1
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Pilli E, Palamenghi A, Marino A, Staiti N, Alladio E, Morelli S, Cherubini A, Mazzarelli D, Caccia G, Gibelli D, Cattaneo C. Comparing Genetic and Physical Anthropological Analyses for the Biological Profile of Unidentified and Identified Bodies in Milan. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14051064. [PMID: 37239424 DOI: 10.3390/genes14051064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
When studying unknown human remains, the estimation of skeletal sex and ancestry is paramount to create the victim's biological profile and attempt identification. In this paper, a multidisciplinary approach to infer the sex and biogeographical ancestry of different skeletons, using physical methods and routine forensic markers, is explored. Forensic investigators, thus, encounter two main issues: (1) the use of markers such as STRs that are not the best choice in terms of inferring biogeographical ancestry but are routine forensic markers to identify a person, and (2) the concordance of the physical and molecular results. In addition, a comparison of physical/molecular and then antemortem data (of a subset of individuals that are identified during our research) was evaluated. Antemortem data was particularly beneficial to evaluate the accuracy rates of the biological profiles produced by anthropologists and classification rates obtained by molecular experts using autosomal genetic profiles and multivariate statistical approaches. Our results highlight that physical and molecular analyses are in perfect agreement for sex estimation, but some discrepancies in ancestry estimation were observed in 5 out of 24 cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pilli
- Laboratorio di Antropologia Molecolare Forense, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via del Proconsolo 12, 50122 Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Palamenghi
- LABANOF-Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 37, 20133 Milan, Italy
- LAFAS-Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell'Apparato Stomatognatico, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Marino
- Reparto Carabinieri Investigazioni Scientifiche di Parma, Sezione Biologia, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Nicola Staiti
- Reparto Carabinieri Investigazioni Scientifiche di Parma, Sezione Biologia, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Eugenio Alladio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Stefania Morelli
- Laboratorio di Antropologia Molecolare Forense, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via del Proconsolo 12, 50122 Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Cherubini
- Reparto Carabinieri Investigazioni Scientifiche di Parma, Sezione Biologia, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Debora Mazzarelli
- LABANOF-Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 37, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Caccia
- LABANOF-Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 37, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Gibelli
- LAFAS-Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell'Apparato Stomatognatico, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Cattaneo
- LABANOF-Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 37, 20133 Milan, Italy
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2
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Isaac CV, Cornelison JB, Devota CJ, Bailey K, Langworthy J. A method for the development of cranial fracture histology slides. J Forensic Sci 2022; 67:2040-2047. [PMID: 35821606 PMCID: PMC9545723 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cranial vault fractures are of medicolegal interest as they have long-term impacts to someone's health and may contribute to an individual's death. The ability to distinguish antemortem from perimortem fractures and to assess the age of the injury is increasingly dependent on histology. Despite the increasing role of histology in assessing the microanatomy of osseous fractures, there are no methods currently available which account for the nuances and difficulties in creating high-quality histologic slides of cranial vault fractures that allow visualization of cellular features associated with healing bone. The authors present a modified method specific to slide development of human cranial vault fractures derived from the trial-and-error process of creating 730 such slides over a 3-year period which are suitable for the evaluation of the tissues, cells, and nuclei involved in fracture healing. This method adapts and troubleshoots typical histological procedures including sample excision, fixation, decalcification, dehydrating, clearing, embedding, microtomy, and staining, and introduces new procedures including preprocessing photography and cassette placement. By implementing these modifications, the number of poor-quality slides that required a new section to be sent to the histology laboratory was greatly reduced. Proactively implementing this new method into cranial fracture histologic slide development significantly reduces the number of slide rejections due to common issues like folding, chatter, or insufficient staining, saving both time and financial resources for forensic practitioners, researchers, and histotechnologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn V Isaac
- Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Jered B Cornelison
- Department of Pathology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Clara J Devota
- Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Kristi Bailey
- Research Histology Laboratory, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Jonathan Langworthy
- Research Histology Laboratory, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
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3
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Roth DM, Puttagunta L, Graf D. Histological Techniques for Sectioning Bones of the Vertebrate Craniofacial Skeleton. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2403:187-200. [PMID: 34913123 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1847-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Histochemical analysis is an indispensable technique in the field of biology used routinely to characterize pathologies of interest throughout the system. This chapter provides the craniofacial biologist with an introduction to tissue harvesting, embedding, and sectioning as well as a toolkit of useful stains for stromal/mesenchymal tissues including bone and cartilage. Techniques are tailored to decalcified, paraffin-embedded mouse tissue; however, these methods are applicable under a broad range of conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M Roth
- School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Lakshmi Puttagunta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel Graf
- School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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4
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Mueller C, Gambarotti M, Benini S, Picci P, Righi A, Stevanin M, Hombach-Klonisch S, Henderson D, Liotta L, Espina V. Unlocking bone for proteomic analysis and FISH. J Transl Med 2019; 99:708-721. [PMID: 30659273 PMCID: PMC10752433 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0168-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue is critically lagging behind soft tissues and biofluids in our effort to advance precision medicine. The main challenges have been accessibility and the requirement for deleterious decalcification processes that impact the fidelity of diagnostic histomorphology and hinder downstream analyses such as fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH). We have developed an alternative fixation chemistry that simultaneously fixes and decalcifies bone tissue. We compared tissue morphology, immunohistochemistry (IHC), cell signal phosphoprotein analysis, and FISH in 50 patient matched primary bone cancer cases that were either formalin fixed and decalcified, or theralin fixed with and without decalcification. Use of theralin improved tissue histomorphology, whereas overall IHC was comparable to formalin fixed, decalcified samples. Theralin-fixed samples showed a significant increase in protein and DNA extractability, supporting technologies such as laser-capture microdissection and reverse phase protein microarrays. Formalin-fixed bone samples suffered from a fixation artifact where protein quantification of β-actin directly correlated with fixation time. Theralin-fixed samples were not affected by this artifact. Moreover, theralin fixation enabled standard FISH staining in bone cancer samples, whereas no FISH staining was observed in formalin-fixed samples. We conclude that the use of theralin fixation unlocks the molecular archive within bone tissue allowing bone to enter the standard tissue analysis pipeline. This will have significant implications for bone cancer patients, in whom personalized medicine has yet to be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudius Mueller
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Marco Gambarotti
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Benini
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Piero Picci
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Righi
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Stevanin
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabine Hombach-Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Dana Henderson
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Lance Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA.
| | - Virginia Espina
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
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5
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Saini K, Discher D, Kumar N. Static and time-dependent mechanical response of organic matrix of bone. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 91:315-325. [PMID: 30639980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Bone derives its mechanical strength from the complex arrangement of collagen fibrils (type-I primarily) reinforced with hydroxy-apatite (HAp) mineral crystals in extra- and intra-fibrillar compartments. This study demonstrates a novel approach to obtain organic matrix of bone through its demineralization as well as mechanically characterize it at small length scales using static and dynamic indentation techniques. Sample surface preparation protocol used in the present work maintained the surface integrity of demineralized bone samples which resulted sample surface of roughness (RMS) magnitude of approximately 14 nm (averaged over 1 × 1 μm2 area duly verified by atomic force microscope (AFM)). Elemental composition analysis via energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) (for probed depth upto 2 μm) confirmed the complete removal of HAp mineral from bone samples during their demineralization using EDTA leaving collagen molecule assemblies unaffected as represented by Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) imaging. The modulus magnitudes of organic matrix obtained using from quasistatic as well as dynamic indentations (at constant frequency of 30 Hz) as ∼2.6 GPa and 4.5 GPa respectively, demonstrated the influence of loading rate on the estimated mechanical properties. For indentation depth to surface roughness ratio greater than ∼5:1, interestingly, measured material properties of organic matrix were found to depend on increasing magnitude of indentation depth of up to ∼500 nm value which probed from few collagen fibrils to next level of hierarchy i.e. collagen fibers. These findings are very useful to accurately determine the elastic and visco-elastic response of organic matrices of mineralized tissues for various applications including tissue engineering, bio-mimetics, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karanvir Saini
- Chemical and Bio-molecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - Dennis Discher
- Chemical and Bio-molecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Navin Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
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6
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Stine KC, Wahl EC, Liu L, Skinner RA, VanderSchilden J, Bunn RC, Montgomery CO, Aronson J, Becton DL, Nicholas RW, Swearingen CJ, Suva LJ, Lumpkin CK. Nutlin-3 treatment spares cisplatin-induced inhibition of bone healing while maintaining osteosarcoma toxicity. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:1716-1724. [PMID: 26867804 PMCID: PMC5516939 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The majority of Osteosarcoma (OS) patients are treated with a combination of chemotherapy, resection, and limb salvage protocols. These protocols include distraction osteogenesis (DO), which is characterized by direct new bone formation. Cisplatin (CDP) is extensively used for OS chemotherapy and recent studies, using a mouse DO model, have demonstrated that CDP has profound negative effects on bone repair. Recent oncological therapeutic strategies are based on the use of standard cytotoxic drugs plus an assortment of biologic agents. Here we demonstrate that the previously reported CDP-associated inhibition of bone repair can be modulated by the administration of a small molecule p53 inducer (nutlin-3). The effects of nutlin-3 on CDP osteotoxicity were studied using both pre- and post-operative treatment models. In both cases the addition of nutlin-3, bracketing CDP exposure, demonstrated robust and significant bone sparing activity (p < 0.01-0.001). In addition the combination of nutlin-3 and CDP induced equivalent OS tumor killing in a xenograft model. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the induction of p53 peri-operatively protects bone healing from the toxic effects of CDP, while maintaining OS toxicity. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1716-1724, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimo C. Stine
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas
| | - Elizabeth C. Wahl
- Laboratory for Limb Regeneration Research, Arkansas Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Arkansas
| | - Lichu Liu
- Laboratory for Limb Regeneration Research, Arkansas Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Arkansas
| | - Robert A. Skinner
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Jaclyn VanderSchilden
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Robert C. Bunn
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas
| | - Corey O. Montgomery
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - James Aronson
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas,Laboratory for Limb Regeneration Research, Arkansas Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Arkansas,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - David L. Becton
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas
| | - Richard W. Nicholas
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Christopher J. Swearingen
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas,Pediatric Biostatistics, Arkansas Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Arkansas
| | - Larry J. Suva
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Charles K. Lumpkin
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas,Laboratory for Limb Regeneration Research, Arkansas Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Arkansas
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7
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Rohani SA, Ghomashchi S, Umoh J, Holdsworth DW, Agrawal SK, Ladak HM. Iodine potassium iodide improves the contrast-to-noise ratio of micro-computed tomography images of the human middle ear. J Microsc 2016; 264:334-338. [PMID: 27439684 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution imaging of middle-ear geometry is necessary for finite-element modeling. Although micro-computed tomography (microCT) is widely used because of its ability to image bony structures of the middle ear, it is difficult to visualize soft tissues - including the tympanic membrane and the suspensory ligaments/tendons - because of lack of contrast. The objective of this research is to quantitatively evaluate the efficacy of iodine potassium iodide (IKI) solution as a contrast agent. Six human temporal bones were used in this experiment, which were obtained in right-left pairs, from three cadaveric heads. All bones were fixed using formaldehyde. Three bones (one from each pair) were stained in IKI solution for 2 days, whereas the other three were not stained. Samples were scanned using a microCT system at a resolution of 20 μm. Eight soft tissues in the middle ear were segmented: anterior mallear ligament, incudomallear joint, lateral mallear ligament, posterior incudal ligament, stapedial annular ligament, stapedius muscle, tympanic membrane and tensor tympani muscle. Contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) of each soft tissue were calculated for each temporal bone. Combined CNRs of the soft tissues in unstained samples were 6.1 ± 3.0, whereas they were 8.1 ± 2.7 in stained samples. Results from Welch's t-test indicate significant difference between the two groups at a 95% confidence interval. Results for paired t-tests for each of the individual soft tissues also indicated significant improvement of contrast in all tissues after staining. Relatively large soft tissues in the middle ear such as the tympanic membrane and the tensor tympani muscle were impacted by staining more than smaller tissues such as the stapedial annular ligament. The increase in contrast with IKI solution confirms its potential application in automatic segmentation of the middle-ear soft tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Rohani
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Ghomashchi
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Umoh
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - D W Holdsworth
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S K Agrawal
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - H M Ladak
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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8
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McMahon L, Henry J, Yang Q, Baxter L, Blaszkowski R, Jackson M, Tillett E, Hicks D. HER2FISH analysis on a skeletal metastasis: a case report and technical review. J Histotechnol 2016. [DOI: 10.1179/2046023615y.0000000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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9
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Formic acid demineralization does not affect the morphometry of cervical zygapophyseal joint meniscoids. Anat Sci Int 2014; 90:57-63. [PMID: 24989670 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-014-0248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Demineralization can facilitate the dissection of soft tissue structures in inaccessible locations by softening surrounding bone so that it can be easily removed without risking damage to the structure of interest. However, it is unclear whether demineralization alters the morphometry of soft tissues if used for this purpose. We have therefore examined the effect of extended-immersion formic acid demineralization on the size and shape of cervical zygapophyseal joint meniscoids to evaluate its usefulness as a means of facilitating dissection and examination of soft tissue structures from bony regions. Four cadaveric cervical spines were dissected, and three randomly selected zygapophyseal joints from each spine (12 in total) were removed, disarticulated and immersed in 5% formic acid for 32 days. Each joint was examined using a surgical microscope and photographed, and meniscoid length and surface area measured at days 0, 4, 18, and 32. Measurements were made on magnified digital photographs, and each measurement was repeated three times to determine intra-rater reliability. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Significance was set at p < 0.05. There were no significant differences between any of the measures over time for all of the variables assessed (F = 0.302-1.576, p = 0.226-0.759, partial η (2) = 0.029-0.136). For all measurements, intra-rater reliability was high (intra-class correlation > 0.9). These results support the use of formic acid demineralization to facilitate the study of cervical spine meniscoids by dissection, as even after a period of extended immersion in the solution, the morphometry of the structures was not significantly altered. Findings may have implications for dissection studies of other meniscoid-like soft tissue structures that use formic acid demineralization.
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10
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Stine KC, Wahl EC, Liu L, Skinner RA, Schilden JV, Bunn RC, Montgomery CO, Suva LJ, Aronson J, Becton DL, Nicholas RW, Swearingen CJ, Lumpkin CK. Cisplatin inhibits bone healing during distraction osteogenesis. J Orthop Res 2014; 32:464-70. [PMID: 24259375 PMCID: PMC4080883 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common malignant bone tumor affecting children and adolescents. Many patients are treated with a combination of chemotherapy, resection, and limb salvage protocols. Surgical reconstructions after tumor resection include structural allografts, non-cemented endoprostheses, and distraction osteogenesis (DO), which require direct bone formation. Although cisplatin (CDP) is extensively used for OS chemotherapy, the effects on bone regeneration are not well studied. The effects of CDP on direct bone formation in DO were compared using two dosing regimens and both C57BL/6 (B6) and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 knockout (TNFR1KO) mice, as CDP toxicity is associated with elevated TNF levels. Detailed evaluation of the five-dose CDP regimen (2 mg/kg/day), demonstrated significant decreases in new bone formation in the DO gaps of CDP treated versus vehicle treated mice (p < 0.001). Further, no significant inhibitory effects from the five-dose CDP regimen were observed in TNFR1KO mice. The two-dose regimen significantly inhibited new bone formation in B6 mice. These results demonstrate that CDP has profound short term negative effects on the process of bone repair in DO. These data provide the mechanistic basis for modeling peri-operative chemotherapy doses and schedules and may provide new opportunities to identify molecules that spare normal cells from the inhibitory effects of CDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimo C. Stine
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Elizabeth C. Wahl
- Department of Laboratory for Limb Regeneration Research, Arkansas Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Lichu Liu
- Department of Laboratory for Limb Regeneration Research, Arkansas Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Robert A. Skinner
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Jaclyn Vander Schilden
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Robert C. Bunn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Corey O. Montgomery
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Larry J. Suva
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - James Aronson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR,Department of Laboratory for Limb Regeneration Research, Arkansas Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - David L. Becton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Richard W. Nicholas
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Christopher J. Swearingen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR,Pediatric Biostatistics, Arkansas Children’s Hospital Research Institute
| | - Charles K. Lumpkin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR,Department of Laboratory for Limb Regeneration Research, Arkansas Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
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11
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Kacena MA, Troiano NW, Coady CE, Horowitz MC. Effects of Ethanol Post-Fixation on the Histological, Histochemical, and Immunohistochemical Analysis of Murine Bone Specimens. J Histotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/his.2004.27.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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12
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Elias JM. Bones Are Diamonds In The Rough. J Histotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/his.1997.20.3.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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13
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Kacena MA, Halfon JK, Coady CE, Nelson T, Troiano NW. Optimization of Methylmethacrylate Infiltration Duration in Undecalcified Murine Bone Specimens. J Histotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/his.2006.29.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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14
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Wahl EC, Aronson J, Skinner RA, Lumpkin CK. Bromodeoxyuridine Trackng of Osteoblast Progenitors in Formalin-Fixed, Decalcified Regenerating Bone. J Histotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/his.2006.29.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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15
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Merriam KL, Maher CR. Preparation of Large Paraffin Blocks and Slides by the Adaptation of a Sledge Microtome Cassette Clamp to a Rotary Microtome. J Histotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/his.1999.22.4.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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16
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Zielinska AK, Beenken KE, Mrak LN, Spencer HJ, Post GR, Skinner RA, Tackett AJ, Horswill AR, Smeltzer MS. sarA-mediated repression of protease production plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 isolates. Mol Microbiol 2012; 86:1183-96. [PMID: 23075270 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mutation of staphylococcal accessory regulator (sarA) results in increased production of extracellular proteases in Staphylococcus aureus, which has been correlated with decreased biofilm formation and decreased accumulation of extracellular toxins. We used murine models of implant-associated biofilm infection and S. aureus bacteraemia (SAB) to compare virulence of USA300 strain LAC, its isogenic sarA mutant, and derivatives of each of these strains with mutations in all 10 of the genes encoding recognized extracellular proteases. The sarA mutant was attenuated in both models, and this was reversed by eliminating production of extracellular proteases. To examine the mechanistic basis, we identified proteins impacted by sarA in a protease-dependent manner. We identified 253 proteins where accumulation was reduced in the sarA mutant compared with the parent strain, and was restored in the sarA/protease mutant. Additionally, in SAB, the LAC protease mutant exhibited a hypervirulent phenotype by comparison with the isogenic parent strain, demonstrating that sarA also positively regulates production of virulence factors, some of which are subject to protease-mediated degradation. We propose a model in which attenuation of sarA mutants is defined by their inability to produce critical factors and simultaneously repress production of extracellular proteases that would otherwise limit accumulation of virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka K Zielinska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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17
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Wahl EC, Aronson J, Liu L, Skinner RA, Ronis MJJ, Lumpkin CK. Distraction osteogenesis in TNF receptor 1 deficient mice is protected from chronic ethanol exposure. Alcohol 2012; 46:133-8. [PMID: 21908154 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is an orthopedic protocol, which induces direct new bone formation as a result of the stimulating effects of mechanical distraction. Chronic ethanol exposure has been demonstrated to inhibit bone formation in rodent models of DO. Further, it has been demonstrated that (1) tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) blockers are protective against ethanol exposure and (2) recombinant mouse TNF (rmTNF) inhibits direct bone formation in ethanol naïve mice through TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1). These results suggest that the inhibitory effects are significantly mediated by TNF signaling. Therefore, we hypothesized that direct new bone formation in TNFR1 knockout (KO) mice would be protected from ethanol exposure. We used a unique model of mouse DO combined with liquid/chow diets to compare the effects of ethanol on both a strain of TNFR1 knockout (TNFR1 KO) mice and on mice of their C57BL/6 (B6) control strain. In the B6 study, and in concordance with previous work, both radiological and histological analyses of direct bone formation in the distraction gaps demonstrated significant osteoinhibition due to ethanol compared with chow- or pair-fed mice. In the TNFR1 KO study and in support of the hypothesis, both radiological and histological analyses of distraction gap bone formation demonstrated no significant differences between the ethanol, chow fed, or pair fed. We conclude that exogenous rmTNF and ethanol-induced endogenous TNF act to inhibit new bone formation during DO by signaling primarily through TNFR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Wahl
- Laboratory for Limb Regeneration Research, Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
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18
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Kelly T, Suva LJ, Nicks KM, MacLeod V, Sanderson RD. Tumor-derived syndecan-1 mediates distal cross-talk with bone that enhances osteoclastogenesis. J Bone Miner Res 2010; 25:1295-304. [PMID: 20200931 PMCID: PMC3148092 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-stimulated bone resorption fuels tumor growth and marks a dramatic decline in the health and prognosis of breast cancer patients. Identifying mechanisms that mediate cross-talk between tumor and bone remains a key challenge. We previously demonstrated that breast cancer cells expressing high levels of heparanase exhibit enhanced shedding of the syndecan-1 proteoglycan. Moreover, when these heparanase-high cells are implanted in the mammary fat pad, they elevate bone resorption. In this study, conditioned medium from breast cancer cells expressing high levels of heparanase was shown to significantly stimulate human osteoclastogenesis in vitro (p < .05). The osteoclastogenic activity in the medium of heparanase-high cells was traced to the presence of syndecan-1, intact heparan sulfate chains, and heat-labile factor(s), including the chemokine interleukin 8 (IL-8). The enhanced osteoclastogenesis promoted by the heparanase-high cells results in a dramatic increase in bone resorption in vitro. In addition, the long bones of animals bearing heparanase-high tumors in the mammary fat pad had significantly higher numbers of osteoclasts compared with animals bearing tumors expressing low levels of heparanase (p < .05). Together these data suggest that syndecan-1 shed by tumor cells exerts biologic effects distal to the primary tumor and that it participates in driving osteoclastogenesis and the resulting bone destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kelly
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA.
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19
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Wahl EC, Aronson J, Liu L, Skinner RA, Miller MJ, Cockrell GE, Fowlkes JL, Thrailkill KM, Bunn RC, Ronis MJJ, Lumpkin CK. Direct bone formation during distraction osteogenesis does not require TNFalpha receptors and elevated serum TNFalpha fails to inhibit bone formation in TNFR1 deficient mice. Bone 2010; 46:410-7. [PMID: 19772956 PMCID: PMC2818239 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is a process which induces direct new bone formation as a result of mechanical distraction. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) is a cytokine that can modulate osteoblastogenesis. The direct effects of TNF on direct bone formation in rodents are hypothetically mediated through TNF receptor 1 and/or 2 (TNFR1/2) signaling. We utilized a unique model of mouse DO to assess the effects of 1) TNFR homozygous null gene alterations on direct bone formation and 2) rmTNF on wild type (WT), TNFR1(-/-) (R1KO), and TNR2(-/-) (R2KO) mice. Radiological and histological analyses of direct bone formation in the distraction gaps demonstrated no significant differences between the WT, R1KO, R2KO, or TNFR1(-/-) and R2(-/-) (R1 and 2KO) mice. R1 and 2KO mice had elevated levels of serum TNF but demonstrated no inhibition of new bone formation. Systemic administration by osmotic pump of rmTNF during DO (10 microg/kg/day) resulted in significant inhibition of gap bone formation measures in WT and R2KO mice, but not in R1KO mice. We conclude that exogenous rmTNF and/or endogenous TNF act to inhibit new bone formation during DO by signaling primarily through TNFR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Wahl
- Laboratory for Limb Regeneration Research, Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
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20
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Suva LJ, Hartman E, Dilley JD, Russell S, Akel NS, Skinner RA, Hogue WR, Budde U, Varughese KI, Kanaji T, Ware J. Platelet dysfunction and a high bone mass phenotype in a murine model of platelet-type von Willebrand disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 172:430-9. [PMID: 18187573 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The platelet glycoprotein Ib-IX receptor binds surface-bound von Willebrand factor and supports platelet adhesion to damaged vascular surfaces. A limited number of mutations within the glycoprotein Ib-IX complex have been described that permit a structurally altered receptor to interact with soluble von Willebrand factor, and this is the molecular basis of platelet-type von Willebrand disease. We have developed and characterized a mouse model of platelet-type von Willebrand disease (G233V) and have confirmed a platelet phenotype mimicking the human disorder. The mice have a dramatic increase in splenic megakaryocytes and splenomegaly. Recent studies have demonstrated that hematopoetic cells can influence the differentiation of osteogenic cells. Thus, we examined the skeletal phenotype of mice expressing the G233V variant complex. At 6 months of age, G233V mice exhibit a high bone mass phenotype with an approximate doubling of trabecular bone volume in both the tibia and femur. Serum measures of bone resorption were significantly decreased in G233V animals. With decreased bone resorption, cortical thickness was increased, medullary area decreased, and consequently, the mechanical strength of the femur was significantly increased. Using ex vivo bone marrow cultures, osteoclast-specific staining in the G233V mutant marrow was diminished, whereas osteoblastogenesis was unaffected. These studies provide new insights into the relationship between the regulation of megakaryocytopoiesis and bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry J Suva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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21
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Hedgecock NL, Hadi T, Chen AA, Curtiss SB, Martin RB, Hazelwood SJ. Quantitative regional associations between remodeling, modeling, and osteocyte apoptosis and density in rabbit tibial midshafts. Bone 2007; 40:627-37. [PMID: 17157571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2006.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Revised: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that osteocyte apoptosis is involved in the adaptive response of bone, although the specific role of osteocytes in the signaling mechanism is unknown. Here, we examined and correlated regional variability in indices of remodeling, modeling, osteocyte apoptosis, and osteocyte density in rabbit tibia midshafts. Histomorphometric analysis indicated that remodeling parameters (BMU activation frequency, osteon density, forming osteon density, and resorption cavity density) were lower in the cranial region compared to other quadrants. In addition, pericortical subregions displayed less remodeling relative to intracortical and endocortical ones. Modeling indices also demonstrated regional variability in that periosteal surfaces exhibited a greater extent of bone forming surface than endosteal ones across all anatomic quadrants. In contrast, endosteal surfaces demonstrated significantly greater surface mineral apposition rates compared to periosteal surfaces in caudal, medial, and lateral but not cranial quadrants. Using TUNEL analysis to detect osteocytes undergoing apoptosis, the density of apoptotic osteocytes was found to be lower in cranial quadrants relative to medial ones. In addition, the densities of osteocyte lacunae, empty lacunae, and total osteocytes were higher in lateral fields relative to caudal quadrants. There was a strong, statistically significant linear correlation between the remodeling indices and apoptotic osteocyte density, supporting the theory that osteocytes undergoing apoptosis produce signals that attract or direct bone remodeling. In contrast, the modeling parameters did not exhibit a correlation with apoptotic osteocytes, although there was a strong correlation between the modeling indices and the density of empty osteocyte lacunae, corroborating previous studies that have found that osteocytes inhibit bone formation. It was found that osteocyte density and osteocyte lacunar density did not significantly correlate with modeling or remodeling parameters, suggesting that cell viability should be examined in studies correlating bone turnover parameters with the functional role of osteocytes in bone adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Hedgecock
- Lawrence J Ellison Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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22
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Wahl EC, Aronson J, Liu L, Liu Z, Perrien DS, Skinner RA, Badger TM, Ronis MJJ, Lumpkin CK. Chronic ethanol exposure inhibits distraction osteogenesis in a mouse model: role of the TNF signaling axis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 220:302-10. [PMID: 17391719 PMCID: PMC1892174 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Revised: 01/24/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is an inflammatory cytokine that modulates osteoblastogenesis. In addition, the demonstrated inhibitory effects of chronic ethanol exposure on direct bone formation in rats are hypothetically mediated by TNF-alpha signaling. The effects in mice are unreported. Therefore, we hypothesized that in mice (1) administration of a soluble TNF receptor 1 derivative (sTNF-R1) would protect direct bone formation during chronic ethanol exposure, and (2) administration of recombinant mouse TNF-alpha (rmTNF-alpha) to ethanol naïve mice would inhibit direct bone formation. We utilized a unique model of limb lengthening (distraction osteogenesis, DO) combined with liquid diets to measure chronic ethanol's effects on direct bone formation. Chronic ethanol exposure resulted in increased marrow TNF, IL-1, and CYP 2E1 RNA levels in ethanol-treated vs. control mice, while no significant weight differences were noted. Systemic administration of sTNF-R1 during DO (8.0 mg/kg/2 days) to chronic ethanol-exposed mice resulted in enhanced direct bone formation as measured radiologically and histologically. Systemic rmTNF-alpha (10 microg/kg/day) administration decreased direct bone formation measures, while no significant weight differences were noted. We conclude that chronic ethanol-associated inhibition of direct bone formation is mediated to a significant extent by the TNF signaling axis in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Wahl
- Laboratory for Limb Regeneration Research, Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
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23
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Elasri MO, Thomas JR, Skinner RA, Blevins JS, Beenken KE, Nelson CL, Smeltzer MS. Staphylococcus aureus collagen adhesin contributes to the pathogenesis of osteomyelitis. Bone 2002; 30:275-80. [PMID: 11792597 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(01)00632-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the role of the Staphylococcus aureus collagen-binding adhesin (Cna) in bone and joint infection, we generated a cna mutant in S. aureus UAMS-1, a strain that was originally isolated from the bone of a patient suffering from osteomyelitis. The mutant (UAMS-237) was unable to bind collagen but bound fibronectin at levels comparable to UAMS-1. The relative virulence of UAMS-1 and UAMS-237 was assessed using a murine model of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis. Specifically, 10(8) colony-forming units (cfu) were introduced into the bloodstream of NIH-Swiss mice via tail-vein injection. After 2 weeks, the left hind limb was harvested and examined histologically for evidence of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. Osteomyelitis developed in 14 of 20 mice (70%) infected with UAMS-1, but only 1 of 20 (5%) infected with UAMS-237 (p < 0.001). In contrast, septic arthritis was observed in 12 of 20 mice (60%) infected with UAMS-1 and 14 of 20 (70%) infected with UAMS-237 (p < 0.75). These results indicate that Cna is not required to establish joint infection, but does make an important contribution to the ability of S. aureus to establish infection in bone through hematogenous spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Elasri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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