1
|
Xavier T, Vijayachandran LS, Chandran R, Mony U, Augustine A, Sidharthan N, Ganapathy R, Keechilat P, Sundaram KR, Menon KN. Interactome based identification and validation of prefoldin 5-α for prognosing CNS leukemia in B-ALL patients. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15491. [PMID: 36109530 PMCID: PMC9477816 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19489-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here the identification and validation of prefoldin 5-alpha (PFDN5-α) for the first time as prognostic biomarker for prediction of central nervous system (CNS) leukemia of B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) origin. Since cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology being the gold standard of diagnosis for CNS leukemia with poor sensitivity, mandatory prophylactic intrathecal chemotherapy is administered irrespective of patients develop CNS leukemia. Thus, using interactome studies, we identified PFDN5-α as a prognostic biomarker for predicting CNS leukemia by interacting lymphoblastic proteins and CSF from B-ALL patients using far-western clinical proteomics approach. Validation by both western and ELISA methods confirmed our results. For further clinical translation, we performed Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis generated from CNS +ve (n = 25) and −ve (n = 40) CSF samples from B-ALL patients and identified PFDN5-α-CSF reactivity cut-off value as 0.456. Values below 0.456 indicate the patient is at risk of developing CNS leukemia and suggestive of having intrathecal chemotherapy. Further flow cytometry validation for CNS leukemia positivity revealed that with increasing blast cells, a decrease in PFDN5-α-CSF reactivity confirming ELISA based PFDN5α-CSF reactivity assay. Predicting CNS leukemia development risk by ELISA based PFDN5-α-CSF reactivity assay could have potential in the clinical management of CNS leukemia.
Collapse
|
2
|
Fernández-Sevilla LM, Valencia J, Ortiz-Sánchez P, Fraile-Ramos A, Zuluaga P, Jiménez E, Sacedón R, Martínez-Sánchez MV, Jazbec J, Debeljak M, Fedders B, Stanulla M, Schewe D, Cario G, Minguela A, Ramírez M, Varas A, Vicente Á. High BMP4 expression in low/intermediate risk BCP-ALL identifies children with poor outcomes. Blood 2022; 139:3303-3313. [PMID: 35313334 PMCID: PMC11022983 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021013506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) outcome has improved in the last decades, but leukemic relapses are still one of the main problems of this disease. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) was investigated as a new candidate biomarker with potential prognostic relevance, and its pathogenic role was assessed in the development of disease. A retrospective study was performed with 115 pediatric patients with BCP-ALL, and BMP4 expression was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in leukemic blasts at the time of diagnosis. BMP4 mRNA expression levels in the third (upper) quartile were associated with a higher cumulative incidence of relapse as well as a worse 5-year event-free survival and central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Importantly, this association was also evident among children classified as having a nonhigh risk of relapse. A validation cohort of 236 patients with BCP-ALL supported these data. Furthermore, high BMP4 expression promoted engraftment and rapid disease progression in an NSG mouse xenograft model with CNS involvement. Pharmacological blockade of the canonical BMP signaling pathway significantly decreased CNS infiltration and consistently resulted in amelioration of clinical parameters, including neurological score. Mechanistically, BMP4 favored chemoresistance, enhanced adhesion and migration through brain vascular endothelial cells, and promoted a proinflammatory microenvironment and CNS angiogenesis. These data provide evidence that BMP4 expression levels in leukemic cells could be a useful biomarker to identify children with poor outcomes in the low-/intermediate-risk groups of BCP-ALL and that BMP4 could be a new therapeutic target to blockade leukemic CNS disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia M. Fernández-Sevilla
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Jaris Valencia
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Ortiz-Sánchez
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Fraile-Ramos
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Zuluaga
- Statistics and Operations Research Department, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Jiménez
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Sacedón
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María V. Martínez-Sánchez
- Immunology Service, Clinic University Hospital Virgen de la Arrrixaca (HCUVA) and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Marusa Debeljak
- Clinical Institute for Special Laboratory Diagnostics, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana and Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Birthe Fedders
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin Stanulla
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Denis Schewe
- Department of Pediatrics, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gunnar Cario
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alfredo Minguela
- Immunology Service, Clinic University Hospital Virgen de la Arrrixaca (HCUVA) and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Ramírez
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Advanced Therapies Unit, Niño Jesús University Children's Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Varas
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Vicente
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sharma ND, Keewan E, Matlawska-Wasowska K. Metabolic Reprogramming and Cell Adhesion in Acute Leukemia Adaptation to the CNS Niche. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:767510. [PMID: 34957100 PMCID: PMC8703109 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.767510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Involvement of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in acute leukemia confers poor prognosis and lower overall survival. Existing CNS-directed therapies are associated with a significant risk of short- or long-term toxicities. Leukemic cells can metabolically adapt and survive in the microenvironment of the CNS. The supporting role of the CNS microenvironment in leukemia progression and dissemination has not received sufficient attention. Understanding the mechanism by which leukemic cells survive in the nutrient-poor and oxygen-deprived CNS microenvironment will lead to the development of more specific and less toxic therapies. Here, we review the current literature regarding the roles of metabolic reprogramming in leukemic cell adhesion and survival in the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh D Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Esra'a Keewan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Ksenia Matlawska-Wasowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Reactive Oxygen Species in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia: Reducing Radicals to Refine Responses. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101616. [PMID: 34679751 PMCID: PMC8533157 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is the most common cancer diagnosed in children and adolescents. Approximately 70% of patients survive >5-years following diagnosis, however, for those that fail upfront therapies, survival is poor. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are elevated in a range of cancers and are emerging as significant contributors to the leukaemogenesis of ALL. ROS modulate the function of signalling proteins through oxidation of cysteine residues, as well as promote genomic instability by damaging DNA, to promote chemotherapy resistance. Current therapeutic approaches exploit the pro-oxidant intracellular environment of malignant B and T lymphoblasts to cause irreversible DNA damage and cell death, however these strategies impact normal haematopoiesis and lead to long lasting side-effects. Therapies suppressing ROS production, especially those targeting ROS producing enzymes such as the NADPH oxidases (NOXs), are emerging alternatives to treat cancers and may be exploited to improve the ALL treatment. Here, we discuss the roles that ROS play in normal haematopoiesis and in ALL. We explore the molecular mechanisms underpinning overproduction of ROS in ALL, and their roles in disease progression and drug resistance. Finally, we examine strategies to target ROS production, with a specific focus on the NOX enzymes, to improve the treatment of ALL.
Collapse
|
5
|
Rodrigues MAD, Pimenta MV, Costa IM, Zenatti PP, Migita NA, Yunes JA, Rangel-Yagui CO, de Sá MM, Pessoa A, Costa-Silva TA, Toyama MH, Breyer CA, de Oliveira MA, Santiago VF, Palmisano G, Barbosa CMV, Hebeda CB, Farsky SHP, Monteiro G. Influence of lysosomal protease sensitivity in the immunogenicity of the antitumor biopharmaceutical asparaginase. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 182:114230. [PMID: 32979352 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
L-asparaginase (ASNase) from Escherichia coli (EcAII) is used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). EcAII activity in vivo has been described to be influenced by the human lysosomal proteases asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP) and cathepsin B (CTSB); these hydrolases cleave and could expose epitopes associated with the immune response against EcAII. In this work, we show that ASNase resistance to CTSB and/or AEP influences the formation of anti-ASNase antibodies, one of the main causes of hypersensitivity reactions in patients. Error-prone polymerase chain reaction was used to produce variants of EcAII more resistant to proteolytic cleavage by AEP and CTSB. The variants with enzymatic activity and cytotoxicity levels equivalent to or better than EcAII WT were submitted to in vivo assays. Only one of the mutants presented increased serum half-life, so resistance to these proteases is not the only feature involved in EcAII stability in vivo. Our results showed alteration of the phenotypic profile of B cells isolated after animal treatment with different protease-resistant proteoforms. Furthermore, mice that were exposed to the protease-resistant proteoforms presented lower anti-asparaginase antibodies production in vivo. Our data suggest that modulating resistance to lysosomal proteases can result in less immunogenic protein drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariane A D Rodrigues
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcela V Pimenta
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iris M Costa
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Natacha A Migita
- Centro Infantil Boldrini, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José A Yunes
- Centro Infantil Boldrini, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlota O Rangel-Yagui
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus M de Sá
- Heart Institute (InCor), Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Pessoa
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tales A Costa-Silva
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos H Toyama
- Biosciences Institute, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Coastal Campus, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Breyer
- Biosciences Institute, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Coastal Campus, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos A de Oliveira
- Biosciences Institute, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Coastal Campus, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Veronica F Santiago
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christiano M V Barbosa
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina B Hebeda
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra H P Farsky
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele Monteiro
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Erb U, Hikel J, Meyer S, Ishikawa H, Worst TS, Nitschke K, Nuhn P, Porubsky S, Weiss C, Schroten H, Adam R, Karremann M. The Impact of Small Extracellular Vesicles on Lymphoblast Trafficking across the Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155491. [PMID: 32752027 PMCID: PMC7432056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous System (CNS) disease in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a major concern, but still, cellular mechanisms of CNS infiltration are elusive. The choroid plexus (CP) is a potential entry site, and, to some extent, invasion resembles CNS homing of lymphocytes during healthy state. Given exosomes may precondition target tissue, the present work aims to investigate if leukemia-derived exosomes contribute to a permissive phenotype of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). Leukemia-derived exosomes were isolated by ultracentrifugation from the cell lines SD-1, Nalm-6, and P12-Ichikawa (P12). Adhesion and uptake to CP epithelial cells and the significance on subsequent ALL transmigration across the barrier was studied in a human BCSFB in vitro model based on the HiBCPP cell line. The various cell lines markedly differed regarding exosome uptake to HiBCPP and biological significance. SD-1-derived exosomes associated to target cells unspecifically without detectable cellular effects. Whereas Nalm-6 and P12-derived exosomes incorporated by dynamin-dependent endocytosis, uptake in the latter could be diminished by integrin blocking. In addition, only P12-derived exosomes led to facilitated transmigration of the parental leukemia cells. In conclusion, we provide evidence that, to a varying extent, leukemia-derived exosomes may facilitate CNS invasion of ALL across the BCSFB without destruction of the barrier integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Erb
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (U.E.); (J.H.); (S.M.); (H.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Julia Hikel
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (U.E.); (J.H.); (S.M.); (H.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Svenja Meyer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (U.E.); (J.H.); (S.M.); (H.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Regenerative Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1–1–1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8575, Japan;
| | - Thomas S. Worst
- Department of Urology and Urosurgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (T.S.W.); (K.N.); (P.N.)
| | - Katja Nitschke
- Department of Urology and Urosurgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (T.S.W.); (K.N.); (P.N.)
| | - Philipp Nuhn
- Department of Urology and Urosurgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (T.S.W.); (K.N.); (P.N.)
| | - Stefan Porubsky
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55101 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Christel Weiss
- Department of Medical Statistics and Biomathematics, University Medical Center Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany;
| | - Horst Schroten
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (U.E.); (J.H.); (S.M.); (H.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Rüdiger Adam
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (U.E.); (J.H.); (S.M.); (H.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Michael Karremann
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (U.E.); (J.H.); (S.M.); (H.S.); (R.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-621-383-2393
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang C, Zhong JF, Zhang X. Revealing the molecular mechanism of central nervous system leukemia with single-cell technology. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 153:103046. [PMID: 32650214 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system leukemia (CNSL) is a severe complication of acute leukemia, with serious consequences for life quality and expectancy. The molecular mechanism of CNSL is unclear at present. Thus, determining appropriate prevention and therapeutic strategies for CNSL remain challenging. Currently, inferences regarding gene functions are based on the measurement of average gene expression in a bulk lysate. However, leukemia cells are a heterogeneous population in which the expression of critical genes may be masked by many unrelated genes. Single-cell sequencing may therefore be the best way to explore the development of CNSL in the bone marrow and peripheral blood at diagnosis and subsequent time points, in order to detect potential targets and prevent the development of CNSL. In this review, we first discuss the possible mechanism of CNSL, then describe the heterogeneity of leukemia cells. Finally, we focus on the role of single-cell technology in preventing and treating CNSL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China; Department of Otolaryngology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jiang F Zhong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xi Zhang
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China; Department of Otolaryngology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhou F, Wen Y, Jin R, Chen H. New attempts for central nervous infiltration of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2020; 38:657-671. [PMID: 31820149 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-019-09827-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cure rate of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the commonest childhood cancer, has been sharply improved and reached almost 90% ever since the central nervous system (CNS)-directed therapy proposed in the 1960s. However, relapse, particularly in the central nervous system (CNS), is still a common cause of treatment failure. Up to now, the classic CNS-directed treatment for CNS leukemia (CNSL) has been aslant from cranial radiation to high-dose system chemotherapy plus intrathecal (IT) chemotherapy for the serious side effects of cranial radiation. The neurotoxic effects of chemotherapy and IT chemotherapy have been reported in recent years as well. For better prevention and treatment of CNSL, plenty of studies have tried to improve the detection sensitivity for CNSL and prevent CNSL from happening by targeting cytokines and chemokines which could be key factors for the traveling of ALL cells into the CNS. Other studies also have aimed to completely kill ALL cells (including dormant cells) in the CNS by promoting the entering of chemotherapy drugs into the CNS or targeting the components of the CNS niche which could be in favor of the survival of ALL cells in CNS. The aim of this review is to discuss the imperfection of current diagnostic methods and treatments for CNSL, as well as new attempts which could be significant for better elimination of CNSL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fen Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuxi Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Runming Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Hongbo Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The exosomal integrin α5β1/AEP complex derived from epithelial ovarian cancer cells promotes peritoneal metastasis through regulating mesothelial cell proliferation and migration. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2020; 43:263-277. [PMID: 32080801 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-019-00486-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is one of the most malignant cancers in the gynecologic system. Many patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage with disseminated intra-peritoneal metastases. EOC spreads via both direct extension and trans-coelomic spread. However, the interplay between human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) and EOC cells is still ambiguous. We hypothesize that integrins (ITG) in HPMCs may play important roles in EOC metastasis. METHODS The expression of different integrin subtypes from HPMCs was assessed using Western blotting. The expression of integrin α5β1 (ITGA5B1) and its co-localization with asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP) in HPMCs derived from EOC patients (EOC-HPMCs) were assessed using immunofluorescence. The role and mechanism of the exosomal ITGA5B1/AEP complex in HPMCs was assessed using both in vitro and in vivo assays. A retrospective study involving 234 cases was carried out to assess ITGA5B1 and AEP levels in circulating sera and ascites of EOC patients, as well as associations between ITGA5B1/AEP expression and overall survival. RESULTS We found that ITGA5B1was highly expressed and co-localized with AEP in EOC cells, and that the exosomal ITGA5B1/AEP complex secreted by EOC cells played an important role in the proliferation and migration of HPMCs. High levels of exosomal ITGA5B1/AEP were also found in circulating sera and ascites of EOC patients, and the expression of ITGA5B1/AEP in EOC tissues was found to be negatively associated with overall survival. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that EOCs may regulate the function of HPMCs through exosomal ITGA5B1/AEP, which may be crucial for peritoneal metastasis.
Collapse
|
10
|
Jonart LM, Ebadi M, Basile P, Johnson K, Makori J, Gordon PM. Disrupting the leukemia niche in the central nervous system attenuates leukemia chemoresistance. Haematologica 2019; 105:2130-2140. [PMID: 31624109 PMCID: PMC7395284 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.230334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protection from acute lymphoblastic leukemia relapse in the central nervous system (CNS) is crucial to survival and quality of life for leukemia patients. Current CNS-directed therapies cause significant toxicities and are only partially effective. Moreover, the impact of the CNS microenvironment on leukemia biology is poorly understood. In this study we showed that leukemia cells associated with the meninges of xenotransplanted mice, or co-cultured with meningeal cells, exhibit enhanced chemoresistance due to effects on both apoptosis balance and quiescence. From a mechanistic standpoint, we found that leukemia chemoresistance is primarily mediated by direct leukemia-meningeal cell interactions and overcome by detaching the leukemia cells from the meninges. Next, we used a co-culture adhesion assay to identify drugs that disrupted leukemia-meningeal adhesion. In addition to identifying several drugs that inhibit canonical cell adhesion targets we found that Me6TREN (Tris[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine), a novel hematopoietic stem cell-mobilizing compound, also disrupted leukemia-meningeal adhesion and enhanced the efficacy of cytarabine in treating CNS leukemia in xenotransplanted mice. This work demonstrates that the meninges exert a critical influence on leukemia chemoresistance, elucidates mechanisms of relapse beyond the well-described role of the blood-brain barrier, and identifies novel therapeutic approaches for overcoming chemoresistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie M Jonart
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Maryam Ebadi
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Patrick Basile
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kimberly Johnson
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jessica Makori
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Peter M Gordon
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota .,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Redondo-Muñoz J, García-Pardo A, Teixidó J. Molecular Players in Hematologic Tumor Cell Trafficking. Front Immunol 2019; 10:156. [PMID: 30787933 PMCID: PMC6372527 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The trafficking of neoplastic cells represents a key process that contributes to progression of hematologic malignancies. Diapedesis of neoplastic cells across endothelium and perivascular cells is facilitated by adhesion molecules and chemokines, which act in concert to tightly regulate directional motility. Intravital microscopy provides spatio-temporal views of neoplastic cell trafficking, and is crucial for testing and developing therapies against hematologic cancers. Multiple myeloma (MM), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are hematologic malignancies characterized by continuous neoplastic cell trafficking during disease progression. A common feature of these neoplasias is the homing and infiltration of blood cancer cells into the bone marrow (BM), which favors growth and survival of the malignant cells. MM cells traffic between different BM niches and egress from BM at late disease stages. Besides the BM, CLL cells commonly home to lymph nodes (LNs) and spleen. Likewise, ALL cells also infiltrate extramedullary organs, such as the central nervous system, spleen, liver, and testicles. The α4β1 integrin and the chemokine receptor CXCR4 are key molecules for MM, ALL, and CLL cell trafficking into and out of the BM. In addition, the chemokine receptor CCR7 controls CLL cell homing to LNs, and CXCR4, CCR7, and CXCR3 contribute to ALL cell migration across endothelia and the blood brain barrier. Some of these receptors are used as diagnostic markers for relapse and survival in ALL patients, and their level of expression allows clinicians to choose the appropriate treatments. In CLL, elevated α4β1 expression is an established adverse prognostic marker, reinforcing its role in the disease expansion. Combining current chemotherapies with inhibitors of malignant cell trafficking could represent a useful therapy against these neoplasias. Moreover, immunotherapy using humanized antibodies, CAR-T cells, or immune check-point inhibitors together with agents targeting the migration of tumor cells could also restrict their survival. In this review, we provide a view of the molecular players that regulate the trafficking of neoplastic cells during development and progression of MM, CLL, and ALL, together with current therapies that target the malignant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Redondo-Muñoz
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ERL, Hospital 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Angeles García-Pardo
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquin Teixidó
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kinjyo I, Bragin D, Grattan R, Winter SS, Wilson BS. Leukemia-derived exosomes and cytokines pave the way for entry into the brain. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:741-753. [PMID: 30702754 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0218-054r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infiltration of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) blasts into the CNS remains as a major clinical problem, with high risk for chemotherapy-resistant relapse and treatment-related morbidity. Despite the common inclusion of CNS prophylaxis treatments in therapy regimens, there are significant gaps in understanding the mechanisms that mediate leukemia cell entry into the CNS as well as roles for resident cells in the brain. In this study, we employ a xenograft model of human B cell precursor (BCP)-ALL in immunocompromised mice. This model system recapitulates key pathological characteristics of leptomeningeal involvement seen in patients and provides insights into rare cases that involve parenchymal invasion. We examine the infiltration of engrafted leukemia blasts into brains of recipient mice and provide evidence that the interaction between blasts and brain resident cells causes aberrant activation of host cells in the brain microenvironment. BCP-ALL blasts also release multiple cytokines and exosomes containing IL-15 that bind and are internalized by astrocytes and brain vessel endothelial cells. Leukemic invasion is linked to production of VEGF-AA by astrocytes and disruption of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) integrity. Knockdown of either IL-15 or IL-15Rα in the NALM6 cell line decreases CNS infiltration in engrafted mice. These results provide important insights into the multiple mechanisms by which lymphoblasts modulate the brain microenvironment to breach the BBB for metastatic invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ichiko Kinjyo
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Denis Bragin
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Rachel Grattan
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Stuart S Winter
- Blood Diseases and Cancer Program, Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bridget S Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen X, Wang C, Liao K, Zhou S, Cao L, Chen J, Xu C, Lin Y. USP17 Suppresses Tumorigenesis and Tumor Growth through Deubiquitinating AEP. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:738-748. [PMID: 30906206 PMCID: PMC6429017 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.30106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-specific protease 17 (USP17), a novel member of deubiquitinase, is reported to play essential roles in several solid tumors. However, the expression and function of USP17 in breast cancer tumorigenesis remains ambiguity. Here we found that the mRNA level of USP17 was lower in breast cancer tissues than normal tissues. Meanwhile, higher USP17 level was detected in normal epithelial cell MCF-10A and a less-malignant cell MCF-7 than malignant cell line MDA-MB-231. Inhibition of USP17 in MCF7 cells enhanced tumorigenesis and tumor growth while overexpression of USP17 in malignant MDA-MB-231 cells reduced its tumorigenesis and growth ability in vitro and in vivo. Further study revealed that USP17 interacted with and deubiquitinated Asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP), resulting in decreased protein levels of AEP. Moreover, knockdown of AEP inhibited breast cancer tumorigenesis and growth in vitro and in vivo through the inactivation of ERK signaling. Taken together, our works indicate that USP17 deubiquitinates AEP, down-regulates its protein level, and inhibits breast cancer tumorigenesis through disturbing ERK signaling. Thus, our data suggests that USP17 is a potential tumor suppressor in breast cancer and AEP is a promising target in breast cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- CAS key laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Keman Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Sunhai Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Lu Cao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jiayi Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yingying Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
März M, Meyer S, Erb U, Georgikou C, Horstmann MA, Hetjens S, Weiß C, Fallier-Becker P, Vandenhaute E, Ishikawa H, Schroten H, Dürken M, Karremann M. Pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia-Conquering the CNS across the choroid plexus. Leuk Res 2018; 71:47-54. [PMID: 30005184 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence of central nervous system (CNS) involvement in relapsing pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), our understanding of CNS invasion is still vague. As lymphoblasts have to overcome the physiological blood-CNS barriers to enter the CNS, we investigated the cellular interactions of lymphoblasts with the choroid plexus (CP) epithelium of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). Both a precurser B cell ALL (pB-ALL) cell line (SD-1) and a T cell ALL (T-ALL) cell line (P12-Ishikawa) were able to actively cross the CP epithelium in a human in vitro model. We could illustrate a transcellular and (supposedly) paracellular transmigration by 3-dimensional immunofluorescence microscopy as well as electron microscopy. Chemotactic stimulation with CXCL12 during this process led to a significantly increased transmigration and blocking CXCL12/CXCR4-signaling by the CXCR4-inhibitor AMD3100 inhibited this effect. However, CXCR4 expression in primary ALL samples did not correlate to CNS disease, indicating that CXCR4-driven CNS invasion across the BCSFB might be a general property of pediatric ALL. Notably, we present a unique in vitro BCSFB model suitable to study CNS invasion of lymphoblasts in a human setting, providing the opportunity to investigate experimental variables, which may determine CNS disease childhood ALL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin März
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Svenja Meyer
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ulrike Erb
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christina Georgikou
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin A Horstmann
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center and Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Svetlana Hetjens
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Biomathematics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christel Weiß
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Biomathematics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Petra Fallier-Becker
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Elodie Vandenhaute
- Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE, EA 2465), Faculté des Sciences Jean Perrin, Université d'Artois, Lens, France
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Department of NDU Life Sciences, Nippon Dental University, School of Life Dentistry, Chyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Horst Schroten
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Matthias Dürken
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Karremann
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Presymptomatic change in microRNAs modulates Tau pathology. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9251. [PMID: 29915328 PMCID: PMC6006352 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27527-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) are 18~23 nucleotides long non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression. To explore whether miR alterations in tauopathy contribute to pathological conditions, we first determined which hippocampal miRs are altered at the presymptomatic and symptomatic stages of tauopathy using rTg4510 mice (Tau mice), a well-characterized tauopathy model. miR-RNA pairing analysis using QIAGEN Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) revealed 401 genes that can be regulated by 71 miRs altered in Tau hippocampi at the presymptomatic stage. Among several miRs confirmed with real-time qPCR, miR142 (−3p and −5p) in Tau hippocampi were significantly upregulated by two-weeks of age and onward. Transcriptome studies by RNAseq and IPA revealed several overlapping biological and disease associated pathways affected by either Tau or miR142 overexpression, including Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (Stat3) and Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 2 (Tnfr2) signaling pathways. Similar to what was observed in Tau brains, overexpressing miR142 in wildtype cortical neurons augments mRNA levels of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (Gfap) and Colony Stimulating Factor 1 (Csf1), accompanied by a significant increase in microglia and reactive astrocyte numbers. Taken together, our study suggests that miR alterations by Tau overexpression may contribute to the neuroinflammation observed in Tau brains.
Collapse
|
16
|
Dutta A, Potier DN, Walker MJ, Gray OJ, Parker C, Holland M, Williamson AJK, Pierce A, Unwin RD, Krishnan S, Saha V, Whetton AD. Development of a selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry-based assay to detect asparaginyl endopeptidase activity in biological fluids. Oncotarget 2018; 7:70822-70831. [PMID: 27683124 PMCID: PMC5342591 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer Biomarkers have the capability to improve patient outcomes. They have potential applications in diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring of disease progression and measuring response to treatment. This type of information is particularly useful in the individualisation of treatment regimens. Biomarkers may take many forms but considerable effort has been made to identify and quantify proteins in biological fluids. However, a major challenge in measuring protein in biological fluids, such as plasma, is the sensitivity of the assay and the complex matrix of proteins present. Furthermore, determining the effect of proteases in disease requires measurement of their activity in biological fluids as quantification of the protein itself may not provide sufficient information. To date little progress has been made towards monitoring activity of proteases in plasma. The protease asparaginyl endopeptidase has been implicated in diseases such as breast cancer, leukaemia and dementia. Here we describe a new approach to sensitively and in a targeted fashion quantify asparaginyl endopeptidase activity in plasma using a synthetic substrate peptide protected from nonspecific hydrolysis using D-amino acids within the structure. Our selected reaction monitoring approach enabled asparaginyl endopeptidase activity to be measured in human plasma with both a high dynamic range and sensitivity. This manuscript describes a paradigm for future development of assays to measure protease activities in biological fluids as biomarkers of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Dutta
- Stem Cell and Leukaemia Proteomics Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Tata Translational Cancer Research Centre, Kolkata, India
| | - David N Potier
- Stem Cell and Leukaemia Proteomics Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael J Walker
- Stem Cell and Leukaemia Proteomics Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Oliver J Gray
- Stoller Biomarker Discovery Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Catriona Parker
- Children's Cancer Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mark Holland
- Children's Cancer Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew J K Williamson
- Stem Cell and Leukaemia Proteomics Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew Pierce
- Stem Cell and Leukaemia Proteomics Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard D Unwin
- Stem Cell and Leukaemia Proteomics Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Current address: Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Vaskar Saha
- Tata Translational Cancer Research Centre, Kolkata, India.,Children's Cancer Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anthony D Whetton
- Stem Cell and Leukaemia Proteomics Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Stoller Biomarker Discovery Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu X, Wang Z, Zhang G, Zhu Q, Zeng H, Wang T, Gao F, Qi Z, Zhang J, Wang R. Overexpression of asparaginyl endopeptidase is significant for esophageal carcinoma metastasis and predicts poor patient prognosis. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:1229-1235. [PMID: 29399177 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is one of the most common types of cancer with poor prognosis. The molecular mechanisms of esophageal cancer progression remain unknown. In the present study, the aim was to investigate the clinical significance and biological function of protease asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP) in esophageal cancer. The expression of AEP in esophageal cancer was examined, and its association with clinicopathological factors and patient prognosis was analyzed. A series of functional and mechanistic assays were performed to further investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms, and functions in esophageal cancer. The expression of AEP was elevated in esophageal cancer tissues, and patients with high AEP expression displayed a significantly shorter survival time compared with those with low AEP expression. In addition, loss of function experiments demonstrated that knockdown of AEP significantly reduced the migration and invasion ability of esophageal cancer cells. Furthermore, the pro-oncogenic effects of AEP in esophageal cancer were mediated by the upregulation of matrix-metalloproteinase 2 and 3. Taken together, the data from the present study indicates that high AEP expression is associated with esophageal cancer progression and AEP is an indicator of poor prognosis in patients with esophageal cancer. AEP therefore, may be considered as a novel prognostic biomarker or potential therapeutic target in esophageal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Liu
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Zhichao Wang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Qikun Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Zhan Qi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Jinwen Zhang
- Department of Medical Affairs, Hebei Chest Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050041, P.R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Vadillo E, Dorantes-Acosta E, Pelayo R, Schnoor M. T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL): New insights into the cellular origins and infiltration mechanisms common and unique among hematologic malignancies. Blood Rev 2017; 32:36-51. [PMID: 28830639 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) accounts for 15% and 25% of total childhood and adult ALL cases, respectively. During T-ALL, patients are at risk of organ infiltration by leukemic T-cells. Infiltration is a major consequence of disease relapse and correlates with poor prognosis. Transendothelial migration of leukemic cells is required to exit the blood stream into target organs. While mechanisms of normal T-cell transmigration are well known, the mechanisms of leukemic T-cell extravasation remain elusive; but involvement of chemokines, integrins and Notch signaling play critical roles. Here, we summarize current knowledge about molecular mechanisms of leukemic T-cell infiltration with special emphasis on the newly identified subtype early T-cell-progenitor (ETP)-ALL. Furthermore, we compare the extravasation potential of T-ALL cells with that of other hematologic malignancies such as B-ALL and acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Vadillo
- Department for Molecular Biomedicine, Centre for Investigation and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (Cinvestav-IPN), 07360 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Elisa Dorantes-Acosta
- Leukemia Clinic, Children's Hospital of Mexico Federico Gómez, 06720 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosana Pelayo
- Oncology Research Unit, National Medical Center, Mexican Institute for Social Security, 06720 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Michael Schnoor
- Department for Molecular Biomedicine, Centre for Investigation and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (Cinvestav-IPN), 07360 Mexico City, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Central nervous system involvement in acute lymphoblastic leukemia is mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor. Blood 2017; 130:643-654. [PMID: 28550041 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-03-769315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), central nervous system (CNS) involvement is a major clinical concern. Despite nondetectable CNS leukemia in many cases, prophylactic CNS-directed conventional intrathecal chemotherapy is required for relapse-free survival, indicating subclinical CNS manifestation in most patients. However, CNS-directed therapy is associated with long-term sequelae, including neurocognitive deficits and secondary neoplasms. Therefore, molecular mechanisms and pathways mediating leukemia-cell entry into the CNS need to be understood to identify targets for prophylactic and therapeutic interventions and develop alternative CNS-directed treatment strategies. In this study, we analyzed leukemia-cell entry into the CNS using a primograft ALL mouse model. We found that primary ALL cells transplanted onto nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mice faithfully recapitulated clinical and pathological features of meningeal infiltration seen in patients with ALL. ALL cells that had entered the CNS and were infiltrating the meninges were characterized by high expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF). Although cellular viability, growth, proliferation, and survival of ALL cells were found to be independent of VEGF, transendothelial migration through CNS microvascular endothelial cells was regulated by VEGF. The importance of VEGF produced by ALL cells in mediating leukemia-cell entry into the CNS and leptomeningeal infiltration was further demonstrated by specific reduction of CNS leukemia on in vivo VEGF capture by the anti-VEGF antibody bevacizumab. Thus, we identified a mechanism of ALL-cell entry into the CNS, which by targeting VEGF signaling may serve as a novel strategy to control CNS leukemia in patients, replacing conventional CNS-toxic treatment.
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu X, Wang Z, Zhang G, Zhu Q, Zeng H, Wang T, Gao F, Qi Z, Zhang J, Wang R. High TRAF6 Expression Is Associated With Esophageal Carcinoma Recurrence and Prompts Cancer Cell Invasion. Oncol Res 2017; 25:485-493. [PMID: 27697099 PMCID: PMC7841001 DOI: 10.3727/096504016x14749340314441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is one of the most common types of cancer, and it has a poor prognosis. The molecular mechanisms of esophageal cancer progression remain largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the clinical significance and biological function of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) in esophageal cancer. Expression of TRAF6 in esophageal cancer was examined, and its correlation with clinicopathological factors and patient prognosis was analyzed. A series of functional and mechanism assays were performed to further investigate the function and underlying mechanisms in esophageal cancer. Expression of TRAF6 was highly elevated in esophageal cancer tissues, and patients with high TRAF6 expression have a significantly shorter survival time than those with low TRAF6 expression. Furthermore, loss-of-function experiments showed that knockdown of TRAF6 significantly reduced the migration and invasion abilities of esophageal cancer cells. Moreover, the pro-oncogenic effects of TRAF6 in esophageal cancer were mediated by the upregulation of AEP and MMP2. Altogether, our data suggest that high expression of TRAF6 is significant for esophageal cancer progression, and TRAF6 indicates poor prognosis in esophageal cancer patients, which might be a novel prognostic biomarker or potential therapeutic target in esophageal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Liu
- *Department of Internal Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zhichao Wang
- †Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- ‡Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Qikun Zhu
- ‡Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zeng
- ‡Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- ‡Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- ‡Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Zhan Qi
- ‡Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Jinwen Zhang
- §Department of Medical Affairs, Hebei Chest Hospital, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- ‡Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Johnson SM, Dempsey C, Parker C, Mironov A, Bradley H, Saha V. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells produce large extracellular vesicles containing organelles and an active cytoskeleton. J Extracell Vesicles 2017; 6:1294339. [PMID: 28386390 PMCID: PMC5373679 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2017.1294339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles have been described in non-paracrine cellular interactions in cancer. We report a similar phenomenon in B-cell precursor (BCP) acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Using advanced microscopy and high throughput screening, we further characterise a subset of large vesicles (LEVs) identified in cell lines, murine models of human BCP-ALL and clinical samples. Primary ALL blasts and cell lines released heterogeneous anucleate vesicles <6 micron into extracellular fluids. Larger LEVs were enclosed in continuous membranes, contained intact organelles and demonstrated an organised cytoskeleton. An excess of circulating CD19-positive LEVs were observed in diagnostic samples and isolated from mice engrafted with BCP-ALL primary cells. LEVs exhibited dynamic shape change in vitro and were internalised by other leukaemic cell lines leading to phenotypic transformation analogous to the cell of origin. In patient-derived xenografts, LEVs were released by primary ALL cells into extracellular spaces and internalised by murine mesenchymal cells in vivo. Collectively these data highlight the heterogeneity but accessibility of LEVs in clinical samples and their potential to provide a unique insight into the biology of the cell of origin and to their development as novel biomarkers to aid diagnosis and improve therapeutic outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Johnson
- Children's Cancer Group, Division of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Clare Dempsey
- Children's Cancer Group, Division of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Catriona Parker
- Children's Cancer Group, Division of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Aleksandr Mironov
- Children's Cancer Group, Division of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Helen Bradley
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, CRUK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Vaskar Saha
- Children's Cancer Group, Division of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Tata Translational Cancer Research Centre, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gossai NP, Gordon PM. The Role of the Central Nervous System Microenvironment in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Front Pediatr 2017; 5:90. [PMID: 28491865 PMCID: PMC5405081 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common cancer in children. While survival rates for ALL have improved, central nervous system (CNS) relapse remains a significant cause of treatment failure and treatment-related morbidity. Accordingly, there is a need to identify more efficacious and less toxic CNS-directed leukemia therapies. Extensive research has demonstrated a critical role of the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment in leukemia development, maintenance, and chemoresistance. Moreover, therapies to disrupt mechanisms of BM microenvironment-mediated leukemia survival and chemoresistance represent new, promising approaches to cancer therapy. However, in direct contrast to the extensive knowledge of the BM microenvironment, the unique attributes of the CNS microenvironment that serve to make it a leukemia reservoir are not yet elucidated. Recent work has begun to define both the mechanisms by which leukemia cells migrate into the CNS and how components of the CNS influence leukemia biology to enhance survival, chemoresistance, and ultimately relapse. In addition to providing new insight into CNS relapse and leukemia biology, this area of investigation will potentially identify targetable mechanisms of leukemia chemoresistance and self-renewal unique to the CNS environment that will enhance both the durability and quality of the cure for ALL patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Gossai
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Peter M Gordon
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Morita M, Nishinaka Y, Kato I, Saida S, Hiramatsu H, Kamikubo Y, Heike T, Nakahata T, Adachi S. Dasatinib induces autophagy in mice with Bcr-Abl-positive leukemia. Int J Hematol 2016; 105:335-340. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-016-2137-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
24
|
Levinsen M, Marquart HV, Groth-Pedersen L, Abrahamsson J, Albertsen BK, Andersen MK, Frandsen TL, Harila-Saari A, Pronk C, Ulvmoen A, Vaitkevičienė G, Lähteenmäki PM, Niinimäki R, Taskinen M, Jeppesen M, Schmiegelow K. Leukemic blasts are present at low levels in spinal fluid in one-third of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia cases. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2016; 63:1935-42. [PMID: 27447373 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central nervous system (CNS) involvement is associated with relapse in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and is a diagnostic challenge. PROCEDURE In a Nordic/Baltic prospective study, we assessed centralized flow cytometry (FCM) of locally fixed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples versus local conventional cytospin-based cytology (CC) for detecting leukemic cells and evaluating kinetics of elimination of leukemic cells in CSF. RESULTS Among 300 patients with newly diagnosed ALL, 87 (29%) had CSF involvement by FCM, while CC was positive in 30 (10%) of 299 patients with available CC data (P < 0.001). Patients with FCM+/CC+ had higher CSF leukemic blast counts compared to patients positive by FCM only (medians: 0.10 vs. 0.017 leukemic blasts/μl, P = 0.006). Patients positive by FCM had higher white blood cell counts in peripheral blood than patients negative by FCM (medians: 45 × 10(9) /l vs. 10 × 10(9) /l, P < 0.001), were younger (medians: 3 years vs. 4 years, P = 0.03), and more frequently had T-cell ALL (18/87 vs. 16/213, P = 0.001). At treatment day 15, five of 52 patients (10%) who had CSF positive by FCM at diagnosis remained so despite at least two doses of weekly intrathecal chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Longer follow-up is needed to clarify whether FCM positivity has prognostic significance and is an indicator for intensified CNS-directed therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mette Levinsen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne V Marquart
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line Groth-Pedersen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas Abrahamsson
- Department of Pediatrics, Institution of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Mette K Andersen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas L Frandsen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arja Harila-Saari
- Department of Pediatrics, Astrid Lindgrens Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cornelis Pronk
- Department of Pediatrics, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Aina Ulvmoen
- Department of Pediatrics, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Goda Vaitkevičienė
- Centre for Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children's Hospital, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Riitta Niinimäki
- Department of Pediatrics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mervi Taskinen
- Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Jeppesen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kjeld Schmiegelow
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York.
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Frishman-Levy L, Izraeli S. Advances in understanding the pathogenesis of CNS acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and potential for therapy. Br J Haematol 2016; 176:157-167. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liron Frishman-Levy
- Childhood Leukaemia Research Section; Department of Paediatric Oncology and the Cancer Research Centre; Safra Children Hospital and Sheba Medical Centre; Tel Hashomer Ramat Gan Israel
- Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Shai Izraeli
- Childhood Leukaemia Research Section; Department of Paediatric Oncology and the Cancer Research Centre; Safra Children Hospital and Sheba Medical Centre; Tel Hashomer Ramat Gan Israel
- Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lamb R, Bonuccelli G, Ozsvári B, Peiris-Pagès M, Fiorillo M, Smith DL, Bevilacqua G, Mazzanti CM, McDonnell LA, Naccarato AG, Chiu M, Wynne L, Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP. Mitochondrial mass, a new metabolic biomarker for stem-like cancer cells: Understanding WNT/FGF-driven anabolic signaling. Oncotarget 2016; 6:30453-71. [PMID: 26421711 PMCID: PMC4741544 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we developed an isogenic cell model of "stemness" to facilitate protein biomarker discovery in breast cancer. For this purpose, we used knowledge gained previously from the study of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV). MMTV initiates mammary tumorigenesis in mice by promoter insertion adjacent to two main integration sites, namely Int-1 (Wnt1) and Int-2 (Fgf3), which ultimately activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling, driving the propagation of mammary cancer stem cells (CSCs). Thus, to develop a humanized model of MMTV signaling, we over-expressed WNT1 and FGF3 in MCF7 cells, an ER(+) human breast cancer cell line. We then validated that MCF7 cells over-expressing both WNT1 and FGF3 show a 3.5-fold increase in mammosphere formation, and that conditioned media from these cells is also sufficient to promote stem cell activity in untransfected parental MCF7 and T47D cells, as WNT1 and FGF3 are secreted factors. Proteomic analysis of this model system revealed the induction of i) EMT markers, ii) mitochondrial proteins, iii) glycolytic enzymes and iv) protein synthesis machinery, consistent with an anabolic CSC phenotype. MitoTracker staining validated the expected WNT1/FGF3-induced increase in mitochondrial mass and activity, which presumably reflects increased mitochondrial biogenesis. Importantly, many of the proteins that were up-regulated by WNT/FGF-signaling in MCF7 cells, were also transcriptionally over-expressed in human breast cancer cells in vivo, based on the bioinformatic analysis of public gene expression datasets of laser-captured patient samples. As such, this isogenic cell model should accelerate the discovery of new biomarkers to predict clinical outcome in breast cancer, facilitating the development of personalized medicine.Finally, we used mitochondrial mass as a surrogate marker for increased mitochondrial biogenesis in untransfected MCF7 cells. As predicted, metabolic fractionation of parental MCF7 cells, via MitoTracker staining, indicated that high mitochondrial mass is a new metabolic biomarker for the enrichment of anabolic CSCs, as functionally assessed by mammosphere-forming activity. This observation has broad implications for understanding the role of mitochondrial biogenesis in the propagation of stem-like cancer cells. Technically, this general metabolic approach could be applied to any cancer type, to identify and target the mitochondrial-rich CSC population.The implications of our work for understanding the role of mitochondrial metabolism in viral oncogenesis driven by random promoter insertions are also discussed, in the context of MMTV and ALV infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lamb
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Gloria Bonuccelli
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Béla Ozsvári
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Maria Peiris-Pagès
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Marco Fiorillo
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,The Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Duncan L Smith
- The Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Generoso Bevilacqua
- FPS - The Pisa Science Foundation, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Pathology, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Maybo Chiu
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Luke Wynne
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Federica Sotgia
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael P Lisanti
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lamb R, Ozsvari B, Bonuccelli G, Smith DL, Pestell RG, Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Clarke RB, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP. Dissecting tumor metabolic heterogeneity: Telomerase and large cell size metabolically define a sub-population of stem-like, mitochondrial-rich, cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:21892-905. [PMID: 26323205 PMCID: PMC4673134 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cell metabolic heterogeneity is thought to contribute to tumor recurrence, distant metastasis and chemo-resistance in cancer patients, driving poor clinical outcome. To better understand tumor metabolic heterogeneity, here we used the MCF7 breast cancer line as a model system to metabolically fractionate a cancer cell population. First, MCF7 cells were stably transfected with an hTERT-promoter construct driving GFP expression, as a surrogate marker of telomerase transcriptional activity. To enrich for immortal stem-like cancer cells, MCF7 cells expressing the highest levels of GFP (top 5%) were then isolated by FACS analysis. Notably, hTERT-GFP(+) MCF7 cells were significantly more efficient at forming mammospheres (i.e., stem cell activity) and showed increased mitochondrial mass and mitochondrial functional activity, all relative to hTERT-GFP(−) cells. Unbiased proteomics analysis of hTERT-GFP(+) MCF7 cells directly demonstrated the over-expression of 33 key mitochondrial proteins, 17 glycolytic enzymes, 34 ribosome-related proteins and 17 EMT markers, consistent with an anabolic cancer stem-like phenotype. Interestingly, MT-CO2 (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2; Complex IV) expression was increased by >20-fold. As MT-CO2 is encoded by mt-DNA, this finding is indicative of increased mitochondrial biogenesis in hTERT-GFP(+) MCF7 cells. Importantly, most of these candidate biomarkers were transcriptionally over-expressed in human breast cancer epithelial cells in vivo. Similar results were obtained using cell size (forward/side scatter) to fractionate MCF7 cells. Larger stem-like cells also showed increased hTERT-GFP levels, as well as increased mitochondrial mass and function. Thus, this simple and rapid approach for the enrichment of immortal anabolic stem-like cancer cells will allow us and others to develop new prognostic biomarkers and novel anti-cancer therapies, by specifically and selectively targeting this metabolic sub-population of aggressive cancer cells. Based on our proteomics and functional analysis, FDA-approved inhibitors of protein synthesis and/or mitochondrial biogenesis, may represent novel treatment options for targeting these anabolic stem-like cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lamb
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Bela Ozsvari
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Gloria Bonuccelli
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Duncan L Smith
- The Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - Robert B Clarke
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Federica Sotgia
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael P Lisanti
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Metabolic reprogramming of bone marrow stromal cells by leukemic extracellular vesicles in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2016; 128:453-6. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-12-688051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
|
29
|
Lamb R, Fiorillo M, Chadwick A, Ozsvari B, Reeves KJ, Smith DL, Clarke RB, Howell SJ, Cappello AR, Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Peiris-Pagès M, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP. Doxycycline down-regulates DNA-PK and radiosensitizes tumor initiating cells: Implications for more effective radiation therapy. Oncotarget 2016; 6:14005-25. [PMID: 26087309 PMCID: PMC4546447 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-PK is an enzyme that is required for proper DNA-repair and is thought to confer radio-resistance in cancer cells. As a consequence, it is a high-profile validated target for new pharmaceutical development. However, no FDA-approved DNA-PK inhibitors have emerged, despite many years of drug discovery and lead optimization. This is largely because existing DNA-PK inhibitors suffer from poor pharmacokinetics. They are not well absorbed and/or are unstable, with a short plasma half-life. Here, we identified the first FDA-approved DNA-PK inhibitor by "chemical proteomics". In an effort to understand how doxycycline targets cancer stem-like cells (CSCs), we serendipitously discovered that doxycycline reduces DNA-PK protein expression by nearly 15-fold (> 90%). In accordance with these observations, we show that doxycycline functionally radio-sensitizes breast CSCs, by up to 4.5-fold. Moreover, we demonstrate that DNA-PK is highly over-expressed in both MCF7- and T47D-derived mammospheres. Interestingly, genetic or pharmacological inhibition of DNA-PK in MCF7 cells is sufficient to functionally block mammosphere formation. Thus, it appears that active DNA-repair is required for the clonal expansion of CSCs. Mechanistically, doxycycline treatment dramatically reduced the oxidative mitochondrial capacity and the glycolytic activity of cancer cells, consistent with previous studies linking DNA-PK expression to the proper maintenance of mitochondrial DNA integrity and copy number. Using a luciferase-based assay, we observed that doxycycline treatment quantitatively reduces the anti-oxidant response (NRF1/2) and effectively blocks signaling along multiple independent pathways normally associated with stem cells, including STAT1/3, Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), Notch, WNT and TGF-beta signaling. In conclusion, we propose that the efficacy of doxycycline as a DNA-PK inhibitor should be tested in Phase-II clinical trials, in combination with radio-therapy. Doxycycline has excellent pharmacokinetics, with nearly 100% oral absorption and a long serum half-life (18-22 hours), at a standard dose of 200-mg per day. In further support of this idea, we show that doxycycline effectively inhibits the mammosphere-forming activity of primary breast cancer samples, derived from metastatic disease sites (pleural effusions or ascites fluid). Our results also have possible implications for the radio-therapy of brain tumors and/or brain metastases, as doxycycline is known to effectively cross the blood-brain barrier. Further studies will be needed to determine if other tetracycline family members also confer radio-sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lamb
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Marco Fiorillo
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,The Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Calabria, Italy
| | - Amy Chadwick
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Bela Ozsvari
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Kimberly J Reeves
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Duncan L Smith
- The Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Robert B Clarke
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Sacha J Howell
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Anna Rita Cappello
- The Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Calabria, Italy
| | | | - Maria Peiris-Pagès
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Federica Sotgia
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Michael P Lisanti
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Jin M, An Q, Xu S. Central nervous system disease in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Minerva Pediatr 2016; 71:470-474. [PMID: 26990196 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4946.16.04445-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the commonest childhood malignancy. Despite therapeutic advancements, relapse of the pathological state in the form of central nervous system (CNS) disease remains a challenge. CNS disease appears to be present at diagnosis in at least 40% of patients. This relapse in the form of CNS disease is one of the major hurdles in achieving complete cure. The present review article aims to discuss the important mechanisms of leukemic entry and infiltration patterns of leukemic cells into the CNS. Also, latest updates in the management strategies of ALL will also be focused in the present article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingwei Jin
- Department of Hematology, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qi An
- Department of Hematology, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China -
| | - Shumei Xu
- Department of Hematology, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
The ability to cross the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier is a generic property of acute lymphoblastic leukemia blasts. Blood 2016; 127:1998-2006. [PMID: 26869395 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-08-665034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevention of central nervous system (CNS) relapse is critical for cure of childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL). Despite this, mechanisms of CNS infiltration are poorly understood, and the timing, frequency, and properties of BCP-ALL blasts entering the CNS compartment are unknown. We investigated the CNS-engrafting potential of BCP-ALL cells xenotransplanted into immunodeficient NOD.Cg- ITALIC! Prkdc (ITALIC! scid) ITALIC! Il2rg (ITALIC! tm1Wjl)/SzJ mice. CNS engraftment was seen in 23 of 29 diagnostic samples (79%): 2 of 2 from patients with overt CNS disease and 21 of 27 from patients thought to be CNS negative by diagnostic lumbar puncture. Histologic findings mimic human pathology and demonstrate that leukemic cells transit the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier situated close to the dural sinuses, the site of recently discovered CNS lymphatics. Retrieval of blasts from the CNS showed no evidence for chemokine receptor-mediated selective trafficking. The high frequency of infiltration and lack of selective trafficking led us to postulate that CNS tropism is a generic property of leukemic cells. To test this, we performed serial dilution experiments which showed CNS engraftment in 5 of 6 mice after transplant of as few as 10 leukemic cells. Clonal tracking techniques confirmed the polyclonal nature of CNS-infiltrating cells, with multiple clones engrafting in both the CNS and periphery. Overall, these findings suggest that subclinical seeding of the CNS is likely to be present in most BCP-ALL patients at original diagnosis, and efforts to prevent CNS relapse should concentrate on effective eradication of disease from this site rather than targeting entry mechanisms.
Collapse
|
32
|
Delta-secretase cleaves amyloid precursor protein and regulates the pathogenesis in Alzheimer's disease. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8762. [PMID: 26549211 PMCID: PMC4659940 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The age-dependent deposition of amyloid-β peptides, derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP), is a neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Despite age being the greatest risk factor for AD, the molecular mechanisms linking ageing to APP processing are unknown. Here we show that asparagine endopeptidase (AEP), a pH-controlled cysteine proteinase, is activated during ageing and mediates APP proteolytic processing. AEP cleaves APP at N373 and N585 residues, selectively influencing the amyloidogenic fragmentation of APP. AEP is activated in normal mice in an age-dependent manner, and is strongly activated in 5XFAD transgenic mouse model and human AD brains. Deletion of AEP from 5XFAD or APP/PS1 mice decreases senile plaque formation, ameliorates synapse loss, elevates long-term potentiation and protects memory. Blockade of APP cleavage by AEP in mice alleviates pathological and behavioural deficits. Thus, AEP acts as a δ-secretase, contributing to the age-dependent pathogenic mechanisms in AD.
Collapse
|
33
|
Mitochondria as new therapeutic targets for eradicating cancer stem cells: Quantitative proteomics and functional validation via MCT1/2 inhibition. Oncotarget 2015; 5:11029-37. [PMID: 25415228 PMCID: PMC4294326 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we used quantitative proteomics analysis to identify novel therapeutic targets in cancer stem cells and/or progenitor cells. For this purpose, mammospheres from two ER-positive breast cancer cell lines (MCF7 and T47D) were grown in suspension using low-attachment plates and directly compared to attached monolayer cells grown in parallel. This allowed us to identify a subset of proteins that were selectively over-expressed in mammospheres, relative to epithelial monolayers. We focused on mitochondrial proteins, as they appeared to be highly upregulated in both MCF7 and T47D mammospheres. Key mitochondrial-related enzymes involved in beta-oxidation and ketone metabolism were significantly upregulated in mammospheres, as well as proteins involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, and specific protein inhibitors of autophagy/mitophagy. Overall, we identified >40 “metabolic targets” that were commonly upregulated in both MCF7 and T47D mammospheres. Most of these “metabolic targets” were also transcriptionally upregulated in human breast cancer cells in vivo, validating their clinical relevance. Based on this analysis, we propose that increased mitochondrial biogenesis and decreased mitochondrial degradation could provide a novel mechanism for the accumulation of mitochondrial mass in cancer stem cells. To functionally validate our observations, we utilized a specific MCT1/2 inhibitor (AR-C155858), which blocks the cellular uptake of two types of mitochondrial fuels, namely ketone bodies and L-lactate. Our results indicate that inhibition of MCT1/2 function effectively reduces mammosphere formation, with an IC-50 of ~1 μM, in both ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancer cell lines. Very similar results were obtained with oligomycin A, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial ATP synthase. Thus, the proliferative clonal expansion of cancer stem cells appears to require oxidative mitochondrial metabolism, related to the re-use of monocarboxylic acids, such as ketones or L-lactate. Our findings have important clinical implications for exploiting mitochondrial metabolism to eradicate cancer stem cells and to prevent recurrence, metastasis and drug resistance in cancer patients. Importantly, a related MCT1/2 inhibitor (AZD3965) is currently in phase I clinical trials in patients with advanced cancers: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01791595.
Collapse
|
34
|
Gómez AM, Martínez C, González M, Luque A, Melen GJ, Martínez J, Hortelano S, Lassaletta Á, Madero L, Ramírez M. Chemokines and relapses in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A role in migration and in resistance to antileukemic drugs. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2015; 55:220-7. [PMID: 26227851 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We studied whether chemokines may have a role in relapses in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We compared the levels of chemokine receptors in marrow samples from 82 children with ALL at diagnosis versus 15 at relapses, and quantified the levels of chemokines in central system fluid (CSF) samples. The functional role of specific chemokines was studied in vitro and in vivo. The expression of some chemokine receptors was upregulated upon leukemic relapse, both in B- and in T-ALL, and in cases of medullary and extramedullary involvement. CXCL10 induced chemotaxis in leukemic cell lines and in primary leukemic cells, depending upon the levels of CXCR3 expression. CXCL10 specifically diminished chemotherapy-induced apoptosis on ALL cells expressing CXCR3, partially inhibiting caspase activation and maintaining the levels of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. Finally, immunodeficient mice engrafted with CXCR3-expressing human leukemic cells showed decreased infiltration of marrow, spleen, and CNS after receiving a CXCR3-antagonist molecule. CXCR3 signaling in ALL may have a dual function: chemotactic for the localisation of leukemic blasts in specific niches, and it may also confer resistance to chemotherapy, enhancing the chances for relapses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Gómez
- Servicio de Oncohematología, Hospital Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Martínez
- Servicio de Oncohematología, Hospital Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel González
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Alfonso Luque
- Servicio de Oncohematología, Hospital Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gustavo J Melen
- Servicio de Oncohematología, Hospital Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Álvaro Lassaletta
- Servicio de Oncohematología, Hospital Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luís Madero
- Servicio de Oncohematología, Hospital Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Ramírez
- Servicio de Oncohematología, Hospital Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
De Luca A, Fiorillo M, Peiris-Pagès M, Ozsvari B, Smith DL, Sanchez-Alvarez R, Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Cappello AR, Pezzi V, Lisanti MP, Sotgia F. Mitochondrial biogenesis is required for the anchorage-independent survival and propagation of stem-like cancer cells. Oncotarget 2015; 6:14777-95. [PMID: 26087310 PMCID: PMC4558115 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we show that new mitochondrial biogenesis is required for the anchorage independent survival and propagation of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs). More specifically, we used the drug XCT790 as an investigational tool, as it functions as a specific inhibitor of the ERRα-PGC1 signaling pathway, which governs mitochondrial biogenesis. Interestingly, our results directly demonstrate that XCT790 efficiently blocks both the survival and propagation of tumor initiating stem-like cells (TICs), using the MCF7 cell line as a model system. Mechanistically, we show that XCT790 suppresses the activity of several independent signaling pathways that are normally required for the survival of CSCs, such as Sonic hedgehog, TGFβ-SMAD, STAT3, and Wnt signaling. We also show that XCT790 markedly reduces oxidative mitochondrial metabolism (OXPHOS) and that XCT790-mediated inhibition of CSC propagation can be prevented or reversed by Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR), a mitochondrial fuel. Consistent with our findings, over-expression of ERRα significantly enhances the efficiency of mammosphere formation, which can be blocked by treatment with mitochondrial inhibitors. Similarly, mammosphere formation augmented by FOXM1, a downstream target of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, can also be blocked by treatment with three different classes of mitochondrial inhibitors (XCT790, oligomycin A, or doxycycline). In this context, our unbiased proteomics analysis reveals that FOXM1 drives the expression of >90 protein targets associated with mitochondrial biogenesis, glycolysis, the EMT and protein synthesis in MCF7 cells, processes which are characteristic of an anabolic CSC phenotype. Finally, doxycycline is an FDA-approved antibiotic, which is very well-tolerated in patients. As such, doxycycline could be re-purposed clinically as a 'safe' mitochondrial inhibitor, to target FOXM1 and mitochondrial biogenesis in CSCs, to prevent tumor recurrence and distant metastasis, thereby avoiding patient relapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna De Luca
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
- The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Marco Fiorillo
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
- The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Maria Peiris-Pagès
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
- The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Bela Ozsvari
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
- The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Duncan L. Smith
- The Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Rosa Sanchez-Alvarez
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
- The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | | | - Anna Rita Cappello
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Vincenzo Pezzi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Michael P. Lisanti
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
- The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Federica Sotgia
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
- The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Central nervous system acute lymphoblastic leukemia: role of natural killer cells. Blood 2015; 125:3420-31. [PMID: 25896649 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-08-595108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system acute lymphoblastic leukemia (CNS-ALL) is a major clinical problem. Prophylactic therapy is neurotoxic, and a third of the relapses involve the CNS. Increased expression of interleukin 15 (IL-15) in leukemic blasts is associated with increased risk for CNS-ALL. Using in vivo models for CNS leukemia caused by mouse T-ALL and human xenografts of ALL cells, we demonstrate that expression of IL-15 in leukemic cells is associated with the activation of natural killer (NK) cells. This activation limits the outgrowth of leukemic cells in the periphery, but less in the CNS because NK cells are excluded from the CNS. Depletion of NK cells in NOD/SCID mice enabled combined systemic and CNS leukemia of human pre-B-ALL. The killing of human leukemia lymphoblasts by NK cells depended on the expression of the NKG2D receptor. Analysis of bone marrow (BM) diagnostic samples derived from children with subsequent CNS-ALL revealed a significantly high expression of the NKG2D and NKp44 receptors. We suggest that the CNS may be an immunologic sanctuary protected from NK-cell activity. CNS prophylactic therapy may thus be needed with emerging NK cell-based therapies against hematopoietic malignancies.
Collapse
|
37
|
Holley RJ, Tai G, Williamson AJK, Taylor S, Cain SA, Richardson SM, Merry CLR, Whetton AD, Kielty CM, Canfield AE. Comparative quantification of the surfaceome of human multipotent mesenchymal progenitor cells. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 4:473-88. [PMID: 25684225 PMCID: PMC4375938 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal progenitor cells have great therapeutic potential, yet incomplete characterization of their cell-surface interface limits their clinical exploitation. We have employed subcellular fractionation with quantitative discovery proteomics to define the cell-surface interface proteome of human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) and human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs). We compared cell-surface-enriched fractions from MSCs and HUCPVCs (three donors each) with adult mesenchymal fibroblasts using eight-channel isobaric-tagging mass spectrometry, yielding relative quantification on >6,000 proteins with high confidence. This approach identified 186 upregulated mesenchymal progenitor biomarkers. Validation of 10 of these markers, including ROR2, EPHA2, and PLXNA2, confirmed upregulated expression in mesenchymal progenitor populations and distinct roles in progenitor cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Our approach has delivered a cell-surface proteome repository that now enables improved selection and characterization of human mesenchymal progenitor populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Holley
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Guangping Tai
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Andrew J K Williamson
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Samuel Taylor
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Stuart A Cain
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Stephen M Richardson
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Catherine L R Merry
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Anthony D Whetton
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Cay M Kielty
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Ann E Canfield
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Masurekar AN, Parker CA, Shanyinde M, Moorman AV, Hancock JP, Sutton R, Ancliff PJ, Morgan M, Goulden NJ, Fraser C, Hoogerbrugge PM, Revesz T, Darbyshire PJ, Krishnan S, Love SB, Saha V. Outcome of central nervous system relapses in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia--prospective open cohort analyses of the ALLR3 trial. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108107. [PMID: 25279465 PMCID: PMC4184796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The outcomes of Central Nervous System (CNS) relapses in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) treated in the ALL R3 trial, between January 2003 and March 2011 were analysed. Patients were risk stratified, to receive a matched donor allogeneic transplant or fractionated cranial irradiation with continued treatment for two years. A randomisation of Idarubicin with Mitoxantrone closed in December 2007 in favour of Mitoxantrone. The estimated 3-year progression free survival for combined and isolated CNS disease were 40.6% (25·1, 55·6) and 38.0% (26.2, 49.7) respectively. Univariate analysis showed a significantly better survival for age <10 years, progenitor-B cell disease, good-risk cytogenetics and those receiving Mitoxantrone. Adjusting for these variables (age, time to relapse, cytogenetics, treatment drug and gender) a multivariate analysis, showed a poorer outcome for those with combined CNS relapse (HR 2·64, 95% CI 1·32, 5·31, p = 0·006 for OS). ALL R3 showed an improvement in outcome for CNS relapses treated with Mitoxantrone compared to Idarubicin; a potential benefit for matched donor transplant for those with very early and early isolated-CNS relapses. TRIAL REGISTRATION Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN45724312.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Narayan Masurekar
- Children’s Cancer Group, Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals Foundation Trust, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Catriona A. Parker
- Children’s Cancer Group, Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Institute of Cancer, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals Foundation Trust, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Milensu Shanyinde
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony V. Moorman
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy P. Hancock
- Bristol Genetics Laboratory, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary Sutton
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Mary Morgan
- Child Oncology and Haematology Centre, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Chris Fraser
- Queensland Children's Cancer Centre, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter M. Hoogerbrugge
- Childrens Hospital, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Dutch Childhood Oncology Group, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Tamas Revesz
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, SA Pathology at Women’s and Children’s Hospital and University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Philip J. Darbyshire
- Department of Haematology, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Shekhar Krishnan
- Paediatric Oncology, Tata Translational Cancer Research Centre, Kolkata, India
| | - Sharon B. Love
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vaskar Saha
- Paediatric Oncology, Tata Translational Cancer Research Centre, Kolkata, India
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kondoh T, Kuribayashi K, Tanaka M, Kobayashi D, Yanagihara N, Watanabe N. CD7 promotes extramedullary involvement of the B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia line Tanoue by enhancing integrin β2-dependent cell adhesiveness. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:1073-81. [PMID: 24920488 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Extramedullary involvement (EMI) is a factor that defines prognosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia; however, the molecular mechanism(s) remain elusive. Here, we show that CD7 promotes EMI of the human B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line Tanoue. The Tanoue cell line expressing firefly luciferase, Luc-Tanoue, was transplanted into non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice, and cells infiltrated into the brain were cultured ex vivo. This process was repeated 4 times to obtain the highly invasive line Luc-Tanoue-F4. Comparison of the global gene expression signatures of Luc-Tanoue-F4 and Luc-Tanoue indicated that the CD7 gene showed the largest increase in expression among EMI-related genes in Luc-Tanoue-F4 cells. Overexpression of CD7 in Tanoue enhanced cell invasiveness. Among cell migration, proliferation, adhesion and protease activity, only cell adhesiveness showed enhancement in Luc-Tanoue-F4. Expression of the intracellular domain, but not the extracellular domain, of CD7 enhanced cell adhesiveness. Luc-Tanoue-F4 showed a higher level of integrin β2 expression; overexpression of CD7 induced the expression of integrin β2 in Luc-Tanoue. These results show that CD7 induces integrin β2 and enhances cell adhesiveness and invasiveness in Tanoue cells. This study highlights the role of the CD7/integrin β2 axis as a critical pathway in the process of EMI of human B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kondoh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
| | - Kageaki Kuribayashi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
| | - Maki Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
| | - Nozomi Yanagihara
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
| | - Naoki Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Williamson AJK, Pierce A, Jaworska E, Zhou C, Aspinall-O'Dea M, Lancashire L, Unwin RD, Abraham SA, Walker MJ, Cadecco S, Spooncer E, Holyoake TL, Whetton AD. A specific PTPRC/CD45 phosphorylation event governed by stem cell chemokine CXCL12 regulates primitive hematopoietic cell motility. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:3319-29. [PMID: 23997015 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.024604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCL12 governs cellular motility, a process deregulated by hematopoietic stem cell oncogenes such as p210-BCR-ABL. A phosphoproteomics approach to the analysis of a hematopoietic progenitor cell line treated with CXCL12 and the Rac 1 and 2 inhibitor NSC23766 has been employed to objectively discover novel mechanisms for regulation of stem cells in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. The proteomic data sets identified new aspects of CXCL12-mediated signaling and novel features of stem cell regulation. We also identified a novel phosphorylation event in hematopoietic progenitor cells that correlated with motile response and governed by the chemotactic factor CXCL12. The novel phosphorylation site on PTPRC/CD45; a protein tyrosine phosphatase, was validated by raising an antibody to the site and also using a mass spectrometry absolute quantification strategy. Site directed mutagenesis and inhibitor studies demonstrated that this single phosphorylation site governs hematopoietic progenitor cell and lymphoid cell motility, lies downstream from Rac proteins and potentiates Src signaling. We have also demonstrated that PTPRC/CD45 is down-regulated in leukemogenic tyrosine kinase expressing cells. The use of discovery proteomics has enabled further understanding of the regulation of PTPRC/CD45 and its important role in cellular motility in progenitor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J K Williamson
- Stem Cell and Leukaemia Proteomics Laboratory, School of Cancer and Enabling Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, 27 Palatine Rd, Manchester, M20 4QL
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Pierce A, Whetton AD, Meyer S, Ravandi-Kashani F, Borthakur G, Coombes KR, Zhang N, Kornblau S. Transglutaminase 2 expression in acute myeloid leukemia: association with adhesion molecule expression and leukemic blast motility. Proteomics 2013; 13:2216-2224. [PMID: 23576428 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogenous disease with differential oncogene association, outcome and treatment regimens. Treatment strategies for AML have improved outcome but despite increased molecular biological information AML is still associated with poor prognosis. Proteomic analysis on the effects of a range of leukemogenic oncogenes showed that the protein transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is expressed at greater levels as a consequence of oncogenic transformation. Further analysis of this observation was performed with 511 AML samples using reverse phase proteomic arrays, demonstrating that TG2 expression was higher at relapse than diagnosis in many cases. In addition elevated TG2 expression correlated with increased expression of numerous adhesion proteins and many apoptosis regulating proteins, two processes related to leukemogenesis. TG2 has previously been linked to drug resistance in cancer and given the negative correlation between TG2 levels and peripheral blasts observed increased TG2 levels may lead to the protection of the leukemic stem cell due to increased adhesion/reduced motility. TG2 may therefore form part of a network of proteins that define poor outcome in AML patients and potentially offer a target to sensitize AML stem cells to drug treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Pierce
- Stem Cell and Leukaemia Proteomics Laboratory, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anthony D Whetton
- Stem Cell and Leukaemia Proteomics Laboratory, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stefan Meyer
- Stem Cell and Leukaemia Proteomics Laboratory, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Farhad Ravandi-Kashani
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gautam Borthakur
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kevin R Coombes
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nianxiang Zhang
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Steven Kornblau
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Castro FV, McGinn OJ, Krishnan S, Marinov G, Li J, Rutkowski AJ, Elkord E, Burt DJ, Holland M, Vaghjiani R, Gallego A, Saha V, Stern PL. 5T4 oncofetal antigen is expressed in high risk of relapse childhood pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia and is associated with a more invasive and chemotactic phenotype. Leukemia 2012; 26:1487-98. [PMID: 22266911 PMCID: PMC3378689 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although the overall prognosis in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is good, outcome after relapse is poor. Recurrence is frequently characterized by the occurrence of disease at extramedullary sites, such as the central nervous system and testes. Subpopulations of blasts able to migrate to such areas may have a survival advantage and give rise to disease recurrence. Gene expression profiling of 85 diagnostic pre-B-ALL bone marrow samples revealed higher 5T4 oncofetal antigen transcript levels in cytogenetic high-risk subgroups of patients (P<0.001). Flow cytometric analysis determined that bone marrow from relapse patients have a significantly higher percentage of 5T4-positive leukemic blasts than healthy donors (P=0.005). The high-risk Sup-B15 pre-B-ALL line showed heterogeneity in 5T4 expression, and the derived, 5T4(+) (Sup5T4) and 5T4(-) (Sup) subline cells, displayed differential spread to the omentum and ovaries following intraperitoneal inoculation of immunocompromised mice. Consistent with this, Sup5T4 compared with Sup cells show increased invasion in vitro concordant with increased LFA-1 and VLA-4 integrin expression, adhesion to extracellular matrix and secretion of matrix metalloproteases (MMP-2/-9). We also show that 5T4-positive Sup-B15 cells are susceptible to 5T4-specific superantigen antibody-dependent cellular toxicity providing support for targeted immunotherapy in high-risk pre-B-ALL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F V Castro
- Cancer Research UK Immunology Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|