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Cao D, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Wei D, Yan M, Su S, Pan H, Wang Q. Effects of sleep deprivation on anxiety-depressive-like behavior and neuroinflammation. Brain Res 2024; 1836:148916. [PMID: 38609030 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is defined by a persistent low mood and disruptions in sleep patterns, with the WHO forecasting that major depression will rank as the third most prevalent contributor to the global burden of disease by the year 2030. Sleep deprivation serves as a stressor that triggers inflammation within the central nervous system, a process known as neuroinflammation. This inflammatory response plays a crucial role in the development of depression by upregulating the expression of inflammatory mediators that contribute to symptoms such as anxiety, hopelessness, and loss of pleasure. METHODS In this study, sleep deprivation was utilized as a method to induce anxiety and depressive-like behaviors in mice. The behavioral changes in the mice were then evaluated using the EZM, EPM, TST, FST, and SPT. H&E staining and Nissl staining was used to detect morphological changes in the medial prefrontal cortical (mPFC) regions. Elisa to assess serum CORT levels. Detection of mRNA levels and protein expression of clock genes, high mobility genome box-1 (Hmgb1), silent message regulator 6 (Sirt6), and pro-inflammatory factors by RT-qPCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence techniques. RESULTS Sleep deprivation resulted in decreased exploration of unfamiliar territory, increased time spent in a state of despair, and lower sucrose water intake in mice. Additionally, sleep deprivation led to increased secretion of serum CORT and upregulation of clock genes, IL6, IL1β, TNFα, Cox-2, iNOS, Sirt6, and Hmgb1. Sleep. CONCLUSIONS Sleep deprivation induces anxiety-depressive-like behaviors and neuroinflammation in the brain. Transcription of clock genes and activation of the Sirt6/Hmgb1 pathway may contribute to inflammatory responses in the mPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Cao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China; Medical College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- The Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongyun Wei
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minhao Yan
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shijie Su
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huashan Pan
- Guangdong Chaozhou Health Vocational College, Guangdong, Chaozhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China.
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2
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Yin D, Zhang B, Chong Y, Ren W, Xu S, Yang G. Adaptive changes in BMAL2 with increased locomotion associated with the evolution of unihemispheric slow-wave sleep in mammals. Sleep 2024; 47:zsae018. [PMID: 38289699 PMCID: PMC11009019 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsae018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Marine mammals, especially cetaceans, have evolved a very special form of sleep characterized by unihemispheric slow-wave sleep (USWS) and a negligible amount or complete absence of rapid-eye-movement sleep; however, the underlying genetic mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we detected unique, significant selection signatures in basic helix-loop-helix ARNT like 2 (BMAL2; also called ARNTL2), a key circadian regulator, in marine mammal lineages, and identified two nonsynonymous amino acid substitutions (K204E and K346Q) in the important PER-ARNT-SIM domain of cetacean BMAL2 via sequence comparison with other mammals. In vitro assays revealed that these cetacean-specific mutations specifically enhanced the response to E-box-like enhancer and consequently promoted the transcriptional activation of PER2, which is closely linked to sleep regulation. The increased PER2 expression, which was further confirmed both in vitro and in vivo, is beneficial for allowing cetaceans to maintain continuous movement and alertness during sleep. Concordantly, the locomotor activities of zebrafish overexpressing the cetacean-specific mutant bmal2 were significantly higher than the zebrafish overexpressing the wild-type gene. Subsequently, transcriptome analyses revealed that cetacean-specific mutations caused the upregulation of arousal-related genes and the downregulation of several sleep-promoting genes, which is consistent with the need to maintain hemispheric arousal during USWS. Our findings suggest a potential close relationship between adaptive changes in BMAL2 and the remarkable adaptation of USWS and may provide novel insights into the genetic basis of the evolution of animal sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiqing Yin
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, Guangdong 511458, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yujie Chong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenhua Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shixia Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, Guangdong 511458, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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3
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Abhilash L, Shafer OT. A two-process model of Drosophila sleep reveals an inter-dependence between circadian clock speed and the rate of sleep pressure decay. Sleep 2024; 47:zsad277. [PMID: 37930351 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsad277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is controlled by two processes-a circadian clock that regulates its timing and a homeostat that regulates the drive to sleep. Drosophila has been an insightful model for understanding both processes. For four decades, Borbély and Daan's two-process model has provided a powerful framework for understanding sleep regulation. However, the field of fly sleep has not employed such a model as a framework for the investigation of sleep. To this end, we have adapted the two-process model to the fly and established its utility by showing that it can provide empirically testable predictions regarding the circadian and homeostatic control of fly sleep. We show that the ultradian rhythms previously reported for loss-of-function clock mutants in the fly are robustly detectable and a predictable consequence of a functional sleep homeostat in the absence of a functioning circadian system. We find that a model in which the circadian clock speed and homeostatic rates act without influencing each other provides imprecise predictions regarding how clock speed influences the strength of sleep rhythms and the amount of daily sleep. We also find that quantitatively good fits between empirical values and model predictions were achieved only when clock speeds were positively correlated with rates of decay of sleep pressure. Our results indicate that longer sleep bouts better reflect the homeostatic process than the current definition of sleep as any inactivity lasting 5 minutes or more. This two-process model represents a powerful framework for work on the molecular and physiological regulation of fly sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshman Abhilash
- The Advanced Science Research Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Orie Thomas Shafer
- The Advanced Science Research Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
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4
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Yang Y, Kim WS, Michaelian JC, Lewis SJG, Phillips CL, D'Rozario AL, Chatterjee P, Martins RN, Grunstein R, Halliday GM, Naismith SL. Predicting neurodegeneration from sleep related biofluid changes. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 190:106369. [PMID: 38049012 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep-wake disturbances are common in neurodegenerative diseases and may occur years before the clinical diagnosis, potentially either representing an early stage of the disease itself or acting as a pathophysiological driver. Therefore, discovering biomarkers that identify individuals with sleep-wake disturbances who are at risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases will allow early diagnosis and intervention. Given the association between sleep and neurodegeneration, the most frequently analyzed fluid biomarkers in people with sleep-wake disturbances to date include those directly associated with neurodegeneration itself, such as neurofilament light chain, phosphorylated tau, amyloid-beta and alpha-synuclein. Abnormalities in these biomarkers in patients with sleep-wake disturbances are considered as evidence of an underlying neurodegenerative process. Levels of hormonal sleep-related biomarkers such as melatonin, cortisol and orexin are often abnormal in patients with clinical neurodegenerative diseases, but their relationships with the more standard neurodegenerative biomarkers remain unclear. Similarly, it is unclear whether other chronobiological/circadian biomarkers, such as disrupted clock gene expression, are causal factors or a consequence of neurodegeneration. Current data would suggest that a combination of fluid biomarkers may identify sleep-wake disturbances that are most predictive for the risk of developing neurodegenerative disease with more optimal sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia.
| | - Woojin Scott Kim
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Johannes C Michaelian
- Healthy Brain Ageing Program, School of Psychology, Brain and Mind Centre & The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia.
| | - Simon J G Lewis
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Parkinson's Disease Research Clinic, Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia.
| | - Craig L Phillips
- CIRUS, Centre for Sleep and Chronobiology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Angela L D'Rozario
- Healthy Brain Ageing Program, School of Psychology, Brain and Mind Centre & The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; CIRUS, Centre for Sleep and Chronobiology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Pratishtha Chatterjee
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA 6027, Australia.
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA 6027, Australia; School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Ron Grunstein
- CIRUS, Centre for Sleep and Chronobiology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Sharon L Naismith
- Healthy Brain Ageing Program, School of Psychology, Brain and Mind Centre & The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia.
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Millius A, Yamada RG, Fujishima H, Maeda K, Standley DM, Sumiyama K, Perrin D, Ueda HR. Circadian ribosome profiling reveals a role for the Period2 upstream open reading frame in sleep. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2214636120. [PMID: 37769257 PMCID: PMC10556633 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2214636120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Many mammalian proteins have circadian cycles of production and degradation, and many of these rhythms are altered posttranscriptionally. We used ribosome profiling to examine posttranscriptional control of circadian rhythms by quantifying RNA translation in the liver over a 24-h period from circadian-entrained mice transferred to constant darkness conditions and by comparing ribosome binding levels to protein levels for 16 circadian proteins. We observed large differences in ribosome binding levels compared to protein levels, and we observed delays between peak ribosome binding and peak protein abundance. We found extensive binding of ribosomes to upstream open reading frames (uORFs) in circadian mRNAs, including the core clock gene Period2 (Per2). An increase in the number of uORFs in the 5'UTR was associated with a decrease in ribosome binding in the main coding sequence and a reduction in expression of synthetic reporter constructs. Mutation of the Per2 uORF increased luciferase and fluorescence reporter expression in 3T3 cells and increased luciferase expression in PER2:LUC MEF cells. Mutation of the Per2 uORF in mice increased Per2 mRNA expression, enhanced ribosome binding on Per2, and reduced total sleep time compared to that in wild-type mice. These results suggest that uORFs affect mRNA posttranscriptionally, which can impact physiological rhythms and sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Millius
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Host Defense, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Rikuhiro G. Yamada
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fujishima
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Maeda
- Laboratory for Host Defense, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Daron M. Standley
- Laboratory for Systems Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenta Sumiyama
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
| | - Dimitri Perrin
- School of Computer Science, Queensland University of Technology, BrisbaneQLD 4000, Australia
- Centre for Data Science, Queensland University of Technology, BrisbaneQLD 4000, Australia
| | - Hiroki R. Ueda
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo113-0033, Japan
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6
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Wu A. Updates and confounding factors in delayed sleep-wake phase disorder. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2023; 21:279-287. [PMID: 37363638 PMCID: PMC9979143 DOI: 10.1007/s41105-023-00454-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder (DSWPD) is a circadian rhythm sleep disorder characterised by a delay in the main sleep period, with patients experiencing difficulty getting to sleep and waking up at socially appropriate times. This often causes insomnia and compromised sleep, results in impairment to daytime function and is associated with a range of comorbidities. Besides interventions aimed at ameliorating symptoms, there is good evidence supporting successful phase advancement with bright light therapy or melatonin administration. However, no treatment to date addresses the tendency to phase delay, which is a common factor amongst the various contributing causes of DSWPD. Circadian phase markers such as core body temperature and circulating melatonin typically correlate well with sleep timing in healthy patients, but numerous variations exist in DSWPD patients that can make these unpredictable for use in diagnostics. There is also increasing evidence that, on top of problems with the circadian cycle, sleep homeostatic processes actually differ in DSWPD patients compared to controls. This naturally has ramifications for management but also for the current approach to the pathogenesis itself in which DSWPD is considered a purely circadian disorder. This review collates what is known on the causes and treatments of DSWPD, addresses the pitfalls in diagnosis and discusses the implications of current data on modified sleep homeostasis, making clinical recommendations and directing future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Wu
- Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
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7
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Kyle Martin W, Schladweiler MC, Oshiro W, Smoot J, Fisher A, Williams W, Valdez M, Miller CN, Jackson TW, Freeborn D, Kim YH, Davies D, Ian Gilmour M, Kodavanti U, Kodavanti P, Hazari MS, Farraj AK. Wildfire-related smoke inhalation worsens cardiovascular risk in sleep disrupted rats. FRONTIERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023; 2:1166918. [PMID: 38116203 PMCID: PMC10726696 DOI: 10.3389/fenvh.2023.1166918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Introduction As a lifestyle factor, poor sleep status is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and may be influenced by environmental stressors, including air pollution. Methods To determine whether exposure to air pollution modified cardiovascular effects of sleep disruption, we evaluated the effects of single or repeated (twice/wk for 4 wks) inhalation exposure to eucalyptus wood smoke (ES; 964 μg/m3 for 1 h), a key wildland fire air pollution source, on mild sleep loss in the form of gentle handling in rats. Blood pressure (BP) radiotelemetry and echocardiography were evaluated along with assessments of lung and systemic inflammation, cardiac and hypothalamic gene expression, and heart rate variability (HRV), a measure of cardiac autonomic tone. Results and Discussion GH alone disrupted sleep, as evidenced by active period-like locomotor activity, and increases in BP, heart rate (HR), and hypothalamic expression of the circadian gene Per2. A single bout of sleep disruption and ES, but neither alone, increased HR and BP as rats transitioned into their active period, a period aligned with a critical early morning window for stroke risk in humans. These responses were immediately preceded by reduced HRV, indicating increased cardiac sympathetic tone. In addition, only sleep disrupted rats exposed to ES had increased HR and BP during the final sleep disruption period. These rats also had increased cardiac output and cardiac expression of genes related to adrenergic function, and regulation of vasoconstriction and systemic blood pressure one day after final ES exposure. There was little evidence of lung or systemic inflammation, except for increases in serum LDL cholesterol and alanine aminotransferase. These results suggest that inhaled air pollution increases sleep perturbation-related cardiovascular risk, potentially in part by increased sympathetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Kyle Martin
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - M. C. Schladweiler
- Public Health & Integrated Toxicology Division, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - W. Oshiro
- Public Health & Integrated Toxicology Division, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - J. Smoot
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - A. Fisher
- Public Health & Integrated Toxicology Division, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - W. Williams
- Public Health & Integrated Toxicology Division, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - M. Valdez
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - C. N. Miller
- Public Health & Integrated Toxicology Division, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - T. W. Jackson
- Public Health & Integrated Toxicology Division, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - D. Freeborn
- Public Health & Integrated Toxicology Division, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Y. H. Kim
- Public Health & Integrated Toxicology Division, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - D. Davies
- Public Health & Integrated Toxicology Division, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - M. Ian Gilmour
- Public Health & Integrated Toxicology Division, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - U. Kodavanti
- Public Health & Integrated Toxicology Division, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - P. Kodavanti
- Public Health & Integrated Toxicology Division, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - M. S. Hazari
- Public Health & Integrated Toxicology Division, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - A. K. Farraj
- Public Health & Integrated Toxicology Division, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
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Muheim CM, Ford K, Medina E, Singletary K, Peixoto L, Frank MG. Ontogenesis of the molecular response to sleep loss. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2023; 14:100092. [PMID: 37020466 PMCID: PMC10068260 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2023.100092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep deprivation (SD) results in profound cellular and molecular changes in the adult mammalian brain. Some of these changes may result in, or aggravate, brain disease. However, little is known about how SD impacts gene expression in developing animals. We examined the transcriptional response in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to SD across postnatal development in male mice. We used RNA sequencing to identify functional gene categories that were specifically impacted by SD. We find that SD has dramatically different effects on PFC genes depending on developmental age. Gene expression differences after SD fall into 3 categories: present at all ages (conserved), present when mature sleep homeostasis is first emerging, and those unique to certain ages. Developmentally conserved gene expression was limited to a few functional categories, including Wnt-signaling which suggests that this pathway is a core mechanism regulated by sleep. In younger ages, genes primarily related to growth and development are affected while changes in genes related to metabolism are specific to the effect of SD in adults.
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9
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Arjmandi-Rad S, Ebrahimnejad M, Zarrindast MR, Vaseghi S. Do Sleep Disturbances have a Dual Effect on Alzheimer's Disease? Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:711-727. [PMID: 35568778 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01228-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disturbances and Alzheimer's disease have deleterious effects on various physiological and cognitive functions including synaptic plasticity, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and memory. In addition, clock genes expression is significantly altered following sleep disturbances, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. In this review article, we aimed to discuss the role of sleep disturbances and Alzheimer's disease in the regulation of synaptic plasticity, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and clock genes expression. Also, we aimed to find significant relationships between sleep disturbances and Alzheimer's disease in the modulation of these mechanisms. We referred to the controversial effects of sleep disturbances (particularly those related to the duration of sleep deprivation) on the modulation of synaptic function and neuroinflammation. We aimed to know that, do sleep disturbances have a dual effect on the progression of Alzheimer's disease? Although numerous studies have discussed the association between sleep disturbances and Alzheimer's disease, the new point of this study was to focus on the controversial effects of sleep disturbances on different biological functions, and to evaluate the potential dualistic role of sleep disturbances in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Arjmandi-Rad
- Institute for Cognitive & Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Ebrahimnejad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salar Vaseghi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, PO Box: 1419815477, Karaj, Iran.
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Muheim CM, Ford K, Medina E, Singletary K, Peixoto L, Frank MG. Ontogenesis of the molecular response to sleep loss. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.16.524266. [PMID: 36712085 PMCID: PMC9882159 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.16.524266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation (SD) results in profound cellular and molecular changes in the adult mammalian brain. Some of these changes may result in, or aggravate, brain disease. However, little is known about how SD impacts gene expression in developing animals. We examined the transcriptional response in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to SD across postnatal development in male mice. We used RNA sequencing to identify functional gene categories that were specifically impacted by SD. We find that SD has dramatically different effects on PFC genes depending on developmental age. Gene expression differences after SD fall into 3 categories: present at all ages (conserved), present when mature sleep homeostasis is first emerging, and those unique to certain ages in adults. Developmentally conserved gene expression was limited to a few functional categories, including Wnt-signaling which suggests that this pathway is a core mechanism regulated by sleep. In younger ages, genes primarily related to growth and development are affected while changes in genes related to metabolism are specific to the effect of SD in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Muheim
- Washington State University Spokane, Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Science Building 230, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane WA 99202, USA,WSU Health Sciences Spokane, Steve Gleason Institute for Neuroscience, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Ford
- Washington State University Spokane, Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Science Building 230, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane WA 99202, USA
| | - Elizabeth Medina
- Washington State University Spokane, Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Science Building 230, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane WA 99202, USA
| | - Kristan Singletary
- Washington State University Spokane, Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Science Building 230, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane WA 99202, USA,WSU Health Sciences Spokane, Steve Gleason Institute for Neuroscience, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Lucia Peixoto
- Washington State University Spokane, Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Science Building 230, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane WA 99202, USA,Correspondence: & , Tel.: +01-509 368 6747
| | - Marcos G. Frank
- Washington State University Spokane, Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Science Building 230, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane WA 99202, USA,WSU Health Sciences Spokane, Steve Gleason Institute for Neuroscience, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA 99202, USA,Correspondence: & , Tel.: +01-509 368 6747
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11
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Batra T, Buniyaadi A, Kumar V. Daytime restriction of feeding prevents illuminated night-induced impairment of metabolism and sleep in diurnal zebra finches. Physiol Behav 2022; 253:113866. [PMID: 35659511 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether nocturnal eating was causal to the impairment of metabolism and sleep disruption in diurnal animals exposed to illuminated nights. Adult zebra finches hatched and raised in 12 h light: 12 h darkness (LD) were exposed to 5-lux dim light at night (dLAN, two groups), with a control group maintained on LD. For the next 3 weeks, the food availability to one of the dLAN groups was restricted to the 12 h light period (dLAN -F); the other dLAN (dLAN +F) and LD groups were continued on ad lib feeding. In spite of similar food intakes, dLAN +F condition led to the fat accumulation and weight gain. These birds showed concurrent changes in hepatic expression of genes associated with carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, suggesting an enhanced gluconeogenesis and impaired fatty acids synthesis. Increased sirt1 mRNA levels indicated the activation of molecular mechanisms to counter-balance the metabolic damage under dLAN +F. Furthermore, reduced bout length and total duration of the nocturnal sleep suggested a poorer sleep in dLAN +F condition. Negative sleep effects of dLAN were supported by the lower hypothalamic expression of sleep promoting sik3 and camkii genes, and higher mRNA expression of awake promoting achm3 gene in dLAN +F, compared to the LD condition. Importantly, dLAN-induced negative effects in metabolism and sleep were alleviated in the dLAN -F group. These results suggest the role of timed feeding in alleviating the negative impact of illuminated nights in metabolism and sleep in diurnal zebra finches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Twinkle Batra
- Indo US Center in Chronobiology, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Amaan Buniyaadi
- Indo US Center in Chronobiology, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Indo US Center in Chronobiology, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India.
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12
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Jha PK, Valekunja UK, Ray S, Nollet M, Reddy AB. Single-cell transcriptomics and cell-specific proteomics reveals molecular signatures of sleep. Commun Biol 2022; 5:846. [PMID: 35986171 PMCID: PMC9391396 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03800-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Every day, we sleep for a third of the day. Sleep is important for cognition, brain waste clearance, metabolism, and immune responses. The molecular mechanisms governing sleep are largely unknown. Here, we used a combination of single-cell RNA sequencing and cell-type-specific proteomics to interrogate the molecular underpinnings of sleep. Different cell types in three important brain regions for sleep (brainstem, cortex, and hypothalamus) exhibited diverse transcriptional responses to sleep need. Sleep restriction modulates astrocyte-neuron crosstalk and sleep need enhances expression of specific sets of transcription factors in different brain regions. In cortex, we also interrogated the proteome of two major cell types: astrocytes and neurons. Sleep deprivation differentially alters the expression of proteins in astrocytes and neurons. Similarly, phosphoproteomics revealed large shifts in cell-type-specific protein phosphorylation. Our results indicate that sleep need regulates transcriptional, translational, and post-translational responses in a cell-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan K Jha
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Utham K Valekunja
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sandipan Ray
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, 502285, Telangana, India
| | - Mathieu Nollet
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Akhilesh B Reddy
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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13
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Đukanović N, La Spada F, Emmenegger Y, Niederhäuser G, Preitner F, Franken P. Depriving Mice of Sleep also Deprives of Food. Clocks Sleep 2022; 4:37-51. [PMID: 35225952 PMCID: PMC8884003 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep4010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Both sleep-wake behavior and circadian rhythms are tightly coupled to energy metabolism and food intake. Altered feeding times in mice are known to entrain clock gene rhythms in the brain and liver, and sleep-deprived humans tend to eat more and gain weight. Previous observations in mice showing that sleep deprivation (SD) changes clock gene expression might thus relate to altered food intake, and not to the loss of sleep per se. Whether SD affects food intake in the mouse and how this might affect clock gene expression is, however, unknown. We therefore quantified (i) the cortical expression of the clock genes Per1, Per2, Dbp, and Cry1 in mice that had access to food or not during a 6 h SD, and (ii) food intake during baseline, SD, and recovery sleep. We found that food deprivation did not modify the SD-incurred clock gene changes in the cortex. Moreover, we discovered that although food intake during SD did not differ from the baseline, mice lost weight and increased food intake during subsequent recovery. We conclude that SD is associated with food deprivation and that the resulting energy deficit might contribute to the effects of SD that are commonly interpreted as a response to sleep loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Đukanović
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (N.Đ.); (F.L.S.); (Y.E.)
| | - Francesco La Spada
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (N.Đ.); (F.L.S.); (Y.E.)
| | - Yann Emmenegger
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (N.Đ.); (F.L.S.); (Y.E.)
| | - Guy Niederhäuser
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (N.Đ.); (F.L.S.); (Y.E.)
- Mouse Metabolic Evaluation Facility, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (G.N.); (F.P.)
| | - Frédéric Preitner
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (N.Đ.); (F.L.S.); (Y.E.)
- Mouse Metabolic Evaluation Facility, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (G.N.); (F.P.)
| | - Paul Franken
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (N.Đ.); (F.L.S.); (Y.E.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Sleep Disturbances Linked to Genetic Disorders. Sleep Med Clin 2022; 17:77-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Hoekstra MM, Jan M, Katsioudi G, Emmenegger Y, Franken P. The sleep-wake distribution contributes to the peripheral rhythms in PERIOD-2. eLife 2021; 10:69773. [PMID: 34895464 PMCID: PMC8798053 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mouse, Period-2 (Per2) expression in tissues peripheral to the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) increases during sleep deprivation and at times of the day when animals are predominantly awake spontaneously, suggesting that the circadian sleep-wake distribution directly contributes to the daily rhythms in Per2. We found support for this hypothesis by recording sleep-wake state alongside PER2 bioluminescence in freely behaving mice, demonstrating that PER2 bioluminescence increases during spontaneous waking and decreases during sleep. The temporary reinstatement of PER2-bioluminescence rhythmicity in behaviorally arrhythmic SCN-lesioned mice submitted to daily recurring sleep deprivations substantiates our hypothesis. Mathematical modeling revealed that PER2 dynamics can be described by a damped harmonic oscillator driven by two forces: a sleep-wake-dependent force and an SCN-independent circadian force. Our work underscores the notion that in peripheral tissues the clock gene circuitry integrates sleep-wake information and could thereby contribute to behavioral adaptability to respond to homeostatic requirements. Circadian rhythms are daily cycles in behavior and physiology which repeat approximately every 24 hours. The master regulator of these rhythms is located in a small part of the brain called the supra-chiasmatic nucleus. This brain structure regulates the timing of sleep and wakefulness and is also thought to control the daily rhythms of cells throughout the body on a molecular level. It does this by synchronizing the activity of a set of genes called clock genes. Under normal conditions, the levels of proteins coded for by clock genes change throughout the day following a rhythm that matches sleep-wake patterns. However, keeping animals and humans awake at their preferred sleeping times affects the protein levels of clock genes in many tissues of the body. This suggests that, in addition to the supra-chiasmatic nucleus, sleep-wake cycles may also influence clock-gene rhythms throughout the body. To test this theory, Hoekstra, Jan et al. measured the levels of PERIOD-2, a protein coded for by the clock gene Period-2, while tracking sleep-wake states in mice. They did this by imaging a bioluminescent version of the PERIOD-2 protein in the brain and the kidneys, at the same time as they recorded the brain activity, movement and muscle response of animals. Results showed that PERIOD-2 increased on waking and decreased when mice fell asleep. Additionally, in mice lacking a circadian rhythm in sleep-wake behavior – whose changes in PERIOD-2 levels with respect to time were greatly reduced – imposing a regular sleep-wake cycle restored normal PERIOD-2 rhythmicity. Next, Hoekstra, Jan et al. developed a mathematical model to understand how sleep-wake cycles together with circadian rhythms affect clock-gene activity in the brain and kidneys. Computer simulations suggested that sleep-wake cycles and circadian factors act as forces of comparable strength driving clock-gene dynamics. Both need to act in concert to keep clock-genes rhythmic. The model also predicted the large and immediate effects of sleep deprivation on PERIOD-2 levels, giving further credence to the idea that waking accelerated clock-gene rhythms while sleeping slowed them down. Modelling also suggested that having regular clock-gene rhythms protects against sleep disturbances. In summary, this work shows how sleep patterns contribute to the daily rhythms in clock genes in the brain and body. The findings support the idea that well-timed sleep-wake schedules could help people to adjust to new time zones. It might also be useful to inform other strategies to reduce the health impacts of shift work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Mb Hoekstra
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maxime Jan
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Georgia Katsioudi
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yann Emmenegger
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Franken
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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16
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Restoring the Molecular Clockwork within the Suprachiasmatic Hypothalamus of an Otherwise Clockless Mouse Enables Circadian Phasing and Stabilization of Sleep-Wake Cycles and Reverses Memory Deficits. J Neurosci 2021; 41:8562-8576. [PMID: 34446572 PMCID: PMC8513698 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3141-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The timing and quality of sleep-wake cycles are regulated by interacting circadian and homeostatic mechanisms. Although the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the principal clock, circadian clocks are active across the brain and the respective sleep-regulatory roles of SCN and local clocks are unclear. To determine the specific contribution(s) of the SCN, we used virally mediated genetic complementation, expressing Cryptochrome1 (Cry1) to establish circadian molecular competence in the suprachiasmatic hypothalamus of globally clockless, arrhythmic male Cry1/Cry2-null mice. Under free-running conditions, the rest/activity behavior of Cry1/Cry2-null controls expressing EGFP (SCNCon) was arrhythmic, whereas Cry1-complemented mice (SCNCry1) had coherent circadian behavior, comparable to that of Cry1,2-competent wild types (WTs). In SCNCon mice, sleep-wakefulness, assessed by electroencephalography (EEG)/electromyography (EMG), lacked circadian organization. In SCNCry1 mice, however, it matched WTs, with consolidated vigilance states [wake, rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) and non-REMS (NREMS)] and rhythms in NREMS δ power and expression of REMS within total sleep (TS). Wakefulness in SCNCon mice was more fragmented than in WTs, with more wake-NREMS-wake transitions. This disruption was reversed in SCNCry1 mice. Following sleep deprivation (SD), all mice showed a homeostatic increase in NREMS δ power, although the SCNCon mice had reduced NREMS during the inactive (light) phase of recovery. In contrast, the dynamics of homeostatic responses in the SCNCry1 mice were comparable to WTs. Finally, SCNCon mice exhibited poor sleep-dependent memory but this was corrected in SCNCry1mice. In clockless mice, circadian molecular competence focused solely on the SCN rescued the architecture and consolidation of sleep-wake and sleep-dependent memory, highlighting its dominant role in timing sleep. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The circadian timing system regulates sleep-wake cycles. The hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the principal circadian clock, but the presence of multiple local brain and peripheral clocks mean the respective roles of SCN and other clocks in regulating sleep are unclear. We therefore used virally mediated genetic complementation to restore molecular circadian functions in the suprachiasmatic hypothalamus, focusing on the SCN, in otherwise genetically clockless, arrhythmic mice. This initiated circadian activity-rest cycles, and circadian sleep-wake cycles, circadian patterning to the intensity of non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) and circadian control of REMS as a proportion of total sleep (TS). Consolidation of sleep-wake established normal dynamics of sleep homeostasis and enhanced sleep-dependent memory. Thus, the suprachiasmatic hypothalamus, alone, can direct circadian regulation of sleep-wake.
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17
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Duncan MJ, Veasey SC, Zee P. Editorial: Roles of Sleep Disruption and Circadian Rhythm Alterations on Neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:737895. [PMID: 34552466 PMCID: PMC8450346 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.737895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn J Duncan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Sigrid C Veasey
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute and Department Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Phyllis Zee
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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18
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Gaine ME, Bahl E, Chatterjee S, Michaelson JJ, Abel T, Lyons LC. Altered hippocampal transcriptome dynamics following sleep deprivation. Mol Brain 2021; 14:125. [PMID: 34384474 PMCID: PMC8361790 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00835-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Widespread sleep deprivation is a continuing public health problem in the United States and worldwide affecting adolescents and adults. Acute sleep deprivation results in decrements in spatial memory and cognitive impairments. The hippocampus is vulnerable to acute sleep deprivation with changes in gene expression, cell signaling, and protein synthesis. Sleep deprivation also has long lasting effects on memory and performance that persist after recovery sleep, as seen in behavioral studies from invertebrates to humans. Although previous research has shown that acute sleep deprivation impacts gene expression, the extent to which sleep deprivation affects gene regulation remains unknown. Using an unbiased deep RNA sequencing approach, we investigated the effects of acute sleep deprivation on gene expression in the hippocampus. We identified 1,146 genes that were significantly dysregulated following sleep deprivation with 507 genes upregulated and 639 genes downregulated, including protein coding genes and long non-coding RNAs not previously identified as impacted by sleep deprivation. Notably, genes significantly upregulated after sleep deprivation were associated with RNA splicing and the nucleus. In contrast, downregulated genes were associated with cell adhesion, dendritic localization, the synapse, and postsynaptic membrane. Furthermore, we found through independent experiments analyzing a subset of genes that three hours of recovery sleep following acute sleep deprivation was sufficient to normalize mRNA abundance for most genes, although exceptions occurred for some genes that may affect RNA splicing or transcription. These results clearly demonstrate that sleep deprivation differentially regulates gene expression on multiple transcriptomic levels to impact hippocampal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie E Gaine
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics (PSET), College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ethan Bahl
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Snehajyoti Chatterjee
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jacob J Michaelson
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ted Abel
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Lisa C Lyons
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
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Puentes-Mestril C, Delorme J, Wang L, Donnelly M, Popke D, Jiang S, Aton SJ. Sleep Loss Drives Brain Region-Specific and Cell Type-Specific Alterations in Ribosome-Associated Transcripts Involved in Synaptic Plasticity and Cellular Timekeeping. J Neurosci 2021; 41:5386-5398. [PMID: 34001629 PMCID: PMC8221591 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1883-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep and sleep loss are thought to impact synaptic plasticity, and recent studies have shown that sleep and sleep deprivation (SD) differentially affect gene transcription and protein translation in the mammalian forebrain. However, much less is known regarding how sleep and SD affect these processes in different microcircuit elements within the hippocampus and neocortex, for example, in inhibitory versus excitatory neurons. Here, we use translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) and in situ hybridization to characterize the effects of sleep versus SD on abundance of ribosome-associated transcripts in Camk2a-expressing (Camk2a+) pyramidal neurons and parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) interneurons in the hippocampus and neocortex of male mice. We find that while both Camk2a+ neurons and PV+ interneurons in neocortex show concurrent SD-driven increases in ribosome-associated transcripts for activity-regulated effectors of plasticity and transcriptional regulation, these transcripts are minimally affected by SD in hippocampus. Similarly, we find that while SD alters several ribosome-associated transcripts involved in cellular timekeeping in neocortical Camk2a+ and PV+ neurons, effects on circadian clock transcripts in hippocampus are minimal, and restricted to Camk2a+ neurons. Taken together, our results indicate that SD effects on transcripts associated with translating ribosomes are both cell type-specific and brain region-specific, and that these effects are substantially more pronounced in the neocortex than the hippocampus. We conclude that SD-driven alterations in the strength of synapses, excitatory-inhibitory (E-I) balance, and cellular timekeeping are likely more heterogeneous than previously appreciated.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Sleep loss-driven changes in transcript and protein abundance have been used as a means to better understand the function of sleep for the brain. Here, we use translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) to characterize changes in abundance of ribosome-associated transcripts in excitatory and inhibitory neurons in mouse hippocampus and neocortex after a brief period of sleep or sleep loss. We show that these changes are not uniform, but are generally more pronounced in excitatory neurons than inhibitory neurons, and more pronounced in neocortex than in hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Puentes-Mestril
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48019
| | - James Delorme
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48019
| | - Lijing Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48019
| | - Marcus Donnelly
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48019
| | - Donald Popke
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48019
| | - Sha Jiang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48019
| | - Sara J Aton
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48019
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20
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Makarem N, Alcántara C, Williams N, Bello NA, Abdalla M. Effect of Sleep Disturbances on Blood Pressure. Hypertension 2021; 77:1036-1046. [PMID: 33611935 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.14479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent literature addressing the association of short sleep duration, shift work, and obstructive sleep apnea with hypertension risk, blood pressure (BP) levels, and 24-hour ambulatory BP. Observational studies demonstrate that subjectively assessed short sleep increases hypertension risk, though conflicting results are observed in studies of objectively assessed short sleep. Intervention studies demonstrate that mild and severe sleep restriction are associated with higher BP. Rotating and night shift work are associated with hypertension as shift work may exacerbate the detrimental impact of short sleep on BP. Further, studies demonstrate that shift work may increase nighttime BP and reduce BP control in patients with hypertension. Finally, moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea is associated with hypertension, particularly resistant hypertension. Obstructive sleep apnea is also associated with abnormal 24-hour ambulatory BP profiles, including higher daytime and nighttime BP, nondipping BP, and a higher morning surge. Continuous positive airway pressure treatment may lower BP and improve BP dipping. In conclusion, efforts should be made to educate patients and health care providers about the importance of identifying and treating sleep disturbances for hypertension prevention and management. Empirically supported sleep health interventions represent a critical next step to advance this research area and establish causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Makarem
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY (N.M.)
| | | | - Natasha Williams
- Department of Population Health, Center for Healthful Behavior Change, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (N.W.)
| | - Natalie A Bello
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NY (N.A.B., M.A.)
| | - Marwah Abdalla
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NY (N.A.B., M.A.)
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21
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Jha PK, Bouâouda H, Kalsbeek A, Challet E. Distinct feedback actions of behavioural arousal to the master circadian clock in nocturnal and diurnal mammals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 123:48-60. [PMID: 33440199 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The master clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus provides a temporal pattern of sleep and wake that - like many other behavioural and physiological rhythms - is oppositely phased in nocturnal and diurnal animals. The SCN primarily uses environmental light, perceived through the retina, to synchronize its endogenous circadian rhythms with the exact 24 h light/dark cycle of the outside world. The light responsiveness of the SCN is maximal during the night in both nocturnal and diurnal species. Behavioural arousal during the resting period not only perturbs sleep homeostasis, but also acts as a potent non-photic synchronizing cue. The feedback action of arousal on the SCN is mediated by processes involving several brain nuclei and neurotransmitters, which ultimately change the molecular functions of SCN pacemaker cells. Arousing stimuli during the sleeping period differentially affect the circadian system of nocturnal and diurnal species, as evidenced by the different circadian windows of sensitivity to behavioural arousal. In addition, arousing stimuli reduce and increase light resetting in nocturnal and diurnal species, respectively. It is important to address further question of circadian impairments associated with shift work and trans-meridian travel not only in the standard nocturnal laboratory animals but also in diurnal animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar Jha
- Circadian Clocks and Metabolism Team, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Strasbourg, France; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Hanan Bouâouda
- Circadian Clocks and Metabolism Team, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Strasbourg, France
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Etienne Challet
- Circadian Clocks and Metabolism Team, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Strasbourg, France
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22
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Batra T, Malik I, Prabhat A, Bhardwaj SK, Kumar V. Sleep in unnatural times: illuminated night negatively affects sleep and associated hypothalamic gene expressions in diurnal zebra finches. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20192952. [PMID: 32517617 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of exposure at ecologically relevant levels of dim light at night (dLAN) on sleep and the 24 h hypothalamic expression pattern of genes involved in the circadian timing (per2, bmal1, reverb-β, cry1, ror-α, clock) and sleep regulatory pathways (cytokines: tlr4, tnf-α, il-1β, nos; Ca2+-dependent pathway: camk2, sik3, nr3a; cholinergic receptor, achm3) in diurnal female zebra finches. Birds were exposed to 12 h light (150 lux) coupled with 12 h of absolute darkness or of 5 lux dim light for three weeks. dLAN fragmented the nocturnal sleep in reduced bouts, and caused sleep loss as evidenced by reduced plasma oxalate levels. Under dLAN, the 24 h rhythm of per2, but not bmal1 or reverb-β, showed a reduced amplitude and altered peak expression time; however, clock, ror-α and cry1 expressions showed an abolition of the 24 h rhythm. Decreased tlr4, il-1β and nos, and the lack of diurnal difference in achm3 messenger RNA levels suggested an attenuated inhibition of the arousal system (hence, awake state promotion) under dLAN. Similarly, changes in camk2, sik3 and nr3a expressions suggested dLAN-effects on Ca2+-dependent sleep-inducing pathways. These results demonstrate dLAN-induced negative effects on sleep and associated hypothalamic molecular pathways, and provide insights into health risks of illuminated night exposures to diurnal animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Twinkle Batra
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Indu Malik
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Abhilash Prabhat
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | | | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
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23
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24
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Northeast RC, Huang Y, McKillop LE, Bechtold DA, Peirson SN, Piggins HD, Vyazovskiy VV. Sleep homeostasis during daytime food entrainment in mice. Sleep 2020; 42:5536856. [PMID: 31329251 PMCID: PMC6802571 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Twenty-four hour rhythms of physiology and behavior are driven by the environment and an internal endogenous timing system. Daily restricted feeding (RF) in nocturnal rodents during their inactive phase initiates food anticipatory activity (FAA) and a reorganization of the typical 24-hour sleep-wake structure. Here, we investigate the effects of daytime feeding, where food access was restricted to 4 hours during the light period ZT4-8 (Zeitgeber time; ZT0 is lights on), on sleep-wake architecture and sleep homeostasis in mice. Following 10 days of RF, mice were returned to ad libitum feeding. To mimic the spontaneous wakefulness associated with FAA and daytime feeding, mice were then sleep deprived between ZT3-6. Although the amount of wake increased during FAA and subsequent feeding, total wake time over 24 hours remained stable as the loss of sleep in the light phase was compensated for by an increase in sleep in the dark phase. Interestingly, sleep that followed spontaneous wake episodes during the dark period and the extended period of wake associated with FAA, exhibited lower levels of slow-wave activity (SWA) when compared to baseline or after sleep deprivation, despite a similar duration of waking. This suggests an evolutionary mechanism of reducing sleep drive during negative energy balance to enable greater arousal for food-seeking behaviors. However, the total amount of sleep and SWA accumulated during the 24 hours was similar between baseline and RF. In summary, our study suggests that despite substantial changes in the daily distribution and quality of wake induced by RF, sleep homeostasis is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Northeast
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester
| | - Yige Huang
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford
| | - Laura E McKillop
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford
| | - David A Bechtold
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh D Piggins
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester
| | - Vladyslav V Vyazovskiy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford.,Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford, United Kingdom
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25
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Guillaumin MCC, McKillop LE, Cui N, Fisher SP, Foster RG, de Vos M, Peirson SN, Achermann P, Vyazovskiy VV. Cortical region-specific sleep homeostasis in mice: effects of time of day and waking experience. Sleep 2019; 41:4985519. [PMID: 29697841 PMCID: PMC6047413 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep–wake history, wake behaviors, lighting conditions, and circadian time influence sleep, but neither their relative contribution nor the underlying mechanisms are fully understood. The dynamics of electroencephalogram (EEG) slow-wave activity (SWA) during sleep can be described using the two-process model, whereby the parameters of homeostatic Process S are estimated using empirical EEG SWA (0.5–4 Hz) in nonrapid eye movement sleep (NREMS), and the 24 hr distribution of vigilance states. We hypothesized that the influence of extrinsic factors on sleep homeostasis, such as the time of day or wake behavior, would manifest in systematic deviations between empirical SWA and model predictions. To test this hypothesis, we performed parameter estimation and tested model predictions using NREMS SWA derived from continuous EEG recordings from the frontal and occipital cortex in mice. The animals showed prolonged wake periods, followed by consolidated sleep, both during the dark and light phases, and wakefulness primarily consisted of voluntary wheel running, learning a new motor skill or novel object exploration. Simulated SWA matched empirical levels well across conditions, and neither waking experience nor time of day had a significant influence on the fit between data and simulation. However, we consistently observed that Process S declined during sleep significantly faster in the frontal than in the occipital area of the neocortex. The striking resilience of the model to specific wake behaviors, lighting conditions, and time of day suggests that intrinsic factors underpinning the dynamics of Process S are robust to extrinsic influences, despite their major role in shaping the overall amount and distribution of vigilance states across 24 hr.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura E McKillop
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nanyi Cui
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P Fisher
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Russell G Foster
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maarten de Vos
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Headington, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Achermann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vladyslav V Vyazovskiy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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26
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Duncan MJ. Interacting influences of aging and Alzheimer's disease on circadian rhythms. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 51:310-325. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn J. Duncan
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of Kentucky Medical School Lexington Kentucky
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27
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Genomic imprinting and the control of sleep in mammals. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Hasan S, Foster RG, Vyazovskiy VV, Peirson SN. Effects of circadian misalignment on sleep in mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15343. [PMID: 30367119 PMCID: PMC6203841 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33480-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms and sleep-wake history determine sleep duration and intensity, and influence subsequent waking. Previous studies have shown that T cycles - light-dark (LD) cycles differing from 24 h - lead to acute changes in the daily amount and distribution of waking and sleep. However, little is known about the long-term effects of T cycles. Here we performed continuous 10 day recording of electroencephalography (EEG), locomotor activity and core body temperature in C57BL/6 mice under a T20 cycle, to investigate spontaneous sleep and waking at baseline compared with when the circadian clock was misaligned and then re-aligned with respect to the external LD cycle. We found that the rhythmic distribution of sleep was abolished during misalignment, while the time course of EEG slow wave activity (1–4 Hz) was inverted compared to baseline. Although the typical light-dark distribution of NREM sleep was re-instated when animals were re-aligned, slow wave activity during NREM sleep showed an atypical increase in the dark phase, suggesting a long-term effect of T cycles on sleep intensity. Our data show that circadian misalignment results in previously uncharacterised long-term effects on sleep, which may have important consequences for behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibah Hasan
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX13RE, United Kingdom
| | - Russell G Foster
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX13RE, United Kingdom
| | - Vladyslav V Vyazovskiy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, United Kingdom.
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX13RE, United Kingdom.
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29
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Shrestha TC, Šuchmanová K, Houdek P, Sumová A, Ralph MR. Implicit time-place conditioning alters Per2 mRNA expression selectively in striatum without shifting its circadian clocks. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15547. [PMID: 30341352 PMCID: PMC6195625 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33637-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals create implicit memories of the time of day that significant events occur then anticipate the recurrence of those conditions at the same time on subsequent days. We tested the hypothesis that implicit time memory for daily encounters relies on the setting of the canonical circadian clockwork in brain areas involved in the formation or expression of context memories. We conditioned mice to avoid locations paired with a mild foot shock at one of two Zeitgeber times set 8 hours apart. Place avoidance was exhibited only when testing time matched the prior training time. The suprachiasmatic nucleus, dorsal striatum, nucleus accumbens, cingulate cortex, hippocampal complex, and amygdala were assessed for clock gene expression. Baseline phase dependent differences in clock gene expression were found in most tissues. Evidence for conditioned resetting of a molecular circadian oscillation was found only in the striatum (dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens shell), and specifically for Per2 expression. There was no evidence of glucocorticoid stress response in any tissue. The results are consistent with a model where temporal conditioning promotes a selective Per2 response in dopamine-targeted brain regions responsible for sensorimotor integration, without resetting the entire circadian clockwork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenjin C Shrestha
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karolína Šuchmanová
- Department of Neurohumoral Regulations, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Houdek
- Department of Neurohumoral Regulations, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Sumová
- Department of Neurohumoral Regulations, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin R Ralph
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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30
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Maple AM, Rowe RK, Lifshitz J, Fernandez F, Gallitano AL. Influence of Schizophrenia-Associated Gene Egr3 on Sleep Behavior and Circadian Rhythms in Mice. J Biol Rhythms 2018; 33:662-670. [PMID: 30318979 DOI: 10.1177/0748730418803802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Up to 80% of people meeting DSM-IV definitions for schizophrenia will exhibit difficulties with sleep, along with a breakdown in circadian entrainment and rhythmicity. The changes to the sleep and circadian systems in this population are thought to be interdependent, as evidenced by the frequent use of the combined term "sleep and circadian rhythm disruption" or "SCRD" to describe their occurrence. To understand links between sleep and circadian problems in the schizophrenia population, we analyzed the duration and rhythmicity of sleep behavior in mice lacking function of the immediate early gene early growth response 3 ( Egr3). EGR3 has been associated with schizophrenia risk in humans, and Egr3-deficient (-/-) mice display various features of schizophrenia that are responsive to antipsychotic treatment. While Egr3-/- mice slept less than their wildtype (WT) littermates, they showed no evidence of circadian disorganization; in fact, circadian rhythms of activity were more robust in these mice compared with WT, as measured by time series analysis and the relative amplitude index of Van Someren's suite of non-parametric circadian rhythm analyses. Differences in circadian robustness were maintained when the animals were transferred to several weeks of housing under constant darkness or constant light. Together, our results suggest that Egr3-/- mice retain control over the circadian timekeeping of sleep and wake, while showing impaired sleep. The findings are compatible with those from a surprising array of mouse models of schizophrenia and raise the possibility that SCRD may be 2 separate disorders in the schizophrenia population requiring different treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Maple
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Rachel K Rowe
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona.,Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona.,Phoenix Veteran Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Jonathan Lifshitz
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona.,Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona.,Phoenix Veteran Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Fabian Fernandez
- Departments of Psychology and Neurology, BIO5 Institute, and The Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Amelia L Gallitano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
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31
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Jiang X, Zhang T, Wang H, Wang T, Qin M, Bao P, Wang R, Liu Y, Chang HC, Yan J, Xu J. Neurodegeneration-associated FUS is a novel regulator of circadian gene expression. Transl Neurodegener 2018; 7:24. [PMID: 30338063 PMCID: PMC6182827 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-018-0131-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Circadian rhythms are oscillating physiological and behavioral changes governed by an internal molecular clock, and dysfunctions in circadian rhythms have been associated with ageing and various neurodegenerative diseases. However, the evidence directly connecting the neurodegeneration-associated proteins to circadian control at the molecular level remains sparse. Methods Using meta-analysis, synchronized animals and cell lines, cells and tissues from FUS R521C knock-in rats, we examined the role of FUS in circadian gene expression regulation. Results We found that FUS, an oscillating expressed nuclear protein implicated in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), exerted a novel feedback route to regulate circadian gene expression. Nr1d1-encoded core circadian protein REV-ERBα bound the Fus promoter and regulated the expression of Fus. Meanwhile, FUS was in the same complex as PER/CRY, and repressed the expression of E box-containing core circadian genes, such as Per2, by mediating the promoter occupancy of PSF-HDAC1. Remarkably, a common pathogenic mutant FUS (R521C) showed increased binding to PSF, and caused decreased expression of Per2. Conclusions Therefore, we have demonstrated FUS as a modulator of circadian gene expression, and provided novel mechanistic insights into the mutual influence between circadian control and neurodegeneration-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jiang
- 1Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Key laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, New Life Science Bldg, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China.,2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Tao Zhang
- 1Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Key laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, New Life Science Bldg, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China.,2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Haifang Wang
- 1Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Key laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, New Life Science Bldg, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Tao Wang
- 1Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Key laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, New Life Science Bldg, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Meiling Qin
- 1Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Key laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, New Life Science Bldg, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Puhua Bao
- 1Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Key laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, New Life Science Bldg, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Ruiqi Wang
- 1Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Key laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, New Life Science Bldg, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Yuwei Liu
- 1Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Key laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, New Life Science Bldg, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Hung-Chun Chang
- 1Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Key laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, New Life Science Bldg, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Jun Yan
- 1Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Key laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, New Life Science Bldg, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Jin Xu
- 1Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Key laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, New Life Science Bldg, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China
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32
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Kim M, de la Peña JB, Cheong JH, Kim HJ. Neurobiological Functions of the Period Circadian Clock 2 Gene, Per2. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2018; 26:358-367. [PMID: 29223143 PMCID: PMC6029676 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2017.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Most organisms have adapted to a circadian rhythm that follows a roughly 24-hour cycle, which is modulated by both internal (clock-related genes) and external (environment) factors. In such organisms, the central nervous system (CNS) is influenced by the circadian rhythm of individual cells. Furthermore, the period circadian clock 2 (Per2) gene is an important component of the circadian clock, which modulates the circadian rhythm. Per2 is mainly expressed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus as well as other brain areas, including the midbrain and forebrain. This indicates that Per2 may affect various neurobiological activities such as sleeping, depression, and addiction. In this review, we focus on the neurobiological functions of Per2, which could help to better understand its roles in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikyung Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - June Bryan de la Peña
- Department of Pharmacy, Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Department of Pharmacy, Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
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33
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Heyde I, Kiehn JT, Oster H. Mutual influence of sleep and circadian clocks on physiology and cognition. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 119:8-16. [PMID: 29132973 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The 24-h sleep-wake cycle is one of the most prominent outputs of the circadian clock system. At the same time, changes in sleep-wake behavior feedback on behavioral and physiological circadian rhythms, thus altering the coordination of the body's clock network. Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption have similar physiological endpoints including metabolic, cognitive, and immunologic impairments. This raises the question to which extent these phenomena are causally linked. In this review, we summarize different physiologic outcomes of sleep deprivation and mistimed sleep and discuss the experimental evidence for a mediating role of the circadian clock machinery in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Heyde
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Henrik Oster
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Lübeck, Germany.
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34
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Deboer T. Sleep homeostasis and the circadian clock: Do the circadian pacemaker and the sleep homeostat influence each other's functioning? Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2018; 5:68-77. [PMID: 31236513 PMCID: PMC6584681 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is regulated by a homeostatic and a circadian process. Together these two processes determine most aspects of sleep and related variables like sleepiness and alertness. The two processes are known to be able to work independently, but also to both influence sleep and sleep related variables in an additive or more complex manner. The question remains whether the two processes are directly influencing each other. The present review summarizes evidence from behavioural and electroencephalographic determined sleep, electrophysiology, gene knock out mouse models, and mathematical modelling to explore whether sleep homeostasis can influence circadian clock functioning and vice versa. There is a multitude of data available showing parallel action or influence of sleep homeostatic mechanisms and the circadian clock on several objective and subjective variables related to sleep and alertness. However, the evidence of a direct influence of the circadian clock on sleep homeostatic mechanisms is sparse and more research is needed, particularly applying longer sleep deprivations that include a second night. The strongest evidence of an influence of sleep homeostatic mechanisms on clock functioning comes from sleep deprivation experiments, demonstrating an attenuation of phase shifts of the circadian rhythm to light pulses when sleep homeostatic pressure is increased. The data suggest that the circadian clock is less susceptible to light when sleep pressure is high. The available data indicate that a strong central clock will induce periods of deep sleep, which in turn will strengthen clock function. Both are therefore important for health and wellbeing. Weakening of one will also hamper functioning of the other. Shift work and jet lag are situations where one tries to adapt to zeitgebers in a condition where sleep is compromised. Adaptation to zeitgebers may be improved by introducing nap schedules to reduce sleep pressure, and through that increasing clock susceptibility to light.
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35
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Olliac B, Ouss L, Charrier A. Suicide attempts in children and adolescents: The place of clock genes and early rhythm dysfunction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 110:461-466. [PMID: 29154930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Suicide remains one of the leading causes of death among young people, and suicidal ideation and behavior are relatively common in healthy and clinical populations. Suicide risk in childhood and adolescence is often approached from the perspective of nosographic categories to which predictive variables for suicidal acts are often linked. The cascading effects resulting from altered clock genes in a pediatric population could participate in biological rhythm abnormalities and the emergence of suicide attempts through impaired regulation of circadian rhythms and emotional states with neurodevelopmental effects. Also, early trauma and stressful life events can alter the expression of clock genes and contribute to the emergence of suicide attempts. Alteration of clock genes might lead to desynchronized and abnormal circadian rhythms impairing in turn the synchronization between external and internal rhythms and therefore the adaptation of the individual to his/her internal and external environment with the development of psychiatric disorders associated with increased risk for suicide attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Olliac
- Pôle Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, Centre Hospitalier Esquirol, 15 rue du docteur Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France.
| | - Lisa Ouss
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Necker-Enfants-Malades Hospital, APHP, Université Paris Descartes, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Annaëlle Charrier
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent (PHUPEA), Université de Rennes 1, Centre Hospitalier Guillaume-Régnier, 154 Rue de Châtillon, 35000 Rennes, France.
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36
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Circadian Rhythm Disturbances in Mood Disorders: Insights into the Role of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:1504507. [PMID: 29230328 PMCID: PMC5694588 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1504507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythm disturbances are a common symptom among individuals with mood disorders. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), in the ventral part of the anterior hypothalamus, orchestrates physiological and behavioral circadian rhythms. The SCN consists of self-sustaining oscillators and receives photic and nonphotic cues, which entrain the SCN to the external environment. In turn, through synaptic and hormonal mechanisms, the SCN can drive and synchronize circadian rhythms in extra-SCN brain regions and peripheral tissues. Thus, genetic or environmental perturbations of SCN rhythms could disrupt brain regions more closely related to mood regulation and cause mood disturbances. Here, we review clinical and preclinical studies that provide evidence both for and against a causal role for the SCN in mood disorders.
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Armstrong TS, Vera E, Zhou R, Acquaye AA, Sullaway CM, Berger AM, Breton G, Mahajan A, Wefel JS, Gilbert MR, Bondy M, Scheurer ME. Association of genetic variants with fatigue in patients with malignant glioma. Neurooncol Pract 2017; 5:122-128. [PMID: 31386001 DOI: 10.1093/nop/npx020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fatigue is a consistently reported, severe symptom among patients with gliomas throughout the disease trajectory. Genomic pathways associated with fatigue in glioma patients have yet to be identified. Methods Clinical factors (performance status, tumor details, age, gender) were collected by chart review on glioma patients with fatigue ("I have lack of energy" on Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Brain), as well as available genotyping data. Candidate genes in clock and inflammatory pathways were identified from a literature review, of which 50 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 7 genes were available. Clinical factors and SNPs identified by univariate analyses were included in a multivariate model for moderate-severe fatigue. Results The study included 176 patients (median age = 47 years, 67% males). Moderate-severe fatigue was reported by 43%. Results from multivariate analysis revealed poor performance status and 2 SNPs were associated with fatigue severity. Moderate-severe fatigue was more common in patients with poor performance status (OR = 3.52, P < .01). For each additional copy of the minor allele in rs934945 (PER2) the odds of fatigue decreased (OR = 0.51, P < .05). For each additional copy of the minor allele in rs922270 (ARTNL2) the odds of fatigue increased (OR = 2.38, P < .01). Both of these genes are important in the circadian clock pathway, which has been implicated in diurnal preference, and duration and quality of sleep. No genes in the inflammatory pathway were associated with fatigue in the current study. Conclusions Identifying patients at highest risk for fatigue during treatment allows for improved clinical monitoring and enrichment of patient selection for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri S Armstrong
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth Vera
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Renke Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Alvina A Acquaye
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Catherine M Sullaway
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ann M Berger
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | | | | | - Jeffrey S Wefel
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mark R Gilbert
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Melissa Bondy
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael E Scheurer
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Duncan WC, Slonena E, Hejazi NS, Brutsche N, Yu KC, Park L, Ballard ED, Zarate CA. Motor-Activity Markers of Circadian Timekeeping Are Related to Ketamine's Rapid Antidepressant Properties. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 82:361-369. [PMID: 28457485 PMCID: PMC5546993 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid clinical antidepressant effects of the glutamatergic modulator ketamine may be due to its ability to restore synaptic plasticity and related effects on sleep-wake and circadian systems. Preclinical studies indicate that ketamine alters expression of circadian clock-associated molecules, and clinical studies of ketamine on plasticity-related biomarkers further suggest an association with sleep slow waves and sleep homeostasis. METHODS Wrist-activity monitors were used to examine the pharmacologic and rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine on markers of circadian timekeeping (amplitude and timing) in mood disorders. Circadian amplitude and timing of activity at baseline, postinfusion day 1 (D1), and day 3 (D3) were measured in 51 patients with major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder. RESULTS Compared with either placebo or baseline, a mood-independent decrease of the central circadian value (mesor) was present on D1 after ketamine treatment. Mood-associated circadian effects between rapid (D1) responders and nonresponders were found at baseline, D1, and D3. At baseline, a phase-advanced activity pattern and lower mesor distinguished subsequent responders from nonresponders. On D1, ketamine nonresponders had a lower mesor and a blunted 24-hour amplitude relative to baseline. On D3, patients with a persisting clinical response exhibited a higher amplitude and mesor compared with nonresponders. CONCLUSIONS The findings are the first to demonstrate an association between ketamine's clinical antidepressant effects and circadian timekeeping. The results suggest that traitlike circadian activity patterns indicate rapid mood response to ketamine, and that mediators of continuing ketamine-induced mood changes include altered timing and amplitude of the circadian system.
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Piwecka M, Glažar P, Hernandez-Miranda LR, Memczak S, Wolf SA, Rybak-Wolf A, Filipchyk A, Klironomos F, Cerda Jara CA, Fenske P, Trimbuch T, Zywitza V, Plass M, Schreyer L, Ayoub S, Kocks C, Kühn R, Rosenmund C, Birchmeier C, Rajewsky N. Loss of a mammalian circular RNA locus causes miRNA deregulation and affects brain function. Science 2017; 357:science.aam8526. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aam8526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 713] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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40
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Allada R, Cirelli C, Sehgal A. Molecular Mechanisms of Sleep Homeostasis in Flies and Mammals. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:a027730. [PMID: 28432135 PMCID: PMC5538413 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a027730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is homeostatically regulated with sleep pressure accumulating with the increasing duration of prior wakefulness. Yet, a clear understanding of the molecular components of the homeostat, as well as the molecular and cellular processes they sense and control to regulate sleep intensity and duration, remain a mystery. Here, we will discuss the cellular and molecular basis of sleep homeostasis, first focusing on the best homeostatic sleep marker in vertebrates, slow wave activity; second, moving to the molecular genetic analysis of sleep homeostasis in the fruit fly Drosophila; and, finally, discussing more systemic aspects of sleep homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Allada
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Ilinois 60208
| | - Chiara Cirelli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53719
| | - Amita Sehgal
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6058
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41
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Miyazaki S, Liu CY, Hayashi Y. Sleep in vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and insights into the function and evolution of sleep. Neurosci Res 2017; 118:3-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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42
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Clock Genes and Altered Sleep-Wake Rhythms: Their Role in the Development of Psychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18050938. [PMID: 28468274 PMCID: PMC5454851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the circadian clocks network (central and peripheral oscillators) controls circadian rhythms and orchestrates the expression of a range of downstream genes, allowing the organism to anticipate and adapt to environmental changes. Beyond their role in circadian rhythms, several studies have highlighted that circadian clock genes may have a more widespread physiological effect on cognition, mood, and reward-related behaviors. Furthermore, single nucleotide polymorphisms in core circadian clock genes have been associated with psychiatric disorders (such as autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). However, the underlying mechanisms of these associations remain to be ascertained and the cause–effect relationships are not clearly established. The objective of this article is to clarify the role of clock genes and altered sleep–wake rhythms in the development of psychiatric disorders (sleep problems are often observed at early onset of psychiatric disorders). First, the molecular mechanisms of circadian rhythms are described. Then, the relationships between disrupted circadian rhythms, including sleep–wake rhythms, and psychiatric disorders are discussed. Further research may open interesting perspectives with promising avenues for early detection and therapeutic intervention in psychiatric disorders.
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43
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Husse J, Kiehn JT, Barclay JL, Naujokat N, Meyer-Kovac J, Lehnert H, Oster H. Tissue-Specific Dissociation of Diurnal Transcriptome Rhythms During Sleep Restriction in Mice. Sleep 2017; 40:3751182. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsx068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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44
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Gerstner JR, Koberstein JN, Watson AJ, Zapero N, Risso D, Speed TP, Frank MG, Peixoto L. Removal of unwanted variation reveals novel patterns of gene expression linked to sleep homeostasis in murine cortex. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:727. [PMID: 27801296 PMCID: PMC5088519 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Why we sleep is still one of the most perplexing mysteries in biology. Strong evidence indicates that sleep is necessary for normal brain function and that sleep need is a tightly regulated process. Surprisingly, molecular mechanisms that determine sleep need are incompletely described. Moreover, very little is known about transcriptional changes that specifically accompany the accumulation and discharge of sleep need. Several studies have characterized differential gene expression changes following sleep deprivation. Much less is known, however, about changes in gene expression during the compensatory response to sleep deprivation (i.e. recovery sleep). RESULTS In this study we present a comprehensive analysis of the effects of sleep deprivation and subsequent recovery sleep on gene expression in the mouse cortex. We used a non-traditional analytical method for normalization of genome-wide gene expression data, Removal of Unwanted Variation (RUV). RUV improves detection of differential gene expression following sleep deprivation. We also show that RUV normalization is crucial to the discovery of differentially expressed genes associated with recovery sleep. Our analysis indicates that the majority of transcripts upregulated by sleep deprivation require 6 h of recovery sleep to return to baseline levels, while the majority of downregulated transcripts return to baseline levels within 1-3 h. We also find that transcripts that change rapidly during recovery (i.e. within 3 h) do so on average with a time constant that is similar to the time constant for the discharge of sleep need. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that proper data normalization is essential to identify changes in gene expression that are specifically linked to sleep deprivation and recovery sleep. Our results provide the first evidence that recovery sleep is comprised of two waves of transcriptional regulation that occur at different times and affect functionally distinct classes of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Gerstner
- Washington State University, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
| | - John N Koberstein
- Washington State University, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
| | - Adam J Watson
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nikolai Zapero
- Washington State University, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
| | - Davide Risso
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Terence P Speed
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Marcos G Frank
- Washington State University, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA.
| | - Lucia Peixoto
- Washington State University, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA.
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45
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Zhang B, Gao Y, Li Y, Yang J, Zhao H. Sleep Deprivation Influences Circadian Gene Expression in the Lateral Habenula. Behav Neurol 2016; 2016:7919534. [PMID: 27413249 PMCID: PMC4930817 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7919534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is governed by homeostasis and the circadian clock. Clock genes play an important role in the generation and maintenance of circadian rhythms but are also involved in regulating sleep homeostasis. The lateral habenular nucleus (LHb) has been implicated in sleep-wake regulation, since LHb gene expression demonstrates circadian oscillation characteristics. This study focuses on the participation of LHb clock genes in regulating sleep homeostasis, as the nature of their involvement is unclear. In this study, we observed changes in sleep pattern following sleep deprivation in LHb-lesioned rats using EEG recording techniques. And then the changes of clock gene expression (Per1, Per2, and Bmal1) in the LHb after 6 hours of sleep deprivation were detected by using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). We found that sleep deprivation increased the length of Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (NREMS) and decreased wakefulness. LHb-lesioning decreased the amplitude of reduced wake time and increased NREMS following sleep deprivation in rats. qPCR results demonstrated that Per2 expression was elevated after sleep deprivation, while the other two genes were unaffected. Following sleep recovery, Per2 expression was comparable to the control group. This study provides the basis for further research on the role of LHb Per2 gene in the regulation of sleep homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beilin Zhang
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yanxia Gao
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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46
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Yu J, Chen J, Hu T, Guo S, Wang X, Guo Y, Chen X, Zhao C. Effect of Electro-Acupuncture on Expression of Circadian Clock Gene Per2 and Bmal1 in Sleep Deprivation Rat. Chin Med 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/cm.2016.71003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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47
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Arble DM, Bass J, Behn CD, Butler MP, Challet E, Czeisler C, Depner CM, Elmquist J, Franken P, Grandner MA, Hanlon EC, Keene AC, Joyner MJ, Karatsoreos I, Kern PA, Klein S, Morris CJ, Pack AI, Panda S, Ptacek LJ, Punjabi NM, Sassone-Corsi P, Scheer FA, Saxena R, Seaquest ER, Thimgan MS, Van Cauter E, Wright KP. Impact of Sleep and Circadian Disruption on Energy Balance and Diabetes: A Summary of Workshop Discussions. Sleep 2015; 38:1849-60. [PMID: 26564131 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.5226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A workshop was held at the National Institute for Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases with a focus on the impact of sleep and circadian disruption on energy balance and diabetes. The workshop identified a number of key principles for research in this area and a number of specific opportunities. Studies in this area would be facilitated by active collaboration between investigators in sleep/circadian research and investigators in metabolism/diabetes. There is a need to translate the elegant findings from basic research into improving the metabolic health of the American public. There is also a need for investigators studying the impact of sleep/circadian disruption in humans to move beyond measurements of insulin and glucose and conduct more in-depth phenotyping. There is also a need for the assessments of sleep and circadian rhythms as well as assessments for sleep-disordered breathing to be incorporated into all ongoing cohort studies related to diabetes risk. Studies in humans need to complement the elegant short-term laboratory-based human studies of simulated short sleep and shift work etc. with studies in subjects in the general population with these disorders. It is conceivable that chronic adaptations occur, and if so, the mechanisms by which they occur needs to be identified and understood. Particular areas of opportunity that are ready for translation are studies to address whether CPAP treatment of patients with pre-diabetes and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) prevents or delays the onset of diabetes and whether temporal restricted feeding has the same impact on obesity rates in humans as it does in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Arble
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Joseph Bass
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology Division, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Cecilia Diniz Behn
- Department of Applied Mathematics & Statistics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO
| | - Matthew P Butler
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Etienne Challet
- Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, France
| | - Charles Czeisler
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Joel Elmquist
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Paul Franken
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Erin C Hanlon
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Alex C Keene
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV
| | | | - Ilia Karatsoreos
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - Philip A Kern
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Samuel Klein
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Allan I Pack
- Division of Sleep Medicine/Department of Medicine and Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Satchidananda Panda
- Regulatory Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA
| | - Louis J Ptacek
- Department of Neurology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Naresh M Punjabi
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Paolo Sassone-Corsi
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Frank A Scheer
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Richa Saxena
- Department of Anesthesia, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Elizabeth R Seaquest
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Matthew S Thimgan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO
| | - Eve Van Cauter
- Sleep, Metabolism and Health Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Kenneth P Wright
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO.,Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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Abstract
Cortical electroencephalographic activity arises from corticothalamocortical interactions, modulated by wake-promoting monoaminergic and cholinergic input. These wake-promoting systems are regulated by hypothalamic hypocretin/orexins, while GABAergic sleep-promoting nuclei are found in the preoptic area, brainstem and lateral hypothalamus. Although pontine acetylcholine is critical for REM sleep, hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone/GABAergic cells may "gate" REM sleep. Daily sleep-wake rhythms arise from interactions between a hypothalamic circadian pacemaker and a sleep homeostat whose anatomical locus has yet to be conclusively defined. Control of sleep and wakefulness involves multiple systems, each of which presents vulnerability to sleep/wake dysfunction that may predispose to physical and/or neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Schwartz
- Biosciences Division, Center for Neuroscience, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Thomas S Kilduff
- Biosciences Division, Center for Neuroscience, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
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49
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Curie T, Maret S, Emmenegger Y, Franken P. In Vivo Imaging of the Central and Peripheral Effects of Sleep Deprivation and Suprachiasmatic Nuclei Lesion on PERIOD-2 Protein in Mice. Sleep 2015; 38:1381-94. [PMID: 25581923 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.4974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES That sleep deprivation increases the brain expression of various clock genes has been well documented. Based on these and other findings we hypothesized that clock genes not only underlie circadian rhythm generation but are also implicated in sleep homeostasis. However, long time lags have been reported between the changes in the clock gene messenger RNA levels and their encoded proteins. It is therefore crucial to establish whether also protein levels increase within the time frame known to activate a homeostatic sleep response. We report on the central and peripheral effects of sleep deprivation on PERIOD-2 (PER2) protein both in intact and suprachiasmatic nuclei-lesioned mice. DESIGN In vivo and in situ PER2 imaging during baseline, sleep deprivation, and recovery. SETTINGS Mouse sleep-recording facility. PARTICIPANTS Per2::Luciferase knock-in mice. INTERVENTIONS N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Six-hour sleep deprivation increased PER2 not only in the brain but also in liver and kidney. Remarkably, the effects in the liver outlasted those observed in the brain. Within the brain the increase in PER2 concerned the cerebral cortex mainly, while leaving suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) levels unaffected. Against expectation, sleep deprivation did not increase PER2 in the brain of arrhythmic SCN-lesioned mice because of higher PER2 levels in baseline. In contrast, liver PER2 levels did increase in these mice similar to the sham and partially lesioned controls. CONCLUSIONS Our results stress the importance of considering both sleep-wake dependent and circadian processes when quantifying clock-gene levels. Because sleep deprivation alters PERIOD-2 in the brain as well as in the periphery, it is tempting to speculate that clock genes constitute a common pathway mediating the shared and well-known adverse effects of both chronic sleep loss and disrupted circadian rhythmicity on metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Curie
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Maret
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yann Emmenegger
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Franken
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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50
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Hardman JA, Tobin DJ, Haslam IS, Farjo N, Farjo B, Al-Nuaimi Y, Grimaldi B, Paus R. The peripheral clock regulates human pigmentation. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1053-1064. [PMID: 25310406 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the regulation of pigmentation is well characterized, it remains unclear whether cell-autonomous controls regulate the cyclic on-off switching of pigmentation in the hair follicle (HF). As human HFs and epidermal melanocytes express clock genes and proteins, and given that core clock genes (PER1, BMAL1) modulate human HF cycling, we investigated whether peripheral clock activity influences human HF pigmentation. We found that silencing BMAL1 or PER1 in human HFs increased HF melanin content. Furthermore, tyrosinase expression and activity, as well as TYRP1 and TYRP2 mRNA levels, gp100 protein expression, melanocyte dendricity, and the number gp100+ HF melanocytes, were all significantly increased in BMAL1 and/or PER1-silenced HFs. BMAL1 or PER1 silencing also increased epidermal melanin content, gp100 protein expression, and tyrosinase activity in human skin. These effects reflect direct modulation of melanocytes, as BMAL1 and/or PER1 silencing in isolated melanocytes increased tyrosinase activity and TYRP1/2 expression. Mechanistically, BMAL1 knockdown reduces PER1 transcription, and PER1 silencing induces phosphorylation of the master regulator of melanogenesis, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, thus stimulating human melanogenesis and melanocyte activity in situ and in vitro. Therefore, the molecular clock operates as a cell-autonomous modulator of human pigmentation and may be targeted for future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Hardman
- The Centre for Dermatology Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Doctoral Training Centre in Integrative Systems Biology, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Desmond J Tobin
- Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Iain S Haslam
- The Centre for Dermatology Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - Yusur Al-Nuaimi
- The Centre for Dermatology Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Benedetto Grimaldi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Instituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genoa, Italy
| | - Ralf Paus
- The Centre for Dermatology Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Department of Dermatology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
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