perceived Partner Responsiveness in Adult Romantic Relationships: A Dyadic Daily Diary and Longitudinal Study. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2023; 28:163-175. [PMID: 34866414 PMCID: PMC9806463 DOI: 10.1177/10775595211057230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the associations between childhood maltreatment (CM) and the mean-level of perceived partner responsiveness (PPR; the extent to which individuals feel cared for, understood, and validated by their partner) over 35 days, the day-to-day variability in PPR, and the initial levels and trajectories of PPR over 1 year in community couples. Both members of 228 couples completed a self-reported measure of CM and provided daily reports of PPR over 35 days and retrospective reports of PPR at three time points over 1 year. A person's greater CM was related to a lower mean level of PPR over 35 days and to a lower initial level of their own PPR. A person's sexual abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect had an effect over and above other forms of CM in these associations. A person's greater CM was also related to higher day-to-day variability in their own and their partner's PPR, and a person's greater emotional neglect was associated with a sharper decrease over time in their own PPR. These findings provide a more fine-grained understanding of how CM may affect the perceptions of being cared about, accepted, and validated by a partner on a daily basis and over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalie O. Rosen
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
García-Mollá A, Carbonell Á, Navarro-Pérez JJ, Tomás JM. Development and Validation of the Adolescent and Children in Risk of Abuse and Maltreatment Protective Factors Scale (ACRAM-PFS). CHILD & ADOLESCENT SOCIAL WORK JOURNAL : C & A 2023:1-13. [PMID: 36620351 PMCID: PMC9807986 DOI: 10.1007/s10560-022-00908-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Child maltreatment is a significant global problem concerning over 25% of children around the world. Traditionally, the assessment of children's welfare was characterized by the creation of instruments and models from the deficit-based theoretical framework. Purpose This study aims to develop an instrument to measure protective factors (the Adolescent and Children Risk of Abuse and Maltreatment Protective Factors Scale, ACRAM-PFS) and gather evidence on its psychometric properties. ACRAM-PFS is an 18-items scale for the assessment of protective factors of child maltreatment developed from the socioecological framework. Method Structural validity, reliability and convergent-related validity were studied for this measure in a sample of 616 children and adolescents, with age ranging from 0 to 18 years old (M = 12.14; SD = 5.22). Cases were informed by 286 child welfare workers. The sample was split in two subsamples, one to perform an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and the second to perform a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Results The CFA corroborate the three-factor structure that includes the children and adolescents' resources, the family/caregiver's resources and the community resources (χ2 = 278.005, df = 132, p < .001, CFI = 0.955, SRMR = .084, RMSEA = .061, [90% CI: .051-.071]). Results of convergent-related validity indicated significant correlation with CTQ-SF and protective factors dimension of C-CAPS. Discussion The results support that ACRAM-PFS is a rigorous measure for assessing protective factors for child maltreatment. The scale can serve as a key tool for designing strengths-based intervention strategies tailored to the actual needs of children and adolescents. The present study provides the implications for the development of protective factor scales in the field of child welfare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrián García-Mollá
- Department of Methodology for the Behavioral Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángela Carbonell
- Department of Social Work and Social Services, University of Valencia, Tarongers Avenue, 4B, 46021 Valencia, Spain
| | - José Javier Navarro-Pérez
- Department of Social Work and Social Services, University of Valencia, Tarongers Avenue, 4B, 46021 Valencia, Spain
| | - José M. Tomás
- Department of Methodology for the Behavioral Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Li Y, Yuan M, Chang J, Zhang T, Chen L, Xie G, Chen S, He Y, Su P. Association of Child Sexual Abuse Victimization and Murderous Behaviors and the Mediating Role of Psychological Adjustment among College Students in China. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:NP1842-NP1867. [PMID: 35465755 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221093684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A history of child sexual abuse (CSA) is associated with a variety of psychological issues and conduct disorders in adolescents. However, little is known about the association between CSA and its characteristics and murderous behaviors in young adults. The purpose of this study was to examine this relationship and explore the mediating effect of psychological adjustment (PA). A cross-sectional study was conducted with 4034 college students in Anhui Province, China. The participants were invited to complete self-report questionnaires regarding the history of CSA, self-perceived PA and murderous behaviors. PA was evaluated by two of the most important indicators: resilience and emotional release. Mediation analyses were computed via parallel mediation models. Of the participants, 14.1% reported experiencing CSA. After controlling for potential confounders, CSA victimization was robustly and positively associated with murderous ideation (OR: 2.36, 95% CI: 1.77-3.14), murderous plans (OR: 4.02, 95% CI: 2.63-6.12), murderous preparation (OR: 3.87, 95% CI: 2.37-6.31), and murderous attempts (OR: 5.35, 95% CI: 3.11-9.21). CSA victimization that was persistent and of the combined contact or noncontact types greatly increased the risk of murderous behaviors. A dose-response relationship was observed between the duration of experienced CSA and murderous behaviors. Furthermore, the results of the mediation analysis revealed that PA partially mediated the relationship between CSA victimization and murderous behaviors. Therefore, PA protects against the development of murderous behaviors in abused individuals. These findings have important implications for the prevention and intervention of murderous behaviors in adolescents who experienced CSA, highlighting the importance of considering PA as a protective role in this relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghan Li
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, 12485Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Mengyuan Yuan
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, 12485Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Junjie Chang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, 12485Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, 12485Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Liru Chen
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, 12485Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Guodie Xie
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, 12485Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, 12485Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yang He
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, 12485Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Puyu Su
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, 12485Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hornor G. Nonoffending Caregiver Support After Child Sexual Abuse: Essentials for the Forensic Nurse. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC NURSING 2023; 19:60-66. [PMID: 36812374 DOI: 10.1097/jfn.0000000000000360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a pediatric health problem of epidemic proportions. CSA can result in significant lifelong physical and mental health consequences. A disclosure of CSA affects not only the child but also everyone close to the child. Nonoffending caregiver support after a disclosure of CSA is key to optimal victim functioning. Forensic nurses play an integral role in the care of CSA victims and are uniquely positioned to ensure best outcomes for both child victims and their nonoffending caregivers. In this article the concept of nonoffending caregiver support is explored, and = implications for forensic nursing practice delineated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gail Hornor
- Author Affiliations: International Association of Forensic Nurses
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Social network responses to victims of potentially traumatic events: A systematic review using qualitative evidence synthesis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276476. [PMID: 36383517 PMCID: PMC9668175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A substantial number of qualitative studies examined how adult victims of potentially traumatic events (PTEs) experienced support provided by family members, friends, colleagues, and other significant others in the informal network. Importantly, the large majority of qualitative studies focused on the perceived support of victims of specific events such as sexual offences, partner violence, homicide, accidents and disasters. Although it is likely that across specific PTEs there are similarities as well as differences in experienced support from the informal network, to date no systematic review synthesized the results of qualitative studies on support from the informal network following various types of PTEs. The aim of the present systematic review is to fill this gap in the scientific knowledge, which is also highly relevant for victim services, policymakers, and the informal network. Methods A literature search of qualitative studies was conducted using the electronic databases of PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, Psych INFO, Scopus, Criminal Justice Abstracts and Picarta. The quality of the identified studies was assessed with the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative research (COREQ) checklist, followed by analysis of the results of the identified studies using Qualitative Evidence Synthesis. Findings Seventy-five papers were included in the synthesis, involving 2799 victims of PTEs such as accidents, disasters, homicide, intimate partner violence (IPV), and sexual offences. Saturation was only achieved for IPV. Overall, four major categories of perceived social support were identified, namely, support perceived as supportive, supportive but insufficient, unsupportive, and absent from informal support providers, which included friends, family, neighbors, (if applicable) offender’s family, religious group members, work/school colleagues, fellow victims, the local community, and the social network in general. Across the PTE groups, there were similarities in experiencing positive forms of support (particularly empathy and sharing experiences) as well as negative forms of support (abandonment, avoidance, lack of empathy, and not experiencing support despite victim’s request for help). There were also differences across PTE groups, in particular, victims of sexual and intimate partner violence mentioned a number of other supportive (mobilizing support, no unsupportive responses) and non-supportive (e.g., justification or normalization of violence and minimizing responses) responses. Conclusions The review showed that different actors within the social informal network can play an important role in providing support after victims experience violence, homicide, accidents, and disasters. However, the review revealed that the large majority of qualitative studies were aimed at victims of IPV, and only for this type of PTE was saturation achieved. This indicates that, although this synthesis identified several similarities and differences, it is still too early to draw more definitive conclusions on similarities and differences in experienced social support after various PTEs and that future qualitative studies focusing on other PTEs are much needed.
Collapse
|
26
|
Foley G, Fowler K, Button P. Positive mental health in Canadian adults who have experienced childhood sexual abuse: exploring the role of social support. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:666. [PMID: 36307753 PMCID: PMC9615621 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04279-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is predictive of poorer mental health, greater psychiatric disorder risk, and lower positive mental health (PMH) during adulthood, outcomes potentially moderated by social support. The current study aimed to explore whether Canadian adults who have experienced CSA differ from those who have not in terms of PMH and social support. Within the CSA sample, it was further investigated whether gender differences exist with respect to PMH and social support, and if particular social support subscales predict PMH. METHOD Using data from the 2012 Canadian Community Health Survey - Mental Health (CCHS-MH), 1,328 adults between 20 and 64 years reporting CSA were profiled and compared in terms of sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors, using an age, sex, and frequency matched sample of non-CSA adults. Social Provisions Scale (SPS), and the Mental Health Continuum - Short Form (MHC-SF) means were subsequently compared between the CSA and non-CSA samples, and Hierarchical regressions were conducted for CSA males and females separately to examine whether SPS subscales predicted PMH after controlling for age and income. RESULTS Canadian adults reporting CSA had significantly lower PMH and social support (overall and for particular subscales). For adult CSA females, guidance, social integration, and reassurance of worth predicted higher PMH, while attachment and reassurance of worth predicted higher PMH scores for CSA males. CONCLUSION Adults who have experienced CSA are at risk for lower PMH and social support. Gender differences are also evident in social support subtypes that predict PMH which have important clinical implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Foley
- grid.25055.370000 0000 9130 6822Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL Canada
| | - Ken Fowler
- Student Wellness and Counselling Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - Pam Button
- grid.25055.370000 0000 9130 6822Student Wellness and Counselling Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Attrash Najjar A, Tener D, Katz C. "The most shocking thing was that I didn't respond to the abuse": The peritraumatic responses and transitions as conveyed by survivors of continuous child sexual abuse. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 132:105818. [PMID: 35926248 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a worldwide phenomenon with ongoing and far-reaching consequences for millions of children worldwide. It is a consensus among researchers that continuous CSA represents a unique challenge. OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to explore the peritraumatic responses of survivors of continuous CSA as described in their written narratives of abuse. The transitions between the peritraumatic responses will also be examined, highlighting the unique context of continuous CSA. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Written narratives of CSA were recruited via an advertisement in the media inviting CSA survivors to share their stories of abuse on an anonymous online platform. The data collection was carried out under the Israeli Independent Public Inquiry on CSA. METHODS A qualitative thematic analysis was applied to 32 richly written accounts of abuse. RESULTS Three peritraumatic responses were identified: the adaptive response, hinting, and attempts to fight and flight. Transitions between these responses were described by the survivors and addressed the heavy load of the abuse, realization of the abuse, fear of consequences and the central role of the survivor's environment. CONCLUSIONS The current study provides a unique platform for the exploration of peritraumatic responses in continuous CSA. Alongside the identification of three peritraumatic responses described by the survivors, the current study provides an initial glance into transitions between peritraumatic responses. This insight strengthens the developing notion that peritraumatic responses in the unique context of CSA are a top-down process, often shaped by various contexts and multidimensional dynamics in the children's lives.
Collapse
|
28
|
Arnell L, Källström Å, Gunnarsdottir H. Relative Wellbeing of Women Maltreated as Children. Violence Against Women 2022; 28:2947-2965. [PMID: 34894883 PMCID: PMC9452851 DOI: 10.1177/10778012211058218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study explores and analyzes how adult women in Sweden exposed to childhood maltreatment describe wellbeing, by using a thematic analysis of 22 semi-structured interviews with women maltreated as children. The results show that wellbeing was described as relative to both social norms and the childhood experiences and constituted four dimensions: Material and/or economic; Social and relational;Emotional; and Physical and/or mental. This study concludes that it is important to consider the relative and multiple ways wellbeing can be experienced and understood and to problematize norms of wellbeing, acknowledging the various ways people appraise their lives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Arnell
- School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, 6233Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Åsa Källström
- School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, 6233Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Hrafnhildur Gunnarsdottir
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, 3570University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Health Sciences, University West, Trollhättan, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gartland D, Riggs E, Giallo R, Glover K, Stowe M, Mongta S, Weetra D, Brown SJ. Development of a multidimensional culturally and socially inclusive measure of factors that support resilience: Child Resilience Questionnaire-Child report (CRQ-C)-a community-based participatory research and psychometric testing study in Australia. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e060229. [PMID: 36113941 PMCID: PMC9486312 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Development and testing of a comprehensive and social and culturally inclusive child-report measure of resilience factors supporting positive outcomes in the face of adversity. DESIGN The measure is based on a socioecological model of resilience and was developed and revised using community-based participatory research methods with Aboriginal and refugee background communities. Pilot testing and validation of the child-report version (Child Resilience Questionnaire-Child report (CRQ- C)) is described in this paper. SETTING Australia. PARTICIPANTS Children aged 7-12 years from culturally and socially diverse backgrounds completed the CRQ- C in the pilot (n=387) and validation study (n=775). Families recruited via hospital clinics, Aboriginal and refugee background communities and nested follow-up of participants in an existing cohort study. ANALYSIS The factor structure and construct validity of CRQ-C scales were assessed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Preliminary assessment of criterion validity was conducted usinghe Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Internal consistency of final scales was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS Conceptually developed CRQ-C was over inclusive of resilience factors and items. Exploratory factor analyses and confirmatory factor analyses supported 10 subscales reflecting personal resilience factors (positive self/future, managing emotions) and connectedness to family, school and culture. Excellent scale reliability (α=0.7-0.9) for all but one scale (Friends, α=0.6). Significant negative correlation between CRQ-C and SDQ total difficulty score supporting criterion validity (rs=-0.317, p<0.001). CONCLUSION The CRQ-C is a new culturally and socially inclusive self-report measure of resilience factors in childhood, with demonstrated content, construct and scale reliability. Further testing of criterion validity required. Availability of child and parent report CRQ supports broad applications in clinical, research and intervention work. Socially inclusive and culturally appropriate tools are fundamental to create the evidence needed to assess and guide intervention efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre Gartland
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
- Pediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elisha Riggs
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of General Practice, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Giallo
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karen Glover
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
- Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute Limited, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mardi Stowe
- Victorian Foundation for Survivors of Torture, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharon Mongta
- Wadja Aboriginal Family Place, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Donna Weetra
- Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute Limited, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stephanie Janne Brown
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
- Pediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute Limited, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sexual violence experiences among adolescent and young adult males: a review to empower healthcare providers. Curr Opin Pediatr 2022; 34:297-305. [PMID: 35836391 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000001124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite 3-17% of adolescent and young adult males (AYAMs) experiencing sexual violence, there is a paucity of information regarding their sexual violence experiences leaving them vulnerable to dangerous and detrimental sequelae. RECENT FINDINGS There is underreporting and under-discussion of AYAMs' experiences of sexual violence, with disclosure influenced by societal perceptions of male sexuality, shame, and fear of discrimination. AYAMs experience sexual violence from individuals known to them, with many experiencing physical violence, threats, coercion, and electronic harassment. Intersectionality, previous traumas, inappropriate childhood exposures to sexually explicit situations, select online media consumption, and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) increase the risk of sexual violence. AYAMs who experience sexual violence are at increased risk of re-victimization, perpetrating sexual violence, experiencing bodily harm, contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and experiencing internalizing and externalizing symptoms, which can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Research on male-specific protective and resilience factors is scarce and represents an ongoing need. SUMMARY After reviewing AYAMs' experiences of sexual violence, including risk and protective factors, media influences, detrimental sequelae, and resilience factors, we provide a screening framework to empower the healthcare provider (HCP) to champion tailored prevention, screening, intervention, and advocacy efforts to support AYAMs.
Collapse
|
31
|
Langevin R, Hébert M, Kern A. Maternal History of Child Sexual Abuse and Maladaptive Outcomes in Sexually Abused Children: The Role of Maternal Mental Health. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP14485-NP14506. [PMID: 33926300 PMCID: PMC9326797 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211013963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The effects of child sexual abuse (CSA) have been found to surpass generations as maternal history of CSA is associated with increased difficulties in sexually abused children. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying this association. The present study aimed to test maternal mental health symptoms including psychological distress, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and dissociation as mediators of the relationship between maternal CSA and children's internalizing, externalizing, and dissociation symptoms in a large sample of sexually abused children. A total of 997 sexually abused children aged 3-14 years old and their mothers were recruited at five specialized intervention centers offering services to sexually abused children and their families. The children were divided into two groups depending on their mothers' self-reported history of CSA. Mothers completed a series of questionnaires assessing their mental health and children's functioning. Maternal history of CSA was associated with increased maternal psychological distress, PTSD symptoms, and dissociation following children's disclosure of CSA. In turn, maternal psychological distress and maternal dissociation were associated with increased child internalizing, externalizing, and dissociation symptoms. Maternal PTSD symptoms were associated with child internalizing symptoms. Maternal mental health difficulties mediated the association between maternal CSA and sexually abused children's maladaptive outcomes. Clinicians should assess for possible history of CSA in mothers of sexually abused children and determine how best to support them to cope with the aftermaths of their child's disclosure and with their own traumatic past.
Collapse
|
32
|
Gartland D, Riggs E, Giallo R, Glover K, Stowe M, Mongta S, Weetra D, Brown SJ. Development and validation of a multidimensional, culturally and socially inclusive Child Resilience Questionnaire (parent/caregiver report) to measure factors that support resilience: a community-based participatory research and psychometric testing study in Australia. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e061129. [PMID: 35725263 PMCID: PMC9214413 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Develop a comprehensive socially inclusive measure to assess child resilience factors. DESIGN A socioecological model of resilience, community-based participatory research methods and two rounds of psychometric testing created the Child Resilience Questionnaire (parent/caregiver report, child report, school report). The parent/caregiver report (CRQ-P/C) is the focus of this paper. SETTING Australia. PARTICIPANTS Culturally and socially diverse parents/caregivers of children aged 5-12 years completed the CRQ-P/C in the pilot (n=489) and validation study (n=1114). Recruitment via a large tertiary hospital's outpatient clinics, Aboriginal and refugee background communities (Aboriginal and bicultural researchers networks) and nested follow-up of mothers in a pregnancy cohort and a cohort of Aboriginal families. ANALYSIS Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses conducted to assess the structure and construct validity of CRQ-P/C subscales. Cronbach's alpha used to assess internal consistency of subscales. Criterion validity assessed with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) parent report. RESULTS Conceptually developed CRQ comprised 169 items in 19 subscales across five socioecological domains (self, family, friends, school and community). Two rounds of psychometric revision and community consultations created a CRQ-P/C with 43 items in 11 scales: self (positive self, positive future, managing emotions), family (connectedness, guidance, basic needs), school (teacher support, engagement, friends) and culture (connectedness, language). Excellent scale reliability (α=0.7-0.9), except basic needs scale (α=0.61) (where a highly endorsed item was retained for conceptual integrity). Criterion validity was supported: scales had low to moderate negative correlations with SDQ total difficulty score (Rs= -0.2/-0.5. p<0.001); children with emotion/behavioural difficulties had lower CRQ-P/C scores (β=-14.5, 95% CI -17.5 to -11.6, adjusted for gender). CONCLUSION The CRQ-P/C is a new multidomain measure of factors supporting resilience in children. It has good psychometric properties and will have broad applications in clinical, educational and research settings. The tool also adds to the few culturally competent measures relevant to Aboriginal and refugee background communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre Gartland
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Pediatrics Department, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elisha Riggs
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of General Practice, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Giallo
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen Glover
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Women and Families, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mardi Stowe
- Victorian Foundation for Survivors of Torture, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharon Mongta
- Family Violence, Djirra, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Donna Weetra
- Women and Families, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stephanie Janne Brown
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Women and Families, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
The study and use of resilience is of the utmost importance to psychodynamic psychiatry. It is deeply ingrained in ideas about well-being and the treatment and care of patients. However, its neurobiology is incompletely understood, its terminology and relation to trauma and coping not well defined, and its efficacy underutilized in clinical practice. This article reviews the scientific literature on resilience, especially as it relates to trauma and coping. It also attempts to point the way for its greater application in psychiatry and mental health by utilizing resilience in more informed and individualized approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahron Friedberg
- Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at Mount Sinai in New York City
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Vallières F, Gilmore B, Nolan A, Maguire P, Bondjers K, McBride O, Murphy J, Shevlin M, Karatzias T, Hyland P. Sexual Violence and Its Associated Psychosocial Effects in Ireland. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP9066-NP9088. [PMID: 33319616 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520978193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Current data on the prevalence and psychosocial correlates of sexual violence in the Republic of Ireland is lacking, with the most recent sexual abuse and violence survey dating back to 2001. The current study sought to identify what proportion of Irish adults have experienced sexual violence, if there are sex differences in exposure to different forms of sexual violence, and to what extent different forms of sexual violence are associated with adverse psychosocial outcomes. To achieve these objectives, we carried out a nationally representative sample of Irish adults (N = 1,020) completed self-report measures of history of sexual violence and mental health. Results suggest that approximately one-in-three (34.4%) Irish adults experienced some form of sexual violence, including 14.8% who were sexually assaulted (raped) and 31.1% who were sexually harassed. Women were significantly more likely than men to have experienced all forms of sexual violence (ps < .001), with the exception of sexual assault by a parent or guardian. All forms of sexual violence were associated with an increased likelihood of serious mental health problems, with sexual assault by a parent/guardian associated with several other psychosocial outcomes in life, including education achievement, history of being taken into state care, salary, and employment status. Sexual violence is a common experience in the general population and women are disproportionately affected (1-in-2 women versus 1-in-5 men). Additional resources to increase mental health care among survivors of sexual violence is urgently needed. How our findings compare to Ireland's previous sexual abuse and violence survey and the implications of our findings for policy are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peggy Maguire
- European Institute of Women's Health, CLG, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Philip Hyland
- Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Maynooth University, Kildare, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yoon S, Pei F, Benavides JL, Ploss A, Logan J, Hamby S. The Long-Term Effects of Early Childhood Resilience Profiles on School Outcomes among Children in the Child Welfare System. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19105987. [PMID: 35627523 PMCID: PMC9140792 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19105987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the association between early childhood resilience profiles and later school outcomes (academic achievement and school involvement) among children in the U.S. child welfare system. This study compared 827 children aged 3–5 years in three latent profile groups (poor emotional and behavioral resilience, low cognitive resilience, and multi-domain resilience) to their baseline profiles using data from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW-II). At the three-year follow-up, children with low emotional and behavioral resilience profiles and children with the multi-domain resilience profile had significantly higher basic reading skills, reading comprehension, and math reasoning compared to children with low scores on the cognitive resilience profile. Furthermore, children with the multi-domain resilience profile had significantly higher levels of emotional school engagement than did those with the low emotional and behavioral resilience profile and considerably higher levels of behavioral school engagement compared to those with the low cognitive resilience profile. The findings highlight the persistent effects of early resilience into the later childhood years. Moreover, our results suggest the need for early identification of and intervention for children with low cognitive or emotional/behavioral resilience during the preschool years to promote academic success and school engagement during the school-age years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Yoon
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.L.B.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-614-292-3289
| | - Fei Pei
- School of Social Work, Falk College, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA;
| | - Juan Lorenzo Benavides
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.L.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Alexa Ploss
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.L.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Jessica Logan
- Quantitative Research, Evaluation and Measurement, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Sherry Hamby
- Department of Psychology, The University of the South, Sewanee, TN 37383, USA;
- Life Paths Research Center, Sewanee, TN 37375, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chen Y, Huang CC, Yang M, Wang J. Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Resilience in College Students in China. JOURNAL OF FAMILY VIOLENCE 2022; 38:623-632. [PMID: 35368511 PMCID: PMC8961478 DOI: 10.1007/s10896-022-00388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A great body of literature has documented that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are related to individuals' psychological functioning and mental health. However, the majority of ACE studies focus on psychological dysfunction and less is known about how ACEs are associated with other positive psychological outcomes, including resilience. The current study assessed the relationship between ACEs and resilience, using a sample of college students in China. We hypothesized that college students who had ACEs would have lower levels of resilience. Data came from 1,871 college students from twelve colleges in China through an anonymous online survey between late September and early October 2020. Linear regression analyses were conducted. Aligned with our hypotheses, ACEs had a negative association with individuals' resilience. Despite several limitations, this study found a negative association between ACEs and college students' resilience. Preventive services and interventions are in need to protect individuals from ACEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yafan Chen
- School of Social Work, Rutgers University, 390 George St, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
| | - Chien-Chung Huang
- School of Social Work, Rutgers University, 390 George St, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
| | - Meifen Yang
- School of Public Administration, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- School of Education, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20016 USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
van Duin EM, Verlinden E, Tsang VMW, Verhoeff AP, Brilleslijper-Kater SN, Voskes Y, Widdershoven GAM, Lindauer RJL. A sexual abuse case series of infants and toddlers by a professional caregiver: A qualitative analysis of parents' experiences during the initial crisis period post-discovery. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 125:105460. [PMID: 35065473 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery that one's child has been sexually abused may be one of the worst events a parent can experience. The importance of parental support for the recovery of child sexual abuse (CSA) victims emphasizes the need to gain insight in difficulties parents face after disclosure. OBJECTIVE To improve crisis intervention by exploring how parents of very young, mostly male CSA victims involved in a large unique CSA case, look back on their initial reactions after disclosure, the impact of media coverage, and their experiences with service responses during the immediate aftermath of CSA discovery. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING We conducted 18 qualitative interviews with 21 parents enrolled in the longitudinal Amsterdam Sexual Abuse Case (ASAC) study. METHODS We used thematic analysis, combining a deductive and inductive approach. RESULTS We identified four themes regarding parents' initial experiences after disclosure: shock, uncertainty, roller coaster and survival mode. Four themes emerged regarding the impact of media coverage: vulnerable to exposure, fear that the child would recognize the suspect, no escape possible, and burden versus acknowledgement. Parents' experiences regarding the actions of professionals also generated four themes: stressful and confronting, need for support, need for information, and need for professional competence. CONCLUSIONS Disclosure of extrafamilial CSA left parents in shock, affecting their sense of control. Media coverage exacerbated stress for many parents, although some also drew support from it. Actions of professionals defined by parents as helpful included: being supportive, compassionate, accessible, and competent, providing information, and promoting autonomy. Implications for professionals are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther M van Duin
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Levvel, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Eva Verlinden
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Health Promotion & Healthcare Innovation, Amsterdam Public Health Service, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Vionna M W Tsang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Arnoud P Verhoeff
- Department of Sociology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Sonja N Brilleslijper-Kater
- Department of Social Pediatrics, Child Abuse and Neglect Team, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Yolande Voskes
- Department of Ethics, Law and Humanities, Amsterdam UMC, location VUMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Guy A M Widdershoven
- Department of Ethics, Law and Humanities, Amsterdam UMC, location VUMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Ramón J L Lindauer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Levvel, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
COVID-19 epidemic-induced changes in mood and anxiety mediate the relationship between resilience and symptoms of depression and generalized anxiety in sexual assault survivors. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2022; 6:100252. [PMID: 35036985 PMCID: PMC8743166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sexual assault survivors are a vulnerable sub-population that might be severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, yet received little research attention during this global crisis. Higher levels of resilience are generally associated with lower symptoms of depression and anxiety and are thus considered as promoting adjustment to stress. Here, we tested the associations between resilience, depression, and anxiety symptoms among sexual assault survivors during the COVID-19 epidemic. Pandemic-induced changes in mood and anxiety were also examined as potential mediators of the relations between resilience and clinical symptoms of depression and anxiety. Methods At the pandemic onset, 83 sexual assault survivors (66 females, average age=37.68±10.90 years) undergoing treatment at a specialized psychiatric outpatient clinic completed a survey aimed at identifying patients in distress during the lockdown. The survey included a battery of questionnaires assessing resilience, pandemic-induced changes in mood and anxiety, and clinical symptoms of depression and generalized anxiety. Results Resilience scores were significantly negatively correlated with both depression and generalized anxiety symptoms. Furthermore, pandemic-induced changes in mood and anxiety significantly mediated these effects. Limitations Due to the cross-sectional study design, a temporal relationship between pandemic induced changes (mood and anxiety) and clinical symptoms (depression and generalized anxiety) could not be determined. Conclusions Our findings highlight the need to develop interventions for reducing situational changes in mood and anxiety during periods of acute stress, while increasing resilience factors, in order to decrease the burden of stress on sexual assault survivors’ mental health during the pandemic and beyond.
Collapse
|
39
|
Satapathy S, Dang S, Sagar R, Dwivedi SN. Resilience in Children and Adolescents Survived Psychologically Traumatic Life Events: A Critical Review of Application of Resilience Assessment Tools for Clinical Referral and Intervention. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2022; 23:288-300. [PMID: 32700641 DOI: 10.1177/1524838020939126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Psychological traumatic life events (TLEs) and resilience, both are multidimensional, complex, and share salient features. Both are products of individual, familial, and environmental (socio-cultural-political contextual) variables, which is very crucial in children and adolescents. This systematic review used Boolean search strategies in electronic databases, namely, PubMED, PsycNET, JStor, and Google scholar. All researches not studying resilience per se but similar or related constructs such as life strengths, hardiness, protective/risk factors, social support, self-efficacy, social-emotional adjustment, and so on were excluded. A total of 12 resilience tools meant for children between 5 and 18 years were reviewed. The scale characteristics were analyzed in terms of targeted age-group of sample; purpose (i.e. screening and profiling for intervention); number of items; purpose/type of scale; year, country, and domain wise distribution; response format, standardization sample profile; psychometric properties; and availability of manual with norms of cutoff score. Although no scale was originally developed for children and adolescent population with history of TLEs particularly various forms of abuse and trauma, Child and Youth Resilience Measure and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale had small samples of children from welfare homes. Neither did any scale tested the divergent validity against absence of any psychopathology or global functioning or poor quality of life Nor did Majority of scales provide a cutoff value for institutionalized children and adolescents with history of TLEs; therefore, using an existing scale for this purpose should be carefully examined. Trauma-focused multidimensionality in resilience needs to be explored more rigorously through mixed methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Satapathy
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi, India
| | - Saloni Dang
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Sagar
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi, India
| | - S N Dwivedi
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Vitek KN, Yeater EA. The Association Between a History of Sexual Violence and Romantic Relationship Functioning: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2021; 22:1221-1232. [PMID: 32242504 DOI: 10.1177/1524838020915615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The consequences of sexual violence are substantial and include both intra- and interpersonal problems. Notably, sexual violence has been associated with difficulties in interpersonal relationships including intimate relationships. While there have been prior reviews considering various interpersonal and dyadic consequences associated with sexual violence, there has not been a comprehensive review considering the various aspects of adult dyadic functioning including intimacy, relationship conflict, and satisfaction satisfaction among both child and adult victims of sexual violence. The databases PsycINFO and PubMed were searched for terms related to sexual victimization (e.g., sexual assault, sexual victimization, sexual abuse, rape, revictimization), terms related to relationships (e.g., romantic relationship, intimate relationship), and terms related to relationship functioning (e.g., satisfaction, relationship quality, conflict, communication, intimacy, sexual functioning). Eligible studies for this review were required to (1) be an original study, (2) be written in English, (3) identify a sample or subsample consisting of women reporting a history of sexual violence in either childhood or adulthood, and (4) measure at least one of the following relationship areas: intimacy, relationship conflict, or relationship satisfaction in heterosexual adult romantic relationships. A total of 20 articles met inclusion criteria and were included in this review. Results demonstrated mixed findings on the association between sexual violence and relationship functioning, with some studies demonstrating an association between sexual violence and relationship functioning, and others failing to find such associations. These findings are discussed within the context of gaps in the extant literature and future research directions.
Collapse
|
41
|
Siconolfi D, Storholm ED, Vincent W, Pollack L, Rebchook GM, Huebner DM, Peterson JL, Kegeles SM. Prevalence and Correlates of Sexual Violence Experienced by Young Adult Black Men Who Have Sex with Men. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 50:3621-3636. [PMID: 34725750 PMCID: PMC9473496 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Men who have sex with men (MSM) experience high prevalence of sexual violence (SV), and SV has well-documented effects on health. Research gaps are especially evident for young Black MSM (YBMSM), who experience significant HIV disparities and syndemics, including multiple forms of violence victimization. We examined lifetime prevalence of SV (having been forced or frightened into sexual activity) in a cross-sectional sample of YBMSM (N = 1732), and tested associations of demographic, psychosocial, and structural factors using multivariable regression. YBMSM were recruited between 2013 and 2015 using modified venue-based time-location sampling (e.g., at bars and clubs) in Dallas and Houston, Texas. Approximately 17% of YBMSM experienced any SV in their lifetimes. SV was associated with high school non-completion (OR 1.78; 95% CI 1.15-2.77), lower psychological resilience (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.71-0.98), lifetime history of homelessness (OR 5.52; 95% CI 3.80-8.02), recent financial hardship (OR 2.16; 95% CI 1.48-3.14), and recent transactional sex (OR 3.87; 95% CI 2.43-6.15). We also examined differences by age of SV onset (childhood versus adulthood). YBMSM with adolescent/emerging adult-onset SV may have been more ambivalent in reporting lifetime SV experience, compared to men with childhood-onset SV, and correlates differed by age of onset. Childhood-onset SV was associated with high school non-completion, lower levels of psychological resilience, history of homelessness, recent financial hardship, and recent transactional sex. Adolescent/emerging adult-onset SV was associated with greater depressive symptoms, history of homelessness, and recent financial hardship. There is a need for multi-level approaches to SV prevention and treatment, including services and supports that are culturally-relevant and responsive to the needs of YBMSM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik D Storholm
- RAND, Santa Monica, CA, USA
- Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Wilson Vincent
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lance Pollack
- Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gregory M Rebchook
- Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David M Huebner
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - John L Peterson
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Susan M Kegeles
- Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wolf M, Kusmaul N, Mucha B. It gets better: childhood sexual abuse and trauma symptoms in female older adults. J Women Aging 2021; 34:800-809. [PMID: 34704917 DOI: 10.1080/08952841.2021.1995305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
While there has been great deal of research conducted on the effects of child sexual abuse (CSA) on trauma symptoms in children and adults, there is less knowledge on the effects on trauma symptoms in female older adult CSA survivors. The aim of this study was to investigate current symptoms of trauma in adult female survivors of child sexual abuse across each successive decade, beginning with eighteen year olds. This retrospective, anonymous online study gathered a sample of 223 adult female survivors of CSA (38 of whom were aged 50-59 (17%), and 20 of whom were 60+ years of age (9%)), and surveyed their trauma history and their current symptomology. In our sample, the survivors with the most severe trauma symptoms were between 18 and 29 years old. Each subsequent decade reported fewer trauma symptoms, with respondents in the 60+ age group reporting the lowest trauma symptom severity. While a cross-sectional study does not allow us to evaluate individuals' experiences over time, these results suggest that the negative impacts of CSA may abate over the life course. Future research should consider these questions longitudinally to explore whether these results are related to survivorship (those with worse outcomes dying younger) and whether these effects endure as female older adults experience physical and mental challenges in later life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molly Wolf
- Department of Social Work, Edinboro University of Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Nancy Kusmaul
- Department of Social Work, University of Maryland Baltimore County, U.S.A
| | - Brooke Mucha
- Department of Social Work, Edinboro University of Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
McNiss C, Kalarchian M, Laurent J. Factors associated with childhood sexual abuse and adolescent pregnancy. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 120:105183. [PMID: 34245975 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People who experience childhood sexual abuse (CSA) have a higher rate of adolescent pregnancy than people who do not experience CSA. The purpose of this integrative review was to identify risk or protective factors that are associated with this group to help understand the high rate of adolescent pregnancy in people with CSA histories. METHODS This review was conducted using strategies described by Whittemore and Knafl (2005). Five research articles met the following criteria: written in English, published in peer-reviewed journals in the past 10 years, and included the examination of predictors of adolescent pregnancy in any domain of the social ecological model of individual, relationship, community, or societal factors present among girls with CSA histories. RESULTS Studies suggest that people who are abused in childhood through adolescence and are not believed when they report abuse may be at greater risk for pregnancy in adolescence. CSA was associated with a range of sexual risk taking behavior (e.g., ineffectual contraception use, drug and alcohol use prior to sex, multiple partners) which could lead to adolescent pregnancy. Individual-level behaviors where predominantly studied. There were no reports at the community or societal level of the model. CONCLUSIONS Identifying additional risk or protective factors at the relationship, community, and societal level may prove helpful in developing strategies tailored to this population. The unique characteristics that lead to higher rates of sexual risk-taking behavior that can lead to adolescent pregnancy have not been well documented and deserve further study to guide design and prevention/intervention modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia McNiss
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Infectious Disease, Lebanon, NH, United States of America.
| | - Melissa Kalarchian
- School of Nursing and Department of Psychology, Duquesne University, Pittsburg, PA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Laurent
- University of Vermont, School of Nursing, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wilkerson AL, Dice TF. Psychoeducational Groups for Adult Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse Experiencing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Int J Group Psychother 2021; 71:604-614. [PMID: 38449245 DOI: 10.1080/00207284.2021.1956824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
45
|
Guggisberg M, Bottino S, Doran CM. Women's Contexts and Circumstances of Posttraumatic Growth After Sexual Victimization: A Systematic Review. Front Psychol 2021; 12:699288. [PMID: 34512456 PMCID: PMC8427813 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.699288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual violence is a concerning public health and criminal justice problem. Even though extensive literature has linked sexual victimization to a multitude of mental and physical problems, some victim/survivors recover and are able to lead lives without notable negative impacts. Little is known about women who experienced posttraumatic growth following sexual victimization. This review brings together knowledge accumulated in the academic literature in the past decade. It was informed by the PRISMA-P guidelines. Databases were searched using a combination of keywords to locate original peer-reviewed research articles published between January 2010 and October 2020 focusing on posttraumatic growth following sexual victimization. The initial search identified 6,187 articles with 265 articles being read in full, identifying 41 articles that were included in the analysis. The results suggest that recovery from sexual victimization is possible with the healing process being idiosyncratic. Victim/survivors employed various strategies resulting in higher degrees of functioning, which were termed growth. Following a synthesis of themes that emerged from the thematic analysis, a higher order abstraction, using creative insight through reflexivity, discussions among the research team and consistent interpretation and re-interpretation of the identified themes as a second stage analysis, resulted in the identification of two superordinate topics "relationship to self" and "relationship to others." Findings indicated that women engaged in deliberate introspection to connect with themselves and utilized altruistic actions and activism in an attempt to prevent further sexual victimization Helping victim/survivors deal with the sexual violence facilitated growth as a collective. We concluded that helping others may be a therapeutic vehicle for PTG. Given research in this area remains in its infancy, further investigation is urgently needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marika Guggisberg
- Queensland Centre for Domestic and Family Violence Research, School of Nursing Midwifery and Social Sciences, CQUniversity Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Cluster for Resilience and Wellbeing, Appleton Institute, CQUniversity Australia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Simone Bottino
- School of Nursing Midwifery and Social Sciences, CQUniversity Australia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Christopher M Doran
- Cluster for Resilience and Wellbeing, Appleton Institute, CQUniversity Australia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Theron L, van Breda A. Multisystemic enablers of sub-Saharan child and youth resilience to maltreatment. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 119:105083. [PMID: 33931239 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The resilience of sub-Saharan children and youth to abuse and neglect is under-researched. In particular, the multisystemic and contextually sensitive nature of their resilience is under-appreciated. PURPOSE In response we conceptualized a discussion paper. Its intention is to make a case for a contextually relevant, multisystemic understanding of the resilience of sub-Saharan children and youth with exposure to maltreatment. METHOD This discussion paper draws on a critical analysis of pertinent peer-reviewed publications. It also draws on our lifelong residence in sub-Saharan Africa and related insight into this region's situational and cultural dynamics. RESULTS We advance three assertions regarding the multisystemic nature of sub-Saharan young people's resilience to abuse and neglect : (i) family↔communities are pivotal to sub-Saharan child and youth resilience to maltreatment; (ii) institutional supports matter too, particularly when multiple systems interact to provide networks of institutional support; and (iii) the resilience-enabling potential of built and natural environments is yet to be fully harnessed. CONCLUSION Interacting social and ecological system factors and processes matter for the resilience of sub-Saharan children and youth who experience abuse and neglect. Appreciation for their complexity and contextual fit are crucial to practice and policy efforts to advance the protection and wellbeing of sub-Saharan young people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Theron
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Adrian van Breda
- University of Johannesburg, Department of Social Work, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Pierce J, Hassett AL, Brummett CM, McAfee J, Sieberg C, Schrepf A, Harte SE. Characterizing Pain and Generalized Sensory Sensitivity According to Trauma History Among Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis. Ann Behav Med 2021; 55:853-869. [PMID: 33377478 PMCID: PMC8382144 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaaa105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood trauma and adversity have been linked to chronic pain and pain sensitivity, particularly centralized pain. Yet, there remain numerous gaps in our understanding of this link. PURPOSE We explored the association between nonviolent and violent childhood trauma and a component of centralized pain (i.e., generalized sensory sensitivity) and pain sensitivity using self-report measures of centralized pain and quantitative sensory testing (QST). METHODS Patients scheduled for a total knee arthroplasty (n = 129) completed questionnaires and QST prior to surgery. RESULTS We found that self-report measures of centralized pain (i.e., widespread pain, somatic awareness, and sensory sensitivity) displayed a graded relationship across trauma groups, with patients with a history of violent trauma reporting the highest scores. Univariable multinomial logistic regression analyses showed that higher sensory sensitivity was associated with increased risk of being in the nonviolent trauma group compared to the no trauma group. Furthermore, higher widespread pain, higher somatic awareness, and higher sensory sensitivity distinguished the violent trauma group from the no trauma group. In multivariable analyses, sensory sensitivity is uniquely distinguished between the violent trauma group and the no trauma group. QST did not distinguish between groups. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight the need for future research and interventions that reduce sensory sensitivity for chronic pain patients with a history of violent childhood trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Pierce
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Back and Pain Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Afton L Hassett
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Back and Pain Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chad M Brummett
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Back and Pain Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jenna McAfee
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Back and Pain Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christine Sieberg
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Biobehavioral Pediatric Pain Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Schrepf
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Back and Pain Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Steven E Harte
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Back and Pain Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Viola AS, Drachtman R, Kaveney A, Sridharan A, Savage B, Delnevo CD, Coups EJ, Porter JS, Devine KA. Feasibility of Medical Student Mentors to Improve Transition in Sickle Cell Disease. J Pediatr Psychol 2021; 46:650-661. [PMID: 33779756 PMCID: PMC8291672 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsab031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Advances in medical care have resulted in nearly 95% of all children with sickle cell disease (SCD) living to adulthood. There is a lack of effective transition programming, contributing to high rates of mortality and morbidity among adolescents and young adults (AYAs) during the transition from pediatric to adult healthcare. This nonrandomized study evaluated the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary outcomes of a novel medical student mentor intervention to improve transition outcomes for AYA with SCD. METHODS Eligible participants were ages 18-25 years, either preparing for transition or had transferred to adult care within the past year. Twenty-four AYA with SCD (Mage = 20.3, SD = 2.6) enrolled in the program and were matched with a medical student mentor. Feasibility and acceptability of the intervention was assessed through enrollment rates, reasons for refusal, retention rates, engagement with the intervention, satisfaction, and reasons for drop-out. Dependent t-tests were used to evaluate the preliminary effects of the intervention on patient transition readiness, health-related quality of life, self-efficacy, SCD knowledge, medication adherence, and health literacy. RESULTS Participants (N = 24) demonstrated adequate retention (75.0%), adherence to the intervention (M = 5.3 of 6 sessions), and satisfaction with the intervention components. Participants demonstrated significant improvements in transition readiness (p = .001), self-efficacy (p = .002), medication adherence (p = .02), and health literacy (p = .05). CONCLUSIONS A medical student mentor intervention to facilitate transition from pediatric to adult care for AYA with SCD is both feasible and acceptable to patients and medical students. Preliminary results suggest benefits for patients, warranting a larger efficacy study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne S Viola
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
- Rutgers School of Public Health
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Sonderman J, Kuiper C, van der Helm P, van de Mheen D. With Connection, Less Correction: Gender-Specific Needs of Girls’ Residential Group Climate—A Mixed Method Non-randomized Case-Study. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-021-09628-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
50
|
Kazan Kızılkurt Ö, Demirkan AK, Gıynaş FE, Güleç H. Effect of childhood trauma on disease severity in patients with fibromyalgia: The mediating role of psychological resilience. Arch Rheumatol 2021; 36:538-547. [PMID: 35382365 PMCID: PMC8957767 DOI: 10.46497/archrheumatol.2021.8477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives
This study aims to investigate the effect of childhood traumas on the disease severity in fibromyalgia and evaluate the mediating role of psychological resilience in this effect. Patients and methods
Between June 2017 and January 2018, this study included a total of 80 female patients (mean age: 31.9±4.0 years; range, 20 to 40 years) with fibromyalgia according to the 2010 American College of Rheumatology fibromyalgia diagnostic criteria. All patients were evaluated using the sociodemographic data form, Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), and Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ). Results
A positive correlation was observed between the FIQ and CTQ total scores, emotional abuse, physical abuse, and physical neglect scores. The FIQ was negatively correlated with the RSA scores. Path analysis conducted to evaluate mediating effect of psychological resilience revealed that psychological resilience had a mediator role in the correlation between FIQ and emotional abuse, physical abuse, and physical neglect scores. Conclusion
The main finding of this study is the protective effect of psychological resilience -improvable capacity to cope with early life traumas- on fibromyalgia symptoms that leads to negative functioning of several aspects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ferzan Ergün Gıynaş
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Health Sciences Erenköy Mental Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Güleç
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Health Sciences Erenköy Mental Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|