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Li Y, Wang J, Li L, Song W, Li M, Hua X, Wang Y, Yuan J, Xue Z. Natural products of pentacyclic triterpenoids: from discovery to heterologous biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1303-1353. [PMID: 36454108 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00063f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2022Pentacyclic triterpenoids are important natural bioactive substances that are widely present in plants and fungi. They have significant medicinal efficacy, play an important role in reducing blood glucose and protecting the liver, and have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, anti-fatigue, anti-viral, and anti-cancer activities. Pentacyclic triterpenoids are derived from the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway, which generates common precursors of triterpenes and steroids, followed by cyclization with oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) and decoration via cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP450s) and glycosyltransferases (GTs). Many biosynthetic pathways of triterpenoid saponins have been elucidated by studying their metabolic regulation network through the use of multiomics and identifying their functional genes. Unfortunately, natural resources of pentacyclic triterpenoids are limited due to their low content in plant tissues and the long growth cycle of plants. Based on the understanding of their biosynthetic pathway and transcriptional regulation, plant bioreactors and microbial cell factories are emerging as alternative means for the synthesis of desired triterpenoid saponins. The rapid development of synthetic biology, metabolic engineering, and fermentation technology has broadened channels for the accumulation of pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins. In this review, we summarize the classification, distribution, structural characteristics, and bioactivity of pentacyclic triterpenoids. We further discuss the biosynthetic pathways of pentacyclic triterpenoids and involved transcriptional regulation. Moreover, the recent progress and characteristics of heterologous biosynthesis in plants and microbial cell factories are discussed comparatively. Finally, we propose potential strategies to improve the accumulation of triterpenoid saponins, thereby providing a guide for their future biomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Li
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Linyong Li
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Wenhui Song
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Min Li
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xin Hua
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
| | - Jifeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Fujian, PR China.
| | - Zheyong Xue
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
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Wan H, Zhou L, Wu B, Han W, Sui C, Wei J. Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis of roots of Bupleurum chinense and B. scorzonerifolium, two sources of medicinal Chaihu. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22335. [PMID: 36572795 PMCID: PMC9792521 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Radix Bupleuri (Chaihu in Chinese) is a traditional Chinese medicine commonly used to treat colds and fevers. The root metabolome and transcriptome of two cultivars of B. chinense (BCYC and BCZC) and one of B. scorzonerifolium (BSHC) were determined and analyzed. Compared with BSHC, 135 and 194 differential metabolites were identified in BCYC and BCZC, respectively, which were mainly fatty acyls, organooxygen metabolites. A total of 163 differential metabolites were obtained between BCYC and BCZC, including phenolic acids and lipids. Compared with BSHC, 6557 and 5621 differential expression genes (DEGs) were found in BCYC and BSHC, respectively, which were annotated into biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid and fatty acid metabolism. A total of 4,880 DEGs existed between the two cultivars of B. chinense. The abundance of flavonoids in B. scorzonerifolium was higher than that of B. chinense, with the latter having higher saikosaponin A and saikosaponin D than the former. Pinobanksin was the most major flavonoid which differ between the two cultivars of B. chinense. The expression of chalcone synthase gene was dramatically differential, which had a positive correlation with the biosynthesis of pinobanksin. The present study laid a foundation for further research on biosynthesis of flavonoids and terpenoids of Bupleurum L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hefang Wan
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials), Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Lei Zhou
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials), Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Bin Wu
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials), Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Wenjing Han
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials), Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Chun Sui
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials), Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jianhe Wei
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials), Beijing, 100193 China
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Meng X, Zhang T, Chen C, Li Q, Liu J. Regulatory network of ginsenoside biosynthesis under Ro stress in the hairy roots of Panax ginseng revealed by RNA sequencing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1006386. [PMID: 36394021 PMCID: PMC9659575 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1006386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
P. ginseng C.A. Meyer is a valuable Chinese herbal medicine that belongs to the Araliaceae family. Major obstacles to the continuous cropping of ginseng have severely restricted the sustainable development of the ginseng industry. The allelopathic effects of triterpenoid saponins play an important role in disorders related to continuous cropping; however, the mechanisms underlying the allelopathic autotoxicity of triterpenoid ginsenosides remain unknown. In this study, we performed mRNA and miRNA sequencing analyses to identify candidate genes and miRNAs that respond differentially to ginsenoside Ro stress in ginseng and their targets. The growth of the ginseng hairy roots was significantly inhibited under Ro stress (0.5 mg/L, Ro-0.5). The inhibition of root growth and injury to root-tip cells promoted the accumulation of the endogenous hormones indole-3-acetic acid and salicylic acid and inhibited the accumulation of abscisic acid and jasmonate acid. The accumulation of ginsenosides, except Rg3, was significantly inhibited under Ro-0.5 stress. An mRNA analysis of the Ro-0.5 and control groups showed that differentially expressed genes were mostly concentrated in the hormone signal transduction pathway. ARF7 and EFM were upregulated, whereas XTH23 and ZOX1 were downregulated. These genes represent important potential candidates for hormone-responsive continuous cropping diseases. In total, 74 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified based on the miRNA sequencing analysis, of which 22 were upregulated and 52 were downregulated. The target genes of ptc-miR156k_L + 1, mtr-miR156b-5p, gma-miR156a_R + 1, and mtr-miR156e all belonged to TRINITY_DN14567_c0_g4, which is a gene in the plant hormone signal transduction pathway. These four miRNAs were all negatively correlated with mRNA, indicating their likely involvement in the response of ginseng to continuous cropping disorders and the regulation of ginsenoside synthesis. Our findings provide useful insights for removing the barriers to continuous ginseng cropping and have important implications in the genetic engineering of plant stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tao Zhang
- *Correspondence: Tao Zhang, ; Changbao Chen,
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Wang Y, Durairaj J, Suárez Duran HG, van Velzen R, Flokova K, Liao C, Chojnacka A, MacFarlane S, Schranz ME, Medema MH, van Dijk ADJ, Dong L, Bouwmeester HJ. The tomato cytochrome P450 CYP712G1 catalyses the double oxidation of orobanchol en route to the rhizosphere signalling strigolactone, solanacol. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1884-1899. [PMID: 35612785 PMCID: PMC9542622 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) are rhizosphere signalling molecules and phytohormones. The biosynthetic pathway of SLs in tomato has been partially elucidated, but the structural diversity in tomato SLs predicts that additional biosynthetic steps are required. Here, root RNA-seq data and co-expression analysis were used for SL biosynthetic gene discovery. This strategy resulted in a candidate gene list containing several cytochrome P450s. Heterologous expression in Nicotiana benthamiana and yeast showed that one of these, CYP712G1, can catalyse the double oxidation of orobanchol, resulting in the formation of three didehydro-orobanchol (DDH) isomers. Virus-induced gene silencing and heterologous expression in yeast showed that one of these DDH isomers is converted to solanacol, one of the most abundant SLs in tomato root exudate. Protein modelling and substrate docking analysis suggest that hydroxy-orbanchol is the likely intermediate in the conversion from orobanchol to the DDH isomers. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the occurrence of CYP712G1 homologues in the Eudicots only, which fits with the reports on DDH isomers in that clade. Protein modelling and orobanchol docking of the putative tobacco CYP712G1 homologue suggest that it can convert orobanchol to similar DDH isomers as tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Wang
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Janani Durairaj
- Bioinformatics GroupWageningen University6708PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Robin van Velzen
- Biosystematics GroupWageningen University6708PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Kristyna Flokova
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Che‐Yang Liao
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental BiologyUtrecht University3584 CHUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Aleksandra Chojnacka
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Stuart MacFarlane
- Cell and Molecular Sciencesthe James Hutton InstituteInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - M. Eric Schranz
- Biosystematics GroupWageningen University6708PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Marnix H. Medema
- Bioinformatics GroupWageningen University6708PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Lemeng Dong
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Harro J. Bouwmeester
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamthe Netherlands
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Drought Stress Stimulates the Terpenoid Backbone and Triterpenoid Biosynthesis Pathway to Promote the Synthesis of Saikosaponin in Bupleurum chinense DC. Roots. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175470. [PMID: 36080237 PMCID: PMC9457724 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bupleurum chinense is an important medicinal plant in China; however, little is known regarding how this plant transcribes and synthesizes saikosaponins under drought stress. Herein, we investigated how drought stress stimulates the transcriptional changes of B. chinense to synthesize saikosaponins. Short-term drought stress induced the accumulation of saikosaponins, especially from the first re-watering stage (RD_1 stage) to the second re-watering stage (RD_2 stage). Saikosaponin-a and saikosaponin-d increased by 84.60% and 75.13%, respectively, from the RD_1 stage to the RD_2 stage. Drought stress also stimulated a rapid increase in the levels of the hormones abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid. We screened 49 Unigenes regarding the terpenoid backbone and triterpenoid biosynthesis, of which 33 differential genes were significantly up-regulated during drought stress. Moreover, one P450 and two UGTs are possibly involved in the synthesis of saikosaponins, while some transcription factors may be involved in regulating the expression of key enzyme genes. Our study provides a reference for the cultivation of B. chinense and a practical means to ensure the quality (safety and effectiveness) of B. chinense for medicinal use, as well as insights into the modernization of the China Agriculture Research System.
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Zhang Q, Li M, Chen X, Liu G, Zhang Z, Tan Q, Hu Y, Fan Y, Liu Y, Zhu T, Yang X, Yue M, Bu X, Zhang Y. Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly of Bupleurum chinense DC Provides Insights Into the Saikosaponin Biosynthesis. Front Genet 2022; 13:878431. [PMID: 35432473 PMCID: PMC9008701 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.878431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bupleurum chinense DC is a plant widely used in Chinese traditional medicine. Saikosaponins are the major bioactive constituents of B. chinense DC. Saikosaponins biosynthesis in Bupleurum has been more intensively studied than any other metabolic processes or bioactive constituents. However, whole-genome sequencing and chromosome-level assembly for Bupleurum genus have not been reported yet. Here, we report a high-quality chromosome-level genome of B. chinense DC. through the integration of PacBio long-read sequencing, Illumina short-read sequencing, and Hi-C sequencing. The genome was phased into haplotype 0 (621.27 Mb with a contig N50 of 16.86 Mb and a scaffold N50 of 92.25 Mb) and haplotype 1 (600.48 Mb with a contig N50 of 23.90 Mb and a scaffold N50 of 102.68 Mb). A total of 45,909 and 35,805 protein-coding genes were predicted in haplotypes 0 and 1, respectively. The enrichment analyses suggested that the gene families that expanded during the evolution of B. chinense DC are involved in the biosynthesis of isoquinoline alkaloid, tyrosine, and anthocyanin. Furthermore, we analyzed the genes involved in saikosaponin biosynthesis and determined the candidate P450 and UGT genes in the third stage of saikosaponins biosynthetic, which provided new insight into the saikosaponins biosynthetic. The genomic data provide a valuable resource for future investigations of the molecular mechanisms, biological functions, and evolutionary adaptations of B. chinense DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanfang Zhang
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Min Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xueyan Chen
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Guoxia Liu
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Qingqing Tan
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yangyang Fan
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Tongshan Zhu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Mingming Yue
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xun Bu
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Xun Bu, ; Yongqing Zhang,
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Xun Bu, ; Yongqing Zhang,
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He Y, Chen H, Zhao J, Yang Y, Yang B, Feng L, Zhang Y, Wei P, Hou D, Zhao J, Yu M. Transcriptome and metabolome analysis to reveal major genes of saikosaponin biosynthesis in Bupleurum chinense. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:839. [PMID: 34798822 PMCID: PMC8603497 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08144-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bupleurum chinense DC. is a widely used traditional Chinese medicinal plant. Saikosaponins are the major bioactive constituents of B. chinense, but relatively little is known about saikosaponin biosynthesis. In the present study, we performed an integrated analysis of metabolic composition and the expressed genes involved in saikosaponin biosynthetic pathways among four organs (the root, flower, stem, and leaf) of B. chinense to discover the genes related to the saikosaponin biosynthetic pathway. RESULTS Transcript and metabolite profiles were generated through high-throughput RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data analysis and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. Evaluation of saikosaponin contents and transcriptional changes showed 152 strong correlations (P < 0.05) over 3 compounds and 77 unigenes. These unigenes belonged to eight gene families: the acetoacetyl CoA transferase (AACT) (6), HMG-CoA synthase (HMGS) (2), HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) (2), mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase (MVD) (1), 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) (3), farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) (11), β-amyrin synthase (β-AS) (13) and cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) (39) families. CONCLUSIONS Our results investigated the diversity of the saikosaponin triterpene biosynthetic pathway in the roots, stems, leaves and flowers of B. chinese by integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis, implying that manipulation of P450s genes such as Bc95697 and Bc35434 might improve saikosaponin biosynthesis. This is a good candidate for the genetic improvement of this important medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilian He
- School of life science and engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Qinglong Road, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Hua Chen
- School of life science and engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Qinglong Road, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of life science and engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Qinglong Road, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuxia Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Resources, Sichuan Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Sciences, 51 4th Section S. Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Yang
- School of life science and engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Qinglong Road, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Feng
- School of life science and engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Qinglong Road, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Yiguan Zhang
- Sichuan Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ping Wei
- Sichuan Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dabin Hou
- School of life science and engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Qinglong Road, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Junning Zhao
- Sichuan Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Ma Yu
- School of life science and engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Qinglong Road, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China. .,Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Cultivation, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Zhang T, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Yu P, Li Q, Qi W, Chen C. Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Differences Between Two Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk Phenotypes With Single- and Double-Headed Roots. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:764093. [PMID: 34778235 PMCID: PMC8581353 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.764093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Saposhnikovia divaricata is derived from the dried roots of Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk and used as a Chinese herbal medicine for treating respiratory, immune, and nervous system diseases. The continuously increasing market demand for traditional Chinese medicine requires the commercial cultivation of Saposhnikovia divaricata using standardized methods and high yielding genotypes, such as double-headed root plants, for achieving consistent quality and a reliable supply. In this study, we aimed to identify the quantitative differences in chromone, a precursor of flavonoid biosynthesis, between plants with single- and double-headed roots using high-performance liquid chromatography and further explore the two phenotypes at the transcriptomic and metabolomic levels. Our results showed that the chromone content was significantly higher in plants with double-headed roots than in those with single-headed roots. Transcriptomic analysis revealed six significantly differentially expressed genes between the two phenotypes, including five key genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway (4-coumarate-CoA ligase, chalcone synthase 1, vinorine synthase, chalcone-flavonone isomerase 1, and flavanone 3 beta-hydroxylase) and one key gene in the abscisic acid biosynthetic pathway (zeaxanthin epoxidase). Moreover, metabolomic analysis showed that the 126 differentially expressed metabolites were mainly enriched in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and phytohormones. Overall, our results suggest that plants with double-headed roots have higher medicinal value than those with single-headed roots, probably due to differences in various biosynthetic pathways. These data might help select the genotypes with superior yield and therapeutic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Planting and Development, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yuqiu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Planting and Development, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Qinghe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Planting and Development, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Planting and Development, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Qiong Li
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Planting and Development, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Weichen Qi
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Planting and Development, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Changbao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Planting and Development, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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Palumbo F, Vannozzi A, Barcaccia G. Impact of Genomic and Transcriptomic Resources on Apiaceae Crop Breeding Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189713. [PMID: 34575872 PMCID: PMC8465131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Apiaceae taxon is one of the most important families of flowering plants and includes thousands of species used for food, flavoring, fragrance, medical and industrial purposes. This study had the specific intent of reviewing the main genomics and transcriptomic data available for this family and their use for the constitution of new varieties. This was achieved starting from the description of the main reproductive systems and barriers, with particular reference to cytoplasmic (CMS) and nuclear (NMS) male sterility. We found that CMS and NMS systems have been discovered and successfully exploited for the development of varieties only in Foeniculum vulgare, Daucus carota, Apium graveolens and Pastinaca sativa; whereas, strategies to limit self-pollination have been poorly considered. Since the constitution of new varieties benefits from the synergistic use of marker-assisted breeding in combination with conventional breeding schemes, we also analyzed and discussed the available SNP and SSR marker datasets (20 species) and genomes (8 species). Furthermore, the RNA-seq studies aimed at elucidating key pathways in stress tolerance or biosynthesis of the metabolites of interest were limited and proportional to the economic weight of each species. Finally, by aligning 53 plastid genomes from as many species as possible, we demonstrated the precision offered by the super barcoding approach to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of Apiaceae species. Overall, despite the impressive size of this family, we documented an evident lack of molecular data, especially because genomic and transcriptomic resources are circumscribed to a small number of species. We believe that our contribution can help future studies aimed at developing molecular tools for boosting breeding programs in crop plants of the Apiaceae family.
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Yu M, Chen H, Liu Q, Huang J, Semagn K, Liu D, Li Y, Yang B, He Y, Sui C, Hou D, Wei J. Analysis of unigenes involved in lateral root development in Bupleurum chinense and B. scorzonerifolium. PLANTA 2021; 253:128. [PMID: 34037846 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03644-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We identified IAA13 negatively associated with lateral root number by comparing the differential expressed genes between Bupleurum chinense and B. scorzonerifolium. Dried roots of the genus Bupleurum L. are used as a herbal medicine for diseases in Asia. Bupleurum chinense has a greater number of lateral roots than B. scorzonerifolium, but the genetic mechanisms for such differences are largely unknown. We (a) compared the transcriptome profiles of the two species and (b) identified a subset of candidate genes involved in auxin signal transduction and explored their functions in lateral root development. By isoform sequencing (Iso-Seq) analyses of the whole plant, more unigenes were found in B. scorzonerifolium (118,868) than in B. chinense (93,485). Given the overarching role of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) as one of the major regulators of lateral root development, we identified 539 unigenes associated with auxin signal transduction. Fourteen and 44 unigenes in the pathway were differentially expressed in B. chinense and B. scorzonerifolium, respectively, and 3 unigenes (LAX2, LAX4, and IAA13) were expressed in both species. The number of lateral root primordia increased after exogenous auxin application at 8 h and 12 h in B. scorzonerifolium and B. chinense, respectively. Since overexpression of IAA13 in Arabidopsis reduced the number of lateral roots, we hypothesized that IAA13 is involved in the reduction of the number of lateral roots in B. scorzonerifolium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Yu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Qinglong Road, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Cultivation, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hua Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Qinglong Road, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Yibin Inspection and Testing Centre for Food and Medicine, Yibin, 644000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Qinglong Road, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Kassa Semagn
- Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), M'bé Research Station, 01 B.P. 2551, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Dan Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Qinglong Road, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Biomass Energy, Neijiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Sichuan Province, 401 Huayuantan Road, Neijiang, 641000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuchan Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Qinglong Road, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Yang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Qinglong Road, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Yilian He
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Qinglong Road, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Chun Sui
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Cultivation, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dabin Hou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Qinglong Road, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jianhe Wei
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Cultivation, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
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11
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Sui C, Han WJ, Zhu CR, Wei JH. Recent Progress in Saikosaponin Biosynthesis in Bupleurum. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 22:329-340. [PMID: 32957882 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021999200918101248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chaihu is a popular traditional Chinese medicine that has been used for centuries. It is traditionally used to treat cold fever and liver-related diseases. Saikosaponins (SSs) are one of the main active components of chaihu, in addition to essential oils, flavonoids, and polysaccharides. Considerable effort is needed to reveal the biosynthesis and regulation of SSs on the basis of current progress. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to provide a reference for further studies and arouse attention by summarizing the recent achievements of SS biosynthesis. METHODS All the data compiled and presented here were obtained from various online resources, such as PubMed Scopus and Baidu Scholar in Chinese, up to October 2019. RESULTS A few genes of the enzymes of SSs participating in the biosynthesis of SSs were isolated. Among these genes, only the P450 gene was verified to catalyze the SS skeleton β-amyrin synthase. Several UDP-glycosyltransferase genes were predicted to be involved in the biosynthesis of SSs. SSs could be largely biosynthesized in the phloem and then transported from the protoplasm, which is the biosynthetic site, to the vacuoles to avoid self-poisoning. As for the other secondary metabolites, the biosynthesis of SSs was strongly affected by environmental factors and the different species belonging to the genus of Bupleurum. Transcriptional regulation was studied at the molecular level. CONCLUSION Profound discoveries in SSs may elucidate the mechanism of diverse the monomer formation of SSs and provide a reference for maintaining the stability of SS content in Radix Bupleuri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Sui
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials), Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wen-Jing Han
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials), Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chu-Ran Zhu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials), Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jian-He Wei
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials), Beijing 100193, China
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12
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Norvienyeku J, Lin L, Waheed A, Chen X, Bao J, Aliyu SR, Lin L, Shabbir A, Batool W, Zhong Z, Zhou J, Lu G, Wang Z. Bayogenin 3-O-cellobioside confers non-cultivar-specific defence against the rice blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:589-601. [PMID: 33043566 PMCID: PMC7955875 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Rice cultivars from japonica and indica lineage possess differential resistance against blast fungus as a result of genetic divergence. Whether different rice cultivars also show distinct metabolomic changes in response to P. oryzae, and their role in host resistance, are poorly understood. Here, we examine the responses of six different rice cultivars from japonica and indica lineage challenged with P. oryzae. Both susceptible and resistant rice cultivars expressed several metabolites exclusively during P. oryzae infection, including the saponin Bayogenin 3-O-cellobioside. Bayogenin 3-O-cellobioside level in infected rice directly correlated with their resistant attributes. These findings reveal, for the first time to our knowledge that besides oat, other grass plants including rice produces protective saponins. Our study provides insight into the role of pathogen-mediated metabolomics reprogramming in host immunity. The correlation between Bayogenin 3-O-Cellobioside levels and blast resistance suggests that engineering saponin expression in cereal crops represents attractive and sustainable disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justice Norvienyeku
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical BiologyCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Lili Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical BiologyCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Abdul Waheed
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical BiologyCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical BiologyCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Jiandong Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical BiologyCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Sami Rukaiya Aliyu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical BiologyCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Lianyu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical BiologyCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Ammarah Shabbir
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical BiologyCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Wajjiha Batool
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical BiologyCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Zhenhui Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical BiologyCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical BiologyCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Guodong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical BiologyCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical BiologyCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Institute of OceanographyMinjiang UniversityFuzhouChina
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13
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Shi Y, Zhang S, Peng D, Shan C, Zhao L, Wang B, Wu J. De novo transcriptome analysis of Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cuss and detection of genes related to coumarin biosynthesis. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10157. [PMID: 33194397 PMCID: PMC7651471 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cuss (C. monnieri) is one of the most widely used traditional herbal medicines, exhibiting a wide range of pharmacological functions for treating asynodia, trichomonas vaginitis, and osphyalgia. Its important medicinal value comes from its abundance of coumarins. To identify genes involved in coumarin biosynthesis and accumulation, we analyzed transcriptome data from flower, leaf, root and stem tissues of C. monnieri. A total of 173,938 unigenes with a mean length of 1,272 bp, GC content of 38.79%, and N50 length of 2,121 bp were assembled using the Trinity program. Of these, 119,177 unigenes were annotated in public databases. We identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) based on expression profile analysis. These DEGs exhibited higher expression levels in flower tissue than in leaf, stem or root tissues. We identified and analyzed numerous genes encoding enzymes involved in coumarin biosynthesis, and verified genes encoding key enzymes using quantitative real-time PCR. Our transcriptome data will make great contributions to research on C. monnieri and provide clues for identifying candidate genes involved in coumarin metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Shi
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Shengxiang Zhang
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Daiyin Peng
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Synergetic Innovation Center of Anhui Authentic Chinese Medicine Quality Improvement, Hefei, China
| | - Chunmiao Shan
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Liqiang Zhao
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jiawen Wu
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Synergetic Innovation Center of Anhui Authentic Chinese Medicine Quality Improvement, Hefei, China
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14
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Sun R, Gao JL, Chen H, Liu S, Tang ZZ. CbCYP716A261, a New β-Amyrin 28-Hydroxylase Involved in Conyzasaponin Biosynthesis from Conyza blinii. Mol Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s002689332005009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Yu M, Chen H, Liu SH, Li YC, Sui C, Hou DB, Wei JH. Differential Expression of Genes Involved in Saikosaponin Biosynthesis Between Bupleurum chinense DC. and Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. Front Genet 2020; 11:583245. [PMID: 33193712 PMCID: PMC7596549 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.583245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Radix Bupleuri (roots of Bupleurum spp.) is an important medicinal herb. Triterpenoid saponins of saikosaponins generally constitute the main class of secondary metabolites of plants in the Bupleurum genus. However, the molecular regulatory mechanism underlying their biosynthesis remains elusive. In this study, we observed significantly different saikosaponin biosynthesis between Bupleurum chinense and Bupleurum scorzonerifolium at the seedling stage. The sequential and expression characterization of 232 genes in the triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway, which includes the mevalonate (MVA) pathway and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, between B. chinense and B. scorzonerifolium was also investigated. Sixty of these genes may be involved in saikosaponin biosynthesis. Manipulation of these genes, especially those of the β-AS, P450, and UGT families, may improve saikosaponin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Yu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Hua Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Shi-Hang Liu
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-Chan Li
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Chun Sui
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Da-Bin Hou
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Jian-He Wei
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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16
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Guo H, Wang H, Huo YX. Engineering Critical Enzymes and Pathways for Improved Triterpenoid Biosynthesis in Yeast. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:2214-2227. [PMID: 32786348 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoids represent a diverse group of phytochemicals that are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and have many biological activities. The heterologous production of triterpenoids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been successfully implemented by introducing various triterpenoid biosynthetic pathways. By engineering related enzymes as well as through yeast metabolism, the yield of various triterpenoids is significantly improved from the milligram per liter scale to the gram per liter scale. This achievement demonstrates that engineering critical enzymes is considered a potential strategy to overcome the main hurdles of the industrial application of these potent natural products. Here, we review strategies for designing enzymes to improve the yield of triterpenoids in S. cerevisiae in terms of three main aspects: 1, elevating the supply of the precursor 2,3-oxidosqualene; 2, optimizing triterpenoid-involved reactions; and 3, lowering the competition of the native sterol pathway. Then, we provide challenges and prospects for further enhancing triterpenoid production in S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Huiyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Xin Huo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- SIP-UCLA Institute for Technology Advancement, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China
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17
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Yang LL, Yang L, Yang X, Zhang T, Lan YM, Zhao Y, Han M, Yang LM. Drought stress induces biosynthesis of flavonoids in leaves and saikosaponins in roots of Bupleurum chinense DC. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 177:112434. [PMID: 32544729 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress affects vegetative and reproductive growth processes and synthesis of secondary metabolites in plants. We assessed relevant indicators of vegetative and reproductive growth in Bupleurum chinense DC. during drought stress. Samples were collected on days 4, 8, 12, 20, and 24 of a drought treatment according to drought stress severity in order to elucidate potential effects on synthesis of flavonoids in leaves and saikosaponins in roots of B. chinense. The results showed that B. chinense can adapt to drought stress mainly by increasing concentrations of osmoregulatory substances (soluble protein and proline) and increasing activity of protective enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase), as observed on days 12 and 20 of the treatment. Secondary metabolite concentrations in B. chinense roots and leaves showed significant differences-drought stress increased saikosaponin concentrations in roots by 9.85% and 6.41% during vegetative and reproductive growth, respectively, on day 20, and saikosaponin concentrations in roots were higher during vegetative growth than during reproductive growth. In leaves, large amounts of antioxidants were consumed owing to drought stress, which decreased leaf rutin concentrations by 38.79% and 30.11% during vegetative and reproductive growth, respectively, as observed on day 20; overall, leaf rutin concentrations were lower during vegetative growth than during reproductive growth. Changes in soil water content are known to affect synthesis of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants by altering gene transcription, and affected genes may synergistically respond to soil water changes and alter concentrations of flavonoid in leaves and of saikosaponin in roots. The gene F3H down-regulates flavonoid production in leaves. Squalene epoxidase and β-amyrin synthase genes may be key genes regulating saikosaponin accumulation, and changes in their expression corresponded to accumulation of saikosaponins. Our results provide insights in B. chinense adaptation to drought stress through physiological changes and regulation of secondary metabolite production in different plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Yang
- Cultivation Base of State Key Laboratory for Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem Management of Jilin Province and Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, 130118, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Li Yang
- Cultivation Base of State Key Laboratory for Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem Management of Jilin Province and Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, 130118, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Xiao Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 130118, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 130118, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Yi-Ming Lan
- Cultivation Base of State Key Laboratory for Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem Management of Jilin Province and Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, 130118, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Cultivation Base of State Key Laboratory for Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem Management of Jilin Province and Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, 130118, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Mei Han
- Cultivation Base of State Key Laboratory for Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem Management of Jilin Province and Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, 130118, Changchun, Jilin, PR China.
| | - Li-Min Yang
- Cultivation Base of State Key Laboratory for Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem Management of Jilin Province and Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, 130118, Changchun, Jilin, PR China.
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18
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Wang Y, Shahid MQ, Ghouri F, Baloch FS. De Novo Assembly and Annotation of the Juvenile Tuber Transcriptome of a Gastrodia elata Hybrid by RNA Sequencing: Detection of SSR Markers. Biochem Genet 2020; 58:914-934. [DOI: 10.1007/s10528-020-09983-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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19
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Eshaghi M, Shiran B, Fallahi H, Ravash R, Đeri BB. Identification of genes involved in steroid alkaloid biosynthesis in Fritillaria imperialis via de novo transcriptomics. Genomics 2019; 111:1360-1372. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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20
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Yang L, Zhao Y, Zhang Q, Cheng L, Han M, Ren Y, Yang L. Effects of drought-re-watering-drought on the photosynthesis physiology and secondary metabolite production of Bupleurum chinense DC. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2019; 38:1181-1197. [PMID: 31165250 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02436-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Drastic changes in soil water content can activate the short-term high expression of key enzyme-encoding genes involved in secondary metabolite synthesis thereby increasing the content of secondary metabolites. Bupleurum chinense DC. is a traditional medicinal herb that is famous for its abundant saikosaponins. In the current study, the effects of drought-re-watering-drought on the photosynthesis physiology and biosynthesis of saikosaponins were investigated in 1-year-old B. chinense. The results showed that alterations in soil moisture altered the photosynthesis physiological process of B. chinense. The dry weight and fresh weight of the roots, photosynthesis capacity, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and SOD, POD and CAT activities were significantly reduced, and the contents of SP, soluble sugars, PRO and MDA increased. There were strong correlations between different physiological stress indices. All indices promoted and restricted each other, responded to soil moisture changes synergistically, maintained plant homeostasis and guaranteed normal biological activities. It was found that RW and RD_1 were the key stages of the water-control experiment affecting the expression of saikosaponin-related genes. At these two stages, the expression of multiple genes was affected by changes in soil moisture, with their expression levels reaching several-fold higher than those at the previous stage. We noticed that the expression of saikosaponin synthesis genes (which were rapidly upregulated at the RW and RD_1 stages) did not coincide with the rapid accumulation of saikosaponins (at the RD-2 stage), which were found to correspond to each other at the later stages of the water-control experiment. This finding indicates that there is a time lag between gene expression and the final product synthesis. Rapid changes in the external environment (RW to RD_1) have a short-term promoting effect on gene expression. This study reveals that short-term stress regulation may be an effective way to improve the quality of medicinal materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Yang
- Cultivation Base of State Key Laboratory for Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem Management of Jilin Province, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Cultivation Base of State Key Laboratory for Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem Management of Jilin Province, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Cultivation Base of State Key Laboratory for Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem Management of Jilin Province, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Cultivation Base of State Key Laboratory for Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem Management of Jilin Province, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Han
- Cultivation Base of State Key Laboratory for Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem Management of Jilin Province, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueying Ren
- Cultivation Base of State Key Laboratory for Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem Management of Jilin Province, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Limin Yang
- Cultivation Base of State Key Laboratory for Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem Management of Jilin Province, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Rahimi S, Kim J, Mijakovic I, Jung KH, Choi G, Kim SC, Kim YJ. Triterpenoid-biosynthetic UDP-glycosyltransferases from plants. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107394. [PMID: 31078628 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoid saponins are naturally occurring structurally diverse glycosides of triterpenes that are widely distributed among plant species. Great interest has been expressed by pharmaceutical and agriculture industries for the glycosylation of triterpenes. Such modifications alter their taste and bio-absorbability, affect their intra-/extracellular transport and storage in plants, and induce novel biological activities in the human body. Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) catalyze glycosylation using UDP sugar donors. These enzymes belong to a multigene family and recognize diverse natural products, including triterpenes, as the acceptor molecules. For this review, we collected and analyzed all of the UGT sequences found in Arabidopsis thaliana as well as 31 other species of triterpene-producing plants. To identify potential UGTs with novel functions in triterpene glycosylation, we screened and classified those candidates based on similarity with UGTs from Panax ginseng, Glycine max, Medicago truncatula, Saponaria vaccaria, and Barbarea vulgaris that are known to function in glycosylate triterpenes. We highlight recent findings on UGT inducibility by methyl jasmonate, tissue-specific expression, and subcellular localization, while also describing their catalytic activity in terms of regioselectivity for potential key UGTs dedicated to triterpene glycosylation in plants. Discovering these new UGTs expands our capacity to manipulate the biological and physicochemical properties of such valuable molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Rahimi
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea; Systems and Synthetic Biology, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Jaewook Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ivan Mijakovic
- Systems and Synthetic Biology, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ki-Hong Jung
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Giltsu Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Chang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea.
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Mo GY, Huang F, Fang Y, Han LT, Pennerman KK, Bu LJ, DU XW, Bennett JW, Yin GH. Transcriptomic analysis in Anemone flaccida rhizomes reveals ancillary pathway for triterpene saponins biosynthesis and differential responsiveness to phytohormones. Chin J Nat Med 2019; 17:131-144. [PMID: 30797419 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(19)30015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Anemone flaccida Fr. Schmidt is a perennial medicinal herb that contains pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins as the major bioactive constituents. In China, the rhizomes are used as treatments for a variety of ailments including arthritis. However, yields of the saponins are low, and little is known about the plant's genetic background or phytohormonal responsiveness. Using one-quarter of the 454 pyrosequencing information from the Roche GS FLX Titanium platform, we performed a transcriptomic analysis to identify 157 genes putatively encoding 26 enzymes involved in the synthesis of the bioactive compounds. It was revealed that there are two biosynthetic pathways of triterpene saponins in A. flaccida. One pathway depends on β-amyrin synthase and is similar to that found in other plants. The second, subsidiary ("backburner") pathway is catalyzed by camelliol C synthase and yields β-amyrin as minor byproduct. Both pathways used cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases (CYPs) and family 1 uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferases (UGTs) to modify the triterpenoid backbone. The expression of CYPs and UGTs were quite different in roots treated with the phytohormones methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid and indole-3-acetic acid. This study provides the first large-scale transcriptional dataset for the biosynthetic pathways of triterpene saponins and their phytohormonal responsiveness in the genus Anemone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Yan Mo
- China Key Laboratory of TCM Resource and Prescription, Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Fang Huang
- China Key Laboratory of TCM Resource and Prescription, Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Yin Fang
- China Key Laboratory of TCM Resource and Prescription, Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Lin-Tao Han
- China Key Laboratory of TCM Resource and Prescription, Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Kayla K Pennerman
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Li-Jing Bu
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Xiao-Wei DU
- Department of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Joan W Bennett
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Guo-Hua Yin
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey 08901, USA.
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Yu M, Liu D, Li YC, Sui C, Chen GD, Tang ZK, Yang CM, Hou DB, Wei JH. Validation of reference genes for expression analysis in three Bupleurum species. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2018.1557556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ma Yu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, PR China
| | - Dan Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, PR China
| | - Yu-Chan Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, PR China
| | - Chun Sui
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Guang-Deng Chen
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Zhi-Kang Tang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, PR China
| | - Cheng-Min Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Da-Bin Hou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, PR China
| | - Jian-He Wei
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
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A comprehensive review and perspectives on pharmacology and toxicology of saikosaponins. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 30466994 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.174' and 2*3*8=6*8 and 'hgwn'='hgwn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radix Bupleuri (RB) has been widely used in Chinese Traditional Medicine for over 2000 years and is currently marketed in China as Chai-Hu-Shu-Gan tablets and Xiao-Yao-Wan tablets. Saikosaponins (SSs, especially SSa, SSc and SSd), as the major bioactive compounds in RB, represent anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-viral and hepatoprotective effects. PURPOSE To summarize recent findings regarding to the extraction, detection, biosynthesis, metabolism, pharmacological/toxicological effects of SSs. METHODS Online academic databases (including PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and CNKI) were searched using search terms of "Saikosaponin", "Radix Bupleuri", "Bupleurum" and combinations to include published studies of SSs primarily from 2003 to 2018. Several critical previous studies beyond this period were also included. RESULTS 354 papers were found and 165 papers were reviewed. SSs have drawn great attention for their anti-inflammation, anti-viral and anti-cancer effects and contradictory roles in the regulation of cell apoptosis, oxidative stress and liver fibrosis. Meanwhile, increased risks of overdose-induced acute or accumulation-related chronic hepatotoxicity of SSs and RB have also been reported. However, underlying mechanisms of SSs bioactivities, the metabolism of SSs and bioactivities of SSs metabolites are largely unknown. CONCLUSION This comprehensive review of SSs provides novel insights and perspectives on the limitations of current studies and the importance of metabolism study and the dose-pharmacological/toxic relationship of SSs for the future discovery of SSs-based therapeutic strategies and clinical safe practice.
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A comprehensive review and perspectives on pharmacology and toxicology of saikosaponins. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 30466994 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.174%' and 2*3*8=6*8 and 'alnw'!='alnw%] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radix Bupleuri (RB) has been widely used in Chinese Traditional Medicine for over 2000 years and is currently marketed in China as Chai-Hu-Shu-Gan tablets and Xiao-Yao-Wan tablets. Saikosaponins (SSs, especially SSa, SSc and SSd), as the major bioactive compounds in RB, represent anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-viral and hepatoprotective effects. PURPOSE To summarize recent findings regarding to the extraction, detection, biosynthesis, metabolism, pharmacological/toxicological effects of SSs. METHODS Online academic databases (including PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and CNKI) were searched using search terms of "Saikosaponin", "Radix Bupleuri", "Bupleurum" and combinations to include published studies of SSs primarily from 2003 to 2018. Several critical previous studies beyond this period were also included. RESULTS 354 papers were found and 165 papers were reviewed. SSs have drawn great attention for their anti-inflammation, anti-viral and anti-cancer effects and contradictory roles in the regulation of cell apoptosis, oxidative stress and liver fibrosis. Meanwhile, increased risks of overdose-induced acute or accumulation-related chronic hepatotoxicity of SSs and RB have also been reported. However, underlying mechanisms of SSs bioactivities, the metabolism of SSs and bioactivities of SSs metabolites are largely unknown. CONCLUSION This comprehensive review of SSs provides novel insights and perspectives on the limitations of current studies and the importance of metabolism study and the dose-pharmacological/toxic relationship of SSs for the future discovery of SSs-based therapeutic strategies and clinical safe practice.
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A comprehensive review and perspectives on pharmacology and toxicology of saikosaponins. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 30466994 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.174" and 2*3*8=6*8 and "mze9"="mze9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radix Bupleuri (RB) has been widely used in Chinese Traditional Medicine for over 2000 years and is currently marketed in China as Chai-Hu-Shu-Gan tablets and Xiao-Yao-Wan tablets. Saikosaponins (SSs, especially SSa, SSc and SSd), as the major bioactive compounds in RB, represent anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-viral and hepatoprotective effects. PURPOSE To summarize recent findings regarding to the extraction, detection, biosynthesis, metabolism, pharmacological/toxicological effects of SSs. METHODS Online academic databases (including PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and CNKI) were searched using search terms of "Saikosaponin", "Radix Bupleuri", "Bupleurum" and combinations to include published studies of SSs primarily from 2003 to 2018. Several critical previous studies beyond this period were also included. RESULTS 354 papers were found and 165 papers were reviewed. SSs have drawn great attention for their anti-inflammation, anti-viral and anti-cancer effects and contradictory roles in the regulation of cell apoptosis, oxidative stress and liver fibrosis. Meanwhile, increased risks of overdose-induced acute or accumulation-related chronic hepatotoxicity of SSs and RB have also been reported. However, underlying mechanisms of SSs bioactivities, the metabolism of SSs and bioactivities of SSs metabolites are largely unknown. CONCLUSION This comprehensive review of SSs provides novel insights and perspectives on the limitations of current studies and the importance of metabolism study and the dose-pharmacological/toxic relationship of SSs for the future discovery of SSs-based therapeutic strategies and clinical safe practice.
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Li X, Li X, Huang N, Liu R, Sun R. A comprehensive review and perspectives on pharmacology and toxicology of saikosaponins. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 50:73-87. [PMID: 30466994 PMCID: PMC7126585 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radix Bupleuri (RB) has been widely used in Chinese Traditional Medicine for over 2000 years and is currently marketed in China as Chai-Hu-Shu-Gan tablets and Xiao-Yao-Wan tablets. Saikosaponins (SSs, especially SSa, SSc and SSd), as the major bioactive compounds in RB, represent anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-viral and hepatoprotective effects. PURPOSE To summarize recent findings regarding to the extraction, detection, biosynthesis, metabolism, pharmacological/toxicological effects of SSs. METHODS Online academic databases (including PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and CNKI) were searched using search terms of "Saikosaponin", "Radix Bupleuri", "Bupleurum" and combinations to include published studies of SSs primarily from 2003 to 2018. Several critical previous studies beyond this period were also included. RESULTS 354 papers were found and 165 papers were reviewed. SSs have drawn great attention for their anti-inflammation, anti-viral and anti-cancer effects and contradictory roles in the regulation of cell apoptosis, oxidative stress and liver fibrosis. Meanwhile, increased risks of overdose-induced acute or accumulation-related chronic hepatotoxicity of SSs and RB have also been reported. However, underlying mechanisms of SSs bioactivities, the metabolism of SSs and bioactivities of SSs metabolites are largely unknown. CONCLUSION This comprehensive review of SSs provides novel insights and perspectives on the limitations of current studies and the importance of metabolism study and the dose-pharmacological/toxic relationship of SSs for the future discovery of SSs-based therapeutic strategies and clinical safe practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiaoyang Li
- School of Advanced Medical Science, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxilu road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1217 E Marshall St. KMSB, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 4655 Daxue Road, Jinan, Shandong 250355, China
| | - Nana Huang
- School of Advanced Medical Science, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxilu road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Ave, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China
| | - Runping Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1217 E Marshall St. KMSB, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Rong Sun
- School of Advanced Medical Science, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxilu road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Ave, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China; Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 4655 Daxue Road, Jinan, Shandong 250355, China.
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Characterization of squalene-induced PgCYP736B involved in salt tolerance by modulating key genes of abscisic acid biosynthesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 121:796-805. [PMID: 30336242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 genes as the one of the largest superfamily genes mediate a wide range of plant biochemical pathways. In this study, a full-length cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP736B) cDNA was isolated and characterized from Panax ginseng. It was revealed that the deduced amino acid of PgCYP736B shares a high degree of sequence homology with CYP736A12 encoded by P. ginseng. Expression of PgCYP736B was differentially induced not only during a Pseudomonas syringae infection (7.7-fold) and wounding (47.3-fold) but also after exposure to salt (7.4-fold), cold (8.3-fold), and drought stress (3.24-fold). The gene transcription was highly affected by methyl jasmonate (476-fold) in the ginseng, suggesting that PgCYP736B was elicitor-responsive. Furthermore, we overexpressed the PgCYP736B gene in Arabidopsis and found that PgCYP736B is a transmembrane protein. Overexpression of PgCYP736B in Arabidopsis conferred enhanced resistance to salt stress via decreased H2O2 accumulation, increased carotenoid levels, and through abscisic acid biosynthesis gene expression. Our results suggest that the induction of ginsenoside biosynthetic pathway genes along with PgCYP736B by an exogenous supply of 10-100 μM of squalene most likely affects the metabolite profile of ginsenoside triterpenoid. Overall, our findings indicate that PgCYP736B protects ginseng from salt stress and may contribute to triterpenoid biosynthesis.
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Xu J, Liu X, Wu SR, Sui C, Wei JH. Polyclonal antibody preparation of BcbZIP134 for transcriptional regulation analysis on saikosaponin biosynthesis. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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The Role of Saikosaponins in Therapeutic Strategies for Age-Related Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:8275256. [PMID: 29849917 PMCID: PMC5924972 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8275256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As life expectancy increases, elderly populations tend to spend an increasing number of years in poor health, with chronic age-related diseases and disability. Therefore, the development of therapeutic strategies to treat or prevent multiple pathophysiological conditions in the elderly may improve health-adjusted life expectancy and alleviate the potential economic and social burdens arising from age-related diseases. Bioactive natural products might represent promising new drug candidates for the treatment of many chronic age-related diseases, including cancer, Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and liver disease. Here, we discuss a therapeutic option using saikosaponins, which are triterpene saponins isolated from Bupleurum, against a variety of age-related diseases. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of natural products like saikosaponins in the treatment of age-related diseases may help in the development of diverse natural product-derived compounds that may be effective against a number of chronic health problems.
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Jeena GS, Fatima S, Tripathi P, Upadhyay S, Shukla RK. Comparative transcriptome analysis of shoot and root tissue of Bacopa monnieri identifies potential genes related to triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:490. [PMID: 28659188 PMCID: PMC5490213 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3865-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacopa monnieri commonly known as Brahmi is utilized in Ayurveda to improve memory and many other human health benefits. Bacosides enriched standardized extract of Bacopa monnieri is being marketed as a memory enhancing agent. In spite of its well known pharmacological properties it is not much studied in terms of transcripts involved in biosynthetic pathway and its regulation that controls the secondary metabolic pathway in this plant. The aim of this study was to identify the potential transcripts and provide a framework of identified transcripts involved in bacosides production through transcriptome assembly. Results We performed comparative transcriptome analysis of shoot and root tissue of Bacopa monnieri in two independent biological replicate and obtained 22.48 million and 22.0 million high quality processed reads in shoot and root respectively. After de novo assembly and quantitative assessment total 26,412 genes got annotated in root and 18,500 genes annotated in shoot sample. Quality of raw reads was determined by using SeqQC-V2.2. Assembled sequences were annotated using BLASTX against public database such as NR or UniProt. Searching against the KEGG pathway database indicated that 37,918 unigenes from root and 35,130 unigenes from shoot were mapped to 133 KEGG pathways. Based on the DGE data we found that most of the transcript related to CYP450s and UDP-glucosyltransferases were specifically upregulated in shoot tissue as compared to root tissue. Finally, we have selected 43 transcripts related to secondary metabolism including transcription factor families which are differentially expressed in shoot and root tissues were validated by qRT-PCR and their expression level were monitored after MeJA treatment and wounding for 1, 3 and 5 h. Conclusions This study not only represents the first de novo transcriptome analysis of Bacopa monnieri but also provides information about the identification, expression and differential tissues specific distribution of transcripts related to triterpenoid sapogenin which is one of the most important pharmacologically active secondary metabolite present in Bacopa monnieri. The identified transcripts in this study will establish a foundation for future studies related to carrying out the metabolic engineering for increasing the bacosides biosynthesis and its regulation for human health benefits. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3865-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra Singh Jeena
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Shahnoor Fatima
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Pragya Tripathi
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Swati Upadhyay
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Shukla
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India.
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Ma Y, Bao Y, Wang S, Li T, Chang X, Yang G, Meng X. Anti-Inflammation Effects and Potential Mechanism of Saikosaponins by Regulating Nicotinate and Nicotinamide Metabolism and Arachidonic Acid Metabolism. Inflammation 2017; 39:1453-61. [PMID: 27251379 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0377-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is an important immune response; however, excessive inflammation causes severe tissue damages and secondary inflammatory injuries. The long-term and ongoing uses of routinely used drugs such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) are associated with serious adverse reactions, and not all patients have a well response to them. Consequently, therapeutic products with more safer and less adverse reaction are constantly being sought. Radix Bupleuri, a well-known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been reported to have anti-inflammatory effects. However, saikosaponins (SS) as the main pharmacodynamic active ingredient, their pharmacological effects and action mechanism in anti-inflammation have not been reported frequently. This study aimed to explore the anti-inflammatory activity of SS and clarify the potential mechanism in acute inflammatory mice induced by subcutaneous injection of formalin in hind paws. Paw edema was detected as an index to evaluate the anti-inflammatory efficacy of SS. Then, a metabolomic method was used to investigate the changed metabolites and potential mechanism of SS. Metabolite profiling was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS). The detection and identification of the changed metabolites were systematically analyzed by multivariate data and pathway analysis. As a result, 12 different potential biomarkers associated with SS in anti-inflammation were identified, including nicotinate, niacinamide, arachidonic acid (AA), and 20-carboxy-leukotriene B4, which are associated with nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism and arachidonic acid metabolism. The expression levels of biomarkers were effectively modulated towards the normal range by SS. It indicated that SS show their effective anti-inflammatory effects through regulating nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism and arachidonic acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.18 of DD5 Street, Dalian, Liaoning Province, 116600, China
| | - Yongrui Bao
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.18 of DD5 Street, Dalian, Liaoning Province, 116600, China.,Component Medicine Engineering Research Center of Liaoning Province, Dalian, 116600, China.,Liaoning Province Modern Chinese Medicine Research Engineering Laboratory, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.18 of DD5 Street, Dalian, Liaoning Province, 116600, China.,Component Medicine Engineering Research Center of Liaoning Province, Dalian, 116600, China.,Liaoning Province Modern Chinese Medicine Research Engineering Laboratory, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Tianjiao Li
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.18 of DD5 Street, Dalian, Liaoning Province, 116600, China.,Component Medicine Engineering Research Center of Liaoning Province, Dalian, 116600, China.,Liaoning Province Modern Chinese Medicine Research Engineering Laboratory, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Xin Chang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.18 of DD5 Street, Dalian, Liaoning Province, 116600, China
| | - Guanlin Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.18 of DD5 Street, Dalian, Liaoning Province, 116600, China
| | - Xiansheng Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.18 of DD5 Street, Dalian, Liaoning Province, 116600, China. .,Component Medicine Engineering Research Center of Liaoning Province, Dalian, 116600, China. .,Liaoning Province Modern Chinese Medicine Research Engineering Laboratory, Dalian, 116600, China.
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Pandey A, Swarnkar V, Pandey T, Srivastava P, Kanojiya S, Mishra DK, Tripathi V. Transcriptome and Metabolite analysis reveal candidate genes of the cardiac glycoside biosynthetic pathway from Calotropis procera. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34464. [PMID: 27703261 PMCID: PMC5050527 DOI: 10.1038/srep34464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Calotropis procera is a medicinal plant of immense importance due to its pharmaceutical active components, especially cardiac glycosides (CG). As genomic resources for this plant are limited, the genes involved in CG biosynthetic pathway remain largely unknown till date. Our study on stage and tissue specific metabolite accumulation showed that CG's were maximally accumulated in stems of 3 month old seedlings. De novo transcriptome sequencing of same was done using high throughput Illumina HiSeq platform generating 44074 unigenes with average mean length of 1785 base pair. Around 66.6% of unigenes were annotated by using various public databases and 5324 unigenes showed significant match in the KEGG database involved in 133 different pathways of plant metabolism. Further KEGG analysis resulted in identification of 336 unigenes involved in cardenolide biosynthesis. Tissue specific expression analysis of 30 putative transcripts involved in terpenoid, steroid and cardenolide pathways showed a positive correlation between metabolite and transcript accumulation. Wound stress elevated CG levels as well the levels of the putative transcripts involved in its biosynthetic pathways. This result further validated the involvement of identified transcripts in CGs biosynthesis. The identified transcripts will lay a substantial foundation for further research on metabolic engineering and regulation of cardiac glycosides biosynthesis pathway genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akansha Pandey
- Botany division, CSIR-CDRI, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vishakha Swarnkar
- Botany division, CSIR-CDRI, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tushar Pandey
- Botany division, CSIR-CDRI, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Piush Srivastava
- Botany division, CSIR-CDRI, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjeev Kanojiya
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-CDRI, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dipak Kumar Mishra
- Botany division, CSIR-CDRI, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vineeta Tripathi
- Botany division, CSIR-CDRI, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Sharma S, Shrivastava N. Renaissance in phytomedicines: promising implications of NGS technologies. PLANTA 2016; 244:19-38. [PMID: 27002972 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plant research is growing significantly in faith to discover new and more biologically compatible phytomedicines. Deposition of huge genome/trancriptome sequence data assisted by NGS technologies has revealed the new possibilities for producing upgraded bioactive molecules in medicinal plants. Growing interest of investors and consumers in the herbal drugs raises the need for extensive research to open the facts and details of every inch of life canvas of medicinal plants to produce improved quality of phytomedicines. As in agriculture crops, knowledge emergence from medicinal plant's genome/transcriptome, can be used to assure their amended quality and these improved varieties are then transported to the fields for cultivation. Genome studies generate huge sequence data which can be exploited further for obtaining information regarding genes/gene clusters involved in biosynthesis as well as regulation. This can be achieved rapidly at a very large scale with NGS platforms. Identification of new RNA molecules has become possible, which can lead to the discovery of novel compounds. Sequence information can be combined with advanced phytochemical and bioinformatics tools to discover functional herbal drugs. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of small RNA species put a light on the regulatory aspect of biosynthetic pathways for phytomedicines. Inter or intra genomic as well as transcriptomic interactive processes for biosynthetic pathways can be elucidated in depth. Quality management of herbal material will also become rapid and high throughput. Enrichment of sequence information will be used to engineer the plants to get more efficient phytopharmaceuticals. The present review comprises of role of NGS technologies to boost genomic studies of pharmaceutically important plants and further, applications of sequence information aiming to produce enriched phytomedicines. Emerging knowledge from the medicinal plants genome/transcriptome can give birth to deep understanding of the processes responsible for biosynthesis of medicinally important compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Sharma
- B.V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Sarkhej - Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
- Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Neeta Shrivastava
- B.V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Sarkhej - Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
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Genome wide transcriptome profiling reveals differential gene expression in secondary metabolite pathway of Cymbopogon winterianus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21026. [PMID: 26877149 PMCID: PMC4753472 DOI: 10.1038/srep21026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in transcriptome sequencing provide fast, cost-effective and reliable approach to generate large expression datasets especially suitable for non-model species to identify putative genes, key pathway and regulatory mechanism. Citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus) is an aromatic medicinal grass used for anti-tumoral, antibacterial, anti-fungal, antiviral, detoxifying and natural insect repellent properties. Despite of having number of utilities, the genes involved in terpenes biosynthetic pathway is not yet clearly elucidated. The present study is a pioneering attempt to generate an exhaustive molecular information of secondary metabolite pathway and to increase genomic resources in Citronella. Using high-throughput RNA-Seq technology, root and leaf transcriptome was analysed at an unprecedented depth (11.7 Gb). Targeted searches identified majority of the genes associated with metabolic pathway and other natural product pathway viz. antibiotics synthesis along with many novel genes. Terpenoid biosynthesis genes comparative expression results were validated for 15 unigenes by RT-PCR and qRT-PCR. Thus the coverage of these transcriptome is comprehensive enough to discover all known genes of major metabolic pathways. This transcriptome dataset can serve as important public information for gene expression, genomics and function genomics studies in Citronella and shall act as a benchmark for future improvement of the crop.
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Molecular Cloning and Expression of Squalene Epoxidase from a Medicinal Plant, Bupleurum chinense. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1674-6384(16)60010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Hwang HS, Lee H, Choi YE. Transcriptomic analysis of Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) to discover genes involved in saponin biosynthesis. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:180. [PMID: 25888223 PMCID: PMC4369101 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1357-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eleutherococcus senticosus, Siberian ginseng, is a highly valued woody medicinal plant belonging to the family Araliaceae. E. senticosus produces a rich variety of saponins such as oleanane-type, noroleanane-type, 29-hydroxyoleanan-type, and lupane-type saponins. Genomic or transcriptomic approaches have not been used to investigate the saponin biosynthetic pathway in this plant. Result In this study, de novo sequencing was performed to select candidate genes involved in the saponin biosynthetic pathway. A half-plate 454 pyrosequencing run produced 627,923 high-quality reads with an average sequence length of 422 bases. De novo assembly generated 72,811 unique sequences, including 15,217 contigs and 57,594 singletons. Approximately 48,300 (66.3%) unique sequences were annotated using BLAST similarity searches. All of the mevalonate pathway genes for saponin biosynthesis starting from acetyl-CoA were isolated. Moreover, 206 reads of cytochrome P450 (CYP) and 145 reads of uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase (UGT) sequences were isolated. Based on methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment and real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis, 3 CYPs and 3 UGTs were finally selected as candidate genes involved in the saponin biosynthetic pathway. Conclusions The identified sequences associated with saponin biosynthesis will facilitate the study of the functional genomics of saponin biosynthesis and genetic engineering of E. senticosus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1357-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan-Su Hwang
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchun, 200-701, South Korea.
| | - Hyoshin Lee
- Biotechnology Division, Korea Forest Research Institute, Suwon, 441-350, South Korea.
| | - Yong Eui Choi
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchun, 200-701, South Korea.
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Dai L, Liu C, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Men Y, Zeng Y, Sun Y. Functional Characterization of Cucurbitadienol Synthase and Triterpene Glycosyltransferase Involved in Biosynthesis of Mogrosides from Siraitia grosvenorii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 56:1172-82. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Sui C, Chen M, Xu J, Wei J, Jin Y, Xu Y, Sun J, Gao K, Yang C, Zhang Z, Chen S, Luo H. Comparison of root transcriptomes and expressions of genes involved in main medicinal secondary metabolites from Bupleurum chinense and Bupleurum scorzonerifolium, the two Chinese official Radix bupleuri source species. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 153:230-42. [PMID: 25117935 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Radix bupleuri, roots of Bupleurum species, is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine. Here, we compared the root transcriptomes of both Bupleurum chinense DC. and Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. A total of 313 483 and 342 263 high quality expressed sequence tags were obtained, respectively. In addition, 17 117 (59.2%) and 19 416 (62.8%) unigenes for B. chinense and B. scorzonerifolium had homologous genes in the opposite dataset. For B. chinense, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database (KEGG) annotation identified carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism and amino acid metabolism as the three highest groups in the metabolism category. For B. scorzonerifolium, the lipid metabolism group had the most unigenes. Genes that may participate in the biosynthesis of terpenoid, triterpenoid, sterol, lignan and flavonoids were identified according to their annotations. (Tri)terpenoid-related genes were predominantly found in B. chinense. The expressions of certain genes were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in the roots of the two species. A total of 558 putative transcription factors (TFs) and 137 transcriptional regulators (TRs) among 1364 TFs and 327 TRs, and 610 TFs and 129 TRs among 1600 TFs and 323 TRs were specific for B. chinense and B. scorzonerifolium, respectively. Our transcriptome comparison reflects the different types and proportions of metabolites synthesized by the two species. The data, especially, those genes involved in the biosynthesis of particular types of metabolites, will provide the basis for further investigations of the secondary metabolite repertoire of the two Bupleurum species, as well as other species from the genus of Bupleurum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Sui
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
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Sarwat M, Yamdagni MM. DNA barcoding, microarrays and next generation sequencing: recent tools for genetic diversity estimation and authentication of medicinal plants. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2014; 36:191-203. [PMID: 25264574 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2014.947563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
DNA barcoding, microarray technology and next generation sequencing have emerged as promising tools for the elucidation of plant genetic diversity and its conservation. They are proving to be immensely helpful in authenticating the useful medicinal plants for herbal drug preparations. These newer versions of molecular markers utilize short genetic markers in the genome to characterize the organism to a particular species. This has the potential not only to classify the known and yet unknown species but also has a promising future to link the medicinally important plants according to their properties. The newer trends being followed in DNA chips and barcoding pave the way for a future with many different possibilities. Several of these possibilities might be: characterization of unknown species in a considerably less time than usual, identification of newer medicinal properties possessed by the species and also updating the data of the already existing but unnoticed properties. This can assist us to cure many different diseases and will also generate novel opportunities in medicinal drug delivery and targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sarwat
- a Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University , NOIDA , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Manu Mayank Yamdagni
- a Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University , NOIDA , Uttar Pradesh , India
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Dong S, Liu Y, Niu J, Ning Y, Lin S, Zhang Z. De novo transcriptome analysis of the Siberian apricot (Prunus sibirica L.) and search for potential SSR markers by 454 pyrosequencing. Gene 2014; 544:220-7. [PMID: 24746601 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Siberian apricot, an economically and ecologically important plant in China, contains seeds high in oil and can grow on marginal land. Although this species has multiple purposes and may be a feedstock of biofuel in China, transcriptome information and molecular research on this species remain limited. RNA-Seq technology has been widely applied to transcriptomics, genomics and the development of molecular markers, and functional gene studies. In this study, we obtained 1,243,067 high-quality reads with a mean size of 425 bp in a single run, totaling 528.4 Mb of sequence data using 454 GS FLX Titanium sequencing. All reads were assembled de novo into 46,940 unigenes with a mean size of 651 bp (range: 45-5566 bp). Assembled unigenes were annotated in multiple public databases based on similarity alignments to genes and proteins. 191 unigenes involving in lipid biosynthesis and metabolism were found, among them, expression patterns of two desaturase enzymes were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), based on six tissues from Siberian apricot, the seeds had the highest expression. 7304 simple sequence repeats (SSR) were identified from 6509 unigenes, a total of 9930 primer pairs were designed, 50 primer pairs were randomly selected to validate of the usefulness, and 24 (48%) primer pairs produced bands of the expected size. These data provide a base of sequence information to improve agronomic characters and molecular marker-assisted breeding to alter the composition of fatty acids in seeds from this plant, and hence, facilitate its utilization as a future biodiesel feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubin Dong
- Lab of Systematic Evolution and Biogeography of Woody Plants, College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yulin Liu
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jun Niu
- Lab of Systematic Evolution and Biogeography of Woody Plants, College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yu Ning
- Lab of Systematic Evolution and Biogeography of Woody Plants, College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shanzhi Lin
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhixiang Zhang
- Lab of Systematic Evolution and Biogeography of Woody Plants, College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Ding N, Han Q, Li Q, Zhao X, Li J, Su J, Wang Q. Comprehensive analysis of Sichuan white geese (Anser cygnoides) transcriptome. Anim Sci J 2014; 85:650-9. [PMID: 24725216 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput RNA sequencing was performed for comprehensively analyzing the transcriptome of geese. A total of 28,803,759 bp of raw sequence data was generated by 454 GS Flx+. After removal of adaptor sequences, 28,730,361 bp remained and 117,279 reads were obtained, with an average length of 244 bases. Simultaneously, complementary DNA samples from two different reproductive stages of goose ovarian, hypothalamus and pituitary tissue were sequenced separately using Illumina MiSeq platform. A total of 12 688 673 148 bp of raw sequence data were generated by Illumina MiSeq. After removal of adaptor sequences, 8 198 126 562 bp remained and 60 382 786 clean reads were obtained, with an average length of 135 bases. Assembly of all the reads from both 454 Flx+ and Illumina platforms formed 56,839 contigs. The sequence size ranges from 38 to 28,206 bp in size, with an average size of 2584 bp and an N50 of 4624. The assembly produced a substantial number of large contigs: 35,545 (62.5%) were longer than 1 kb, of which 8850 (15.6%) were longer than 5 kb. The sequencing depth was 85 X on average. We performed comprehensive function annotations on unigenes including protein sequence similarity, gene ontology (GO) term classification, and Kyoto Encylcopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment. GO analysis showed that approximately 63% of the contigs had annotation information, among the 35,953 annotated isotigs in Nr database, 24,783 (68.9%) sequences were assigned with one or more GO terms. There were 14,634 (40.7%) isotigs for biological processes, 10,557(29.3%) isotigs for cellular component, 22,607 (62.9%) isotigs for molecular function. The result of KEGG pathway mapping 8926 sequences had the pathway annotation, and took part in 477 pathways. Additionally, 10,685 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were identified from the assembled sequences. The most frequent repeat motifs were trinucleotides, which accounted for 53.03% of all SSRs, followed by dinucleotides (39.9%), tetranucleotides (5.08%), pentanucleotides (1.68%) and hexanucleotides (0.32%). Transcriptome sequencing on mixture issue of the geese yielded substantial transcriptional sequences and potentially useful SSR markers which provide an important data source for geese research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ding
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, China
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Luo C, Zhang Q, Luo Z. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of Chinese pollination-constant nonastringent persimmon fruit treated with ethanol. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:112. [PMID: 24507483 PMCID: PMC3922992 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The persimmon Diospyros kaki Thunb. is an important commercial and deciduous fruit tree. The fruits have proanthocyanidin (PA) content of >25% of the dry weight and are astringent. PAs cause astringency that is often undesirable for human consumption; thus, the removal of astringency is an important practice in the persimmon industry. Soluble PAs can be converted to insoluble PAs by enclosing the fruit in a polyethylene bag containing diluted ethanol. The genomic resource development of the persimmon is delayed because of its large and complex genome. Second-generation sequencing is an efficient technique for generating huge sequences that can represent a large number of genes and their expression levels. Results We used 454 sequencing for the de novo transcriptome assembly of persimmon fruit treated with 5% ethanol (Tr library) and without treatment as the control (Co library) to investigate the genes and pathways that control PA biosynthesis and other secondary metabolites. We obtained 374.6 Mb in clean nucleotides comprising 624,690 and 626,203 clean sequencing reads from the Tr and Co libraries, respectively. We also identified 83,898 unigenes; 54,719 (~65.2%) unigenes were annotated based on similarity searches with known proteins. Up to 14,954 of the unigenes were assigned to the protein database Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG), 24,337 were assigned to the term annotation database of Gene Ontology (GO), and 45,506 were assigned to 200 pathways in the database of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). The two libraries were compared to identify the differentially expressed unigenes. The expression levels of genes involved in PA biosynthesis and tannin coagulation were analysed, and some of them were verified using quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR). Conclusions This study provides abundant genomic data for persimmon and offers comprehensive sequence resources for persimmon research. The transcriptome dataset will improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of tannin coagulation and other biochemical processes in persimmons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhengrong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China.
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Chow KS, Ghazali AK, Hoh CC, Mohd-Zainuddin Z. RNA sequencing read depth requirement for optimal transcriptome coverage in Hevea brasiliensis. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:69. [PMID: 24484543 PMCID: PMC3926681 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the concerns of assembling de novo transcriptomes is determining the amount of read sequences required to ensure a comprehensive coverage of genes expressed in a particular sample. In this report, we describe the use of Illumina paired-end RNA-Seq (PE RNA-Seq) reads from Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree) bark to devise a transcript mapping approach for the estimation of the read amount needed for deep transcriptome coverage. FINDINGS We optimized the assembly of a Hevea bark transcriptome based on 16 Gb Illumina PE RNA-Seq reads using the Oases assembler across a range of k-mer sizes. We then assessed assembly quality based on transcript N50 length and transcript mapping statistics in relation to (a) known Hevea cDNAs with complete open reading frames, (b) a set of core eukaryotic genes and (c) Hevea genome scaffolds. This was followed by a systematic transcript mapping process where sub-assemblies from a series of incremental amounts of bark transcripts were aligned to transcripts from the entire bark transcriptome assembly. The exercise served to relate read amounts to the degree of transcript mapping level, the latter being an indicator of the coverage of gene transcripts expressed in the sample. As read amounts or datasize increased toward 16 Gb, the number of transcripts mapped to the entire bark assembly approached saturation. A colour matrix was subsequently generated to illustrate sequencing depth requirement in relation to the degree of coverage of total sample transcripts. CONCLUSIONS We devised a procedure, the "transcript mapping saturation test", to estimate the amount of RNA-Seq reads needed for deep coverage of transcriptomes. For Hevea de novo assembly, we propose generating between 5-8 Gb reads, whereby around 90% transcript coverage could be achieved with optimized k-mers and transcript N50 length. The principle behind this methodology may also be applied to other non-model plants, or with reads from other second generation sequencing platforms.
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MESH Headings
- Databases, Genetic
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Gene Library
- Genes, Plant
- Hevea/chemistry
- Hevea/genetics
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Open Reading Frames
- Plant Bark/metabolism
- Plant Leaves/metabolism
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/chemistry
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/isolation & purification
- RNA, Plant/biosynthesis
- RNA, Plant/chemistry
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- RNA, Plant/isolation & purification
- Reproducibility of Results
- Transcriptome
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng-See Chow
- Biotechnology Unit, Malaysian Rubber Board, Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia, Experiment Station, Kuala Lumpur 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad-Kamal Ghazali
- Codon Genomics SB, No. 26, Jalan Dutamas 7, Taman Dutamas, Balakong 43200, Seri Kembangan Balakong, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Choong Hoh
- Codon Genomics SB, No. 26, Jalan Dutamas 7, Taman Dutamas, Balakong 43200, Seri Kembangan Balakong, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zainorlina Mohd-Zainuddin
- Biotechnology Unit, Malaysian Rubber Board, Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia, Experiment Station, Kuala Lumpur 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
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Combinatorial biosynthesis of sapogenins and saponins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a C-16α hydroxylase from Bupleurum falcatum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:1634-9. [PMID: 24434554 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323369111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The saikosaponins comprise oleanane- and ursane-type triterpene saponins that are abundantly present in the roots of the genus Bupleurum widely used in Asian traditional medicine. Here we identified a gene, designated CYP716Y1, encoding a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase from Bupleurum falcatum that catalyzes the C-16α hydroxylation of oleanane- and ursane-type triterpenes. Exploiting this hitherto unavailable enzymatic activity, we launched a combinatorial synthetic biology program in which we combined CYP716Y1 with oxidosqualene cyclase, P450, and glycosyltransferase genes available from other plant species and reconstituted the synthesis of monoglycosylated saponins in yeast. Additionally, we established a culturing strategy in which applying methylated β-cyclodextrin to the culture medium allows the sequestration of heterologous nonvolatile hydrophobic terpenes, such as triterpene sapogenins, from engineered yeast cells into the growth medium, thereby greatly enhancing productivity. Together, our findings provide a sound base for the development of a synthetic biology platform for the production of bioactive triterpene sapo(ge)nins.
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Sato S, Yoshida M, Hiraide H, Ihara K, Yamamoto H. Transcriptome Analysis of Reaction Wood in Gymnosperms by Next-Generation Sequencing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2014.518295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Berk JM, Maitra S, Dawdy AW, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Wilson KL. O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) regulates emerin binding to barrier to autointegration factor (BAF) in a chromatin- and lamin B-enriched "niche". J Biol Chem 2013; 288:30192-30209. [PMID: 24014020 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.503060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerin, a membrane component of nuclear "lamina" networks with lamins and barrier to autointegration factor (BAF), is highly O-GlcNAc-modified ("O-GlcNAcylated") in mammalian cells. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed eight sites of O-GlcNAcylation, including Ser-53, Ser-54, Ser-87, Ser-171, and Ser-173. Emerin O-GlcNAcylation was reduced ~50% by S53A or S54A mutation in vitro and in vivo. O-GlcNAcylation was reduced ~66% by the triple S52A/S53A/S54A mutant, and S173A reduced O-GlcNAcylation of the S52A/S53A/S54A mutant by ~30%, in vivo. We separated two populations of emerin, A-type lamins and BAF; one population solubilized easily, and the other required sonication and included histones and B-type lamins. Emerin and BAF associated only in histone- and lamin-B-containing fractions. The S173D mutation specifically and selectively reduced GFP-emerin association with BAF by 58% and also increased GFP-emerin hyper-phosphorylation. We conclude that β-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, an essential enzyme, controls two regions in emerin. The first region, defined by residues Ser-53 and Ser-54, flanks the LEM domain. O-GlcNAc modification at Ser-173, in the second region, is proposed to promote emerin association with BAF in the chromatin/lamin B "niche." These results reveal direct control of a conserved LEM domain nuclear lamina component by β-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, a nutrient sensor that regulates cell stress responses, mitosis, and epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Berk
- From the Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 and
| | - Sushmit Maitra
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
| | - Andrew W Dawdy
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
| | - Jeffrey Shabanowitz
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
| | - Donald F Hunt
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
| | - Katherine L Wilson
- From the Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 and.
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Khorolragchaa A, Kim YJ, Rahimi S, Sukweenadhi J, Jang MG, Yang DC. Grouping and characterization of putative glycosyltransferase genes from Panax ginseng Meyer. Gene 2013; 536:186-92. [PMID: 23978613 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases are members of the multigene family of plants that can transfer single or multiple activated sugars to a range of plant molecules, resulting in the glycosylation of plant compounds. Although the activities of many glycosyltransferases and their products have been recognized for a long time, only in recent years were some glycosyltransferase genes identified and few have been functionally characterized in detail. Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer), belonging to Araliaceae, has been well known as a popular mysterious medicinal herb in East Asia for over 2,000 years. A total of 704 glycosyltransferase unique sequences have been found from a ginseng expressed sequence tag (EST) library, and these sequences encode enzymes responsible for the secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Finally, twelve UDP glycosyltransferases (UGTs) were selected as the candidates most likely to be involved in triterpenoid synthesis. In this study, we classified the candidate P. ginseng UGTs (PgUGTs) into proper families and groups, which resulted in eight UGT families and six UGT groups. We also investigated those gene candidates encoding for glycosyltransferases by analysis of gene expression in methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-treated ginseng adventitious roots and different tissues from four-year-old ginseng using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). For organ-specific expression, most of PgUGT transcription levels were higher in leaves and roots compared with flower buds and stems. The transcription of PgUGTs in adventitious roots treated with MeJA increased as compared with the control. PgUGT1 and PgUGT2, which belong to the UGT71 family genes expressed in MeJA-treated adventitious roots, were especially sensitive, showing 33.32 and 38.88-fold expression increases upon 24h post-treatments, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altanzul Khorolragchaa
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials and Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, South Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials and Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, South Korea
| | - Shadi Rahimi
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials and Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, South Korea
| | - Johan Sukweenadhi
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials and Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, South Korea
| | - Moon-Gi Jang
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials and Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, South Korea
| | - Deok-Chun Yang
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials and Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, South Korea.
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Putative genes involved in saikosaponin biosynthesis in Bupleurum species. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:12806-26. [PMID: 23783277 PMCID: PMC3709813 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140612806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative medicinal agents, such as the herb Bupleurum, are increasingly used in modern medicine to supplement synthetic drugs. First, we present a review of the currently known effects of triterpene saponins-saikosaponins of Bupleurum species. The putative biosynthetic pathway of saikosaponins in Bupleurum species is summarized, followed by discussions on identification and characterization of genes involved in the biosynthesis of saikosaponins. The purpose is to provide a brief review of gene extraction, functional characterization of isolated genes and assessment of expression patterns of genes encoding enzymes in the process of saikosaponin production in Bupleurum species, mainly B. kaoi. We focus on the effects of MeJA on saikosaponin production, transcription patterns of genes involved in biosynthesis and on functional depiction.
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