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Wang P, Fredj Z, Zhang H, Rong G, Bian S, Sawan M. Blocking Superantigen-Mediated Diseases: Challenges and Future Trends. J Immunol Res 2024; 2024:2313062. [PMID: 38268531 PMCID: PMC10807946 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2313062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Superantigens are virulence factors secreted by microorganisms that can cause various immune diseases, such as overactivating the immune system, resulting in cytokine storms, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. Some studies have demonstrated that superantigens do not require intracellular processing and instated bind as intact proteins to the antigen-binding groove of major histocompatibility complex II on antigen-presenting cells, resulting in the activation of T cells with different T-cell receptor Vβ and subsequent overstimulation. To combat superantigen-mediated diseases, researchers have employed different approaches, such as antibodies and simulated peptides. However, due to the complex nature of superantigens, these approaches have not been entirely successful in achieving optimal therapeutic outcomes. CD28 interacts with members of the B7 molecule family to activate T cells. Its mimicking peptide has been suggested as a potential candidate to block superantigens, but it can lead to reduced T-cell activity while increasing the host's infection risk. Thus, this review focuses on the use of drug delivery methods to accurately target and block superantigens, while reducing the adverse effects associated with CD28 mimic peptides. We believe that this method has the potential to provide an effective and safe therapeutic strategy for superantigen-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengbo Wang
- CenBRAIN Neurotech, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Zina Fredj
- CenBRAIN Neurotech, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Hongyong Zhang
- CenBRAIN Neurotech, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Guoguang Rong
- CenBRAIN Neurotech, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Sumin Bian
- CenBRAIN Neurotech, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Mohamad Sawan
- CenBRAIN Neurotech, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
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Gladow N, Hollmann C, Ramos G, Frantz S, Kerkau T, Beyersdorf N, Hofmann U. Treatment of mice with a ligand binding blocking anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody improves healing after myocardial infarction. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227734. [PMID: 32298302 PMCID: PMC7161974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Both conventional and regulatory CD4+ T-cells rely on costimulatory signals mediated by cell surface receptors including CD28 for full activation. We showed previously that stimulation of CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells by superagonistic anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) improves myocardial healing after experimental myocardial infarction (MI). However, the effect of ligand binding blocking anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies has not yet been tested in this context. We hypothesize that ligand blocking anti-CD28 mAb treatment might favorably impact on healing after MI by limiting the activation of conventional CD4+ T-cells. Therefore, we studied the therapeutic effect of the recently characterized mAb E18 which blocks ligand binding to CD28 in a mouse permanent coronary ligation model. E18 or an irrelevant control mAb was applied once on day two after myocardial infarction to wildtype mice. Echocardiography was performed on day 7 after MI. E18 treatment improved the survival and reduced the incidence of left ventricular ruptures after experimental myocardial infarction. Accordingly, although we found no difference in infarct size, there was significantly less left ventricular dilation after E18 treatment in surviving animals as determined by echocardiography at day 7 after MI. In sham operated control mice neither antibody had an impact on body weight, survival, and echocardiographic parameters. Mechanistically, compared to control immunoglobulin, E18 treatment reduced the number of CD4+ T-cells and monocytes/macrophages within the infarct and periinfarct zone on day 5. This was accompanied by an upregulation of arginase which is a marker for alternatively differentiated macrophages. The data indicate that CD28-dependent costimulation of CD4+ T-cells impairs myocardial healing and anti-CD28 antibody treatment constitutes a potentially clinically translatable approach to improve the outcome early after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Gladow
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Claudia Hollmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gustavo Ramos
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Frantz
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kerkau
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Beyersdorf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hofmann
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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During acute graft versus host disease CD28 deletion in donor CD8+, but not CD4+, T cells maintain antileukemia responses in mice. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:2055-2067. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Langenhorst D, Haack S, Göb S, Uri A, Lühder F, Vanhove B, Hünig T, Beyersdorf N. CD28 Costimulation of T Helper 1 Cells Enhances Cytokine Release In Vivo. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1060. [PMID: 29868020 PMCID: PMC5964139 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to naive T cells, differentiated T cells are thought to be less dependent on CD28 costimulation for full activation. To revisit the role of CD28 costimulation in mouse T cell recall responses, we adoptively transferred in vitro generated OT-II T helper (Th) 1 cells into C57BL/6 mice (Thy1.2+) and then either blocked CD28–ligand interactions with Fab fragments of the anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody (mAb) E18 or deleted CD28 expression using inducible CD28 knock-out OT-II mice as T cell donors. After injection of ovalbumin protein in adjuvant into the recipient mice we observed that systemic interferon (IFN)γ release strongly depended on CD28 costimulation of the Th1 cells, while secondary clonal expansion was not reduced in the absence of CD28 costimulation. For human memory CD4+ T cell responses we also noted that cytokine release was reduced upon inhibition of CD28 costimulation. Together, our data highlight the so far underestimated role of CD28 costimulation for the reactivation of fully differentiated CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Langenhorst
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Haack
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Selina Göb
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Uri
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Fred Lühder
- Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Neuroimmunology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernard Vanhove
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,OSE Immunotherapeutics S.A., Nantes, France
| | - Thomas Hünig
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Beyersdorf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Uri A, Werner S, Lühder F, Hünig T, Kerkau T, Beyersdorf N. Protection of Mice from Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease Requires CD28 Co-stimulation on Donor CD4 + Foxp3 + Regulatory T Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:721. [PMID: 28690612 PMCID: PMC5481316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell plus T cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). In this study, we investigated the requirement for CD28 co-stimulation of donor CD4+ conventional (CD4+CD25-Foxp3-, Tconv) and regulatory (CD4+CD25+Foxp3+, Treg) T cells in aGvHD using tamoxifen-inducible CD28 knockout (iCD28KO) or wild-type (wt) littermates as donors of CD4+ Tconv and Treg. In the highly inflammatory C57BL/6 into BALB/c allo-HSCT transplantation model, CD28 depletion on donor CD4+ Tconv reduced clinical signs of aGvHD, but did not significantly prolong survival of the recipient mice. Selective depletion of CD28 on donor Treg did not abrogate protection of recipient mice from aGvHD until about day 20 after allo-HSCT. Later, however, the pool of CD28-depleted Treg drastically declined as compared to wt Treg. Consequently, only wt, but not CD28-deficient, Treg were able to continuously suppress aGvHD and induce long-term survival of the recipient mice. To our knowledge, this is the first study that specifically evaluates the impact of CD28 expression on donor Treg in aGvHD. Moreover, the delayed kinetics of aGvHD lethality after transplantation of iCD28KO Treg provides a novel animal model for similar disease courses found in patients after allo-HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Uri
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Werner
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Fred Lühder
- Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Neuroimmunology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Hünig
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kerkau
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Beyersdorf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Schlöder J, Berges C, Luessi F, Jonuleit H. Dimethyl Fumarate Therapy Significantly Improves the Responsiveness of T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis Patients for Immunoregulation by Regulatory T Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020271. [PMID: 28134847 PMCID: PMC5343807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease caused by an insufficient suppression of autoreactive T lymphocytes. One reason for the lack of immunological control is the reduced responsiveness of T effector cells (Teff) for the suppressive properties of regulatory T cells (Treg), a process termed Treg resistance. Here we investigated whether the disease-modifying therapy of relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) with dimethyl fumarate (DMF) influences the sensitivity of T cells in the peripheral blood of patients towards Treg-mediated suppression. We demonstrated that DMF restores responsiveness of Teff to the suppressive function of Treg in vitro, presumably by down-regulation of interleukin-6R (IL-6R) expression on T cells. Transfer of human immune cells into immunodeficient mice resulted in a lethal graft-versus-host reaction triggered by human CD4⁺ Teff. This systemic inflammation can be prevented by activated Treg after transfer of immune cells from DMF-treated MS patients, but not after injection of Treg-resistant Teff from therapy-naïve MS patients. Furthermore, after DMF therapy, proliferation and expansion of T cells and the immigration into the spleen of the animals is reduced and modulated by activated Treg. In summary, our data reveals that DMF therapy significantly improves the responsiveness of Teff in MS patients to immunoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Schlöder
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Carsten Berges
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Felix Luessi
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Helmut Jonuleit
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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Berges C, Kerkau T, Werner S, Wolf N, Winter N, Hünig T, Einsele H, Topp MS, Beyersdorf N. Hsp90 inhibition ameliorates CD4 + T cell-mediated acute Graft versus Host disease in mice. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2016; 4:463-473. [PMID: 27980780 PMCID: PMC5134726 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction For many patients with leukemia only allogeneic bone marrow transplantion provides a chance of cure. Co‐transplanted mature donor T cells mediate the desired Graft versus Tumor (GvT) effect required to destroy residual leukemic cells. The donor T cells very often, however, also attack healthy tissue of the patient inducing acute Graft versus Host Disease (aGvHD)—a potentially life‐threatening complication. Methods Therefore, we used the well established C57BL/6 into BALB/c mouse aGvHD model to evaluate whether pharmacological inhibition of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) would protect the mice from aGvHD. Results Treatment of the BALB/c recipient mice from day 0 to +2 after allogeneic CD4+ T cell transplantation with the Hsp90 inhibitor 17‐(dimethylaminoethylamino)‐17‐demethoxygeldanamycin (DMAG) partially protected the mice from aGvHD. DMAG treatment was, however, insufficient to prolong overall survival of leukemia‐bearing mice after transplantation of allogeneic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Ex vivo analyses and in vitro experiments revealed that DMAG primarily inhibits conventional CD4+ T cells with a relative resistance of CD4+ regulatory and CD8+ T cells toward Hsp90 inhibition. Conclusions Our data, thus, suggest that Hsp90 inhibition might constitute a novel approach to reduce aGvHD in patients without abrogating the desired GvT effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Berges
- Department of Internal Medicine II Division of Hematology University Hospital Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Thomas Kerkau
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Sandra Werner
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Nelli Wolf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Nadine Winter
- Department of Internal Medicine II Division of Hematology University Hospital Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Thomas Hünig
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Department of Internal Medicine II Division of Hematology University Hospital Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Max S Topp
- Department of Internal Medicine II Division of Hematology University Hospital Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Niklas Beyersdorf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
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8
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Fröhlich M, Gogishvili T, Langenhorst D, Lühder F, Hünig T. Interrupting CD28 costimulation before antigen rechallenge affects CD8(+) T-cell expansion and effector functions during secondary response in mice. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1644-55. [PMID: 27122236 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The role of CD28-mediated costimulation in secondary CD8(+) T-cell responses remains controversial. Here, we have used two tools - blocking mouse anti-mouse CD28-specific antibodies and inducible CD28-deleting mice - to obtain definitive answers in mice infected with ovalbumin-secreting Listeria monocytogenes. We report that both blockade and global deletion of CD28 reveal its requirement for full clonal expansion and effector functions such as degranulation and IFN-γ production during the secondary immune response. In contrast, cell-intrinsic deletion of CD28 in transferred TCR-transgenic CD8(+) T cells before primary infection leads to impaired clonal expansion but an increase in cells able to express effector functions in both primary and secondary responses. We suggest that the proliferation-impaired CD8(+) T cells respond to CD28-dependent help from their environment by enhanced functional differentiation. Finally, we report that cell-intrinsic deletion of CD28 after the peak of the primary response does not affect the establishment, maintenance, or recall of long-term memory. Thus, if given sufficient time, the progeny of primed CD8(+) T cells adapt to the absence of this costimulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Fröhlich
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tea Gogishvili
- Department of Medicine II-Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Langenhorst
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Fred Lühder
- Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Department of Neuroimmunology, Gemeinnützige Hertie-Stiftung and University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Hünig
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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9
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Beyersdorf N, Kerkau T, Hünig T. CD28 co-stimulation in T-cell homeostasis: a recent perspective. Immunotargets Ther 2015; 4:111-22. [PMID: 27471717 PMCID: PMC4918251 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s61647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cells play a key role within the adaptive immune system mediating cellular immunity and orchestrating the immune response as a whole. Their activation requires not only recognition of antigen/major histocompatibility complexes by the T-cell receptor but in addition co-stimulation via the CD28 molecule through binding to CD80, CD86, or as recently discovered, inducible co-stimulator ligand expressed by antigen-presenting cells. Apart from tight control of the co-stimulatory signal by the T-cell receptor complex, expression of the inhibitory receptor cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) sharing its ligands with CD28 is required to avoid inappropriate or prolonged T-cell activation. CD4(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells, which are crucial inhibitors of autoimmunity, add another level of complexity in that they differ from conventional non-regulatory CD4(+) T-cells by strongly depending on CD28 signaling for their generation and homeostasis. Moreover, CTLA-4 is constitutively expressed by Treg cells where it serves as a key mediator of suppression, while conventional CD4(+) T-cells express CTLA-4 only after activation. Here, we discuss recent insights into the molecular events underlying CD28-mediated co-stimulation, its impact on gene regulation, and the differential role of CD28 expression on Treg cells versus conventional CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells. Moreover, we summarize the exciting therapeutic options which have arisen from our current understanding of T-cell co-stimulation. Some of these have already been translated into the clinic, while others are expected to follow soon due to promising preclinical results. In particular, we discuss the failed 2006 trial of the CD28 superagonist TGN1412, and the return of this potent T-cell activator to clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Beyersdorf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kerkau
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hünig
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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10
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Overcoming immunological barriers in regenerative medicine. Nat Biotechnol 2015; 32:786-94. [PMID: 25093888 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative therapies that use allogeneic cells are likely to encounter immunological barriers similar to those that occur with transplantation of solid organs and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Decades of experience in clinical transplantation hold valuable lessons for regenerative medicine, offering approaches for developing tolerance-induction treatments relevant to cell therapies. Outside the field of solid-organ and allogeneic HSC transplantation, new strategies are emerging for controlling the immune response, such as methods based on biomaterials or mimicry of antigen-specific peripheral tolerance. Novel biomaterials can alter the behavior of cells in tissue-engineered constructs and can blunt host immune responses to cells and biomaterial scaffolds. Approaches to suppress autoreactive immune cells may also be useful in regenerative medicine. The most innovative solutions will be developed through closer collaboration among stem cell biologists, transplantation immunologists and materials scientists.
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Abstract
Supplemental digital content is available in the text. CD28 signal blockade after T cell receptor activation is under intense investigation as a tolerance-inducing therapy for transplantation. Our goal is to produce a CD28-specific reagent as a therapy for the prevention of graft rejection and graft-versus-host disease in the canine model of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation.
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Thauland TJ, Koguchi Y, Dustin ML, Parker DC. CD28-CD80 interactions control regulatory T cell motility and immunological synapse formation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:5894-903. [PMID: 25355918 PMCID: PMC4258405 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for tolerance to self and environmental Ags, acting in part by downmodulating costimulatory molecules on the surface of dendritic cells (DCs) and altering naive CD4 T cell-DC interactions. In this study, we show that Tregs form stable conjugates with DCs before, but not after, they decrease surface expression of the costimulatory molecule CD80 on the DCs. We use supported planar bilayers to show that Tregs dramatically slow down but maintain a highly polarized and motile phenotype after recognizing Ag in the absence of costimulation. These motile cells are characterized by distinct accumulations of LFA-1-ICAM-1 in the lamella and TCR-MHC in the uropod, consistent with a motile immunological synapse or "kinapse." However, in the presence of high, but not low, concentrations of CD80, Tregs form stationary, symmetrical synapses. Using blocking Abs, we show that, whereas CTLA-4 is required for CD80 downmodulation, CD28-CD80 interactions are critical for modulating Treg motility in the presence of Ag. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that Tregs are tuned to alter their motility depending on costimulatory signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Thauland
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239;
| | - Yoshinobu Koguchi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; and Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - David C Parker
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239;
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Pletinckx K, Vaeth M, Schneider T, Beyersdorf N, Hünig T, Berberich-Siebelt F, Lutz MB. Immature dendritic cells convert anergic nonregulatory T cells into Foxp3- IL-10+ regulatory T cells by engaging CD28 and CTLA-4. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:480-91. [PMID: 25382658 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anergic T cells can survive for long time periods passively in a hyporesponsive state without obvious active functions. Thus, the immunological reason for their maintenance is unclear. Here, we induced peptide-specific anergy in T cells from mice by coculturing these cells with immature murine dendritic cells (DCs). We found that these anergic, nonsuppressive IL-10(-) Foxp3(-) CTLA-4(+) CD25(low) Egr2(+) T cells could be converted into suppressive IL-10(+) Foxp3(-) CTLA-4(+) CD25(high) Egr2(+) cells resembling type-1 Treg cells (Tr1) when stimulated a second time by immature DCs in vitro. Addition of TGF-β during anergy induction favored Foxp3(+) Treg-cell induction, while TGF-β had little effect when added to the second stimulation. Expression of both CD28 and CTLA-4 molecules on anergic T cells was required to allow their conversion into Tr1-like cells. Suppressor activity was enabled via CD28-mediated CD25 upregulation, acting as an IL-2 sink, together with a CTLA-4-mediated inhibition of NFATc1/α activation to shut down IL-2-mediated proliferation. Together, these data provide evidence and mechanistical insights into how persistent anergic T cells may serve as a resting memory pool for Tr1-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Pletinckx
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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14
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Wang YM, Alexander SI. IL-2/anti-IL-2 complex: a novel strategy of in vivo regulatory T cell expansion in renal injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:1503-4. [PMID: 23949795 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013070718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Min Wang
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
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15
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Gogishvili T, Lühder F, Kirstein F, Nieuwenhuizen NE, Goebbels S, Beer-Hammer S, Pfeffer K, Reuter S, Taube C, Brombacher F, Hünig T. Interruption of CD28-mediated costimulation during allergen challenge protects mice from allergic airway disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:1394-403.e4. [PMID: 23102920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic asthma is a T(H)2-promoted hyperreactivity with an immediate, IgE, and mast cell-dependent response followed by eosinophil-dominated inflammation and airway obstruction. OBJECTIVE Because costimulation by CD28 is essential for T(H)2 but not T(H)1 responses, we investigated the effect of selective interference with this pathway in mice using the models of ovalbumin and house dust mite-induced airway inflammation. METHODS To study the role of CD28 in the effector phase of allergic airway inflammation, we developed an inducibly CD28-deleting mouse strain or alternatively used a CD28 ligand-binding site-specific mouse anti-mouse mAb blocking CD28 engagement. RESULTS We show that even after systemic sensitization to the allergen, interruption of CD28-mediated costimulation is highly effective in preventing airway inflammation during challenge. In addition to improving airway resistance and histopathologic presentation and reducing inflammatory infiltrates, antibody treatment during allergen challenge resulted in a marked relative increase in regulatory T-cell numbers among the CD4 T-cell subset of the challenged lung. CONCLUSION Selective interference with CD28-mediated costimulation during allergen exposure might be an attractive therapeutic concept for allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Gogishvili
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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16
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Poirier N, Blancho G, Vanhove B. CD28-specific immunomodulating antibodies: what can be learned from experimental models? Am J Transplant 2012; 12:1682-90. [PMID: 22471377 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Tolerance induction to alloantigens remains a major challenge in transplant immunology. Progress in the last decade of our understanding of T-cell activation has led to the development of new immunotherapeutic strategies to replace conventional immunosuppression which inhibits the immune system in a nonspecific way. In particular, positive and negative costimulatory molecules of the CD28 family have been consistently demonstrated to be critical for the development of productive immune responses as well as the establishment and maintenance of peripheral tolerance. However, recent discoveries of novel costimulatory interactions confer a novel dimension to the immunoregulatory interactions within the B7:CD28 family and compels a revised view within a "quintet" of costimulatory molecules: CD28/B7/CTLA-4/PD-L1/ICOSL. Complexity introduced in this more detailed costimulatory pathway has important implications in therapeutic interventions against human immunological diseases and, especially, highlight the fundamental differences in selectively targeting CD28 molecules instead of B7 counterparts. In this review, we discuss these differences and emphasize different CD28-specific immunomodulating strategies evaluated in experimental models of transplantation and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Poirier
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1064, Nantes, France
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17
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Polhill T, Zhang GY, Hu M, Sawyer A, Zhou JJ, Saito M, Webster KE, Wang Y, Wang Y, Grey ST, Sprent J, Harris DCH, Alexander SI, Wang YM. IL-2/IL-2Ab complexes induce regulatory T cell expansion and protect against proteinuric CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 23:1303-8. [PMID: 22677553 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2011111130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) help protect against autoimmune renal injury. The use of agonist antibodies and antibody/cytokine combinations to expand Tregs in vivo may have therapeutic potential for renal disease. Here, we investigated the effects of administering IL-2/IL-2Ab complexes in mice with adriamycin nephropathy, a model of proteinuric kidney disease that resembles human focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Injecting IL-2/IL-2Ab complexes before or, to a lesser extent, after induction of disease promoted expansion of Tregs. Furthermore, administration of this complex was renoprotective, evidenced by improved renal function, maintenance of body weight, less histologic injury, and reduced inflammation. IL-2/IL-2Ab reduced serum IL-6 and renal expression of IL-6 and IL-17 but enhanced expression of IL-10 and Foxp3 in the spleen. In vitro, the addition of IL-2/IL-2Ab complexes induced rapid STAT-5 phosphorylation in CD4 T cells. In summary, these data suggest that inducing the expansion of Tregs by administering IL-2/IL-2Ab complexes is a possible strategy to treat renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Polhill
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead NSW 2145, Sydney, Australia
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18
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Silberman D, Bucknum A, Bartlett T, Composto G, Kozlowski M, Walker A, Werda A, Cua J, Sharpe AH, Somerville JE, Riggs JE. CD28 ligation increases macrophage suppression of T-cell proliferation. Cell Mol Immunol 2012; 9:341-9. [PMID: 22522653 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2012.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
When compared to spleen or lymph node cells, resident peritoneal cavity cells respond poorly to T-cell activation in vitro. The greater proportional representation of macrophages in this cell source has been shown to actively suppress the T-cell response. Peritoneal macrophages exhibit an immature phenotype (MHC class II(lo), B7(lo)) that reduces their efficacy as antigen-presenting cells. Furthermore, these cells readily express inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), an enzyme that promotes T-cell tolerance by catabolism of the limiting amino acid arginine. Here, we investigate the ability of exogenous T-cell costimulation to recover the peritoneal T-cell response. We show that CD28 ligation failed to recover the peritoneal T-cell response and actually suppressed responses that had been recovered by inhibiting iNOS. As indicated by cytokine ELISpot and neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment, this 'cosuppression' response was due to CD28 ligation increasing the number of interferon (IFN)-γ-secreting cells. Our results illustrate that cellular composition and cytokine milieu influence T-cell costimulation biology.Cellular & Molecular Immunology advance online publication, 23 April 2012; doi:10.1038/cmi.2012.13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Silberman
- Department of Biology, Rider University, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
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19
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Preculture of PBMCs at high cell density increases sensitivity of T-cell responses, revealing cytokine release by CD28 superagonist TGN1412. Blood 2011; 118:6772-82. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-12-319780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Human volunteers receiving TGN1412, a humanized CD28-specific monoclonal antibody, experienced a life-threatening cytokine release syndrome during a recent trial. Preclinical tests using human PBMCs had failed to announce the rapid release of TNF, IFN-γ, and other toxic cytokines in response to this CD28 “superagonist” (CD28SA). CD28SA activate T-lymphocytes by ligating CD28 without overt engagement of the TCR. They do, however, depend on “tonic” TCR signals, which they amplify. Here we show that short-term preculture of PBMCs at high, but not at low, cell density results in massive cytokine release during subsequent stimulation with soluble TGN1412. Restoration of reactivity was cell-contact dependent, involved functional maturation of both monocytes and T cells, was sensitive to blockade by HLA-specific mAb, and was associated with TCR polarization and tyrosine phosphorylation. CD4 effector memory T cells were identified as the main source of proinflammatory cytokines. Importantly, responses to other T-cell activating agents, including microbial antigens, were also enhanced if PBMCs were first allowed to interact under tissue-like conditions. We provide a protocol, which strongly improves reactivity of circulating T cells to soluble stimulants, thereby allowing for more reliable preclinical testing of both activating and inhibitory immunomodulatory drugs.
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20
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Beyersdorf N, Werner S, Wolf N, Herrmann T, Kerkau T. Characterization of a new mouse model for peripheral T cell lymphoma in humans. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28546. [PMID: 22163033 PMCID: PMC3230627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral T cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are associated with a poor prognosis due to often advanced disease at the time of diagnosis and due to a lack of efficient therapeutic options. Therefore, appropriate animal models of PTCL are vital to improve clinical management of this disease. Here, we describe a monoclonal CD8+ CD4− αβ T cell receptor Vβ2+ CD28+ T cell lymphoma line, termed T8-28. T8-28 cells were isolated from an un-manipulated adult BALB/c mouse housed under standard pathogen-free conditions. T8-28 cells induced terminal malignancy upon adoptive transfer into syngeneic BALB/c mice. Despite intracellular expression of the cytotoxic T cell differentiation marker granzyme B, T8-28 cells appeared to be defective with respect to cytotoxic activity as read-out in vitro. Among the protocols tested, only addition of interleukin 2 in vitro could partially compensate for the in vivo micro-milieu in promoting growth of the T8-28 lymphoma cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- CD28 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Separation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Flow Cytometry
- Granzymes/pharmacology
- Humans
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Beyersdorf
- University of Würzburg, Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany.
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21
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Poirier N, Blancho G, Vanhove B. A more selective costimulatory blockade of the CD28-B7 pathway. Transpl Int 2010; 24:2-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2010.01176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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22
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Hünig T, Lühder F, Elflein K, Gogishvili T, Fröhlich M, Guler R, Cutler A, Brombacher F. CD28 and IL-4: two heavyweights controlling the balance between immunity and inflammation. Med Microbiol Immunol 2010; 199:239-46. [PMID: 20390297 PMCID: PMC3128750 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-010-0156-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The costimulatory receptor CD28 and IL-4Rα-containing cytokine receptors play key roles in controlling the size and quality of pathogen-specific immune responses. Thus, CD28-mediated costimulation is needed for effective primary T-cell expansion and for the generation and activation of regulatory T-cells (Treg cells), which protect from immunopathology. Similarly, IL-4Rα signals are required for alternative activation of macrophages, which counteract inflammation by type 1 responses. Furthermore, immune modulation by CD28 and IL-4 is interconnected through the promotion of IL-4 producing T-helper 2 cells by CD28 signals. Using conditionally IL-4Rα and CD28 deleting mice, as well as monoclonal antibodies, which block or stimulate CD28, or mAb that deplete Treg cells, we have studied the roles of CD28 and IL-4Rα in experimental mouse models of virus (influenza), intracellular bacteria (L. monocytogenes, M. tuberculosis), and parasite infections (T. congolense, L. major). We observed that in some, but not all settings, Treg cells and type 2 immune deviation, including activation of alternative macrophages can be manipulated to protect the host either from infection or from immunopathology with an overall beneficial outcome. Furthermore, we provide direct evidence that secondary CD8 T-cell responses to i.c. bacteria are dependent on CD28-mediated costimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hünig
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 7, Würzburg, Germany.
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23
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Hsieh CH, Hsu JT, Hsieh YC, Frink M, Raju R, Hubbard WJ, Bland KI, Chaudry IH. Suppression of activation and costimulatory signaling in splenic CD4+ T cells after trauma-hemorrhage reduces T-cell function: a mechanism of post-traumatic immune suppression. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:1504-14. [PMID: 19729482 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.081174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reduced immune function is frequently a consequence of serious injury such as trauma-hemorrhage (T-H). Injury may lead to reduced T-cell activation, resulting in decreased engagement of costimulatory molecules after antigen recognition and in subsequent immunological compromise and anergy. We hypothesized that inhibition of CD28 expression is one possible mechanism by which immune functions are suppressed after T-H. Male C3H/HeN mice (with or without ovalbumin immunization) were subjected to sham operation or T-H and sacrificed after 24 hours. Splenic T cells were then stimulated with concanavalin A or ovalbumin in vivo or in vitro, and CD28, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), CD69, and phospho-Akt expression was determined. T-cell proliferation/cytokine production was measured in vitro. Stimulation-induced CD69, CD28, and phospho-Akt up-regulation were significantly impaired after T-H compared with sham-operated animals; however, CTLA-4 expression was significantly higher in the T-H group. Over a 3-day span, stimulated T cells from sham-operated animals showed significantly higher proliferation compared with the T-H group. IL-2 and IFN-gamma were elevated in sham-operated animals, whereas IL-4 and IL-5 rose in the T-H group, revealing a shift from T(H)1 to T(H)2 type cytokine production after T-H. Dysregulation of the T-cell costimulatory pathway is therefore likely to be a significant contributor to post-traumatic immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hsun Hsieh
- Center for Surgical Research and Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0019, USA
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24
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Targeting Treg cells in situ: emerging expansion strategies for (CD4(+)CD25(+)) regulatory T cells. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2009; 15:1239-43. [PMID: 19747630 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of the ability of CD4(+)FoxP3(+) T cells (Treg) to influence the generation of peripheral immune responses has engendered enthusiasm for the development of strategies utilizing these cells to regulate immune responses in clinically important settings including transplantation, autoimmunity and cancer. A number of studies have reported effective regulation utilizing ex-vivo expansion approaches and subsequent transfer of Treg populations in experimental models. This commentary discusses recently emerging strategies to activate and expand Treg cells in situ which include antibodies, antigen presenting cells and the use of IL2 / anti-IL2 antibody complex. The development of reagents which can stimulate and / or remove Treg cells in situ would represent an important advance towards facilitating new opportunities to harness this compartment for the augmentation of 'wanted' or suppression of 'unwanted' immune responses. Simultaneous targeting of multiple molecules on Treg cells may ultimately enable more effective control of this regulatory sector.
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