1
|
Tadesse K, Ayalew G, Million Y, Gelaw A. Hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections and associated factors among prisoners in Gondar City, Northwest Ethiopia. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301973. [PMID: 38626232 PMCID: PMC11020974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) cause considerable morbidity and mortality from their acute and chronic infections. The transmission of the viruses within the prisons is high due to overcrowding, and other risk behaviors such as drug use, and unsafe sexual practices. This study aimed at determining the prevalence and associated factors of HBV and HCV infections among prisoners in Gondar city, Northwest Ethiopia. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Gondar City Prison Center from May 1, 2022, to July 30, 2022. A total of 299 prison inmates were selected by using a systematic random sampling technique. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data on sociodemographic, clinical, behavioral and prison related factors. Five milliliters of blood sample were collected, and the serum was separated from the whole blood. The serum was tested for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HCV antibody by using an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Data was entered using EpiData version 4.6.0 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Logistic regression analysis was done to assess the association between the independent variables and HBV and HCV infections. P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS The overall seroprevalence of HBV or HCV infections was 10.4%. The seroprevalence of HBV and HCV infections was 7.0% and 4.0%, respectively. It has been demonstrated that having several heterosexual partners, sharing sharp materials in prison, having longer imprisonment, and having a body tattoo are significantly associated with HBV infection. The presence of a body tattoo, a history of surgical procedures, and previous imprisonment are associated risk factors for HCV infection. CONCLUSION The prevalence of HBV and HCV were high-intermediate and high, respectively. Therefore, preventative and control initiatives are needed in prisons to decrease the rate of infection and transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kebebe Tadesse
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Pawe Health Science College, Pawe, Ethiopia
| | - Getnet Ayalew
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yihenew Million
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Aschalew Gelaw
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Asgedom YS, Kassie GA, Woldegeorgis BZ, Meskele Koyira M, Kebede TM. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus infection and factors associated among pregnant women in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. WOMEN'S HEALTH (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 20:17455057241235881. [PMID: 38444072 PMCID: PMC10916469 DOI: 10.1177/17455057241235881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus infection is a major public health problem among pregnant women worldwide. Hepatitis B virus is highly infectious and is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality among pregnant women, and evidence is scarce on the pooled seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus in Ethiopia. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the pooled seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus infection and factors associated with pregnant women in Ethiopia. DESIGN A systematic review and meta-analysis was employed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews. DATA SOURCES Searches were carried out in biomedical databases such as PubMed/Medline, Science Direct, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Hinari, and the Cochrane Library published in English until June 2023. METHODS Observational study designs were selected. Endnote citation manager was used to collect and organize the search outcomes and remove duplicate articles. The data were extracted using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and exported to STATA 16.0 software for the analysis. RESULTS A total of 48 research articles were included in the final analysis. The pooled estimated sero prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women in Ethiopia was 5.78% (95% confidence interval = 5.14, 6.43). History of abortion (odds ratio = 6.56, 95% confidence interval = 4.88, 8.90), history of blood transfusion (odds ratio = 5.74, 95% confidence interval = 4.04, 8.16), history of hospitalization (odds ratio = 5.40, 95% confidence interval = 3.68, 7.94), history of multiple sexual partner (odds ratio = 5.80, 95% confidence interval = 3.71, 9.05), history of surgical procedure (odds ratio = 7.39, 95% confidence interval = 4.16, 13.14), history of tattooing (odds ratio = 4.59, 95% confidence interval = 2.83, 7.43), and history of tooth extraction (odds ratio = 4.46, 95% confidence interval = 2.42, 8.22) were significantly associated with hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women in Ethiopia. CONCLUSION The overall pooled prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women in Ethiopia is relatively high. Having a history of abortion, blood transfusion, hospitalization, multiple sexual partners, surgical procedures, tattooing, and tooth extraction were found to be risk factors for hepatitis B virus. Therefore, extensive screening programs for hepatitis B virus in all pregnant women in Ethiopia are needed to prevent further infection and decrease the vertical transmission caused by the disease. REGISTRATION NUMBER PROSPERO CRD: 42023438522.
Collapse
|
3
|
Ebogo-Belobo JT, Kenmoe S, Mbongue Mikangue CA, Tchatchouang S, Robertine LF, Takuissu GR, Ndzie Ondigui JL, Bowo-Ngandji A, Kenfack-Momo R, Kengne-Ndé C, Mbaga DS, Menkem EZ, Kame-Ngasse GI, Magoudjou-Pekam JN, Kenfack-Zanguim J, Esemu SN, Tagnouokam-Ngoupo PA, Ndip L, Njouom R. Systematic review and meta-analysis of seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus serological markers among pregnant women in Africa, 1984-2020. World J Crit Care Med 2023; 12:264-285. [PMID: 38188451 PMCID: PMC10768416 DOI: 10.5492/wjccm.v12.i5.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a major public health concern, particularly in Africa where HIV rates remain substantial. Pregnant women are at an increased risk of acquiring HIV, which has a significant impact on both maternal and child health. AIM To review summarizes HIV seroprevalence among pregnant women in Africa. It also identifies regional and clinical characteristics that contribute to study-specific estimates variation. METHODS The study included pregnant women from any African country or region, irrespective of their symptoms, and any study design conducted in any setting. Using electronic literature searches, articles published until February 2023 were reviewed. The quality of the included studies was evaluated. The DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model was applied to determine HIV pooled seroprevalence among pregnant women in Africa. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were conducted to identify potential sources of heterogeneity. Heterogeneity was assessed with Cochran's Q test and I2 statistics, and publication bias was assessed with Egger's test. RESULTS A total of 248 studies conducted between 1984 and 2020 were included in the quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis). Out of the total studies, 146 (58.9%) had a low risk of bias and 102 (41.1%) had a moderate risk of bias. No HIV-positive pregnant women died in the included studies. The overall HIV seroprevalence in pregnant women was estimated to be 9.3% [95% confidence interval (CI): 8.3-10.3]. The subgroup analysis showed statistically significant heterogeneity across subgroups (P < 0.001), with the highest seroprevalence observed in Southern Africa (29.4%, 95%CI: 26.5-32.4) and the lowest seroprevalence observed in Northern Africa (0.7%, 95%CI: 0.3-1.3). CONCLUSION The review found that HIV seroprevalence among pregnant women in African countries remains significant, particularly in Southern African countries. This review can inform the development of targeted public health interventions to address high HIV seroprevalence in pregnant women in African countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Thierry Ebogo-Belobo
- Center for Research in Health and Priority Pathologies, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde 00237, Cameroon
| | - Sebastien Kenmoe
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea 00237, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | - Guy Roussel Takuissu
- Centre for Food, Food Security and Nutrition Research, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde 00237, Cameroon
| | | | - Arnol Bowo-Ngandji
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde 00237, Cameroon
| | - Raoul Kenfack-Momo
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde 00237, Cameroon
| | - Cyprien Kengne-Ndé
- Epidemiological Surveillance, Evaluation and Research Unit, National AIDS Control Committee, Douala 00237, Cameroon
| | - Donatien Serge Mbaga
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde 00237, Cameroon
| | | | - Ginette Irma Kame-Ngasse
- Center for Research in Health and Priority Pathologies, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde 00237, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Seraphine Nkie Esemu
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea 00237, Cameroon
| | | | - Lucy Ndip
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea 00237, Cameroon
| | - Richard Njouom
- Department of Virology, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaounde 00237, Cameroon
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Assefa A, Kiros T, Delelegn B. Seroprevalence and Associated Factors of HBV and HCV among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care at Debre Tabor Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Microbiol 2023; 2023:2282673. [PMID: 37576850 PMCID: PMC10413223 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2282673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Infections with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the hepatitis C virus (HCV) are worldwide problems that particularly place a heavy burden on developing nations. HBV and HCV infections during pregnancy have a high rate of vertical transmission and harmful consequences for both the mother and the child. Therefore, this study was carried out to assess the seroprevalence and associated factors of HBV and HCV infections among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Debre Tabor Comprehensive Specialized Hospital in Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 15th to September 16th, 2022, at the Debre Tabor Comprehensive Specialized Hospital antenatal care clinic. Five milliliters of venous blood were collected from 422 pregnant women selected using a simple random sampling method. Data on sociodemographic characteristics and risk factors were collected using a prestructured questionnaire. A chi-square test, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were used to evaluate the association between dependent and independent variables. p values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results The seroprevalence of HBV and HCV infections was found to be 13% and 0.5%, respectively. Undertaking blood transfusion (AOR = 14.2, CI = 5.81-34.526, p = 0.001), tattooing (AOR = 3.99, CI = 1.1-14.36, p = 0.034), and dental therapy (AOR = 4.9, CI = 1.41-17.025, p = 0.012) were significantly associated with HBV infection. Conclusion HBV infection in pregnant women was shown to have a high endemicity (13%) in this investigation, whereas the seroprevalence of HCV infection was low (0.5%). HBV infection was significantly associated with a history of blood transfusions, tattooing, and dental therapy. Screening pregnant women for HBV and HCV infections and providing effective therapy would ensure better outcomes for the newborn. In addition, health education must be used to increase knowledge of screening and modes of transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayenew Assefa
- Unit of Immunology, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Teklehaimanot Kiros
- Unit of Medical Microbiology, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Birtukan Delelegn
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gebrehiwet K, Biranu E, Nigatu W, Gebreegziabher A, Desta K. Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus, Human Immune Deficiency Virus and Associated Risk Factors Among Individuals with Presumptive Pulmonary Tuberculosis Attending at Saint Peter's Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:3965-3979. [PMID: 37366503 PMCID: PMC10290864 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s410260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis are the causes of widely spread infectious disease, especially in resource-limited countries. The extent of HBV infection and its contributing factors among people with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) were not adequately addressed. Objective To assess the prevalence of HBV, HIV & their associated risk factors and the magnitude of TB among individuals with presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis attending at St. Peter's Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 387 individuals with presumptive PTB from October to December 2020. A standard questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic data and associated risk factors. Sputum samples were analyzed by GeneXpert, Florescent Microscopy and Ziehl-Nelson staining technique. HBsAg test was carried out using Murex Version 3 ELISA test kit from serum/Plasma samples, HIV testing was performed by rapid HIV test kits and data were analyzed using SPSS version 23. Results The mean age of study participants was 44.2 years. Overall, 14 (3.6%), 28 (7.2%) and 37 (9.6%) of them were positive for HBV, HIV & TB, respectively. Only single patient was HBV-HIV co-infected (0.3%). The TB-HIV co-infection was identified in 6 (1.6%). In multivariate analysis, being partner separated, alcohol consumption, body piercing and having multiple sexual partners were significantly associated with HBV infection. Having a spouse, who is divorced, widowed, sharing scissors, alcohol consumption and contact with multiple sexual partners also significantly associated with HIV infection. Conclusion This study showed that HBV, HIV and TB are still public health issues that need awareness and health education on the risky behaviors and transmission of HBV, HIV & TB among individuals with presumptive TB suspects. Further large-scale study is necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kahasit Gebrehiwet
- Addis Ababa University College of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- St. Peter’s Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Wondatir Nigatu
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Tuberculosis /HIV Research Directorate, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Kassu Desta
- Addis Ababa University College of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Israel E, Hizkel I, Geta T, Feleke T, Samuel B, Markos D. Triple sexually transmitted infections among pregnant woman in the context of Elimination of mother to child transmission in Southern Ethiopia: Reports from a survey of questionnaires and laboratory studies. Front Glob Womens Health 2023; 4:1190170. [PMID: 37404231 PMCID: PMC10316963 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2023.1190170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) cause a wide range of public health problems if left untreated. They can lead to adverse birth outcomes, including stillbirth, fetal loss, neonatal death, preterm birth, and low birth weight. Although great efforts have been made to reduce STIs nationally, their incidence remains high in Ethiopia, and their co-infection calls for urgent action. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the determinants of three STIs among pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) in the context of the elimination of mother-to-child transmission in public health facilities in Sawla Town, Gofa zone, Southern Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study design was conducted among pregnant women attending antenatal care in public health facilities in Sawla Town, Southern Ethiopia, from May to July 2022. Data were collected from pregnant women's serum using an HIV rapid test, an HBsAg rapid test device, and a VDRL for HIV, HBV, and syphilis, respectively. Descriptive statistics, such as frequencies and percentages, were used to describe each relevant variable. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify the determinants of STIs. Results A total of 484 pregnant women attending antenatal care were screened. The mean age of the women was 24.0 ± 4.6 years, and nearly half of the participants had completed secondary school or higher. The overall seroprevalence of three STIs (HIV, HBV, and syphilis) among pregnant women was 6.8%. These three sexually transmitted infections were shown to be more common among pregnant women who were not able to read and write, had tattoos, had previously had an abortion, and had a history of multiple sexual partners. Conclusions The seroprevalence found in this study was intermediate in comparison with the WHO standard. Efforts should be made to strengthen the existing health education and RH service integration on STI screening, and treatment that further eliminates vertical infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eskinder Israel
- School of Public Health, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Iskindir Hizkel
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sawla Town Health Office, Gofa Zone, Sawla, Ethiopia
| | - Temesgen Geta
- School of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Tihun Feleke
- Department of Nursing, Hawassa College of Health Sciences, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Beniyam Samuel
- Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Science, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Desta Markos
- School of Public Health, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kassaw B, Abera N, Legesse T, Workineh A, Ambaw G. Sero-prevalence and associated factors of hepatitis B virus among pregnant women in Hawassa city public hospitals, Southern Ethiopia: Cross-sectional study design. SAGE Open Med 2022; 10:20503121221140778. [PMID: 36505974 PMCID: PMC9730001 DOI: 10.1177/20503121221140778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to determine the prevalence and identify associated factors of hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) follow-up. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 04 to April 03, 2020. A total of 381 women were selected using systematic random sampling after every two consecutive women. Structured and interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. A 2 ml of venous blood sample was drawn from each participant. The plasma was separated from the collected blood samples and was analyzed using a rapid hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) kit to determine hepatitis sero status. Data were entered into the EPI-Data version 3.1, then exported to the statistical package for social sciences version 25 software and analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify independent predictors of HBsAg B seroprevalence at a p-value <0.05. Results The prevalence of HBsAg sero-positivity among pregnant women was 6.6%, 95% CI (4.2, 8.9). History of hosptal admission (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 4.11; 95% CI = 1.33-12.71), surgical history (AOR = 6.8; 95% CI = 1.93-23.93), history dental procedures (AOR = 4.93; 95% CI = 1.31-18.53), and body tatoo practices (AOR = 6.822; 95% CI = 1.89-24.69) were found to be associated with HBsAg sero-positivity. Conclusion This study found that HBsAg sero positivity among pregnant women in the study area was in intermediate edemicity. Factors such as history of hospital admission, history of surgery, history of dental procedures, and body tattoo practices were found to be associated with HBsAg sero-positivity. The government of Ethiopia should strengthen screening of all pregnant women for HBV as a part of routine ANC in ANC clinics and treating if they are positive to prevent mother to child transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birku Kassaw
- School of Public Health, College of Health Science and Medicine, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Netsanet Abera
- School of Public Health, College of Health Science and Medicine, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Tegene Legesse
- School of Public Health, College of Health Science and Medicine, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Alemu Workineh
- School of Public Health, College of Health Science and Medicine, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Gizachew Ambaw
- School of Public Health, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia,Gizachew Ambaw, School of Public Health, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo 138, Ethiopia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Worku WZ, Azale T, Ayele TA, Mekonnen DK. HIV is still a major public health problem among pregnant women attending ANC in Referral Hospitals of the Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia: a cross sectional study. BMC Womens Health 2022; 22:468. [PMID: 36434557 PMCID: PMC9701049 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-02059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The burden of HIV is disproportionately higher among women of reproductive age contributing more than half of the global share. The situation in Ethiopia is not exceptional. The present study was done to determine the proportion of HIV among pregnant women in Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. METHOD Institutions-based cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2020 to December 2020. Systematic random sampling technique was used to select 538 study participants from pregnant women who had ANC follow-up in Referral Hospitals of the Amhara Regional State. Data on socio-demographic, clinical, obstetric, behavioral as well as psychosocial characteristics were gathered using an interviewer administered structured and standardized instruments. The data was entered into Epi-Data Manager V4.6.0.0 and exported to STATA version 14 for data analyses. Descriptive statics were computed to summarize the participant's characteristics. Bi-variable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify the association between dependent and independent variables. Independent variables with a p-value of less than 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant at 95% confidence level (CI). RESULTS The proportion of HIV infection among pregnant women was 8.68% (95% CI: 6.5, 11.4). Completing secondary school education (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR = 0.15; 95% CI: 0.04-0.53), graduated from college (AOR = 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01-0.22), and family monthly income greater than 8001 ETB (1 USD = 56 ETB) (AOR = 0.19; 95% CI: 0.04-0.87) were protective factors associated with maternal HIV. On the other hand, history of previous abortion (AOR = 7.73; 95% CI: 3.33-17.95) and positive syphilis status (AOR = 10.28; 95% CI: 2.80-37.62) were risk factors associated with maternal HIV status. CONCLUSION The proportion of HIV infection among pregnant women was found to be high. Advanced level of education, relatively higher monthly income, history of abortion and previous syphilis status were associated factors with HIV status. Strengthening women's formal education; empowering women in all spheres of life (especially improving their economic standing that prevents women from engaging in risky sexual practices); educating women about HIV transmission methods and HIV prevention and control strategies using behavior change intervention strategy prepared for women to reduce their vulnerability; advocating for the use of family planning to reduce unsafe abortions and syphilis; as well as regular screening and testing for syphilis are recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Workie Zemene Worku
- grid.59547.3a0000 0000 8539 4635Department of Community Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Telake Azale
- grid.59547.3a0000 0000 8539 4635Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Awoke Ayele
- grid.59547.3a0000 0000 8539 4635Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Dawit Kassahun Mekonnen
- grid.59547.3a0000 0000 8539 4635Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
High Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and C Virus Infections among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in Borumeda General Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:1395238. [PMID: 36072475 PMCID: PMC9441365 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1395238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Viral hepatitis are considered as the cause of solemn health problem for the human kind, particularly among pregnant women in the 21th century. Therefore, this study is aimed at determining the seroprevalence of HBV and HCV infection among pregnant women attending at Borumeda General Hospital, Dessie, Northeast Ethiopia. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Borumeda General Hospital from April to May, 2020. A consecutive total of 124 pregnant women who were attending at the antenatal clinic (ANC) of the hospital were included. A structured questionnaire was used to assess the associated factors and some sociodemographic characteristics. Five milliliters of venous blood was collected from each study participant, and a laboratory test using a rapid HBsAg and anti-HCV kit was done. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22. Results The mean age of the study subjects was 25.81 (±5.967) years. The overall seroprevalence of either HBV or HCV infections among the study participants was 14 (11.3%). HBsAg and anti-HCV were positive among 10 (8.1%) and 4 (3.2%) study participants, respectively. There was no coinfection result between HBV and HCV among pregnant women. Pregnant women who had abortion history [AOR 5.723; 95% CI 1.100-29.785, P value = 0.038] and hospitalization history with IV medication [AOR 6.939; 95% CI 1.017-47.322, P value = 0.048] exhibited statistically significant association with HBV infection. Conclusions Seroprevalence of HBV and HCV infections among pregnant women was high, and the rate of HBV particularly can be considered in the high endemic category of the WHO classification scheme. Continuous screening of pregnant mothers, provision of hepatitis B vaccine for females at the child-bearing age, and health education to create awareness about HBV and HCV should be implemented.
Collapse
|
10
|
Tesfu MA, Belay NB, Habtemariam TT. Co-infection of HIV or HCV among HBsAg positive delivering mothers and its associated factors in governmental hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273300. [PMID: 36026484 PMCID: PMC9417033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Blood borne viral infections such as Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), and Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cause substantial mortality and morbidity worldwide. Viral hepatitis during pregnancy is closely related to high risks of maternal and neonatal complications. In Ethiopia, only a little information is available on co-infection of HCV or HIV among Hepatitis B surface Antigen (HBsAg) positive pregnant mothers. Thus, the study aimed to determine HIV or HCV co-infection and associated risk factors among HBsAg positive delivering mothers.
Method
A health facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted in five governmental hospitals in Addis Ababa among 265 HBsAg positive delivering mothers in the year 2019 and 2020. A purposive sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Structured questionnaires and laboratory test results were used to collect the data. SPSS version 20 software was used to enter and analyze the data. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of HIV or HCV co-infections.
Results
Of the HBsAg positive delivering mothers, 9 (3.4%) and 3 (1.1%) were co-infected with HIV and HCV, respectively. None of them were with triplex infection. All of the socio-demographic characteristics were not significantly associated with both HIV and HCV co-infections. Mothers who had a history of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) were 9.3 times more likely to have HBV-HIV co-infection (AOR = 9.3; 95% CI: 1.84–47.1). Mothers who had multiple sexual partners were 5.96 times more likely to have HIV co-infection (AOR = 5.96; 95% CI: 1.074–33.104). The odds of having HBV-HIV co-infection were 5.5 times higher among mothers who had a history of sharing shavers, razors, and earrings (AOR = 5.5;95% CI: 1.014–29.69). HCV co-infection was not significantly associated with any of the potential risk factors.
Conclusion
This dual infection rate of HBsAg positive delivering mother with HIV or HCV indicates that a substantial number of infants born in Ethiopia are at high risk of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HBV, HIV, and HCV. Thus, all pregnant mothers need to be screened for HBV, HCV, and HIV during antenatal care, and also need implementation of prevention mechanisms of MTCT of these viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mebrihit Arefaine Tesfu
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa Universty, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Nega Berhe Belay
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa Universty, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Factors Associated with the Prevalence of Hepatitis B among Volunteer Blood Donors at Jimma Blood Bank, South Ethiopia. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 2022:7458747. [PMID: 35655943 PMCID: PMC9152349 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7458747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B is a severe, widespread infectious disease of the liver that affects millions of people around the world. It is one of the life-threatening liver infections caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). HBV is the cause of up to 80% of cases of primary liver cancer. Due to the potential risk associated with HBV infection, it is important to study the factors which are associated with the seropositive volunteers. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with seropositivity for the hepatitis B virus among volunteers who donated blood at the Jimma Blood Bank in southern Ethiopia. METHODS Cross-sectional research was conducted on blood donors who came to the Jimma Blood Bank to donate their blood. Three hundred and fifty-nine volunteer blood donors who arrived at the Jimma Blood Bank were investigated face-to-face in order to collect sociodemographic characteristics and risk factors for HBV infection. The data were analyzed using statistical software SPSS version 20.0. The association between the risk factor for HBV infection and HBV infection was determined using chi-square tests. RESULT In total, there were 359 participants; their mean age was 22.5, among which 161 (44.8%) were males. Out of 359 volunteers, 13 (3.6%) were seropositive for HBsAg. The test positivity rate among males was 7/198 (3.54%), while the rate among females was 6/161 (3.7%). More than 3/4 of those who tested positive were under the age of 40. Chi-square analysis showed that volunteers whose income was between 12 and 26.84 USD were less likely to have the infectious disease than those whose income was less than 11.84 USD per month (p=0.042). CONCLUSION The prevalence of HBV was found to be 3.6% among selected volunteers. It was found that, out of 20 volunteers, 13 had infection. Chi-square analysis showed that HBV infection was associated with low monthly income and the use of unsafe therapeutic injections.
Collapse
|
12
|
Magnitudes and Correlates of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis B Virus, and Syphilis among Pregnant Mothers Attending Antenatal Care in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2022; 2022:6156613. [PMID: 35221648 PMCID: PMC8865988 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6156613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and syphilis are major sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among the general population in Ethiopia, which in turn result in a wide range of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Hence, it is important to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors of HIV, HBV, and syphilis infection among pregnant mothers attending antenatal care in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted among 286 pregnant women from February 1, 2021, to March 30, 2021, in four selected public hospitals in Addis Ababa. Sociodemographic, risky sociocultural, behavioral, and hospital-related factors were collected using an interview-administered questionnaire. Detection of anti-HIV antibodies, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and rapid plasma reagin (RPR) for syphilis was conducted. A binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine predictors of STIs using SPSS version 25. Result A total of 281 pregnant mothers with a mean age of 27.5 (SD 4.6) completed the study. Among the participants, the seroprevalence rates of HIV, HBV, and syphilis were 15 (5.3%), 9 (3.2%), and 5 (1.8%), respectively. Twenty six (9.3%) of the participants tested positive for any one of the STIs, and 3 (1.1%) of the women had HIV and syphilis coinfections. History of multiple sexual partners (AOR 3.42, 95% CI: 1.6-11.63) and STIs (AOR 3.7; 95% CI: 1.70-13.45) were significantly associated with HIV infection. Likewise, history of abortion (AOR 7.65, 95% CI: 1.17-49.74), tattooing (AOR 9.72, 95% CI: 1.41-66.73), and rape (AOR 9.72, 95% CI: 1.41-66.73) were significantly associated with hepatitis B virus infection. Husband history of multiple sexual partners (AOR 20.9, 95% CI: 1.8-241.8) was significantly associated with syphilis infection. The educational level of participants, history of tattooing (AOR 6.24, 95% CI: 1.79-21.7), and history of multiple sexual partners (AOR 5.15, 95% CI: 1.68-15.7) were independent predictors of infection with any one of the STIs. Conclusion There is still a high burden of HIV, HBV, and syphilis among pregnant mothers in Ethiopia. History of multiple sexual partners, abortion, rape, and tattooing was a significant predictor of STIs.
Collapse
|
13
|
Mugabiirwe N, Kalyetsi R, Ayella R, Obote J, Ssedyabane F. Hepatitis B virus infection and HBeAg positivity among pregnant women in South West Uganda. Afr J Lab Med 2022; 11:1784. [PMID: 36091351 PMCID: PMC9453108 DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v11i1.1784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus is a public health burden in Uganda, yet little is known about its epidemiology in pregnancy. Objective This study aimed at determining the prevalence and associated risk factors of hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care at the Kyazanga Health Centre IV in Lwengo District, Uganda. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2021 to June 2021 and analysed qualitative data that were collected using a structured in-person questionnaire. Aseptically collected blood specimens were screened for hepatitis B virus infection using an immunochromatographic rapid diagnostic test kit. Participants who were positive for the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were further screened for hepatitis B envelope antigen (HBeAg) using commercial rapid diagnostic test kits. Results Out of 384 pregnant women studied, eight tested positive for HBsAg. This gave a prevalence of 2.1% (95% confidence interval: 1.0% - 4.1%); 5/8 (62.5%) were positive for HBeAg. None of the variables studied were significantly associated with HBsAg positivity among pregnant women. Conclusion Hepatitis B viral infection is still a public health challenge in pregnant women with possible risk for vertical transmission to their babies in the study area. We recommend routine screening for hepatitis B virus in pregnancy in addition to strengthening current strategies aimed at controlling and preventing hepatitis B infection spread and transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naome Mugabiirwe
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Kyazanga Health Centre IV, Lwengo, Uganda
| | - Rogers Kalyetsi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Richard Ayella
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Kyazanga Health Centre IV, Lwengo, Uganda
| | - James Obote
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Kyazanga Health Centre IV, Lwengo, Uganda
| | - Frank Ssedyabane
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kasera GO, Maingi JM, Onyango OK, Nyamache AK. Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of HAV and HBV Viruses among Jaundice Patients at Coast General Hospital, Mombasa County, Kenya. Malays J Med Sci 2021; 28:56-64. [PMID: 34285644 PMCID: PMC8260066 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2021.28.3.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis A and B causes morbidity and mortality among patients. This study determined the proportion of hepatitis A, B viruses (HAV, HBV) and genetic diversity of HBV among jaundice patients at the Coast General Hospital, Mombasa County, Kenya. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 222 patients; recruited and screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HAV IgM. Viral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from positive samples; partial hepatitis B virus-pol (HBV-pol) gene amplified, directly sequenced and generated sequences phylogenetically analysed using MEGA X software. Demographic characteristics were compared in relation to HBV infection using Chi-square. Results Forty-seven (21.2%) out of the 222 patients tested positive for HBV while no HAV was detected. Among those infected, n = 8 (3.6%) were females and n = 39 (17.6%) males. Forty-five samples amplified and sequenced successfully. However, two samples failed to amplify. Phylogenetic analysis revealed HBV A1 genotype [n = 35 (74.5%)] was most predominant. A3, B and C2 genotypes each occurred [n = 1 (0.02%)]. This study revealed co-existence of HBV A3, B and C2 genotypes that have not yet been detected in this region. Conclusion HBV A1 genotype remains the predominant genotypes in this region. The detected HBV prevalence indicates possible high transmission with possibility of increasing trends of HBV genotypes based on revelation of existence of new genotypes in this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Ochieng' Kasera
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John M Maingi
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Omondi Kevin Onyango
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anthony Kebira Nyamache
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Demeke G, Ayalneh GM, Shiferaw AA, Toru M, Dilnessa T. Sero-Prevalence and Associated Factors of Hepatitis B Virus Among Pregnant Women at North West Ethiopia: An Institution-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:2799-2805. [PMID: 34194239 PMCID: PMC8238533 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s320711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus is a public health problem in the world. It is a major cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatic cellular carcinoma. The presence of a confirmed HBsAg result is indicative of ongoing HBV infection. This study aims to assess the sero-prevalence and associated factors of the hepatitis B virus among pregnant women in North West Ethiopia. Methods and Materials An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Debre Markos Referral Hospital from January to July 2017. A consecutive 338 pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic were included. A structured questionnaire was used to assess hepatitis B virus infection associated factors and some socio-demographic characteristics. A 5 mL of venous blood was collected from each study participant and plasma was separated and analyzed using a rapid HBsAg kit and further confirmed by double sandwich ELISA. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 24. Results The mean age of the study participants was 27 (SD ± 4.75) years. The sero-prevalence of hepatitis B virus in pregnant women was 28 (8.3%). Body tattooing practice (AOR = 4.94 95% CI, 1.87–13.0), multi-partner sexual intercourse (AOR = 4.48 95% CI, 1.89–10.5) and family hepatitis B history (AOR = 7.40 95% CI, 2.23–24.5) were statistically significantly associated with HBV infection (p = 0.001). Conclusion The prevalence of hepatitis B infection is very high among pregnant women in the study area. Awareness creation on modes of transmission and early screening of all pregnant women attending antenatal care must be strengthened to minimize and control infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gebreselassie Demeke
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Mengistu Ayalneh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Abtie Abebaw Shiferaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Milkiyas Toru
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Tebelay Dilnessa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Geda YF, Desse H, Gesesse MM, Berhe TM. Hepatitis B surface antigen and associated factors among mothers who had antenatal care contact in Attat Hospital, southern Ethiopia. SAGE Open Med 2021; 9:20503121211024462. [PMID: 34178340 PMCID: PMC8202263 DOI: 10.1177/20503121211024462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Hepatitis B virus is a viral infection which can cause both acute and chronic liver disease. Predominately, this virus transmitted through the mother-to-child route. It is an endemic disease in low-resource setting countries like Ethiopia. Objective: Therefore, this study was used to assess magnitude and associated factors of hepatitis B surface antigen among pregnant mothers, who had antenatal care in Attat Hospital. Method: The cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 September 2019 to 30 January 2020. The data were collected from serological testing in laboratory and interview in antenatal care on 422 pregnant mothers. The data were entered into Epi Data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 24.0 for further analysis. Variables on bivariate analysis at p < 0.25 were taken to multivariate analysis. A p value of less than 0.05 on multivariate analysis was considered significant. Result: From 438 total samples, 422 respondents were participated and the mean age of the participants was 25.4 years (standard deviation ± 4.85). Magnitude of hepatitis B surface antigen was 10.9% (95% confidence interval: 8.3, 14.0). Respondents whose occupation was in government or self-employed were 67% (adjusted odds ratio = 0.33, 95% confidence interval: 0.12, 0.91) and whose number of gravidity was 3 and below were 79% (adjusted odds ratio = 0.21, 95% confidence interval: 0.04, 0.68) less likely to have hepatitis B surface antigen. Respondents who respond that hepatitis B surface antigen has cured were 1.52 times (adjusted odds ratio = 1.52, 95% confidence interval: 1.7, 9.4) more likely to have hepatitis B surface antigen. Respondents who answered hepatitis B surface antigen has vaccine were 57% (adjusted odds ratio = 0.43, 95% confidence interval: 0.05, 0.75) less likely to have hepatitis B surface antigen. Conclusion: Magnitude of hepatitis B surface antigen among mothers who were on antenatal care in Attat Hospital was high compared to other studies. Being employed in government or self-employed, gravida 3 and below, those who think that the disease has vaccine and those who think hepatitis B surface antigen was curable were statistically significant factors. Health promotion should be an important recommendation to be done by the hospital.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hailu Desse
- Laboratory Department, Attat Hospital, Wolkite, Ethiopia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among cervical cancer suspected women at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, North-west Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:378. [PMID: 33888090 PMCID: PMC8063310 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06074-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), and Syphilis have continued a significant public health problem, especially in areas with substandard infection prevention and control programs. It is known that STIs are largely associated with the increased occurrence of cervical cancer. To date, little is known about the burden of STIs among cervical cancer suspected women in Ethiopia. Objectives To assess the seroprevalence of STIs and associated risk factors among cervical cancer suspected women with special emphasis on HIV, HBV, HCV, and Syphilis. Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among cervical cancer suspected women at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital from February to April 2017. A pre-tested and structured questionnaire was used to collect data on patients’ characteristics. The patient’s serum or plasma samples were tested for HIV, HBV, HCV, and syphilis using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In all aspects, the standard operational procedure was strictly followed. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 software and presented using tables. Statistical associations were measured using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression. A p-value of below 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result A total of 403 cervical cancer suspected women with the mean age of 42.54 (SD + 11. 24) years were enrolled in the study. The overall prevalence of STIs was 16.6% (67/403) and the prevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV, and syphilis was 36/403 (8.9%), 10/403 (2.5%), 4/403 (1%), and 29/403 (7.2%) respectively. History of multiple sexual partners (Adjusted OR = 3.02, 95%CI 1.57–5.79, P = 0.001), alcohol addiction (Adjusted OR = 2.2, 95%CI 1.07–4.5, P = 0.031), history of STI (Adjusted OR = 3.38; 95% CI: 1.76–6.47, P = 0.00) and not use of condom (Adjusted OR = 4.99; 95% CI: 1.5–16.16, P = 0.007) were significantly associated with STIs. Conclusion The prevalence of STIs was generally higher among cervical cancer suspected patients. Health education is encouraged to promote awareness about the prevention of STIs.
Collapse
|
18
|
Umoke M, Sage P, Bjoernsen T, Umoke PCI, Ezeugworie C, Ejiofor D, Agha O, Nwalieji CA, Onwe RN, Nwafor IE, Chukwu OJ. Co-infection and Risk Factors Associated with STIs among Pregnant Women in Rural Health Facilities in Nigeria: A Retrospective Study. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 2021; 58:46958021992912. [PMID: 33736517 PMCID: PMC7983409 DOI: 10.1177/0046958021992912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Globally, sexually transmitted infections are recognized as a public and reproductive health challenge. The study determined the prevalence, co-infection, and risk factors associated with HBV, HCV, HIV, and Syphilis infections among pregnant women receiving antenatal care in rural health facilities in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. A retrospective study was conducted from January to December 2018 in 8 primary healthcare facilities using antenatal records of all the 4657 pregnant women who attended ANC within the period. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with IBM SPSS statistics version 20 and hypotheses tested at P < .05. The findings indicated a medium prevalence of HBV (4.1%), a high prevalence of HCV (4.1%) and syphilis (1.8%), and a low prevalence of HIV (0.9%). An overall co-infection rate of 0.623% that was not significant (P > .05) was observed. Also, prevalence was more among the younger mothers (<20 years), those with secondary education. And the history of blood transfusion was significantly associated with HBV and HCV prevalence (χ2 = 7.865; P = .05*), 11.8%. conclusively, due to medium HBV prevalence and a high prevalence of HCV and syphilis observed, attention should be paid to blood screening before transfusion by health workers. Relevant stakeholders should provide intensive health education and appropriate free treatment services particularly for younger mothers and the less educated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- MaryJoy Umoke
- Ebonyi State Ministry of Health Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Ebonyi, Nigeria
| | - Peter Sage
- AMURT Global Coordinating Office, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rosemary N Onwe
- Ebonyi State Ministry of Health Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Ebonyi, Nigeria
| | | | - Obinna Jude Chukwu
- Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Ebonyi, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Magaji FA, Okolo MO, Yiltok ES, Golit W, Anzaku SA, Ogwuche J, Pam VC, Ocheke AN, Musa J, Isichie C, Imade GE, Mutihir JT, Ugwu BT, Agbaji O, Sagay SA, Zoakah AI, Cohn SE. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in pregnant women with and without HIV in Jos, Nigeria. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 104:276-281. [PMID: 33359947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in pregnant women with and without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Jos, Nigeria. METHODS This comparative cross-sectional study of pregnant women was undertaken between 1 November 2017 and 30 April 2018. Informed consent was obtained, demographic data and predictors for HBV were collected, and all women were screened for HIV and HBV. Descriptive statistics and multivariate analyses using STATA Version 15 were performed. RESULTS Of 3238 women enrolled, 12.6% and 7.2% of those with and without HIV had HBV, respectively (P = 0.01). Women with HIV, higher parity [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.68, P < 0.01], lower gestational age (aOR 1.04, P < 0.01) and without prior HBV vaccination (aOR 0.40, P < 0.01) were significantly more likely to have HBV infection. CONCLUSIONS Among pregnant women, the prevalence of HBV was higher among those with HIV. Predictors of HBV included being multigravida or grand-multigravida, registration for antenatal care before 20 weeks of gestation, and no prior HBV vaccination. In settings with endemic HBV and HIV, integration of effective HBV and HIV prevention services could greatly decrease the transmission and prevalence of HBV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis A Magaji
- Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jos, Nigeria.
| | - Mark O Okolo
- Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Medical Microbiology, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Esther S Yiltok
- Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Paediatrics, Jos, Nigeria
| | - William Golit
- Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Plateau State Specialist Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Stephen A Anzaku
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bingham University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Jerry Ogwuche
- Maternal and Child Health Unit, Our Lady of Apostles Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Victor C Pam
- Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Amaka N Ocheke
- Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Jonah Musa
- Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Christien Isichie
- Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Faith Alive Foundation Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
| | | | - Josiah T Mutihir
- Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Benjamin T Ugwu
- Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Surgery, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Ohei Agbaji
- Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Internal Medicine, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Solomon A Sagay
- Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Ayuba I Zoakah
- Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Susan E Cohn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Roble AK, Roba KT, Mengistie B, Abdurke Kure M. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Virus and Associated Factors Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care in Public Health Facilities in Jigjiga Town, Eastern Ethiopia. Int J Womens Health 2021; 12:1299-1310. [PMID: 33447090 PMCID: PMC7801816 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s276526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a major global public health problem affecting millions of people across the world. The risk of developing a chronic hepatitis B virus infection is affected by the age at the time of acquiring infection. For instance, around 95% of these infections are acquired during the perinatal period. Although evidences indicate the wider effects of hepatitis B virus and its negative consequences, there are limited studies and a scarcity of data in Eastern Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was aimed at determining seroprevalence of HBV and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care in the public health facilities of Jigjiga town, Eastern Ethiopia, from March 4 to April 4, 2019. Methods A facility-based cross-sectional study was employed among pregnant women in the public health facilities of Jigjiga town, Eastern Ethiopia. A total of 589 pregnant women were enrolled in the study using a systematic sampling technique. Data were collected using a pretested interviewer administered questionnaire. Five milliliters of venous blood samples was collected and tested for HBV using ELISA diagnostic test. The collected data were entered in to Epidata version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 20 for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics was carried out using frequency tables and summary measures. Multivariable analysis was done to identify the true effects of the selected predictor variables on the outcome variable after controlling for possible confounders. Statistical significance was declared at p-value <0.05. Results Overall, 8.5% (95% CI: 6.5–10.7) of the study participants were seropositive for HBsAg. Having any surgical history [AOR = 3.41, 95% CI (1.26–9.24)], family history of HBV [AOR = 4.96, 95% CI (2.11–10.60)], history of sharing sharps [AOR = 2.78, 95% CI (1.13–6.83)] and having multiple sexual partners [AOR = 6.12, 95% CI (2.12–17.64)] were significant predictors of HBV infection. Conclusion The seroprevalence of HBV was relatively high in this study area. Having a history of surgery, family history of hepatitis, history of sharing sharps and multiple sexual partners were significantly associated with HBV infection. Therefore, health information dissemination and awareness creation on mode of transmission of HBV are very crucial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdurahman Kedir Roble
- Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Kedir Teji Roba
- College of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Bizatu Mengistie
- College of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammed Abdurke Kure
- College of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kafeero HM, Ndagire D, Ocama P, Walusansa A, Sendagire H. Sero-prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus-hepatitis B virus (HIV-HBV) co-infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and the associated risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Virol J 2020; 17:170. [PMID: 33160386 PMCID: PMC7648981 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is plenitude of information on HIV infection among pregnant mothers attending antenatal care (ANC) in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the epidemiology of HBV–HIV co-infections in the same cohort is not clear despite the common route of transmission of both viruses. The aim of our study was to synthesize data on the prevalence of HBV–HIV co-infection among pregnant women attending ANC in Sub-Saharan Africa to assist in the design of public health interventions to mitigate the challenge.
Methods The study was done in tandem with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) standards and the Cochran’s Q test, I2 statistics for heterogeneity and the prevalence were calculated using commercially available software called MedCalcs (https://www.medcalc.org). A random effect model was used to pool the prevalence since all the heterogeneities were high (≥ 78%) and Phet < 0.05 indicated significant heterogeneities. The risk factors and risk differences for HBV–HIV co-infection were analyzed. Any likely sources of heterogeneity were analyzed through sensitivity analysis, meta-regression and sub-group analysis. All analyses were done at 95% level of significance and a P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results The overall pooled prevalence of HBV–HIV co-infection among pregnant mothers in sub-Saharan Africa was low 3.302% (95%CI = 2.285 to 4.4498%) with heterogeneities (I2) of 97.59% (P > 0.0001). Within regional sub group meta-analyses, West Africa had significantly higher prevalence of 5.155% (95% = 2.671 to 8.392%) with heterogeneity (I2) of 92.25% (P < 0.0001) than any other region (P < 0.001). Articles published from 2004–2010 had significantly higher prevalence of 6.356% (95% = 3.611 to 9.811%) with heterogeneity (I2) 91.15% (P < 0.0001) compared to those published from 2011 to 2019 (P < 0.001). The HIV positive cohort had significantly higher prevalence of HBV–HIV co-infection of 8.312% (95% CI = 5.806 to 11.22%) with heterogeneity (I2)94.90% (P < 0.0001) than the mothers sampled from the general population with a prevalence of 2.152% (95% CI = 1.358 to 3.125%) (P < 0.001). The overall and sub group analyses had high heterogeneities (I2 > 89%, P < 0.0001) but was reduced for South Africa (I2) = 78.4% (P = 0.0314). Age, marital status and employment were independent factors significantly associated with risk of HBV–HIV co-infection (P < 0.001) but not extent of gravidity and education level (P > 0.05). After meta-regression for year of publication and sample size for HBsAg positivity, the results were not significantly associated with HBV pooled prevalence for sample size (P = 0.146) and year of publication (P = 0.560). Following sensitivity analysis, the HBsAg pooled prevalence slightly increased to 3.429% (95% CI = 2.459 to 4.554%) with heterogeneity I2 = 96.59% (95% CI = 95.93 to 97.14%), P < 0.0001 Conclusion There is an urgent need for routine HBV screening among HIV positive pregnant mothers attending antenatal care in sub-Saharan Africa to establish the extent of HBV–HIV co-infection in this cohort. Future studies need to investigate the putative risk factors for HBV–HIV co-infection and prioritize plausible control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Mukasa Kafeero
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda. .,Department of Medical Microbiology, Habib Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Islamic University in Uganda, P.O Box 7689, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Dorothy Ndagire
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ponsiano Ocama
- Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Abdul Walusansa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Habib Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Islamic University in Uganda, P.O Box 7689, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hakim Sendagire
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Habib Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Islamic University in Uganda, P.O Box 7689, Kampala, Uganda
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kiros KG, Goyteom MH, Tesfamichael YA, Mekonen HH, Gebru TH, Gebrehiwot TG, Teka YH, Abrha WA, Tadesse DB. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection, Mother-To-Child Transmission, and Associated Risk Factors Among Delivering Mothers in Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia: a Cross-Sectional Study. Infect Dis Ther 2020; 9:901-911. [PMID: 32929689 PMCID: PMC7680472 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-020-00340-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction High prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among pregnant women is the primary source of infection for their children and the general population. Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is the primary mode of transmission in endemic areas like Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HBV infection, rate of MTCT, and associated risk factors among delivering mothers. Methods This health facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted in four public hospitals of the Eastern zone of Tigray among 473 delivering mothers. Structured questionnaires and laboratory results were used to collect the data. The data were checked for completeness and entered into EpiData manager version 4.6.0.0. Then the data were exported to Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. The odds ratio, along with a 95% confidence interval, was estimated to identify predictors of HBV infection using multivariable logistic regression analysis. Significant association was considered at p < 0.05. Results A total of 473 mothers were enrolled, and the response rate was 100%. The prevalence of HBV infection among the mothers and the rate of MTCT of the infection were 11.6% and 30.9%, respectively. History of home delivery [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 4.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) (2, 10.6)], history of hospital admission [AOR = 5, 95% CI (2.2, 11.5)], working at health facility [AOR = 5.4, 95% CI (1.4, 20.7)], body tattoos [AOR = 5.8, 95% CI (2.4, 13.6)], sharing personal care materials [AOR = 3.8, 95% CI (1.4, 9.9)], insufficient knowledge [AOR = 5.6, 95% CI (1.6, 19)], and having human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [AOR = 5.1, 95% CI (1, 26.2)] were significantly associated with HBV infection. Conclusion HBV infection among delivering women is becoming highly endemic, and the rate of MTCT was high. Therefore, administering hepatitis B vaccine to all neonates within 24 h of birth is mandatory to prevent MTCT of HBV infection and related complications. Furthermore, health education and dissemination of information about HBV for the pregnant mothers are needed to reduce HBV infection and vertical transmission in Ethiopia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Woldu Aberhe Abrha
- School of Nursing, College of Health Sciences and Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Aksum University, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Degena Bahrey Tadesse
- School of Nursing, College of Health Sciences and Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Aksum University, Tigray, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Magaji FA, Okolo MO, Hassan Z, Shambe IH, Pam VC, Ocheke AN, Yiltok ES, Golit W, Anzaku SA, Daloek M, Ogwuche J, Imade GE, Isichie C, Mutihir JT, Oguche S, Agbaji O, Musa J, Sagay SA, Zoakah AI, Cohn SE. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women in Jos, Nigeria. Ann Afr Med 2020; 19:176-181. [PMID: 32820729 PMCID: PMC7694709 DOI: 10.4103/aam.aam_20_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The study sought to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with Hepatitis B surface antigenemia (HBsAg) positivity among pregnant women in Jos, Nigeria. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study carried out among the pregnant population in five healthcare facilities in Jos, between November 1, 2017 and April 30, 2018. Informed consent was obtained, and data on sociodemographic and risk factors for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection were collected. Hepatitis B viral infection was assessed using the in vitro HBsAg diagnostic rapid kit (Acon Laboratories, USA). Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, and logistic regression were performed to identify predictors of HBV infection in the study population. All statistical analyses were carried out on STATA version 15. Results: Of the 3,238 women enrolled, 7.4% (241/3238) (95% confidence interval [CI] = 6.6% to 8.4%) were HBsAg positive. The absence of HBV vaccination (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.49; 95% CI = 1.49–4.09; P < 0.001), co-infection with HIV (AOR = 1.90; 95% CI = 1.18–3.08; P = 0.009), and higher parity (AOR = 1.37; 95% CI = 1.04–1.79; P = 0.024) were independently associated with HBV infection in pregnancy. Conclusions: The prevalence of HBV infection among pregnant women was high, especially among those without prior vaccination for HBV, those with HIV co-infection and higher parity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis Ajang Magaji
- Jos University Teaching Hospital; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Mark Ojogba Okolo
- Jos University Teaching Hospital; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Z Hassan
- Jos University Teaching Hospital; Department of Community Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Iornum H Shambe
- Jos University Teaching Hospital; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Victor Chung Pam
- Jos University Teaching Hospital; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Amaka Ngozi Ocheke
- Jos University Teaching Hospital; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Esther S Yiltok
- Jos University Teaching Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Williams Golit
- Jos University Teaching Hospital; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Plateau State Specialist Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Stephen Ajen Anzaku
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bingham University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Martins Daloek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Our Lady of Apostles Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Jerry Ogwuche
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Our Lady of Apostles Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Godwin E Imade
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Christain Isichie
- Jos University Teaching Hospital; Maternal and Child Health Unit, Faith Alive Foundation Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Jsiah T Mutihir
- Jos University Teaching Hospital; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Stephen Oguche
- Jos University Teaching Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Oche Agbaji
- Jos University Teaching Hospital; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Jonah Musa
- Jos University Teaching Hospital; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Solomon Ateine Sagay
- Jos University Teaching Hospital; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - A I Zoakah
- Jos University Teaching Hospital; Department of Community Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Susan E Cohn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Geffert K, Maponga TG, Henerico S, Preiser W, Mongella S, Stich A, Kalluvya S, Mueller A, Kasang C. Prevalence of chronic HBV infection in pregnant woman attending antenatal care in a tertiary hospital in Mwanza, Tanzania: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:395. [PMID: 32503443 PMCID: PMC7275503 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05096-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tanzania has a high prevalence (7.17%) of chronic hepatitis B infection. Mother to Child transmission is very common, resulting in high rate of chronic infections. Currently, there is no screening program for HBV in pregnant women. This study investigated the prevalence and risk factors for chronic HBV infection in pregnant women in a tertiary hospital in Mwanza, Tanzania. Methods Seven hundred and forty-three women attending antenatal care and/or delivering at the Bugando Medical Centre were enrolled. All answered a questionnaire on sociodemographic and other risk factors and were tested for HBsAg using a rapid test. In HBsAg positive mothers, maternal blood and umbilical cord blood samples collected after delivery were analyzed for serological (HBsAg, HBeAg and anti-HBe) and virologic (HBV-DNA viral load and genotype) markers. All their babies were vaccinated within 24 h of delivery. The children were followed up at 3 years of age. Data was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U-test, independent sample T-test and logistic regression. Results Of the 743 participants, 22 (3%) were positive for HBsAg, and 2 (9%) had detectable HBe-antigen. Low condom use was the only statistically significant risk factor for chronic HBV infection (OR = 3.514, 95%CI = 1.4–8.0). Of 14 maternal blood samples genotyped, 10 (71%) were genotype A and 4 (29%) were genotype D. HBV-DNA was detected in 21/22 samples, with a median of 241 IU/ml (range: 27.4–25.9 × 107 IU/ml). Five (33%) of 15 available cord blood samples were positive for HBsAg and 10 (67%) were negative. At follow-up, one child showed chronic HBV infection characteristics, one had anti-HBs level of 7 mIU/ml and 5/7(71%) had protective anti-HBs levels (> 10 mIU/ml). Conclusion This cohort of pregnant women showed a lower-intermediate prevalence of HBV of 3%. In the 3 years follow-up only 1 out of 7 children showed evidence of chronic HBV infection. The child’s mother with high viral load (25.9 × 107 IU/ml), was positive for HBeAg with a high degree of sequence similarity suggesting vertical transmission. These results highlight a need for improved diagnosis and treatment of HBV infection in pregnant women in Tanzania, in order to prevent vertical transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tongai G Maponga
- Division of Medical Virology, University of Stellenbosch, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Francie van Zijl Avenue, Tygerberg Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shimba Henerico
- Division of Medical Virology, University of Stellenbosch, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Francie van Zijl Avenue, Tygerberg Cape Town, South Africa.,Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Wolfgang Preiser
- Division of Medical Virology, University of Stellenbosch, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Francie van Zijl Avenue, Tygerberg Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stella Mongella
- Catholic University of Health and Allied Health Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Prevalence of hepatitis B viruses and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in public hospitals of Wolaita Zone, South Ethiopia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232653. [PMID: 32379803 PMCID: PMC7205295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa pregnant women. HBV Infection has high tendency of vertical transmission and have adverse effect on both the mother and child. However, there is no evidence on prevalence of hepatitis B virus among pregnant women in Wolaita Zone. Therefore, this study aims to determine prevalence and associated factors of hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant attending Antenatal clinics of public Hospitals of Wolaita Zone. Method An institution based cross sectional study was conducted among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics of Wolaita Zone from October—November, 2018. Systematic random sampling was used to get respondents. A pretested, structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic characteristics and other variables. In addition, 5 ml of venous blood was collected from each study participants and serum was tested for Hepatitis B surface antigen. Data was entered to Epidata 3.1 version and exported Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 20.0 for descriptive and logistic regression analysis. All variables in bivariate analysis with p<0.25 were taken to multivariable analysis. P-value and Odds ratio with 95% CI was used to measure the presence and strength of the association respectively. Result The prevalence of Hepatitis B surface Antigen among pregnant women was 49(7.3%). History of multiple sexual partners (AOR = 2.675, 95%CI = 1.107–6.463), surgical procedure (AOR = 3.218, 95%CI = 1.446–7.163), genital mutilation (AOR = 2.72, 95% CI = 1.407–5.263), and tooth extraction (AOR = 2.049, 95%CI = 1.061–3.956) were statistically associated with HBV. Conclusion and recommendation Intermediate endemicity of Hepatitis B Virus (7.3%) was observed among mothers attending antenatal clinics of Wolaita Zone. History of tooth extraction, history of surgical procedure, history of genital mutilation and history multiple sexual partners were factors associated with acquisition of Hepatitis B Virus infection. Therefore, we recommend that the health education programs should be done to avoid traditional and non-sterile tooth extraction methods, female genital mutilation and avoiding having multiple sexual partner and its consequences to community and to raise the awareness of mothers attending antenatal clinics. Facilities should strictly follow sterile procedures in every surgical procedure.
Collapse
|
26
|
Mamuye B, Gobena T, Oljira L. Hepatitis B virus infection and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in West Hararghe public hospitals, Oromia region, Ethiopia. Pan Afr Med J 2020; 35:128. [PMID: 32637026 PMCID: PMC7320783 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2020.35.128.17645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Globally, approximately 350-400 million persons are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), over 65 million of whom are in Africa. One in four people with chronic hepatitis B develop serious health problems. Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is responsible for more than half of chronic infections. If infected at birth, a child has a 90% chance of becoming a chronic carrier. We evaluated hepatitis B virus prevalence and risk factors for infection among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in West Hararghe public hospitals, Oromia region, Ethiopia. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study among 363 pregnant women at routine antenatal clinic visits in West Hararghe public hospitals from April-May, 2017. We used systematic random sampling method to enroll participants. We used a structured questionnaire to collect information on risk factors, and collected blood samples to test for hepatitis B Virus surface antigen (HBsAg) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data were entered using EpiData Version.3.1 and exported to SPSS Version 23.0 for descriptive analyses and binary logistic regression. Results The overall seroprevalence of HBsAg among participants was 6.1% (95% CI 3.9-8.5). History of abortion (aOR=4.3, 95% CI 1.3-15.0), traditional tonsillectomy (tonsillectomy conducted by an untrained practitioner) (aOR=4.4, 95% CI 1.1-17.8), admission to a health facility (aOR=4.4, 95% CI 1.2-16.9), multiple sexual partners (aOR=6.3, 95% CI 1.7-23.4) and familial liver disease (aOR=8.2, 95% CI 2.1-32.8) were associated with hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women. Conclusion The prevalence of hepatitis B virus in study area indicates a high-intermediate level epidemic. Multiple types of healthcare, as well classic risk factors such as multiple sex partners and a family history of liver disease increased the odds of infection. Hygiene promotion and infection prevention methods in healthcare settings are recommended to avoid nosocomial infections. To reduce MTCT, we recommended screening all pregnant women for hepatitis B virus as part of routine antenatal care and supportive treatment and making available methods of preventing infection at birth, including prophylaxis and birth dose vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belay Mamuye
- Ethiopian Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program (EFELTP), Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Gobena
- College of Health and Medical Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Lemessa Oljira
- College of Health and Medical Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Weldesenbet H, Asrat D, Weldeamanuel Y. The prevalence and associated factors of Treponema pallidum among HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals who attended voluntary counseling and testing center of St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study design. SAGE Open Med 2020; 8:2050312120904604. [PMID: 32110402 PMCID: PMC7026812 DOI: 10.1177/2050312120904604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Treponema pallidum and HIV are among the most common public health problems in Ethiopia. These infections are interrelated. Treponema pallidum causes genital ulcer which enhances HIV transmission and complicates HIV by causing severe ulcer among HIV-positive individuals. Although Treponema pallidum and HIV have a similar route of transmission, screening services for Treponema pallidum are not available in most of the voluntary counseling and testing centers. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of Treponema pallidum and sociodemographic factors among HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals from the voluntary counseling and testing center of St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: In this research, a cross-sectional study was conducted and a total of 292 consecutive samples were collected from the voluntary counseling and testing center of St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. A blood specimen was tested for the presence of Treponema pallidum using rapid plasma reagin and a rapid test kit for HIV. The data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: The overall prevalence of Treponema pallidum was 5/292 (1.7%). All HIV-positive clients were negative for Treponema pallidum. None of the risk factors were significantly associated with Treponema pallidum. Conclusion: In this study, the prevalence of Treponema pallidum was 5/292 (1.7%). None of the study participants were co-infected with Treponema pallidum and HIV. Recommendation: There was a lack of association between syphilis and HIV in this study, but still the prevalence of Treponema pallidum among voluntary counseling and testing center clients is a public health problem. Therefore, Treponema pallidum infection control strategies should be designed in parallel with HIV control strategy and actions should be taken to avert the problem, including the provision of better health education and screening services at voluntary counseling and testing centers parallel with HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Habtamu Weldesenbet
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Asrat
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yimtubezinash Weldeamanuel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Detection of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen among Febrile Patients in Ankpa, Kogi State, Nigeria. J Trop Med 2020; 2020:5136785. [PMID: 32095141 PMCID: PMC7036110 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5136785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has become a significant public health problem in developing countries, and the high rate of morbidity and mortality from acute and chronic infections is worrisome. Therefore, this study determined the prevalence of HBV and associated risk factors in Ankpa, Kogi State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods. Sera randomly collected from 200 participants in three public hospitals in Ankpa were screened for HBsAg using commercially available HBsAg rapid test kit (Swe-Care (R), China). Structured questionnaires were used to obtain sociodemographic details and history of exposure to risk factors. Results Seventeen (8.5%) of the 200 patients were positive for HBsAg. Males had higher prevalence (10.89%) than females (6.06%). The age group with the highest rate of infection was 24–44 years. Patient's occupation and marital status were significantly higher in relation to HBsAg seropositivity. Risks of HBV infection in Ankpa are sharing of sharp objects (OR = 11.62, 95% CI, 3.59–37.59), multiple sexual partners (OR = 3.39, 95% CI, 1.23–9.38), blood transfusion (OR = 13.74, 95% CI, 4.22–44.71), surgeries (OR = 3.02, 95% CI, 1.03–8.83), alcoholism (OR = 6.94, 95% CI, 2.32–20.75), mouth-to-mouth kissing (p=0.001), and contact with HBV patient (OR = 4.14, 95% CI, 1.01–17.06). People without prior knowledge of HBV infection were more infected. Conclusion This study reaffirms the endemicity of HBV in a part of sub-Saharan African country. Public health practitioners should focus attention on apparently healthy patients in developing countries. We suggest inclusion of HBsAg screening for patients coming for routine hospital care.
Collapse
|
29
|
Bafa TA, Egata AD. Seroepidemiological patterns and predictors of hepatitis B, C and HIV viruses among pregnant women attending antenatal care clinic of Atat Hospital, Southern Ethiopia. SAGE Open Med 2020; 8:2050312119900870. [PMID: 32002184 PMCID: PMC6963336 DOI: 10.1177/2050312119900870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Viral hepatitis is a serious blood-borne and sexually transmitted systemic communicable disease affecting the liver. Commonly, it is caused by hepatitis B and C viruses. HIV infection has been one of the largest public health challenges that can also be transmitted vertically. Objective To determine seroepidemiological patterns and predictors of hepatitis B, C and HIV viruses among pregnant women attending antenatal care clinic at Atat Hospital, Southern Ethiopia. Methods Hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 222 pregnant women from May to July, 2017. A structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic characteristics and predicators of hepatitis B, C and HIV infections through face-to-face interview. Venous blood sample of 5 mL was collected from study participants, and serum was tested for HBsAg, anti-HCV and anti-HIV using rapid test kits and further confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of hepatitis and HIV infections. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The overall seroprevalence of hepatitis B, C and HIV infections were 4.5%, 1.8% and 2.7%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, the prevalence of hepatitis B virus infections was significantly higher among patients having history of poly-sexual practices (adjusted odds ratio = 11.31; 95% confidence interval = 1.24-28.69, p = 0.003), history of abortion (adjusted odds ratio = 8.64; 95% confidence interval = 5.5-30.36, p = 0.034), home delivery by traditional birth attendants (adjusted odds ratio = 9.06; 95% confidence interval = 2.01-13.36, p = 0.005) and blood transfusion (adjusted odds ratio = 18.1; 95% confidence interval = 2.63-114.24, p = 0.001). HIV co-infection was present in 40% and 100% of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus positive pregnant women, respectively. All hepatitis C virus positive women had a history of ear piercing, abortion and home delivery. Conclusion Hepatitis B, C and HIV were all uncommon infections in this population, with hepatitis B virus the most common. All hepatitis C virus positive pregnant women were co-infected with HIV. Significant association was found between hepatitis B virus infection and predictors. Therefore, continuous screening of pregnant women for hepatitis B and C infections should be performed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Temesgen Abera Bafa
- Department of Medical laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
| | - Andamlak Dendir Egata
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yazie TD, Tebeje MG. An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of hepatitis B virus in Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:917. [PMID: 31664923 PMCID: PMC6820955 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4486-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus is one of the major public health concerns globally. It is highly infectious and can be transmitted from person to person through vertically or horizontally via contaminated body fluids. Despite the provision of an effective vaccine, it remains a major problem worldwide, particularly among the developing countries. Methods Online electronic databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, African Index Medicus, African Journals Online, and WHO Afro Library were searched and published articles from 2010 to June 8, 2019, were considered. Both authors independently screened articles and extracted the data. Funnel-Plots and Egger’s test statistics were used to determine the presence of small-study effects and publication bias. The pooled prevalence of HBV was analyzed using the random-effects model. The possible sources of heterogeneity was analyzed through subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and meta-regression. Results The overall pooled prevalence of HBV was 6% and among subgroups, pregnant women, healthcare workers, and HIV positive patients accounted for 5% for each group. Relatively low prevalence (4%) was obtained among blood donors. The Egger’s test statistics (p = 0.747) indicated the absence of publication bias. In addition, from the sensitivity analysis, there was no influence on the overall effect estimate while removing a single study at a time. The level of heterogeneity was reduced among pregnant women, HIV positive and studies with unknown sampling techniques. After conducting meta-regression, province, study group, screening method, and quality of papers were identified as sources of heterogeneity. Conclusions The overall pooled prevalence of HBV in Ethiopia was high. Strengthening and scaling up of the scope of the existing vaccination program and implementing novel approaches including screen-and-treat could be implemented to reduce the burden of the disease. Generally, the study can provide current prevalence estimate of HBV that could vital for intervention to tackle the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teshiwal Deress Yazie
- Unit of Quality Assurance and Laboratory Management, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Mekonnen Girma Tebeje
- Unit of Quality Assurance and Laboratory Management, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Risk Factors for Infectious Diseases in Urban Environments of Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Critical Appraisal of Evidence. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:tropicalmed4040123. [PMID: 31569517 PMCID: PMC6958454 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4040123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our world is rapidly urbanizing. According to the United Nations, between 1990 and 2015, the percent of the world’s population living in urban areas grew from 43% to 54%. Estimates suggest that this trend will continue and that over 68% of the world’s population will call cities home by 2050, with the majority of urbanization occurring in African countries. This urbanization is already having a profound effect on global health and could significantly impact the epidemiology of infectious diseases. A better understanding of infectious disease risk factors specific to urban settings is needed to plan for and mitigate against future urban outbreaks. We conducted a systematic literature review of the Web of Science and PubMed databases to assess the risk factors for infectious diseases in the urban environments of sub-Saharan Africa. A search combining keywords associated with cities, migration, African countries, infectious disease, and risk were used to identify relevant studies. Original research and meta-analyses published between 2004 and 2019 investigating geographical and behavioral risk factors, changing disease distributions, or control programs were included in the study. The search yielded 3610 papers, and 106 met the criteria for inclusion in the analysis. Papers were categorized according to risk factors, geographic area, and study type. The papers covered 31 countries in sub-Saharan Africa with East Africa being the most represented sub-region. Malaria and HIV were the most frequent disease focuses of the studies. The results of this work can inform public health policy as it relates to capacity building and health systems strengthening in rapidly urbanizing areas, as well as highlight knowledge gaps that warrant additional research.
Collapse
|
32
|
Frempong MT, Ntiamoah P, Annani-Akollor ME, Owiredu WKBA, Addai-Mensah O, Owiredu EW, Adu-Gyasi D, Agyapong EO, Sallah L. Hepatitis B and C infections in HIV-1 and non-HIV infected pregnant women in the Brong-Ahafo Region, Ghana. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219922. [PMID: 31323077 PMCID: PMC6641208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B (HBV) or hepatitis C (HCV) virus co-infections in HIV are alarming during pregnancy due to the risk of vertical transmission and the eventual adverse effects on neonates. This study was conducted to ascertain the sero-prevalence of HIV/HBV and HIV/HCV co-infections, evaluate the effect of the co-infections on the immunological and virological characteristics and assess the association between some demographic and lifestyle characteristics and risk of HBV, HCV, HIV/HBV and HIV/HCV co-infections among pregnant women living in the Brong-Ahafo Region of Ghana. Methods This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at the anti-retroviral therapy (ART) clinics of the St. Elizabeth Hospital and the Holy Family Hospital, Brong-Ahafo Region, Ghana. A total of 248 consecutive consenting pregnant Ghanaian women, 148 diagnosed with HIV [HIV (+)] and 100 who were HIV negative [HIV (-)], were recruited. Validated questionnaire was used to obtain demographic and lifestyle data. Venous blood samples were obtained and HCV status, HBV profile, CD4+ T cell count, and HIV-1 RNA load were determined. Results The sero-prevalence of HIV (+) /HBV, HIV (+) /HCV, HIV (-)/HBV, and HIV (-)/HCV infections were 22 (14.9%), 6 (4.1%), 10 (10.0%), and 12 (12.0%) respectively. HIV-1 viral load was not significantly different between HIV/HBV, HIV/HCV co-infection and HIV mono-infection. However, CD4+ T lymphocyte count (364 vs 512 vs 514 cells/μl; p = 0.0009) was significantly lower in HIV/HBV co-infection compared to HIV/HCV and HIV mono-infection respectively. There was no significant association between demographic and lifestyle characteristics and risk of HBV and HCV infections in HIV positive and negative subjects except for late diagnosis of HIV and history of sharing razors blades and pins, where increased odds of HIV (+) /HBV and HIV (-)/HBV infection were observed. Conclusions The prevalence of HIV (+)/HBV (14.9%), HIV (+)/HCV (4.1%), HIV (-)/HBV (10.0%), and HIV (-)/HCV (12.0%) are high among pregnant women in the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana. HIV/HBV is associated with reduced CD4+ T lymphocyte count but not HIV-1 viral load. Early diagnosis of HIV and intensification of routine antenatal HBV and HCV are essential to abate the risk of maternal to child transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret T. Frempong
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Paul Ntiamoah
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Max Efui Annani-Akollor
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- * E-mail:
| | - William K. B. A. Owiredu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Otchere Addai-Mensah
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Eddie-Williams Owiredu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | | | - Lorraine Sallah
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tanga AT, Teshome MA, Hiko D, Fikru C, Jilo GK. Sero-prevalence of hepatitis B virus and associated factors among pregnant women in Gambella hospital, South Western Ethiopia: facility based cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:602. [PMID: 31291901 PMCID: PMC6617953 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4220-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a hepatotropic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus which causes death. More than 300 million people have chronic liver infections globally and about 600,000 people die annually from acute or chronic complications of hepatitis B infection. Recent studies conducted in Ethiopia showed moderate endemicity (3–7.8%) of HBV among pregnant women. However, there is paucity of information on sero- prevalence of HBV and associated factors among pregnant women at Gambella town. The aim of this study is to assess sero-prevalence of hepatitis surface antigen (HBsAg) and associated factors among pregnant women in Gambella Hospital. Methods Hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted in a total of 253 pregnant women from March 10–April 15, 2017. Socio-demographic characteristics and risk factors were collected through face to face interview using structured questionnaire. HBV infection was determined using Eugene strip test. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine association between HBsAg sero-positivity and various factors. Findings were presented using 95% CI of Crude Odds Ratios (COR) and Adjusted Odds Ratios (AOR). Result The overall sero- prevalence of HBV infection was 7.9% (95% CI, 4.7–11.9), which indicates intermediate endemicity. History of abortion (AOR = 3.56:1: 95% CI, 1.24–10.22), occupation (AOR = 8.36:95% CI, 1.67–41.96) and multiple sexual partner (AOR = 17.38: 95% CI, 4.48–67.49) had statistical significant association with HBsAg sero-positivity. Conclusion HBV sero-prevalence in pregnant women shows intermediate endemicity. Hence health education on having single sexual partner and risk factors of abortion should be given. In addition, routine screening and immunization of pregnant women for HBV infection should be strengthen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Desta Hiko
- Jimma University institute of health science, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Chaltu Fikru
- Jimma University institute of health science, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Omatola CA, Idofe J, Okolo MLO, Adejo PO, Maina MM, Oyiguh JA. Seroprevalence of HBV among people living with HIV in Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria. Afr Health Sci 2019; 19:1938-1946. [PMID: 31656477 PMCID: PMC6794505 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v19i2.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Co-infection of HBV with HIV is associated with significant morbidity and mortality globally. In spite of increasing reports of HIV/HBV co-morbidities in Nigeria, little or no data exists on this subject in Anyigba. Therefore, we determined the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigenemia among HIV positive patients on anti-retroviral treatment programme in Anyigba, Kogi State, North-Central Nigeria. Methods Sera samples obtained from 200 consented HIV patients were screened for HBsAg using the commercial rapid test membrane-based qualitative immunoassay. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on patients' demographic variables and probable risk factors for HBV transmission. Results Overall, 3.5% of HIV patients were seropositive to HBsAg and the difference between seroprevalence rates and patients' age as well as gender was not statistically significant (p>0.05). There was significant difference between patients' demographic variables such as marital status (p=0.013) and educational level (p=0.004) and HBsAg seropositivity. Patients with a history of surgical applications (p=0.01) and who indulged in alcoholism (p=0.03) significantly had higher rates of concomitant HIV/HBV infection in the study area. Conclusion Our findings underscore the importance of routine screening for HBV in the HIV infected populations especially in developing countries where the infection is endemic. We advocate for public enlightenment programmes on routes of virus acquisitions with a view to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated HIV/HBV co-infection.
Collapse
|
35
|
Biadgo B, Hassen A, Getaneh M, Tesfa H, Jaleta KN, Eshetu T, Kasew D, Melku M. Syphilis and human immunodeficiency virus infections among pregnant women attending antenatal care clinic of Gondar family guidance association, Northwest Ethiopia: implication for prevention of mother to child transmission. Reprod Health 2019; 16:27. [PMID: 30832694 PMCID: PMC6399918 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-019-0691-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sexually transmitted infections constitute a major public health problem worldwide. Syphilis and HIV infections cause various adverse pregnancy outcomes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of HIV and syphilis infections among pregnant women at Gondar Family Guidance Association clinic, northwest Ethiopia. Methods A retrospective study was conducted using sociodemographic and laboratory data obtained from registration books of Gondar Family Guidance Association clinic from January 2011 to April 2015. A binary logistic regression model was fit to identify factors associated with HIV and syphilis infections. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated to determine the strength of association between factors associated with HIV and syphilis infections. A p-value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 3504 pregnant women were included in the study from January 2011 to April 2015. The seroprevalence of HIV, and syphilis were 145 (4.1%) and 66(1.9%), respectively. Twenty-three (0.66%) women were co-infected. Age group 20–29 years (AOR: 3.86; 95% CI: 1.36–10.89), age group ≥30 years (AOR: 6.08; 95% CI: 2.04–18.14) compared to age < 20 year, and HIV-infection (AOR: 14.6; 95% CI: 8.49–25.18) were significantly associated with syphilis infection. There was a decline in trend seroprevalence of HIV from 5.2% in 2011 to 2.1% in 2015; and decline in syphilis seroprevalence from 2.6% in 2011 to 1.6% in 2015 but not statistically significant. Conclusion The data showed that syphilis and HIV infections are still critical public health concerns among pregnant women. Screening of all pregnant women for these infections is valuable. Further community-based studies to identify risk factors are necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belete Biadgo
- School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Ahmed Hassen
- School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mekuriaw Getaneh
- School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Habtie Tesfa
- School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Kefyalew N Jaleta
- School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tegegne Eshetu
- School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Dessie Kasew
- School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mulugeta Melku
- School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Geremew D, Tajebe F, Ambachew S, Endalamaw A, Eshetie S. Seroprevalence of HIV among pregnant women in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:908. [PMID: 30567589 PMCID: PMC6299960 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-4022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the pooled prevalence of HIV among pregnant women in Ethiopia. RESULT PubMed, EMBASE, Science Direct and Google scholar databases were searched to retrieve 15 relevant articles based on the inclusion criteria. A total of 13,746 participants were included in the original studies and considered in this analysis. Among subjects, 717 were infected with HIV only, and 12 were HIV-HBV co-infected pregnant women. In this meta-analysis, the pooled prevalence of HIV among pregnant women in Ethiopia was 5.74% (95% CI 3.96-7.53%). Regional analysis showed that 9.50% (95% CI 7.76-11.23%) in Amhara, 4.80% (95% CI 3.12-6.49%) in Addis Ababa, 2.14% (95% CI - 0.54 to 4.82%) in SNNP and 4.48% (95% CI 2.56-6.41%) in Oromia region. Besides, six studies reported HIV-HBV co-infection and the pooled prevalence was 0.68% (95% CI 0.27-1.08%) among pregnant women in Ethiopia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Demeke Geremew
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, P.o.Box: 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Fitsumbrhan Tajebe
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, P.o.Box: 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Sintayehu Ambachew
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Aklilu Endalamaw
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Setegn Eshetie
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kassa D, Gebremichael G, Tilahun T, Ayalkebet A, Abrha Y, Mesfin G, Belay Y, Demissie M, Gebrexiabher A, Assefa Y. Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (HIV, hepatitis B virus, herpes simplex virus type 2, and syphilis) in pregnant women in Ethiopia: Trends over 10 years (2005-2014). Int J Infect Dis 2018; 79:50-57. [PMID: 30472433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was performed to determine the trends in seroprevalence of four major sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), and syphilis) over a 10-year period (2005-2014) in pregnant women in Ethiopia. METHODS Pregnant women (15-49 years old) who were enrolled in the antenatal care-based national HIV surveillance were included. Serological tests for HIV, HBV, HSV-2, and syphilis were done on serum/plasma samples. RESULTS A total of 4887 pregnant women were included. Results showed a decline in prevalence of these STIs by 40-60% over the 10 years (2005-2014): HIV (10.5% to 5.5%), syphilis (2.5% to 1.1%), HBV (12.6% to 6.7%), and HSV-2 (47.5% to 28.5%). In 2014, 109/4887 (2.2%) women had triple infections. In 2005, 2007, and 2009, the prevalence of HSV-2 in the older age group (35-45 years) (47.1%, 47.4%, and 50.0%, respectively) was higher than that in the younger age group (15-24 years) (40.9%, 19.5%, and 20.2%, respectively). Age category (Chi-square=22.4, p<0.001), study sites/residence (Chi-square=135.2, p=0.001), and time/years (Chi-square=58.9, p=0.001) were associated with a positive HSV-2 test result. CONCLUSIONS A decline in HIV, HBV, HSV-2, and syphilis of >40% was seen over the years in Ethiopia. However, an intermediate endemicity level of HBV and higher prevalence of HIV and HSV-2 by 2014, suggest the need to strengthen prevention strategy for STIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Desta Kassa
- HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Gebremedhin Gebremichael
- HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Tesfaye Tilahun
- HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Abenezer Ayalkebet
- HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Yemane Abrha
- HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Getnet Mesfin
- HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Yohannes Belay
- HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Minilik Demissie
- HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Atsbeha Gebrexiabher
- HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Yibeltal Assefa
- HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bigna JJ, Nkeck JR, Ngouo A, Nyaga UF, Noubiap JJ. Hepatitis B virus and HIV coinfection among adults residing in Cameroon: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence studies. Infect Dis Health 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idh.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
39
|
Prevalence, Infectivity, and Associated Risk Factors of Hepatitis B Virus among Pregnant Women in Yirgalem Hospital, Ethiopia: Implication of Screening to Control Mother-to-Child Transmission. J Pregnancy 2018; 2018:8435910. [PMID: 30174956 PMCID: PMC6098924 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8435910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive mother has up to 90% likelihood of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) to newborns in the absence of any prophylaxis or antiviral therapy utilization. However, routine antenatal screening and intervention strategies are not yet practiced in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence, infectivity, and associated risk factors of HBV among pregnant women. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2015 to August 2016 in Yirgalem Hospital. A total of 475 pregnant women were recruited, and data on sociodemography and potential risk factors were collected using a structured questionnaire. In addition, blood samples were tested for HBsAg, and HBsAg positive samples were retested for HBeAg using commercially available strip test. The status of HIV was collected from the records. Results The seroprevalence of HBsAg was 34 (7.2%), of whom 13 (38.8%) were positive for HBeAg. The prevalence of HIV infection was 10.1% (48/475). Ten out of 34 HBV positive cases (29.4%) were coinfected with HIV. The overall HBV/HIV coinfection rate was 2.1% (10/475). Women with history of multiple sexual partners and being HIV positive were significantly associated with HBsAg positivity. Among the study participants, 35.4% were aware of MTCT of HBV and only 12 (2.5%) have taken HBV vaccine. Conclusions High prevalence of HBsAg and HBeAg as well as low awareness and practices of HBV prevention methods suggests that perinatal transmission of HBV might be the prevailing mode of HBV transmission in the study area. Thus, screening of all pregnant women, particularly those who had history of multiple sexual partners and HIV coinfection, and provision of health education about HBV prevention methods are inevitable.
Collapse
|
40
|
Kebede KM, Abateneh DD, Belay AS. Hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women in Ethiopia: a systematic review and Meta-analysis of prevalence studies. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:322. [PMID: 29996785 PMCID: PMC6042274 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are several epidemiological studies available on hepatitis B virus among pregnant women in Ethiopia. These individual studies revealed wide variation over time and across geographical areas. The aim of this systematic review and Meta-analysis is to estimate the overall prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women in Ethiopia. METHODS A comprehensive search of electronic databases including PubMed, Popline, Lalicus, Ovid, MedNar, African Journal Online (AJOL) and advanced Google Scholar was conducted regardless of publication year from August 30, 2017 to September 25, 2017. The search was updated on January 02, 2018 to minimize time-lag bias. The methodological qualities of included studies were assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instruments. RESULTS Out of 103 studies, 17 studies with a total of 5629 pregnant women were included in the Meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women using random-effect model was 4.7%(95% CI 4.0-5.4%). The I2 statistics was I2 = 37.9%(p = 0.0575). Even though significant heterogeneity among studies was not detected, the I2 = 37.9% suggests medium heterogeneity. A subgroup Meta-analysis showed that study site, region, mean/median sample size, hepatitis B virus screening methods and methodological quality were not source of heterogeneity (p-difference > 0.05). CONCLUSION This review shows an intermediate level of hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women in Ethiopia. In addition to the current practice of child vaccination, routine and universal antenatal hepatitis B virus screening program need to be implemented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kindie Mitiku Kebede
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mizan -Tepi University, PO.box 260, Mizan-Teferi, Ethiopia
| | - Dejene Derseh Abateneh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Mizan -Tepi University, Mizan-Teferi, Ethiopia
| | - Alemayehu Sayih Belay
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Mizan -Tepi University, Mizan-Teferi, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Deressa T, Damtie D, Fonseca K, Gao S, Abate E, Alemu S, Aleka Y, Swain MG, van Marle G, Coffin CS. The burden of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, genotypes and drug resistance mutations in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients in Northwest Ethiopia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0190149. [PMID: 29281718 PMCID: PMC5744989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In sub-Saharan Africa, the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are endemic. Although there has been great progress in HIV care, universal HBV vaccination and care is lacking. In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of HBV, HBV genotypes, and drug resistance mutations in dual infected cases in a cohort of HIV patients in Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A total of 308 HIV-1 positive patients were enrolled into the study and tested for HBsAg in plasma. In HBsAg positive samples, HBV DNA was analyzed for HBV genotype using in-house nested PCR with HBV-specific pre-core / core or surface primers, and for HBV drug resistance mutations (DRMs) in polymerase region. Odds ratio at 95% confidence interval was calculated. Results Of the 308 HIV-positive subjects, 62.7% were female, median age 38 years (range 18–68, IQR: 27–49), and the median CD4 count 405 cells/μl (IQR: 75–734). Overall, 94.2% were on antiretroviral therapy (ART) frequently with combinations of Zidovudine (AZT)- Lamivudine (3TC)—Nevirapine (NVP). HBsAg was detected in 5.5% (95%CI 2.95–8.08%) of the study participants, of which the majority were infected with HBV genotype A (7A, 2E, 2D, 1C, 1 G). All HIV/HBV positive cases were on ART with anti-HBV activity (i.e., 3TC) and 3TC associated HBV DRMs (i.e., rtV173L, rtL180M, and rtM204V) were detected in 7/13 (53.8%) subjects. Conclusion In this cross-sectional study of HIV-infected individuals, we found 5.5% HBV/HIV co-infected cases. Most were receiving the first generation anti-HBV therapy with a low genetic barrier to resistance, and several carried mutations associated with anti-HBV (3TC) drug resistance. These data underscore the importance of integrating HBV screening to the HIV treatment guidelines for better management and prevention of HBV-related liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tekalign Deressa
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Debasu Damtie
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Kevin Fonseca
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shan Gao
- Liver Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ebba Abate
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Ethiopian Public health institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Shitaye Alemu
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yetemwork Aleka
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mark G. Swain
- Liver Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Guido van Marle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carla S. Coffin
- Liver Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Shimelis T, Tassachew Y, Tadewos A, Hordofa MW, Amsalu A, Tadesse BT, Tadesse E. Coinfections with hepatitis B and C virus and syphilis among HIV-infected clients in Southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. HIV AIDS-RESEARCH AND PALLIATIVE CARE 2017; 9:203-210. [PMID: 29238229 PMCID: PMC5716329 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s150795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are hepatotropic viruses of public health significance worldwide. Despite their severe clinical impact in HIV-infected patients, there is inadequate information regarding the epidemiology of hepatitis/HIV coinfections in Ethiopia. Thus, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of HBV and HCV infections among HIV-infected patients at a tertiary hospital in Southern Ethiopia. Methods Stored sera, which were originally collected for the investigation of syphilis among HIV-infected clients, were analyzed in this study. Samples were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen using rapid diagnostic tests. Those samples that tested positive for HBsAg were further analyzed for hepatitis B e antigen. All sera were tested for antibody to HCV infection using rapid diagnostic test. Results HBsAg was positive for 6.3% of the participants; of whom, 10% were positive for hepatitis B e antigen. The exposure rates to HBV (antibody to hepatitis B core antigen) and HCV (anti-HCV) infections were 22.4 and 3.1%, respectively. The rates of coinfections with HBV-syphilis, HCV-syphilis, and HBV-HCV were found to be 3.1, 0.6, and 1.3%, respectively. HBV exposure rate was significantly higher among participants in the age range 40–49 years (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.98; 95% CI, 1.01–3.88) and those who had a CD4+ T cell count <200 cells/μL (AOR, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.13–5.10) and 200–349 cells/μL (AOR, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.28–4.35). Conclusion The rates of HBV and HCV infections were found to be similar to other subpopulations in Ethiopia. Age and CD4+ T cell level influenced the rate of HBV exposure. As human immunodeficiency virus-hepatitis coinfections are clinically consequential in people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the need to screen this population for HBV and HCV infections is critically important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Techalew Shimelis
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences Hawassa University, Hawassa
| | - Yayheyirad Tassachew
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences Hawassa University, Hawassa
| | - Agete Tadewos
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences Hawassa University, Hawassa
| | - Mesfin Worku Hordofa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences Hawassa University, Hawassa
| | - Anteneh Amsalu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar
| | - Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Endale Tadesse
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences Hawassa University, Hawassa
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Araya Mezgebo T, Niguse S, Gebrekidan Kahsay A, Hailekiros H, Berhe N, Asmelash Dejene T. Hepatitis B virus infection and associated risk factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care in health facilities of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. J Med Virol 2017; 90:503-509. [PMID: 29077204 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus infection is one of the leading causes of liver disease in the world. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of HBV infection and associated risk factors among pregnant women in Northern Ethiopia using a cross-sectional study design. A total of 328 pregnant women were included in this study. Clinical and socio-demographic data of the pregnant women were collected using a structured questionnaire by nurses or midwives during their ANC visit. For the detection of HBsAg, 5 mL of venous blood was collected from the pregnant women; serum was separated in the health facilities from the whole blood and was transported to Tigray Public Health Research Institute for analysis using. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 20.0. (IBM). Association of variables with HBV infection was determined with multivariate analysis and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The mean age of the study participants was 25.45 ± 5.067. The overall prevalence rate of HBV infection among the pregnant women was 5.5%. A statistical association of HBV infection with risk factors was seen on participants, who were making unprotected sexual practices with multiple partners (AoR = 6.4, 95%CI, 2-21, P = 0.03), on those who had HBV-infected person in their family (AoR = 8, 95%CI, 1-58, P = 0.02), and on those who had undergone surgical procedures (AoR = 6.8, 95%CI, 1-32, P = 0.022).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadele Araya Mezgebo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, Mek'ele, Ethiopia
| | - Selam Niguse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, Mek'ele, Ethiopia
| | - Atsebaha Gebrekidan Kahsay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, Mek'ele, Ethiopia
| | - Haftamu Hailekiros
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, Mek'ele, Ethiopia
| | - Nega Berhe
- Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tsehaye Asmelash Dejene
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, Mek'ele, Ethiopia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Axum University, Axum, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hepatitis B virus and HIV co-infection among pregnant women in Rwanda. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:618. [PMID: 28893207 PMCID: PMC5594460 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) affects people worldwide but the local burden especially in pregnant women and their new born babies is unknown. In Rwanda HIV-infected individuals who are also infected with HBV are supposed to be initiated on ART immediately. HBV is easily transmitted from mother to child during delivery. We sought to estimate the prevalence of chronic HBV infection among pregnant women attending ante-natal clinic (ANC) in Rwanda and to determine factors associated with HBV and HIV co-infection. METHODS This study used a cross-sectional survey, targeting pregnant women in sentinel sites. Pregnant women were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HIV infection. A series of tests were done to ensure high sensitivity. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of HBV-HIV co-infection among those collected during ANC sentinel surveillance, these included: age, marital status, education level, occupation, residence, pregnancy and syphilis infection. RESULTS The prevalence of HBsAg among 13,121 pregnant women was 3.7% (95% CI: 3.4-4.0%) and was similar among different socio-demographic characteristics that were assessed. The proportion of HIV-infection among HBsAg-positive pregnant women was 4.1% [95% CI: 2.5-6.3%]. The prevalence of HBV-HIV co-infection was higher among women aged 15-24 years compared to those women aged 25-49 years [aOR = 6.9 (95% CI: 1.8-27.0)]. Women residing in urban areas seemed having HBV-HIV co-infection compared with women residing in rural areas [aOR = 4.3 (95% CI: 1.2-16.4)]. Women with more than two pregnancies were potentially having the co-infection compared to those with two or less (aOR = 6.9 (95% CI: 1.7-27.8). Women with RPR-positive test were seemed associated with HBV-HIV co-infection (aOR = 24.9 (95% CI: 5.0-122.9). CONCLUSION Chronic HBV infection is a public health problem among pregnant women in Rwanda. Understanding that HBV-HIV co-infection may be more prominent in younger women from urban residences will help inform and strengthen HBV prevention and treatment programmes among HIV-infected pregnant women, which is crucial to this population.
Collapse
|
45
|
Chernet A, Yesuf A, Alagaw A. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B virus surface antigen and factors associated among pregnant women in Dawuro zone, SNNPR, Southwest Ethiopia: a cross sectional study. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:418. [PMID: 28830531 PMCID: PMC5567916 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2702-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B is the world’s most common serious liver infection. Infection by hepatitis B virus during pregnancy has high rate of vertical transmission and adverse effect on both the mother and child. Data on seroprevalence and associated factors among pregnant women in Dawuro or surrounding was scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess prevalence of hepatitis B virus and factors associated among pregnant women in Dawuro Zone. Methods Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted from 1st April to May 31, 2015 in Dawuro zone. Venous blood was collected, plasma was separated and hepatitis B virus surface antigen was screened using rapid test. Logistic regression was employed with 95% CI and p value of <0.05 was used as statistically significant. Results Data were collected on 289 women. The overall prevalence from this study was (p = 3.5%, 95% CI 1.4–5.6%) multivariate analysis using logistic regression showed multiple sexual partner (AOR = 6.923; 95% CI 1.685–28.441), and abortion history (AOR = 4.975; 95% CI 1.21–20.456), were significantly associated with hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) infection. Conclusion This seroprevalence was categorized as intermediate endemicity according to WHO classification criteria. Health education on sexual transmission of hepatitis B virus and inclusion of screening hepatitis b virus as routine antenatal care service is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asrat Chernet
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Public Health Emergency Management Officer, Dawuro Zone Health Department, SNNPR, PO Box: 20, Dawuro, Ethiopia.
| | - Aman Yesuf
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, PO Box: 21, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Amsalu Alagaw
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, PO Box: 21, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Breakwell L, Tevi-Benissan C, Childs L, Mihigo R, Tohme R. The status of hepatitis B control in the African region. Pan Afr Med J 2017; 27:17. [PMID: 29296152 PMCID: PMC5745934 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.supp.2017.27.3.11981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) African Region has approximately 100 million people with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. This review describes the status of hepatitis B control in the Region. We present hepatitis B vaccine (HepB) coverage data and from available data in the published literature, the impact of HepB vaccination on hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) prevalence, a marker of chronic infection, among children, HBsAg prevalence in pregnant women, and risk of perinatal transmission. Lastly, we describe challenges with HepB birth dose (HepB-BD) introduction reported in the Region, and propose strategies to increase coverage. In 2015, regional three dose HepB coverage was 76%, and 16(34%) of 47 countries reported ≥ 90% coverage. Overall, 11 countries introduced HepB-BD; only nine provide universal HepB-BD, and of these, five reported ≥ 80% coverage. From non-nationally representative serosurveys among children, HBsAg prevalence was lower among children born after HepB introduction compared to those born before HepB introduction. However, some studies still found HBsAg prevalence to be above 2%. From limited surveys among pregnant women, the median HBsAg prevalence varied by country, ranging from 1.9% (Madagascar) to 16.1% (Niger); hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) prevalence among HBsAg-positive women ranged from 3.3% (Zimbabwe) to 28.5% (Nigeria). Studies in three countries indicated that the risk of perinatal HBV transmission was associated with HBeAg expression or high HBV DNA viral load. Major challenges for timely HepB-BD administration were poor knowledge of or lack of national HepB-BD vaccination guidelines, high prevalence of home births, and unreliable vaccine supply. Overall, substantial progress has been made in the region. However, countries need to improve HepB3 coverage and some countries might need to consider introducing the HepB-BD to help achieve the regional hepatitis B control goal of < 2% HBsAg prevalence among children < 5 years old by 2020. To facilitate HepB-BD introduction and improve timely coverage, strategies are needed to reach both facility-based and home births. Strong political commitment, clear policy recommendations and staff training on HepB-BD administration are also required. Furthermore, high quality nationally representative serosurveys among children are needed to inform decision makers about progress towards the regional control goal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Breakwell
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Carol Tevi-Benissan
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Lana Childs
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard Mihigo
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Rania Tohme
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Manyahi J, Msigwa Y, Mhimbira F, Majigo M. High sero-prevalence of hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus infections among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at Temeke municipal health facilities, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: a cross sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2017; 17:109. [PMID: 28388879 PMCID: PMC5383970 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-017-1299-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in pregnancy is associated with direct effect of pregnancy and potential viral transmission from mother to newborn. In Tanzania very little in known on prevalence of HBV infection and their associated factors among pregnant women in lower health facilities. The main objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of HBsAg, HIV and HBV-HIV co-infection among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Dar es Salaam. METHODS This cross sectional study was conducted in three Temeke municipal health-care facilities between May 2014 and June 2014. A total of 249 pregnant women attending antenatal clinic (ANC) were consecutively enrolled in the study. A data collection tool was used to extract socio-demographic characteristics from ANC card. Commercial ARCHITECT® ci4100™ was used to assess HBsAg status and liver function (Alanine amino-transferase (ALAT). HIV status was determined by anti-HIV antibody test. RESULTS Of 249 pregnant women enrolled the median age was 25 years (IQR 22-30) and most of them were married (72.4%). The overall prevalence of HBsAg and HIV were 8.03% (95% CI: 5.0-12.1%) and 17.2% (95% CI: 12.8-22.5%), respectively. HBV/HIV co-infection rate was 2.8% (95% CI; 1.3-5.4%). HBsAg positive rate was significantly high in women who were HIV positive (p < 0.05). Being employed /student were less associated with HBV infection (aOR 0.35, 95% CI 0.13-0.95). Only 3 (15%) of pregnant women with HBsAg positive had abnormal ALAT. CONCLUSIONS High prevalence of HBV and HIV infections among pregnant women were reported in this setting thus calls for the national expansion of the integration of prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) services for HBV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Manyahi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Yohannes Msigwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Mtebe Majigo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abera B, Adem Y, Yimer M, Mulu W, Zenebe Y, Mekonnen Z. Community seroprevalence of hepatitis B, C and human immunodeficiency virus in adult population in gojjam zones, northwest Ethiopia. Virol J 2017; 14:21. [PMID: 28166829 PMCID: PMC5294870 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0696-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Ethiopia, there is lack of data on the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infections in adult population at community level. This study aimed at determining the HBV, HCV and HIV seroprevalence in adult population at community level in East and West Gojjam zones in Amhara region, Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted between October 01 and November 30, 2015. The Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HCV were detected using the standard serological tests. The antibody to HIV infection was tested using the national HIV rapid tests algorithms. Results A total of 481 adults comprised of 51% females with median age of 25 years took part in the study. Overall, 7.5% (95% CI: 5.5–10.2%) of adult population were infected either with HBV, HCV and HIV. The prevalence of HBV was 15 (3.1%) and for HIV was 16 (3.3%). The seroprevalence of HCV was five (1.0%). HIV-HCV co-infection was found to be two (0.4%). HIV prevalence was higher in non-educated population than their counter parts (P = 0.001). HIV prevalence was high in housewives (6.0%) and merchants (4.7%). Conclusions This study revealed an intermediate HBV prevalence and low prevalence of HCV in adult population at community level. HIV prevalence is still a major public health problem in the area. To have the national data, we recommend further study on genotypes of HBV and HCV including local risk factors for transmissions. Moreover, health education on HBV, HCV and HIV transmission should be an intervention measure in the community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bayeh Abera
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
| | - Yesuf Adem
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Mulat Yimer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Wondemagegn Mulu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Zenebe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdie Mekonnen
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.,Department of Biomedical research, Biotechnology Research Institute, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Belyhun Y, Maier M, Mulu A, Diro E, Liebert UG. Hepatitis viruses in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:761. [PMID: 27993129 PMCID: PMC5168848 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-2090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The existing seroepidemiological data on viral hepatitis in Ethiopia showed a wide variation in prevalence pattern and the clinical and public health burden have been underestimated. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to provide a clear and comprehensive estimation of viral hepatitis epidemiology and the potential clinical burdens in Ethiopia. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was carried out from five decades (1968-2015) published studies from biomedical databases; PubMed, Google scholar, Medline and Web of Science. RESULTS The overall pooled prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) was 7.4% (95%CI: 6.5-8.4). The pooled prevalence among subgroups showed 5.2% (95%CI: 3.7-7.4) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals, 8.0% (95%CI: 5.9-10.7) in community based studies, 8.4% (95%CI: 5.4-12.7) in blood donors, 11.0% (95%CI: 7.5-15.9) in immigrants and 6.9% (95%CI: 5.6-8.5) in other groups. Among study parameters considered during meta-regression analysis, only study years were associated with a decreasing HBV prevalence rate over time. The overall pooled prevalence of anti-hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV) was 3.1% (95%CI: 2.2-4.4). Unlike HBV, the anti-HCV prevalence in HIV infected individuals was higher (5.5%, 95%CI: 3.8-7.8%, p = 0.01) than the prevalence observed in the other subgroup of study population. Although relatively few data were available, hepatitis virus A (HAV), D (HDV) and E (HEV) were also circulated in Ethiopia. CONCLUSIONS This review indicates that all types of viral hepatitis origins are endemic in Ethiopia. Adapting a recommended diagnostic and treatment algorithm of viral hepatitis in the routine healthcare systems and implementing prevention and control policies in the general population needs an urgent attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeshambel Belyhun
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Melanie Maier
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andargachew Mulu
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Ermias Diro
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Uwe Gerd Liebert
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Umare A, Seyoum B, Gobena T, Haile Mariyam T. Hepatitis B Virus Infections and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care Clinic at Deder Hospital, Eastern Ethiopia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166936. [PMID: 27898721 PMCID: PMC5127527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious public health problem worldwide. Reports have shown that 68,600 people die of HBV infection and more than 300,000 deaths due to liver cancer secondary to hepatitis B every year globally. Women who are infected with HBV can vertically transmit the infection to their infants. This study aims to determine the prevalence of HBV infection and associated factors among pregnant women. Methods and Findings A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among pregnant women who attended antenatal care clinic (ANC) for routine pregnancy check-up between 18 March 2015 and 15 May 2015. Data were collected by face to face interview using a pre-tested questionnaire. Serum was withdrawn for each study subject and used to test for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test kit. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between explanatory variables and outcome variable. The prevalence of HBV infection was found to be 6.9%. Interestingly, the history of abortion (AOR 10.9; 95% CI: 2.2–53.9), nose piercing (AOR 9.1; 95% CI: 1.34–61.79), surgical procedure (AOR 12.8; 95% CI: 1.68–97.06) and history of multiple sexual partners (AOR 16.8; 95% CI: 3.18–89.06) were significant predictors of HBV infection. Conclusions This study determined that the prevalence of HBV infection among pregnant women was 6.9%, implying that it is high-intermediate endemic area, which is important public health issue needs to be addressed. History of abortion, nose piercing, surgical procedures and multiple sexual partners were significantly associated with this viral infection. Accordingly we advocate that health education programs on the mode of HBV transmission, high-risk behaviors and methods of preventions should be instituted at antenatal care clinics to raise the awareness of mothers and limit the spread of infection. It is also advisable to implement nosocomial infection prevention strategies to prevent the transmissions of HBV through health care related activities such as surgical procedures. Furthermore, all pregnant women should be screened for HBV, treated if necessary to reduce their viral loads and their children vaccinated at birth with the single-dose hepatitis B vaccine to break the cycle of mother-to-child transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdi Umare
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Deder Hospital, Deder, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Berhanu Seyoum
- Department of Microbiology Sciences, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Gobena
- Department of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | | |
Collapse
|