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Zakharia Y, Singer EA, Acharyya S, Garje R, Joshi M, Peace D, Baladandayuthapani V, Majumdar A, Li X, Lalancette C, Kryczek I, Zou W, Alva A. Durvalumab and guadecitabine in advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma: results from the phase Ib/II study BTCRC-GU16-043. Nat Commun 2024; 15:972. [PMID: 38302476 PMCID: PMC10834488 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45216-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modulation is well established in hematologic malignancies but to a lesser degree in solid tumors. Here we report the results of a phase Ib/II study of guadecitabine and durvalumab in advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC; NCT03308396). Patients received guadecitabine (starting at 60 mg/m2 subcutaneously on days 1-5 with de-escalation to 45 mg/m2 in case of dose limiting toxicity) with durvalumab (1500 mg intravenously on day 8). The study enrolled 57 patients, 6 in phase Ib with safety being the primary objective and 51in phase II, comprising 2 cohorts: 36 patients in Cohort 1 were treatment naive to checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) with 0-1 prior therapies and 15 patients in Cohort 2 were treated with up to two prior systemic therapies including one CPI. The combination of guadecitabine 45 mg/m2 with durvalumab 1500 mg was deemed safe. The primary objective of overall response rate (ORR) in cohort 1 was 22%. Sixteen patients (44%) experienced stable disease (SD). Secondary objectives included overall survival (OS), duration of response, progression-free survival (PFS), clinical benefit rate, and safety as well as ORR for Cohort 2. Median PFS for cohort 1 and cohort 2 were 14.26 and 3.91 months respectively. Median OS was not reached. In cohort 2, one patient achieved a partial response and 60% achieved SD. Asymptomatic neutropenia was the most common adverse event. Even though the trial did not meet the primary objective in cohort 1, the tolerability and PFS signal in CPI naive patients are worth further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Zakharia
- University of Iowa Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Eric A Singer
- Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Rohan Garje
- University of Iowa Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - David Peace
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Xiong Li
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ajjai Alva
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Ma R, Rei M, Woodhouse I, Ferris K, Kirschner S, Chandran A, Gileadi U, Chen JL, Pereira Pinho M, Ariosa-Morejon Y, Kriaucionis S, Ternette N, Koohy H, Ansorge O, Ogg G, Plaha P, Cerundolo V. Decitabine increases neoantigen and cancer testis antigen expression to enhance T-cell-mediated toxicity against glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2022; 24:2093-2106. [PMID: 35468205 PMCID: PMC9713507 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and malignant primary brain tumor in adults. Despite maximal treatment, median survival remains dismal at 14-24 months. Immunotherapies, such as checkpoint inhibition, have revolutionized management of some cancers but have little benefit for GBM patients. This is, in part, due to the low mutational and neoantigen burden in this immunogenically "cold" tumor. METHODS U87MG and patient-derived cell lines were treated with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (DAC) and underwent whole-exome and transcriptome sequencing. Cell lines were then subjected to cellular assays with neoantigen and cancer testis antigen (CTA) specific T cells. RESULTS We demonstrate that DAC increases neoantigen and CTA mRNA expression through DNA hypomethylation. This results in increased neoantigen presentation by MHC class I in tumor cells, leading to increased neoantigen- and CTA-specific T-cell activation and killing of DAC-treated cancer cells. In addition, we show that patients have endogenous cancer-specific T cells in both tumor and blood, which show increased tumor-specific activation in the presence of DAC-treated cells. CONCLUSIONS Our work shows that DAC increases GBM immunogenicity and consequent susceptibility to T-cell responses in vitro. Our results support a potential use of DAC as a sensitizing agent for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichong Ma
- Corresponding Authors: Ruichong Ma, DPhil, Department of neurosurgery, Level 3 West wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK ()
| | - Margarida Rei
- Margarida Rei, PhD, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK ()
| | - Isaac Woodhouse
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Cellular and Medical Physiology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Katherine Ferris
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sophie Kirschner
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anandhakumar Chandran
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Uzi Gileadi
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ji-Li Chen
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mariana Pereira Pinho
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yoanna Ariosa-Morejon
- Centre for Cellular and Medical Physiology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Skirmantas Kriaucionis
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicola Ternette
- Centre for Cellular and Medical Physiology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (Y.A-M., N.T.)
| | - Hashem Koohy
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Olaf Ansorge
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University ofOxford, UK
| | - Graham Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Puneet Plaha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University ofOxford, UK
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Yu G, Wang W, He X, Xu J, Xu R, Wan T, Wu Y. Synergistic Therapeutic Effects of Low Dose Decitabine and NY-ESO-1 Specific TCR-T Cells for the Colorectal Cancer With Microsatellite Stability. Front Oncol 2022; 12:895103. [PMID: 35774131 PMCID: PMC9239344 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.895103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients of colorectal cancer (CRC) with microsatellite stability (MSS) show poor clinical response and little beneficial result from the immune-checkpoint inhibitors, due to the ‘cold’ tumor microenvironment. Meanwhile, decitabine can drive the ‘cold’ microenvironment towards ‘hot’ in multiple ways, such as upregulating the tumor associated antigen (TAA) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecular. NY-ESO-1, one of the most important TAAs, can be observably induced in tumors by low dose decitabine, and present itself as ideal targets for antigen specific T cell receptor engineered T (TCR-T) cells. We innovatively used a synergistic tactic, combining decitabine and NY-ESO-1 specific TCR-T cells, for fighting the MSS CRC. Firstly, we confirmed the lysing effect of the NY-ESO-1 TCR-T cells on the NY-ESO-1+ and HLA-A2+ cells in vitro and in vivo. In A375 tumor-bearing mice, the results showed that NY-ESO-1 TCR-T cell therapy could inhibit A375 tumor growth and prolonged the survival time. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of decitabine and NY-ESO-1 TCR-T cells was shown to induce an even higher percentage of tumor cells being lysed in vitro than other control groups, and more potent tumor inhibition and longer survival time were observed in vivo. The innovative synergistic therapeutic strategy of decitabine and TCR-T cells for the CRC with MSS may be also effective in the treatment of other epithelial malignancies. Decitabine may likewise be adopted in combination with other cellular immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tao Wan
- *Correspondence: Tao Wan, ; Yanfeng Wu,
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Sadagopan A, Michelakos T, Boyiadzis G, Ferrone C, Ferrone S. Human Leukocyte Antigen Class I Antigen-Processing Machinery Upregulation by Anticancer Therapies in the Era of Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Review. JAMA Oncol 2022; 8:462-473. [PMID: 34940799 PMCID: PMC8930447 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.5970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Although typically impressive, objective responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) occur in only 12.5% of patients with advanced cancer. The majority of patients do not respond due to cell-intrinsic resistance mechanisms, including human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I antigen-processing machinery (APM) defects. The APM defects, which have a negative effect on neoantigen presentation to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), are present in the majority of malignant tumors. These defects are caused by gene variations in less than 25% of cases and by dysregulated signaling and/or epigenetic changes in most of the remaining cases, making them frequently correctable. This narrative review summarizes the growing clinical evidence that chemotherapy, targeted therapies, and, to a lesser extent, radiotherapy can correct HLA class I APM defects in cancer cells and improve responses to ICIs. OBSERVATIONS Most chemotherapeutics enhance HLA class I APM component expression and function in cancer cells, tumor CTL infiltration, and responses to ICIs in preclinical and clinical models. Despite preclinical evidence, radiotherapy does not appear to upregulate HLA class I expression in patients and does not enhance the efficacy of ICIs in clinical settings. The latter findings underscore the need to optimize the dose and schedule of radiation and timing of ICI administration to maximize their immunogenic synergy. By increasing DNA and chromatin accessibility, epigenetic agents (histone deacetylase inhibitors, DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, and EZH2 inhibitors) enhance HLA class I APM component expression and function in many cancer types, a crucial contributor to their synergy with ICIs in patients. Furthermore, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors and BRAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitors are effective at upregulating HLA class I expression in EGFR- and BRAF-variant tumors, respectively; these changes may contribute to the clinical responses induced by these inhibitors in combination with ICIs. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This narrative review summarizes evidence indicating that chemotherapy and targeted therapies are effective at enhancing HLA class I APM component expression and function in cancer cells. The resulting increased immunogenicity and recognition and elimination of cancer cells by cognate CTLs contributes to the antitumor activity of these therapies as well as to their synergy with ICIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananthan Sadagopan
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Theodoros Michelakos
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabriella Boyiadzis
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cristina Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Soldano Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Liang Y, Turcan S. Epigenetic Drugs and Their Immune Modulating Potential in Cancers. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020211. [PMID: 35203421 PMCID: PMC8868629 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic drugs are used for the clinical treatment of hematologic malignancies; however, their therapeutic potential in solid tumors is still under investigation. Current evidence suggests that epigenetic drugs may lead to antitumor immunity by increasing antigen presentation and may enhance the therapeutic effect of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Here, we highlight their impact on the tumor epigenome and discuss the recent evidence that epigenetic agents may optimize the immune microenvironment and promote antiviral response.
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Sokolov AV, Dostdar SA, Attwood MM, Krasilnikova AA, Ilina AA, Nabieva AS, Lisitsyna AA, Chubarev VN, Tarasov VV, Schiöth HB. Brain Cancer Drug Discovery: Clinical Trials, Drug Classes, Targets, and Combinatorial Therapies. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:1-32. [PMID: 34663683 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain cancer is a formidable challenge for drug development, and drugs derived from many cutting-edge technologies are being tested in clinical trials. We manually characterized 981 clinical trials on brain tumors that were registered in ClinicalTrials.gov from 2010 to 2020. We identified 582 unique therapeutic entities targeting 581 unique drug targets and 557 unique treatment combinations involving drugs. We performed the classification of both the drugs and drug targets based on pharmacological and structural classifications. Our analysis demonstrates a large diversity of agents and targets. Currently, we identified 32 different pharmacological directions for therapies that are based on 42 structural classes of agents. Our analysis shows that kinase inhibitors, chemotherapeutic agents, and cancer vaccines are the three most common classes of agents identified in trials. Agents in clinical trials demonstrated uneven distribution in combination approaches; chemotherapy agents, proteasome inhibitors, and immune modulators frequently appeared in combinations, whereas kinase inhibitors, modified immune effector cells did not as was shown by combination networks and descriptive statistics. This analysis provides an extensive overview of the drug discovery field in brain cancer, shifts that have been happening in recent years, and challenges that are likely to come. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review provides comprehensive quantitative analysis and discussion of the brain cancer drug discovery field, including classification of drug, targets, and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr V Sokolov
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V.S., S.A.D., M.M.A., H.B.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy (A.V.S., S.A.D., A.A.K., A.A.I., A.S.N., A.A.L., V.N.C., V.V.T.) and Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology (V.V.T., H.B.S.), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Samira A Dostdar
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V.S., S.A.D., M.M.A., H.B.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy (A.V.S., S.A.D., A.A.K., A.A.I., A.S.N., A.A.L., V.N.C., V.V.T.) and Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology (V.V.T., H.B.S.), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Misty M Attwood
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V.S., S.A.D., M.M.A., H.B.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy (A.V.S., S.A.D., A.A.K., A.A.I., A.S.N., A.A.L., V.N.C., V.V.T.) and Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology (V.V.T., H.B.S.), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandra A Krasilnikova
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V.S., S.A.D., M.M.A., H.B.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy (A.V.S., S.A.D., A.A.K., A.A.I., A.S.N., A.A.L., V.N.C., V.V.T.) and Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology (V.V.T., H.B.S.), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia A Ilina
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V.S., S.A.D., M.M.A., H.B.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy (A.V.S., S.A.D., A.A.K., A.A.I., A.S.N., A.A.L., V.N.C., V.V.T.) and Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology (V.V.T., H.B.S.), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Amina Sh Nabieva
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V.S., S.A.D., M.M.A., H.B.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy (A.V.S., S.A.D., A.A.K., A.A.I., A.S.N., A.A.L., V.N.C., V.V.T.) and Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology (V.V.T., H.B.S.), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A Lisitsyna
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V.S., S.A.D., M.M.A., H.B.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy (A.V.S., S.A.D., A.A.K., A.A.I., A.S.N., A.A.L., V.N.C., V.V.T.) and Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology (V.V.T., H.B.S.), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Chubarev
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V.S., S.A.D., M.M.A., H.B.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy (A.V.S., S.A.D., A.A.K., A.A.I., A.S.N., A.A.L., V.N.C., V.V.T.) and Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology (V.V.T., H.B.S.), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim V Tarasov
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V.S., S.A.D., M.M.A., H.B.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy (A.V.S., S.A.D., A.A.K., A.A.I., A.S.N., A.A.L., V.N.C., V.V.T.) and Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology (V.V.T., H.B.S.), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V.S., S.A.D., M.M.A., H.B.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy (A.V.S., S.A.D., A.A.K., A.A.I., A.S.N., A.A.L., V.N.C., V.V.T.) and Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology (V.V.T., H.B.S.), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Liu C, Ge Y, Luo B, Xie X, Shen N, Nong W, Bi S, Lin L, Wei X, Wu S, Xiao S, Zhang Q. Synergistic regulation of methylation and SP1 on MAGE-D4 transcription in glioma. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:2241-2255. [PMID: 34017386 PMCID: PMC8129322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The family of MAGE genes is well known due to the majority of MAGE genes expressing specifically in tumor tissues while restrictedly in normal tissues. MAGE-D4 is one of the MAGE family and considered as a promising target for glioma immunotherapy because of its overexpression in glioma and restricted expression in normal tissues. Whereas the mechanism of MAGE-D4 heterogeneous expression in glioma has not yet been elucidated. In this study, the transcriptional regulation mechanism of MAGE-D4 in glioma is focused from the perspectives of promoter methylation and SP1. METHODS Dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to identify the core promoter of MAGE-D4 gene. Mass spectrometry was applied to quantify the methylation status of MAGE-D4 promoter in 50 glioma and 9 normal brain tissues. The influence of methylation and SP1 on MAGE-D4 transcriptional activity was evaluated by dual-luciferase reporter assay, qRT-PCR, western blot and ChIP-qPCR. Decitabine, an epigenetic drug, was used to treat the glioma cells. Then the treated cells were evaluated the influence of demethylation on SP1 binding to MAGE-D4 promoter. RESULTS The -358 to +172 bp region was identified as the core promoter of MAGE-D4 gene which demonstrated hypomethylated and negative correlation between methylation level and MAGE-D4 mRNA expression in glioma tissues. For single CpG unit analysis, 8 CpG units (CpG unit 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 and 12) in MAGE-D4 core promoter showed hypomethylated in glioma and the methylation level of CpG unit 6 was positively associated with the prognosis of glioma patients. Furthermore, the methylation level of CpG unit 1 and 6 was negative negatively correlated with MAGE-D4 mRNA expression. Then, the results demonstrated that the promoter activity of MAGE-D4 was decreased by methylation in glioma cell lines. In addition, SP1 can binds directly to the MAGE-D4 promoter leading to up-regulation of MAGE-D4 mRNA through activation of its promoter. Finally, demethylation of MAGE-D4 promoter could benefit the SP1 binding and resulting co-activation of MAGE-D4 promoter by demethylation and SP1 in glioma cell lines. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that the synergies of promoter hypomethylation and SP1 up-regulated MAGE-D4 transcription in glioma, which implies a potential approach to resolve the heterogeneous expression of MAGE-D4 in order to establish foundation for the MAGE-D4 based glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Ge
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
- Central Laboratory, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Bin Luo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
- Central Laboratory, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxun Xie
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
- Central Laboratory, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Ning Shen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionNanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Weixia Nong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
- Central Laboratory, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Shuiqing Bi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Lina Lin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Xing Wei
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Song Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Shaowen Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Qingmei Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
- Central Laboratory, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
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Guler EM, Sisman BH, Kocyigit A, Hatiboglu MA. Investigation of cellular effects of thymoquinone on glioma cell. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:162-170. [PMID: 33489775 PMCID: PMC7806546 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, as an invasive tumor, is one of the most common primary malignant brain tumors. Despite maximum aggressive treatment, patients with glioblastoma have a dismal prognosis. Thymoquinone (TQ) has been found to show anti-cancer effects on different types of cancer. There are a few in vitro studies on the effect of TQ on glial tumors. However, the molecular mechanism of TQ's anti-cancer effect has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the genotoxic, apoptotic, and cytotoxic effects of TQ on C6 rat glioma cells. C6 glioma cells were analyzed after 24 h of exposure to different concentrations of TQ by the ATP cell viability assay for cytotoxicity, comet assay for genotoxicity, 2',7'dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCF-DA) for intracellular reactive oxygen species (iROS) generation, 3.3'dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide (DiOC6(3)) for mitochondrial membrane potential, GSH/GSSG-Glo Assay for glutathione level and Fura-2AM for intracellular calcium levels. Apoptosis induction was studied by acridine orange/ethidium bromide double staining, flow cytometry, and western blotting analyses. Caspase-3, Caspase-9, Bax, Bcl-2, and pSTAT3 protein levels were determined by the western blotting method. Cytotoxicity was enhanced by TQ in C6 glioma cells in a concentration-dependent manner. TQ also induced DNA damage, apoptosis, and increased iROS. Also, MMP and GSH levels were decreased by TQ. It inhibited pSTAT3, resulting in apoptosis induction through the regulation of anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic proteins. Our results suggest that TQ would be an effective treatment in glioma. Further studies should support these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eray Metin Guler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Hamidiye Medicine, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Bezmialem Vakif University, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- Traditional and Complementary Medicine Advanced Research and Application Center (GETAMER), Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Behice Hande Sisman
- Department of Cardiology, Bezmialem Vakif University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdurrahim Kocyigit
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Bezmialem Vakif University, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- Traditional and Complementary Medicine Advanced Research and Application Center (GETAMER), Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Aziz Hatiboglu
- Traditional and Complementary Medicine Advanced Research and Application Center (GETAMER), Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bezmialem Vakif University Faculty of Medicine Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology, Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Li XF, Ren P, Shen WZ, Jin X, Zhang J. The expression, modulation and use of cancer-testis antigens as potential biomarkers for cancer immunotherapy. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:7002-7019. [PMID: 33312347 PMCID: PMC7724325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-testis antigens (CTA) are tumor antigens, present in the germ cells of testes, ovaries and trophoblasts, which undergo deregulated expression in the tumor and malignant cells. CTA genes are either X-linked or autosomal, favourably expressed in spermatogonia and spermatocytes, respectively. CTAs trigger unprompted humoral immunity and immune responses in malignancies, altering tumor cell physiology and neoplastic behaviors. CTAs demonstrate varied expression profile, with increased abundance in malignant melanoma and prostate, lung, breast and epithelial cell cancers, and a relatively reduced prevalence in intestinal cancer, renal cell adenocarcinoma and malignancies of immune cells. A combination of epigenetic and non-epigenetic agents regulates CTA mRNA expression, with the key participation of CpG islands and CpG-rich promoters, histone methyltransferases, cytokines, tyrosine kinases and transcriptional activators and repressors. CTA triggers gametogenesis, in association with mutated tumorigenic genes and tumor repressors. The CTAs function as potential biomarkers, particularly for prostate, cervical, breast, colorectal, gastric, urinary bladder, liver and lung carcinomas, characterized by alternate splicing and phenotypic heterogeneity in the cells. Additionally, CTAs are prospective targets for vaccine therapy, with the MAGE-A3 and NYESO-1 undergoing clinical trials for tumor regression in malignant melanoma. They have been deemed important for adaptive immunotherapy, marked by limited expression in normal somatic tissues and recurrent up-regulation in epithelial carcinoma. Overall, the current review delineates an up-dated understanding of the intricate processes of CTA expression and regulation in cancer. It further portrays the role of CTAs as biomarkers and probable candidates for tumor immunotherapy, with a future prospect in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun, P. R. China
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, The Second Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun, P. R. China
| | - Ping Ren
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Zhang Shen
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, The Second Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun, P. R. China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, The Second Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun, P. R. China
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Wang P, Zhao H, Ren F, Zhao Q, Shi R, Liu X, Liu J, Li Y, Li Y, Liu H, Chen J. [Research Progress of Epigenetics in Pathogenesis and Treatment of Malignant Tumors]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2020; 23:91-100. [PMID: 32093453 PMCID: PMC7049791 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2020.02.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
表观遗传学修饰与肿瘤的发生发展密切相关,其主要通过DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰、非编码RNA调控和染色质结构重构等方式对基因功能和表达水平进行调控,从而影响肿瘤的进展。目前针对表观遗传学的药物已经逐渐应用于恶性肿瘤的治疗,常见的药物类型包括DNA甲基转移酶抑制剂和组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂,但此类药物仍存在诸多不足之处广泛的临床应用仍需要进一步的研究,令人鼓舞的是表观遗传药物与多种抗肿瘤药物联合应用已表现出巨大的应用潜力。本文就表观遗传学在恶性肿瘤的发生发展机制和相关药物的新进展进行了综述。
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wang
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Honglin Zhao
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Fan Ren
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Qingchun Zhao
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Ruifeng Shi
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xingyu Liu
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jinghao Liu
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yongwen Li
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin 300052, China
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Czaja AJ. Under-Evaluated or Unassessed Pathogenic Pathways in Autoimmune Hepatitis and Implications for Future Management. Dig Dis Sci 2018; 63:1706-1725. [PMID: 29671161 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-018-5072-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis is a consequence of perturbations in homeostatic mechanisms that maintain self-tolerance but are incompletely understood. The goals of this review are to describe key pathogenic pathways that have been under-evaluated or unassessed in autoimmune hepatitis, describe insights that may shape future therapies, and encourage investigational efforts. The T cell immunoglobulin mucin proteins constitute a family that modulates immune tolerance by limiting the survival of immune effector cells, clearing apoptotic bodies, and expanding the population of granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Galectins influence immune cell migration, activation, proliferation, and survival, and T cell exhaustion can be induced and exploited as a possible management strategy. The programmed cell death-1 protein and its ligands comprise an antigen-independent inhibitory axis that can limit the performance of activated T cells by altering their metabolism, and epigenetic changes can silence pro-inflammatory genes or de-repress anti-inflammatory genes that affect disease severity. Changes in the intestinal microbiota and permeability of the intestinal mucosal barrier can be causative or consequential events that affect the occurrence and phenotype of immune-mediated disease, and they may help explain the female propensity for autoimmune hepatitis. Perturbations within these homeostatic mechanisms have been implicated in experimental models and limited clinical experiences, and they have been favorably manipulated by monoclonal antibodies, recombinant molecules, pharmacological agents or dietary supplements. In conclusion, pathogenic mechanisms that have been implicated in other systemic immune-mediated and liver diseases but under-evaluated or unassessed in autoimmune hepatitis warrant consideration and rigorous evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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12
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Czaja AJ. Epigenetic changes and their implications in autoimmune hepatitis. Eur J Clin Invest 2018; 48. [PMID: 29383703 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic risk of autoimmune hepatitis is insufficient to explain the observed risk, and epigenetic changes may explain disparities in disease occurrence in different populations within and between countries. The goal of this review was to examine how epigenetic changes induced by the environment or inherited as a phenotypic trait may affect autoimmune hepatitis and be amenable to therapeutic intervention. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pertinent abstracts were identified in PubMed by multiple search terms. The number of abstracts reviewed was 1689, and the number of full-length articles reviewed exceeded 150. RESULTS Activation of pro-inflammatory genes in autoimmune disease is associated with hypomethylation of deoxyribonucleic acid and modification of histones within chromatin. Organ-specific microribonucleic acids can silence genes by marking messenger ribonucleic acids for degradation, and they can promote inflammatory activity or immunosuppression. High circulating levels of the microribonucleic acids 21 and 122 have been demonstrated in autoimmune hepatitis, and they may increase production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Microribonucleic acids are also essential for maintaining regulatory T cells. Drugs, pollutants, infections, diet and ageing can induce inheritable epigenetic changes favouring autoimmunity. Reversal is feasible by manipulating enzymes, transcription factors, gene-silencing molecules and toxic exposures or by administering methyl donors and correcting vitamin D deficiency. Gene targets, site specificity, efficacy and consequences are uncertain. CONCLUSIONS Potentially reversible epigenetic changes may affect the occurrence and outcome of autoimmune hepatitis, and investigations are warranted to determine the nature of these changes, key genomic targets, and feasible interventions and their consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
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NY-ESO-1- and survivin-specific T-cell responses in the peripheral blood from patients with glioma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 67:237-246. [PMID: 29058035 PMCID: PMC5799356 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-2066-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis for patients with glioblastoma is grim. Ex vivo expanded tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-reactive T-cells from patients with glioma may represent a viable source for anticancer-directed cellular therapies. Immunohistochemistry was used to test the survivin (n = 40 samples) and NY-ESO-1 (n = 38 samples) protein expression in tumor specimens. T-cells from peripheral blood were stimulated with TAAs (synthetic peptides) in IL-2 and IL-7, or using a combination of IL-2, IL-15 and IL-21. CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells were tested for antigen-specific proliferation by flow cytometry, and IFN-γ production was tested by ELISA. Twenty-eight out of 38 cancer specimens exhibited NY-ESO-1 protein expression, 2/38 showed a strong universal (4+) NY-ESO-1 staining, and 9/40 cancer lesions exhibited a strong (4+) staining for survivin. We could detect antigen-specific IFN-γ responses in 25% blood samples for NY-ESO-1 and 30% for survivin. NY-ESO-1-expanded T-cells recognized naturally processed and presented epitopes. NY-ESO-1 or survivin expression in glioma represents viable targets for anticancer-directed T-cells for the biological therapy of patients with glioma.
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Mondino A, Vella G, Icardi L. Targeting the tumor and its associated stroma: One and one can make three in adoptive T cell therapy of solid tumors. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Zhang P, Zhou Q, Tian L, Zhou X, Zhou Y, Chen J. Experimental study of a novel tumstatin on C6 brain glioma in vitro. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:2845-2851. [PMID: 28928823 PMCID: PMC5588131 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect of a novel tumstatin on C6 brain glioma cells, the MTT method was used to detect C6 glioma cell proliferation activity at different time periods (12, 48 and 72 h). Cell cycle distribution and apoptosis rate were detected by flow cytometry, and the acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining method was used to detect apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential by fluorescence microscopy. Novel tumstatin had an evident inhibitory effect on C6 glioma cells, and the most notable impact emerged after 48 h. The following were observed under the fluorescence microscope: Characteristic morphological changes of cell apoptosis were typically observed in the novel tumstatin (2,000 µg/ml) group; mitochondrial membrane potential decreased significantly (P<0.05); the cells in the G0/G1 phase significantly increased (P<0.05); and the number of cells in the S phase was reduced. There was an increase in cell apoptosis rate in the novel tumstatin (2,000 µg/ml) group compared with the novel tumstatin (1,000 µg/ml) group and the Mock group, and the data were statistically significant (P<0.05). Novel tumstatin may reduce the mitochondrial membrane potential, inducing cell apoptosis, and thereby exerting antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengguo Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Jilin University Second Hospital, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China
| | - Qingwei Zhou
- Department of Biology and Medical Engineering, School of Regenerative Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China
| | - Lin Tian
- Department of Biology and Medical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Biological Preparation, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, P.R. China
| | - Jiajun Chen
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China
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Zhou J, Yao Y, Shen Q, Li G, Hu L, Zhang X. Demethylating agent decitabine disrupts tumor-induced immune tolerance by depleting myeloid-derived suppressor cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2017; 143:1371-1380. [PMID: 28321548 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-017-2394-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The immunoregulatory effect of demethylating agent decitabine (DAC) has been recognized recently. However, little is known about its impact on immune tolerance. In this study, we aimed to determine the impact of DAC on the immune tolerance induced by tumor cells. METHODS The effects of DAC on immune cells in vivo were measured by flow cytometry. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) were sorted using magnetic beads and cultured in vitro. The mixed lymphocyte reaction was used to determine the immunoregulatory effect of DAC in vitro. An adoptive transfusion mouse model was established to evaluate the effect in vivo. RESULTS We found that DAC treatment significantly depleted MDSCs in vivo by inducing MDSCs apoptosis. When given at a low dose, the immune effector cells were less affected by the treatment, except for MDSCs. The mixed lymphocyte reaction in vitro showed that T-cell responses were enhanced when MDSCs were depleted. Supplementation of MDSCs would attenuate this T-cell activation effect. Using an adoptive transfusion mouse model, we further demonstrated in vivo that DAC treatment could induce autologous anti-tumor immune response by depleting MDSCs. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to illustrate DAC's immunoregulatory effect on immune tolerance. The disruption of immune tolerance is due to MDSCs depletion that induces an autologous immune response in vivo. By depleting MDSCs, DAC treatment removes one of the obstacles affecting anti-tumor immune activation and warrants further experimental and clinical studies to explore its potential utility in combination with various anti-tumor immunotherapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihao Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, 1017 Dongmen North Road, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yushi Yao
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Qi Shen
- Department of Hematology, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, 1017 Dongmen North Road, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Li
- Department of Hematology, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, 1017 Dongmen North Road, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Hu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, 1017 Dongmen North Road, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyou Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, 1017 Dongmen North Road, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
In the past few years, it has become clear that mutations in epigenetic regulatory genes are common in human cancers. Therapeutic strategies are now being developed to target cancers with mutations in these genes using specific chemical inhibitors. In addition, a complementary approach based on the concept of synthetic lethality, which allows exploitation of loss-of-function mutations in cancers that are not targetable by conventional methods, has gained traction. Both of these approaches are now being tested in several clinical trials. In this Review, we present recent advances in epigenetic drug discovery and development, and suggest possible future avenues of investigation to drive progress in this area.
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Myšíková D, Adkins I, Hradilová N, Palata O, Šimonek J, Pozniak J, Kolařík J, Skallová-Fialová A, Špíšek R, Lischke R. Case-Control Study: Smoking History Affects the Production of Tumor Antigen-Specific Antibodies NY-ESO-1 in Patients with Lung Cancer in Comparison with Cancer Disease-Free Group. J Thorac Oncol 2016; 12:249-257. [PMID: 27793776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2016.09.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide; therefore, understanding the biological or clinical role of tumor-associated antigens and autoantibodies is of eminent interest for designing antitumor immunotherapeutic strategies. METHODS Here we prospectively analyzed the serum frequencies of New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1 (NY-ESO-1), human epidermal growth factor 2/neu, and melanoma-associated antigen A4 (MAGE-A4) antibodies and expression of the corresponding antigens in tumors of 121 patients with NSCLC undergoing an operation without prior neoadjuvant chemotherapy and compared them with those in 57 control age-matched patients with no history of a malignant disease. RESULTS We found that only antibodies specific for NY-ESO-1 (19.8% [n = 24 of 121]) were significantly increased in the group of patients with NSCLC compared with in the controls. NY-ESO-1 seropositivity was significantly positively associated with an active smoking history in patients with NSCLC but not in smokers from the control group. In tumors, the frequency of NY-ESO-1 mRNA expression was 6.3% (in four of 64 patients), the frequency of human epidermal growth factor 2/neu (HER 2/neu) expression was 11.9% (five of 42), and the frequency of MAGE-A4 expression was 35.1% (20 of 57). MAGE-A4 expression in tumors correlated with smoking status and male sex in patients with NSCLC. Patients with squamous cell carcinoma displayed higher expression of NY-ESO-1 and MAGE-A4 in tumors than did patients with adenocarcinoma. On the other hand, 94.7% of nonsmoking patients in our study had adenocarcinoma (of whom 73.7% were women). CONCLUSION These results confirm the reported high immunogenicity of NY-ESO-1 and suggest that a smoking-induced chronic inflammatory state might potentiate the development of NY-ESO-1-specific immune responses. Moreover, smoking might contribute to the expression of other cancer/testis antigens such as MAGE-A4 at early stages of NSCLC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Myšíková
- Thoracic and Lung Transplantation Division, Third Department of Surgery, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Irena Adkins
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Sotio a.s., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nad'a Hradilová
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Sotio a.s., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Palata
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Sotio a.s., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Šimonek
- Thoracic and Lung Transplantation Division, Third Department of Surgery, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Pozniak
- Thoracic and Lung Transplantation Division, Third Department of Surgery, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kolařík
- Thoracic and Lung Transplantation Division, Third Department of Surgery, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Skallová-Fialová
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Sotio a.s., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Špíšek
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Sotio a.s., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Lischke
- Thoracic and Lung Transplantation Division, Third Department of Surgery, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
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Wang Z, Li B, Ren Y, Ye Z. T-Cell-Based Immunotherapy for Osteosarcoma: Challenges and Opportunities. Front Immunol 2016; 7:353. [PMID: 27683579 PMCID: PMC5021687 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though combining surgery with chemotherapy has significantly improved the prognosis of osteosarcoma patients, advanced, metastatic, or recurrent osteosarcomas are often non-responsive to chemotherapy, making development of novel efficient therapeutic methods an urgent need. Adoptive immunotherapy has the potential to be a useful non-surgical modality for treatment of osteosarcoma. Recently, alternative strategies, including immunotherapies using naturally occurring or genetically modified T cells, have been found to hold promise in the treatment of hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. In this review, we will discuss possible T-cell-based therapies against osteosarcoma with a special emphasis on combination strategies to improve the effectiveness of adoptive T cell transfer and, thus, to provide a rationale for the clinical development of immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Centre for Orthopaedic Research, Orthopaedics Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
| | - Binghao Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Centre for Orthopaedic Research, Orthopaedics Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
| | - Yingqing Ren
- Department of Orthopaedics, Centre for Orthopaedic Research, Orthopaedics Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
| | - Zhaoming Ye
- Department of Orthopaedics, Centre for Orthopaedic Research, Orthopaedics Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
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Decitabine Treatment of Glioma-Initiating Cells Enhances Immune Recognition and Killing. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162105. [PMID: 27579489 PMCID: PMC5007044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are aggressive brain tumours with very poor prognosis. The majority of glioma cells are differentiated (glioma-differentiated cells: GDCs), whereas the smaller population (glioma-initiating cells, GICs) is undifferentiated and resistant to conventional therapies. Therefore, to better target this pool of heterogeneous cells, a combination of diverse therapeutic approaches is envisaged. Here we investigated whether the immunosensitising properties of the hypomethylating agent decitabine can be extended to GICs. Using the murine GL261 cell line, we demonstrate that decitabine augments the expression of the death receptor FAS both on GDCs and GICs. Interestingly, it had a higher impact on GICs and correlated with an enhanced sensitivity to FASL-mediated cell death. Moreover, the expression of other critical molecules involved in cognate recognition by cytotoxic T lymphocytes, MHCI and ICAM-1, was upregulated by decitabine treatment. Consequently, T-cell mediated killing of both GDCs and GICs was enhanced, as was T cell proliferation after reactivation. Overall, although GICs are described to resist classical therapies, our study shows that hypomethylating agents have the potential to enhance glioma cell recognition and subsequent destruction by immune cells, regardless of their differentiation status. These results support the development of combinatorial treatment modalities including epigenetic modulation together with immunotherapy in order to treat heterogenous malignancies such as glioblastoma.
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Shraibman B, Kadosh DM, Barnea E, Admon A. Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Peptides Derived from Tumor Antigens Induced by Inhibition of DNA Methylation for Development of Drug-facilitated Immunotherapy. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:3058-70. [PMID: 27412690 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.060350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of cancer cells with anticancer drugs often fails to achieve complete remission. Yet, such drug treatments may induce alteration in the tumor's gene expression patterns, including those of Cancer/Testis Antigens (CTA). The degradation products of such antigens can be presented as HLA peptides on the surface of the tumor cells and be developed into anticancer immunotherapeutics. For example, the DNA methyl transferase inhibitor, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (Decitabine) has limited antitumor efficacy, yet it induces the expression of many genes, including CTAs that are normally silenced in the healthy adult tissues. In this study, the presentation of many new HLA peptides derived from CTAs and induced by Decitabine was demonstrated in three human Glioblastoma cell lines. Such presentation of CTA-derived HLA peptides can be exploited for development of new treatment modalities, combining drug treatment with anti-CTA targeted immunotherapy. The Decitabine-induced HLA peptidomes include many CTAs that are not normally detected in healthy tissues or in cancer cells, unless treated with the drug. In addition, the study included large-scale analyses of the simultaneous effects of Decitabine on the transcriptomes, proteomes and HLA peptidomes of the human Glioblastoma cells. It demonstrates the poor correlations between these three levels of gene expression, both in their total levels and in their response to the drug. The proteomics and HLA peptidomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD003790 and the transcriptomics data are available via GEO with identifier GSE80137.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bracha Shraibman
- From the ‡Department of Biology, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dganit Melamed Kadosh
- From the ‡Department of Biology, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eilon Barnea
- From the ‡Department of Biology, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Arie Admon
- From the ‡Department of Biology, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Scarpa M, Scarpa M, Castagliuolo I, Erroi F, Basato S, Brun P, Angriman I, Castoro C. CD80 down-regulation is associated to aberrant DNA methylation in non-inflammatory colon carcinogenesis. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:388. [PMID: 27377375 PMCID: PMC4932699 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2405-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The lack of positive costimulatory molecules represents one of the mechanisms by which tumor cells evade immune surveillance. Promoter hypermethylation plays a major role in cancer development through transcriptional silencing of critical genes. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of the costimulatory molecule CD80 in relationship with genomic methylation in non-inflammatory colon carcinogenesis. Methods Colonic mucosal samples were collected from healthy subjects (n = 30) and from dysplastic adenoma (n = 14), and colon adenocarcinoma (n = 10). DNA methyltransferases-1, −3a, −3b and CD80 mRNA expression were quantified by real time qRT-PCR. The methylation status of CDH13, APC, MLH1, MGMT1 and RUNX3 gene promoters was assessed by methylation-specific PCR. CD80 expression was assessed in HT29, HCT-15 and LoVo cell lines after treatment with the DNA-methyltransferase inhibitor 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine. Results CD80 mRNA levels were significantly lower in the non-inflammatory dysplastic colonic mucosa of patients with one or more methylated genes and inversely correlated with patients’ methylation scores (τ = −0.41, p = 0.05 and τ = −0.37, p = 0.05, respectively). Treatment with 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine significantly increased CD80 expression both in terms of the level of CD80 mRNA (p = 0.007) and of CD80+ cells (p = 0.003). Conclusions These results indicate that the failure of immune surveillance mechanisms in non-inflammatory colon carcinogenesis may be linked to genomic methylation directly or indirectly affecting CD80 expression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2405-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Scarpa
- Esophageal and Digestive Tract Surgery Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, Padova, Italy.
| | - Melania Scarpa
- Esophageal and Digestive Tract Surgery Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Erroi
- Esophageal and Digestive Tract Surgery Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Basato
- Esophageal and Digestive Tract Surgery Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Brun
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Imerio Angriman
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology DISCOG, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Castoro
- Esophageal and Digestive Tract Surgery Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, Padova, Italy
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Paluch BE, Naqash AR, Brumberger Z, Nemeth MJ, Griffiths EA. Epigenetics: A primer for clinicians. Blood Rev 2016; 30:285-95. [PMID: 26969414 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With recent advances in cellular biology, we now appreciate that modifications to DNA and histones can have a profound impact on transcription and function, even in the absence of changes to DNA sequence. These modifications, now commonly referred to as "epigenetic" alterations, have changed how we understand cell behavior, reprogramming and differentiation and have provided significant insight into the mechanisms underlying carcinogenesis. Epigenetic alterations, to this point, are largely identified by changes in DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation as well as methylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation of histone tails. These modifications enable significant flexibility in gene expression, rather than just turning genes "ON" or "OFF." Herein we describe the epigenetic landscape in the regulation of gene expression with a particular focus on interrogating DNA methylation in myeloid malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Paluch
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Pharmacology and Genetics Building (CGP), Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI), Elm and Carlton Street, 14263 Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Abdul R Naqash
- Catholic Health, State University of New York at Buffalo (SUNY), 2157 Main Street, 14214 Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Zachary Brumberger
- University at Buffalo State University of New York, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 3435 Main Street, 14260 Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michael J Nemeth
- Department of Medicine, RPCI, Elm and Carlton Street, 14263 Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Griffiths
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Pharmacology and Genetics Building (CGP), Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI), Elm and Carlton Street, 14263 Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, RPCI, Elm and Carlton Street, 14263 Buffalo, NY, USA; Leukemia Division, RPCI, Elm and Carlton Street, 14263 Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Esfandiary A, Ghafouri-Fard S. New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma-1 and cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2016; 7:411-39. [PMID: 25917631 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1 (NY-ESO-1) is a known cancer testis gene with exceptional immunogenicity and prevalent expression in many cancer types. These characteristics have made it an appropriate vaccine candidate with the potential application against various malignancies. This article reviews recent knowledge about the NY-ESO-1 biology, function, immunogenicity and expression in cancers as well as and the results of clinical trials with this antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Esfandiary
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19857-17443, Iran
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Everson RG, Antonios JP, Lisiero DN, Soto H, Scharnweber R, Garrett MC, Yong WH, Li N, Li G, Kruse CA, Liau LM, Prins RM. Efficacy of systemic adoptive transfer immunotherapy targeting NY-ESO-1 for glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2015; 18:368-78. [PMID: 26330563 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy is an ideal treatment modality to specifically target the diffusely infiltrative tumor cells of malignant gliomas while sparing the normal brain parenchyma. However, progress in the development of these therapies for glioblastoma has been slow due to the lack of immunogenic antigen targets that are expressed uniformly and selectively by gliomas. METHODS We utilized human glioblastoma cell cultures to induce expression of New York-esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (NY-ESO-1) following in vitro treatment with the demethylating agent decitabine. We then investigated the phenotype of lymphocytes specific for NY-ESO-1 using flow cytometry analysis and cytotoxicity against cells treated with decitabine using the xCelligence real-time cytotoxicity assay. Finally, we examined the in vivo application of this immune therapy using an intracranially implanted xenograft model for in situ T cell trafficking, survival, and tissue studies. RESULTS Our studies showed that treatment of intracranial glioma-bearing mice with decitabine reliably and consistently induced the expression of an immunogenic tumor-rejection antigen, NY-ESO-1, specifically in glioma cells and not in normal brain tissue. The upregulation of NY-ESO-1 by intracranial gliomas was associated with the migration of adoptively transferred NY-ESO-1-specific lymphocytes along white matter tracts to these tumors in the brain. Similarly, NY-ESO-1-specific adoptive T cell therapy demonstrated antitumor activity after decitabine treatment and conferred a highly significant survival benefit to mice bearing established intracranial human glioma xenografts. Transfer of NY-ESO-1-specific T cells systemically was superior to intracranial administration and resulted in significantly extended and long-term survival of animals. CONCLUSION These results reveal an innovative, clinically feasible strategy for the treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Everson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (R.G.E., J.P.A., D.N.L., H.S., R.S., M.C.G., C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (D.N.L., R.M.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (W.H.Y.); Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (N.L., G.L.); Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.)
| | - Joseph P Antonios
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (R.G.E., J.P.A., D.N.L., H.S., R.S., M.C.G., C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (D.N.L., R.M.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (W.H.Y.); Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (N.L., G.L.); Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.)
| | - Dominique N Lisiero
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (R.G.E., J.P.A., D.N.L., H.S., R.S., M.C.G., C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (D.N.L., R.M.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (W.H.Y.); Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (N.L., G.L.); Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.)
| | - Horacio Soto
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (R.G.E., J.P.A., D.N.L., H.S., R.S., M.C.G., C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (D.N.L., R.M.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (W.H.Y.); Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (N.L., G.L.); Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.)
| | - Rudi Scharnweber
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (R.G.E., J.P.A., D.N.L., H.S., R.S., M.C.G., C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (D.N.L., R.M.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (W.H.Y.); Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (N.L., G.L.); Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.)
| | - Matthew C Garrett
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (R.G.E., J.P.A., D.N.L., H.S., R.S., M.C.G., C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (D.N.L., R.M.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (W.H.Y.); Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (N.L., G.L.); Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.)
| | - William H Yong
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (R.G.E., J.P.A., D.N.L., H.S., R.S., M.C.G., C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (D.N.L., R.M.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (W.H.Y.); Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (N.L., G.L.); Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.)
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (R.G.E., J.P.A., D.N.L., H.S., R.S., M.C.G., C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (D.N.L., R.M.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (W.H.Y.); Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (N.L., G.L.); Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.)
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (R.G.E., J.P.A., D.N.L., H.S., R.S., M.C.G., C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (D.N.L., R.M.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (W.H.Y.); Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (N.L., G.L.); Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.)
| | - Carol A Kruse
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (R.G.E., J.P.A., D.N.L., H.S., R.S., M.C.G., C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (D.N.L., R.M.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (W.H.Y.); Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (N.L., G.L.); Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.)
| | - Linda M Liau
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (R.G.E., J.P.A., D.N.L., H.S., R.S., M.C.G., C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (D.N.L., R.M.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (W.H.Y.); Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (N.L., G.L.); Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.)
| | - Robert M Prins
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (R.G.E., J.P.A., D.N.L., H.S., R.S., M.C.G., C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (D.N.L., R.M.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (W.H.Y.); Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (N.L., G.L.); Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.); Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (C.A.K., L.M.L., R.M.P.)
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Jeffries MA, Sawalha AH. Autoimmune disease in the epigenetic era: how has epigenetics changed our understanding of disease and how can we expect the field to evolve? Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11:45-58. [PMID: 25534978 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2015.994507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are complex and enigmatic, and have presented particular challenges to researchers seeking to define their etiology and explain progression. Previous studies have implicated epigenetic influences in the development of autoimmunity. Epigenetics describes changes in gene expression related to environmental influences without alterations in the underlying genomic sequence, generally classified into three main groups: cytosine genomic DNA methylation, modification of various sidechain positions of histone proteins and noncoding RNAs feedback. The purpose of this article is to review the most relevant literature describing alterations of epigenetic marks in the development and progression of four common autoimmune diseases: systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis and Sjögren's syndrome. The contribution of DNA methylation, histone modification and noncoding RNA for each of these disorders is discussed, including examples both of candidate gene studies and larger epigenomics surveys, and in various tissue types important for the pathogenesis of each. The future of the field is speculated briefly, as is the possibility of therapeutic interventions targeting the epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matlock A Jeffries
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Zhao Y, Huo M, Xu Z, Wang Y, Huang L. Nanoparticle delivery of CDDO-Me remodels the tumor microenvironment and enhances vaccine therapy for melanoma. Biomaterials 2015; 68:54-66. [PMID: 26264646 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipid-calcium-phosphate nanoparticle (NP) delivery of Trp2 peptide vaccine is one of the most effective vaccine strategies against melanoma. However, due to the immunosuppressive microenvironment in the tumor, the achievement of potent immune responses remains a major challenge. NP delivery systems provide an opportunity to deliver chemotherapy agent to modulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) and improve the vaccine activity. Anti-inflammatory triterpenoid methyl-2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oate (CDDO-Me) is a broad spectrum inhibitor of several signaling pathways that are important in both cancer cells and cells in the TME. Intravenous delivery of CDDO-Me using poly-lactic-glycolic-acid NP combination with subcutaneous Trp2 vaccine resulted in an increase of antitumor efficacy and apoptotic tumor tissue than Trp2 vaccine alone in B16F10 melanoma. There was a significant decrease of both Treg cells and MDSCs and a concomitant increase in the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte infiltration in TEM of the vaccinated animals. Also, CDDO-Me remodeled the tumor associated fibroblasts, collagen and vessel in TME, meanwhile, enhanced the Fas signaling pathway which could sensitize the tumor cells for cytotoxic T lymphocyte mediated killing. The combination of systemic induction of antigen-specific immune response using Trp2 nanovaccine and targeted modification of the TME with the NP delivered CDDO-Me offers a powerful combination therapy for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Meirong Huo
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhenghong Xu
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Yuhua Wang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| | - Leaf Huang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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Li X, Mei Q, Nie J, Fu X, Han W. Decitabine: a promising epi-immunotherapeutic agent in solid tumors. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11:363-75. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2015.1002397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Xia C, Leon-Ferre R, Laux D, Deutsch J, Smith BJ, Frees M, Milhem M. Treatment of resistant metastatic melanoma using sequential epigenetic therapy (decitabine and panobinostat) combined with chemotherapy (temozolomide). Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2014; 74:691-7. [PMID: 25062770 PMCID: PMC4175037 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-014-2501-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To explore the safety and tolerability of combining two epigenetic drugs: decitabine (a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor) and panobinostat (a histone deacetylase inhibitor), with chemotherapy with temozolomide (an alkylating agent). The purpose of such combination is to evaluate the use of epigenetic priming to overcome resistance of melanoma to chemotherapy. Methods A Phase I clinical trial enrolling patients aged 18 years or older, with recurrent or unresectable stage III or IV melanoma of any site. This trial was conducted with full Institutional Review Board approval and was registered with the National Institutes of Health under the clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT00925132. Patients were treated with subcutaneous decitabine 0.1 or 0.2 mg/kg three times weekly for 2 weeks (starting on day 1), in combination with oral panobinostat 10, 20, or 30 mg every 96 h (starting on day 8), and oral temozolomide 150 mg/m2/day on days 9 through 13. In cycle 2, temozolomide was increased to 200 mg/m2/day if neutropenia or thrombocytopenia had not occurred. Each cycle lasted 6 weeks, and patients could receive up to six cycles. Patients who did not demonstrate disease progression were eligible to enter a maintenance protocol with combination of weekly panobinostat and thrice-weekly decitabine until tumor progression, unacceptable toxicity, or withdrawal of consent. Results Twenty patients were initially enrolled, with 17 receiving treatment. The median age was 56 years. Eleven (65 %) were male, and 6 (35 %) were female. Eleven (64.7 %) had cutaneous melanoma, 4 (23.5 %) had ocular melanoma, and 2 (11.8 %) had mucosal melanoma. All patients received at least one treatment cycle and were evaluable for toxicity. Patients received a median of two 6-week treatment cycles (range 1–6). None of the patients experienced DLT. MTD was not reached. Adverse events attributed to treatment included grade 3 lymphopenia (24 %), anemia (12 %), neutropenia (12 %), and fatigue (12 %), as well as grade 2 leukopenia (30 %), neutropenia (23 %), nausea (23 %), and lymphopenia (18 %). The most common reason for study discontinuation was disease progression. Conclusions This triple agent of dual epigenetic therapy in combination with traditional chemotherapy was generally well tolerated by the cohort and appeared safe to be continued in a Phase II trial. No DLTs were observed, and MTD was not reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Xia
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Bone and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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Decitabine facilitates immune recognition of sarcoma cells by upregulating CT antigens, MHC molecules, and ICAM-1. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:5753-62. [PMID: 24584817 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1764-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma, osteosarcoma, and Ewing's sarcoma are the most common types of sarcoma in children. Despite standard therapy, nearly one third of the patients with Ewing's sarcoma relapse, and there are limited options with curative potential. Immunotherapy is a promising approach as it can target tumor-specific antigens that are specifically expressed on tumors while sparing non-malignant cells. We have demonstrated that a demethylating chemotherapeutic drug, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (decitabine, DAC) can upregulate the expression of cancer-testis (CT) antigens, MHC molecules, and intracellular cell adhesion molecule-1 on pediatric sarcoma cell lines, resulting in enhanced killing of tumor cells by CT antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes derived from pediatric sarcoma patients. A significant increase in the mRNA expression levels of MAGE-A1 and MAGE-A3 were found in 70 %, and NY-ESO-1 in 80 % of the sarcoma lines following exposure to pharmacological levels of DAC. The high expression levels of MAGE-A1, MAGE-A3, and NY-ESO-1 were sustained in sarcoma lines and primary tumor lines over 30 days after the cessation of DAC. Furthermore, DAC treatment induced upregulation of MAGE-A1, MAGE-A3, or NY-ESO-1 protein expression in seven of nine lines studied. These studies show that demethylating chemotherapy could be combined with CT antigen-directed immunotherapy for treating pediatric sarcoma.
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Wong DJL, Rao A, Avramis E, Matsunaga DR, Komatsubara KM, Atefi MS, Escuin-Ordinas H, Chodon T, Koya RC, Ribas A, Comin-Anduix B. Exposure to a histone deacetylase inhibitor has detrimental effects on human lymphocyte viability and function. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:459-68. [PMID: 24795358 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) have been reported to increase tumor antigen expression, and have been successfully tested as adjuvants for melanoma immunotherapy in mouse models. In this work, we tested the effects of a pan-HDACi on human lymphocytes and melanoma cell lines. Effects of the pan-HDACi panobinostat (LBH589) on cell viability, cell cycle, apoptosis, and DNA damage were determined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 2 healthy donors, 13 patients with metastatic melanoma, 2 bone marrow samples from patients with different malignances, and 12 human melanoma cell lines. Intracellular signaling in lymphocytes, with or without cytokine stimulation, was analyzed by phospho-flow cytometry in one of each type. The IC50 in PBMCs was <20 nmol/L compared with >600 nmol/L in melanoma cell lines; >40% apoptotic cell death in PBMCs versus <10% in melanoma cell lines was seen at the same concentration. Phospho-histone variant H2A.X (pH2A.X) increased 2-fold in healthy donor PBMCs at 1 nmol/L, whereas the same effect in the melanoma cell line M229 required 10 nmol/L. pH2A.X was inhibited slightly in the PBMCs of 3 patients with metastatic melanoma at 1 nmol/L and in the melanoma cell line M370 at 10 nmol/L. Panobinostat inhibited phospho-STAT1/3/5/6, -p38, -ERK, -p53, -cyclin D3, and -histone H3 in flow cytometry-gated healthy donor B and T cells, whereas it induced up to 6-fold activation in patients with metastatic melanoma and bone marrow samples. In human lymphocytes, panobinostat alters key lymphocyte activation signaling pathways and is cytotoxic at concentrations much lower than those required for melanoma antitumor activity, resulting in an adverse therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J L Wong
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
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Sigalotti L, Fratta E, Coral S, Maio M. Epigenetic drugs as immunomodulators for combination therapies in solid tumors. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 142:339-50. [PMID: 24384533 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Continuously improving knowledge of the fine mechanisms regulating cross-talk between immune cells, and of their multi-faceted interactions with cancer cells, has prompted the development of several novel immunotherapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. Among these, modulation of the host's immune system by targeting immunological synapses has shown notable clinical efficacy in different tumor types. Despite this, objective clinical responses and, more importantly, long-term survival are achieved only by a fraction of patients; therefore, identification of the mechanism(s) responsible for the differential effectiveness of immune checkpoint blockade in specific patient populations is an area of intense investigation. Neoplastic cells can activate multiple mechanisms to escape from immune control; among these, epigenetic reprogramming is emerging as a key player. Selected tumor-associated antigens, Human Leukocyte Antigens, and accessory/co-stimulatory molecules required for efficient recognition of neoplastic cells by the immune system have been shown to be epigenetically silenced or down-regulated in cancer. Consistent with the inherent reversibility of epigenetic silencing, "epigenetic" drugs, such as inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases and of histone deacetylases, can restore the functional expression of these down-regulated molecules, thus improving the recognition of cancer cells by both the innate and adaptive immune responses. This review focuses on the immunomodulatory activity of epigenetic drugs and on their proposed clinical use in novel combined chemo-immunotherapeutic regimens for the treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Sigalotti
- Cancer Bioimmunotherapy Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico Aviano, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Fratta
- Cancer Bioimmunotherapy Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico Aviano, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Sandra Coral
- Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Siena, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Siena, Italy
| | - Michele Maio
- Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Siena, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Siena, Italy.
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Perez-Campos E, Perez JA, Mayoral LPC, Velasco IG, Cruz PH, Olivera PG. Why not change classical treatments for glioblastoma in elderly patients? World J Exp Med 2013; 3:50-55. [DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v3.i4.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In consideration of the poor results obtained with conventional treatments, a review of alternative treatments for elderly patients with glioblastoma was researched in this study. The proposal considers the elimination of human cytomegalovirus, modifying the immune response, arresting growths, blocking some signaling pathways, and modulating the effects of oxygen reactive species.
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Low dose decitabine treatment induces CD80 expression in cancer cells and stimulates tumor specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62924. [PMID: 23671644 PMCID: PMC3650049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lack of immunogenicity of cancer cells has been considered a major reason for their failure in induction of a tumor specific T cell response. In this paper, we present evidence that decitabine (DAC), a DNA methylation inhibitor that is currently used for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and other malignant neoplasms, is capable of eliciting an anti-tumor cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response in mouse EL4 tumor model. C57BL/6 mice with established EL4 tumors were treated with DAC (1.0 mg/kg body weight) once daily for 5 days. We found that DAC treatment resulted in infiltration of IFN-γ producing T lymphocytes into tumors and caused tumor rejection. Depletion of CD8+, but not CD4+ T cells resumed tumor growth. DAC-induced CTL response appeared to be elicited by the induction of CD80 expression on tumor cells. Epigenetic evidence suggests that DAC induces CD80 expression in EL4 cells via demethylation of CpG dinucleotide sites in the promoter of CD80 gene. In addition, we also showed that a transient, low-dose DAC treatment can induce CD80 gene expression in a variety of human cancer cells. This study provides the first evidence that epigenetic modulation can induce the expression of a major T cell co-stimulatory molecule on cancer cells, which can overcome immune tolerance, and induce an efficient anti-tumor CTL response. The results have important implications in designing DAC-based cancer immunotherapy.
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Ribas A, Wolchok JD. Combining cancer immunotherapy and targeted therapy. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:291-6. [PMID: 23561594 PMCID: PMC3672064 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ability to pharmacologically modulate key signaling pathways that drive tumor growth and progression, but do not negatively impact the function of lymphocytes, provides avenues for rational combinatorial approaches to improve the antitumor activity of tumor immunotherapies. Novel targeted agents can very specifically block oncogenic events in cancer cells, leading to a pro-apoptotic milieu and a potential increase in sensitivity to recognition and attack by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Furthermore, targeted pathway modulation in lymphocytes may change their function and have activating effects in some instances. When tested together with recently developed powerful tumor immunotherapies, such combinations may exploit the highly specific targeting of oncogenes with small molecule inhibitors to lead to high frequency of tumor regressions, and merge this benefit with the durable responses achievable with effective tumor immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Ribas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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