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Williams KS, Seawell JA, Zhuravleva V, Pierre K, Meeker RB. Cooperative interactions between neurotrophin receptors and CXCR4 regulate macrophage phenotype and susceptibility to activation by HIV. J Neurovirol 2024:10.1007/s13365-024-01211-0. [PMID: 38822196 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-024-01211-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Neural damage due to inflammatory activation of macrophages and microglia is a consequence of HIV infection that leads to cognitive dysfunction. The damage is due, in part, to the release of factors that impair neuronal function but the mechanisms that control their release are poorly understood. Previous studies have shown that mature nerve growth factor (NGF) binding to tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA), and proNGF acting through the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) differentially control the phenotype of macrophages in response to HIV. However, the mechanisms responsible for these actions are unclear. The current studies demonstrated that in human monocyte-derived macrophages, CCR5 tropic HIV virions interact with the CXCR4 receptor to promote a neurotoxic macrophage phenotype. TrkA cooperatively interacted with CXCR4 to promote quick and dynamic changes in CXCR4 phosphorylation and more stable downstream actin remodeling in the form of membrane ruffles. TrkA signaling also promoted increased moacrophage calcium spiking, and low neurotoxic activity. Disruption of these interactions by HIV led to an alternative podosome-bearing phenotype with minimal calcium signaling and enhanced toxicity. Neurotrophin receptors provide an independent yet cooperative pathway for modifying the actin cytoskeleton in response to chemokines and subsequent degenerative activity. The strong opposing effects of mature and proneurotrophins may provide the opportunity to develop novel therapies that regulate the phenotype of macrophages in the context of HIV infection and perhaps other degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly S Williams
- Environmental and Health Sciences Program, Spelman College, 30314, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Jaimie A Seawell
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- School of Medicine, Now at University of South Carolina, 29203, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Viktoriya Zhuravleva
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Columbia University, 10027, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kersten Pierre
- Environmental and Health Sciences Program, Spelman College, 30314, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory University, 30322, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rick B Meeker
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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2
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Chinnathambi S, Das R. Microglia degrade Tau oligomers deposit via purinergic P2Y12-associated podosome and filopodia formation and induce chemotaxis. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:95. [PMID: 37221563 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tau protein forms neurofibrillary tangles and becomes deposited in the brain during Alzheimer's disease (AD). Tau oligomers are the most reactive species, mediating neurotoxic and inflammatory activity. Microglia are the immune cells in the central nervous system, sense the extracellular Tau via various cell surface receptors. Purinergic P2Y12 receptor can directly interact with Tau oligomers and mediates microglial chemotaxis via actin remodeling. The disease-associated microglia are associated with impaired migration and express a reduced level of P2Y12, but elevate the level of reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines. RESULTS Here, we studied the formation and organization of various actin microstructures such as-podosome, filopodia and uropod in colocalization with actin nucleator protein Arp2 and scaffold protein TKS5 in Tau-induced microglia by fluorescence microscopy. Further, the relevance of P2Y12 signaling either by activation or blockage was studied in terms of actin structure formations and Tau deposits degradation by N9 microglia. Extracellular Tau oligomers facilitate the microglial migration via Arp2-associated podosome and filopodia formation through the involvement of P2Y12 signaling. Similarly, Tau oligomers induce the TKS5-associated podosome clustering in microglial lamella in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, the P2Y12 was evidenced to localize with F-actin-rich podosome and filopodia during Tau-deposit degradation. The blockage of P2Y12 signaling resulted in decreased microglial migration and Tau-deposit degradation. CONCLUSIONS The P2Y12 signaling mediate the formation of migratory actin structures like- podosome and filopodia to exhibit chemotaxis and degrade Tau deposit. These beneficial roles of P2Y12 in microglial chemotaxis, actin network remodeling and Tau clearance can be intervened as a therapeutic target in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Institute of National Importance, Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, Karnataka, India.
| | - Rashmi Das
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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3
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Bader W, Steinacher C, Fischer HT, Glueckert R, Schmutzhard J, Schrott-Fischer A. Effects of Therapeutic Hypothermia on Macrophages in Mouse Cochlea Explants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8850. [PMID: 37240196 PMCID: PMC10218374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, over the next few decades, more than 2.5 billion people will suffer from hearing impairment, including profound hearing loss, and millions could potentially benefit from a cochlea implant. To date, several studies have focused on tissue trauma caused by cochlea implantation. The direct immune reaction in the inner ear after an implantation has not been well studied. Recently, therapeutic hypothermia has been found to positively influence the inflammatory reaction caused by electrode insertion trauma. The present study aimed to evaluate the hypothermic effect on the structure, numbers, function and reactivity of macrophages and microglial cells. Therefore, the distribution and activated forms of macrophages in the cochlea were evaluated in an electrode insertion trauma cochlea culture model in normothermic and mild hypothermic conditions. In 10-day-old mouse cochleae, artificial electrode insertion trauma was inflicted, and then they were cultured for 24 h at 37 °C and 32 °C. The influence of mild hypothermia on macrophages was evaluated using immunostaining of cryosections using antibodies against IBA1, F4/80, CD45 and CD163. A clear influence of mild hypothermia on the distribution of activated and non-activated forms of macrophages and monocytes in the inner ear was observed. Furthermore, these cells were located in the mesenchymal tissue in and around the cochlea, and the activated forms were found in and around the spiral ganglion tissue at 37 °C. Our findings suggest that mild hypothermic treatment has a beneficial effect on immune system activation after electrode insertion trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Joachim Schmutzhard
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (W.B.); (C.S.); (H.T.F.); (R.G.); (A.S.-F.)
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4
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Chinnathambi S, Das R, Desale SE. Tau aggregates improve the purinergic receptor P2Y12-associated podosome rearrangements in microglial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119477. [PMID: 37061007 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is associated with protein misfolding, plaque accumulation, neuronal dysfunction, synaptic loss, and cognitive decline. The pathological cascade of AD includes the intracellular Tau hyperphosphorylation and its subsequent aggregation, extracellular Amyloid-β plaque formation and microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. The extracellular release of aggregated Tau is sensed by surveilling microglia through the involvement of various cell surface receptors. Among all, purinergic P2Y12R signaling is involved in microglial chemotaxis towards the damaged neurons. Microglial migration is highly linked with membrane-associated actin remodeling leading to the phagocytosis of extracellular Tau species. Here, we studied the formation of various actin structures such as podosome, lamellipodia and filopodia, in response to extracellular Tau monomers and aggregates. Microglial podosomes are colocalized with actin nucleator protein WASP, Arp2 and TKS5 adaptor protein during Tau-mediated migration. Moreover, the P2Y12 receptors were associated with F-actin-rich podosome structures, which signify the potential of Tau aggregates in microglial chemotaxis through the involvement of actin remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Institute of National Importance, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India.
| | - Rashmi Das
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Smita Eknath Desale
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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5
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Saldías MP, Cruz P, Silva I, Orellana-Serradell O, Lavanderos B, Maureira D, Pinto R, Cerda O. The Cytoplasmic Region of SARAF Reduces Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Metastasis through the Regulation of Store-Operated Calcium Entry. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065306. [PMID: 36982380 PMCID: PMC10049260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer has a poor prognosis and is non-responsive to first-line therapies; hence, new therapeutic strategies are needed. Enhanced store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) has been widely described as a contributing factor to tumorigenic behavior in several tumor types, particularly in breast cancer cells. SOCE-associated regulatory factor (SARAF) acts as an inhibitor of the SOCE response and, therefore, can be a potential antitumor factor. Herein, we generated a C-terminal SARAF fragment to evaluate the effect of overexpression of this peptide on the malignancy of triple-negative breast cancer cell lines. Using both in vitro and in vivo approaches, we showed that overexpression of the C-terminal SARAF fragment reduced proliferation, cell migration, and the invasion of murine and human breast cancer cells by decreasing the SOCE response. Our data suggest that regulating the activity of the SOCE response via SARAF activity might constitute the basis for further alternative therapeutic strategies for triple-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Paz Saldías
- Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Pablo Cruz
- Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Ian Silva
- Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Octavio Orellana-Serradell
- Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Boris Lavanderos
- Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Diego Maureira
- Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Raquel Pinto
- Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Oscar Cerda
- Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-2-29786909
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Linder S, Cervero P, Eddy R, Condeelis J. Mechanisms and roles of podosomes and invadopodia. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:86-106. [PMID: 36104625 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cell invasion into the surrounding extracellular matrix or across tissue boundaries and endothelial barriers occurs in both physiological and pathological scenarios such as immune surveillance or cancer metastasis. Podosomes and invadopodia, collectively called 'invadosomes', are actin-based structures that drive the proteolytic invasion of cells, by forming highly regulated platforms for the localized release of lytic enzymes that degrade the matrix. Recent advances in high-resolution microscopy techniques, in vivo imaging and high-throughput analyses have led to considerable progress in understanding mechanisms of invadosomes, revealing the intricate inner architecture of these structures, as well as their growing repertoire of functions that extends well beyond matrix degradation. In this Review, we discuss the known functions, architecture and regulatory mechanisms of podosomes and invadopodia. In particular, we describe the molecular mechanisms of localized actin turnover and microtubule-based cargo delivery, with a special focus on matrix-lytic enzymes that enable proteolytic invasion. Finally, we point out topics that should become important in the invadosome field in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Linder
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Pasquale Cervero
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Eddy
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Condeelis
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Li J, Qi Y, Yang K, Zhu L, Cui X, Liu Z. Follistatin Is a Novel Chemoattractant for Migration and Invasion of Placental Trophoblasts of Mice. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233816. [PMID: 36497076 PMCID: PMC9741044 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Follistatin (FST) as a gonadal protein is central to the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. Trophoblasts' migration and invasion into the endometrium are critical events in placental development. This study aimed to elucidate the role of FST in the migration and invasion of placental trophoblasts of mice. We found that FST increased the vitality and proliferation of primary cultured trophoblasts of embryonic day 8.5 (E8.5) mice and promoted wound healing of trophoblasts. Moreover, FST significantly induced migration of trophoblasts in a microfluidic device and increased the number of invasive trophoblasts by Matrigel-coated transwell invasion assay. Being treated with FST, the adhesion of trophoblasts was inhibited, but intracellular calcium flux of trophoblasts was increased. Western blotting results showed that FST had no significant effects on the level of p-Smad3 or the ratio of p-Smad3/Smad3 in trophoblasts. Interestingly, FST elevated the level of p-JNK; the ratio of p-JNK/JNK; and expression of migration-related proteins N-cadherin, vimentin, ezrin and MMP2 in trophoblasts. Additionally, the migration of trophoblasts and expression of N-cadherin, vimentin, and MMP2 in trophoblasts induced by FST were attenuated by JNK inhibitor AS601245. These findings suggest that the elevated FST in pregnancy may act as a chemokine to induce trophoblast migration and invasion through the enhanced JNK signaling to maintain trophoblast function and promote placental development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yan Qi
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Clinical Immunology, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Linjing Zhu
- Department of Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xueling Cui
- Key Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Clinical Immunology, Changchun 130021, China
- Department of Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zhonghui Liu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Clinical Immunology, Changchun 130021, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-431-8561-9476
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8
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Kühl B, Beyerbach M, Baumgärtner W, Gerhauser I. Characterization of microglia/macrophage phenotypes in the spinal cord following intervertebral disc herniation. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:942967. [PMID: 36262531 PMCID: PMC9574228 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.942967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs frequently suffer from traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Most cases of SCI have a favorable prognosis but 40-50% of dogs with paraplegia and absence of nociception do not regain ambulatory abilities, eventually leading to euthanasia. Microglia and infiltrating macrophages play a crucial role in inflammatory process after SCI. However, little is known about microglia/macrophage phenotypes representing a potential target for future therapeutic strategies. In the present study, the microglia/macrophage phenotype was characterized by immunohistochemistry in the morphologically unaltered canine spinal cord (10 control dogs) and during acute and subacute SCI (1-4 and 5-10 days post injury, 9 and 8 dogs, respectively) using antibodies directed against IBA1, MAC387, MHC-II, lysozyme, EGR2, myeloperoxidase, CD18, CD204 and lectin from Griffonia simplicifolia (BS-1). The expression of these markers was also analyzed in the spleen as reference for the phenotype of histiocytic cells. Histological lesions were absent in controls. In acute SCI, 4 dogs showed mild to moderate hemorrhages, 2 dogs bilateral gray matter necrosis and 6 dogs mild multifocal axonal swellings and myelin sheath dilation. One dog with acute SCI did not show histological alterations except for few dilated myelin sheaths. In subacute SCI, variable numbers of gitter cells, axonal changes and dilated myelin sheaths were present in all dogs and large areas of tissue necrosis in 2 dogs. Neuronal chromatolysis was found in 3 dogs with acute and subacute SCI, respectively. In control dogs, microglia/macrophage constitutively expressed IBA1 and rarely other markers. In acute SCI, a similar marker expression was found except for an increase in MAC387-positive cells in the spinal cord white matter due to an infiltration of few blood-borne macrophages. In subacute SCI, increased numbers of microglia/macrophages expressed CD18, CD204 and MHC-II in the gray matter SCI indicating enhanced antigen recognition, processing and presentation as well as cell migration and phagocytosis during this stage. Interestingly, only CD204-positive cells were upregulated in the white matter, which might be related to gray-white matter heterogeneity of microglia as previously described in humans. The present findings contribute to the understanding of the immunological processes during SCI in a large animal model for human SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Kühl
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Beyerbach
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany,*Correspondence: Wolfgang Baumgärtner
| | - Ingo Gerhauser
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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Ibanez KR, McFarland KN, Phillips J, Allen M, Lessard CB, Zobel L, De La Cruz EG, Shah S, Vo Q, Wang X, Quicksall Z, Ryu D, Funk C, Ertekin-Taner N, Prokop S, Golde TE, Chakrabarty P. Deletion of Abi3/Gngt2 influences age-progressive amyloid β and tau pathologies in distinctive ways. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:104. [PMID: 35897046 PMCID: PMC9327202 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The S209F variant of Abelson Interactor Protein 3 (ABI3) increases risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD), but little is known about its function in relation to AD pathogenesis. METHODS Here, we use a mouse model that is deficient in Abi3 locus to study how the loss of function of Abi3 impacts two cardinal neuropathological hallmarks of AD-amyloid β plaques and tau pathology. Our study employs extensive neuropathological and transcriptomic characterization using transgenic mouse models and adeno-associated virus-mediated gene targeting strategies. RESULTS Analysis of bulk RNAseq data confirmed age-progressive increase in Abi3 levels in rodent models of AD-type amyloidosis and upregulation in AD patients relative to healthy controls. Using RNAscope in situ hybridization, we localized the cellular distribution of Abi3 in mouse and human brains, finding that Abi3 is expressed in both microglial and non-microglial cells. Next, we evaluated Abi3-/- mice and document that both Abi3 and its overlapping gene, Gngt2, are disrupted in these mice. Using multiple transcriptomic datasets, we show that expression of Abi3 and Gngt2 are tightly correlated in rodent models of AD and human brains, suggesting a tight co-expression relationship. RNAseq of the Abi3-Gngt2-/- mice revealed upregulation of Trem2, Plcg2, and Tyrobp, concomitant with induction of an AD-associated neurodegenerative signature, even in the absence of AD-typical neuropathology. In APP mice, loss of Abi3-Gngt2 resulted in a gene dose- and age-dependent reduction in Aβ deposition. Additionally, in Abi3-Gngt2-/- mice, expression of a pro-aggregant form of human tau exacerbated tauopathy and astrocytosis. Further, using in vitro culture assays, we show that the AD-associated S209F mutation alters the extent of ABI3 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS These data provide an important experimental framework for understanding the role of Abi3-Gngt2 function and early inflammatory gliosis in AD. Our studies also demonstrate that inflammatory gliosis could have opposing effects on amyloid and tau pathology, highlighting the unpredictability of targeting immune pathways in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen R Ibanez
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Karen N McFarland
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Jennifer Phillips
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Mariet Allen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Christian B Lessard
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Lillian Zobel
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Elsa Gonzalez De La Cruz
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Shivani Shah
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Quan Vo
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Zachary Quicksall
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Daniel Ryu
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Cory Funk
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Nilüfer Ertekin-Taner
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Stefan Prokop
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Todd E Golde
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Paramita Chakrabarty
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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10
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Mechanical actuators in microglia dynamics and function. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Souza Bomfim GH, Niemeyer BA, Lacruz RS, Lis A. On the Connections between TRPM Channels and SOCE. Cells 2022; 11:1190. [PMID: 35406753 PMCID: PMC8997886 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma membrane protein channels provide a passageway for ions to access the intracellular milieu. Rapid entry of calcium ions into cells is controlled mostly by ion channels, while Ca2+-ATPases and Ca2+ exchangers ensure that cytosolic Ca2+ levels ([Ca2+]cyt) are maintained at low (~100 nM) concentrations. Some channels, such as the Ca2+-release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels and voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (CACNAs), are highly Ca2+-selective, while others, including the Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin (TRPM) family, have broader selectivity and are mostly permeable to monovalent and divalent cations. Activation of CRAC channels involves the coupling between ORAI1-3 channels with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) located Ca2+ store sensor, Stromal Interaction Molecules 1-2 (STIM1/2), a pathway also termed store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). The TRPM family is formed by 8 members (TRPM1-8) permeable to Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+ and Na+ cations, and is activated by multiple stimuli. Recent studies indicated that SOCE and TRPM structure-function are interlinked in some instances, although the molecular details of this interaction are only emerging. Here we review the role of TRPM and SOCE in Ca2+ handling and highlight the available evidence for this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme H. Souza Bomfim
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA;
| | - Barbara A. Niemeyer
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany;
| | - Rodrigo S. Lacruz
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA;
| | - Annette Lis
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
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12
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Prakash P, Jethava KP, Korte N, Izquierdo P, Favuzzi E, Rose IVL, Guttenplan KA, Manchanda P, Dutta S, Rochet JC, Fishell G, Liddelow SA, Attwell D, Chopra G. Monitoring phagocytic uptake of amyloid β into glial cell lysosomes in real time. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10901-10918. [PMID: 34476070 PMCID: PMC8372545 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03486c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis by glial cells is essential to regulate brain function during health and disease. Therapies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) have primarily focused on targeting antibodies to amyloid β (Aβ) or inhibitng enzymes that make it, and while removal of Aβ by phagocytosis is protective early in AD it remains poorly understood. Impaired phagocytic function of glial cells during later stages of AD likely contributes to worsened disease outcome, but the underlying mechanisms of how this occurs remain unknown. We have developed a human Aβ1-42 analogue (AβpH) that exhibits green fluorescence upon internalization into the acidic organelles of cells but is non-fluorescent at physiological pH. This allowed us to image, for the first time, glial uptake of AβpH in real time in live animals. We find that microglia phagocytose more AβpH than astrocytes in culture, in brain slices and in vivo. AβpH can be used to investigate the phagocytic mechanisms responsible for removing Aβ from the extracellular space, and thus could become a useful tool to study Aβ clearance at different stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Krupal P Jethava
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Nils Korte
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Pablo Izquierdo
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Emilia Favuzzi
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School 220 Longwood Avenue Boston MA 02115 USA
- Stanley Center at the Broad 75 Ames Street Cambridge MA 02142 USA
| | - Indigo V L Rose
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine New York NY 10016 USA
| | | | - Palak Manchanda
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Sayan Dutta
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Rochet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Gord Fishell
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School 220 Longwood Avenue Boston MA 02115 USA
- Stanley Center at the Broad 75 Ames Street Cambridge MA 02142 USA
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine New York NY 10016 USA
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine New York NY 10016 USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine New York NY 10016 USA
| | - David Attwell
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Gaurav Chopra
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery 720 Clinic Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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13
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Porro C, Pennella A, Panaro MA, Trotta T. Functional Role of Non-Muscle Myosin II in Microglia: An Updated Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136687. [PMID: 34206505 PMCID: PMC8267657 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Myosins are a remarkable superfamily of actin-based motor proteins that use the energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to translocate actin filaments and to produce force. Myosins are abundant in different types of tissues and involved in a large variety of cellular functions. Several classes of the myosin superfamily are expressed in the nervous system; among them, non-muscle myosin II (NM II) is expressed in both neurons and non-neuronal brain cells, such as astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, endothelial cells, and microglia. In the nervous system, NM II modulates a variety of functions, such as vesicle transport, phagocytosis, cell migration, cell adhesion and morphology, secretion, transcription, and cytokinesis, as well as playing key roles during brain development, inflammation, repair, and myelination functions. In this review, we will provide a brief overview of recent emerging roles of NM II in resting and activated microglia cells, the principal regulators of immune processes in the central nervous system (CNS) in both physiological and pathological conditions. When stimulated, microglial cells react and produce a number of mediators, such as pro-inflammatory cytokines, free radicals, and nitric oxide, that enhance inflammation and contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. Inhibition of NM II could be a new therapeutic target to treat or to prevent CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Porro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (C.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Antonio Pennella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (C.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Maria Antonietta Panaro
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Teresa Trotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (C.P.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Balmik AA, Sonawane SK, Chinnathambi S. The extracellular HDAC6 ZnF UBP domain modulates the actin network and post-translational modifications of Tau. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:49. [PMID: 33933071 PMCID: PMC8088071 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00736-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microtubule-associated protein Tau undergoes aggregation in Alzheimer`s disease (AD) and a group of other related diseases collectively known as Tauopathies. In AD, Tau forms aggregates, which are deposited intracellularly as neurofibrillary tangles. Histone deacetylase-6 (HDAC6) plays an important role in aggresome formation, where it recruits polyubiquitinated aggregates to the motor protein dynein. METHODS Here, we have studied the effects of HDAC6 ZnF UBP on Tau phosphorylation, ApoE localization, GSK-3β regulation and cytoskeletal organization in neuronal cells by immunocytochemical analysis. This analysis reveals that the cell exposure to the UBP-type zinc finger domain of HDAC6 (HDAC6 ZnF UBP) can modulate Tau phosphorylation and actin cytoskeleton organization. RESULTS HDAC6 ZnF UBP treatment to cells did not affect their viability and resulted in enhanced neurite extension and formation of structures similar to podosomes, lamellipodia and podonuts suggesting the role of this domain in actin re-organization. Also, HDAC6 ZnF UBP treatment caused increase in nuclear localization of ApoE and tubulin localization in microtubule organizing centre (MTOC). Therefore, our studies suggest the regulatory role of this domain in different aspects of neurodegenerative diseases. Upon HDAC6 ZnF UBP treatment, inactive phosphorylated form of GSK-3β increases without any change in total GSK-3β level. CONCLUSIONS HDAC6 ZnF UBP was found to be involved in cytoskeletal re-organization by modulating actin dynamics and tubulin localization. Overall, our study suggests that ZnF domain of HDAC6 performs various regulatory functions apart from its classical function in aggresome formation in protein misfolding diseases. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Ankur Balmik
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shweta Kishor Sonawane
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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15
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Ernest James Phillips T, Maguire E. Phosphoinositides: Roles in the Development of Microglial-Mediated Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:652593. [PMID: 33841102 PMCID: PMC8032904 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.652593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are increasingly recognized as vital players in the pathology of a variety of neurodegenerative conditions including Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s (PD) disease. While microglia have a protective role in the brain, their dysfunction can lead to neuroinflammation and contributes to disease progression. Also, a growing body of literature highlights the seven phosphoinositides, or PIPs, as key players in the regulation of microglial-mediated neuroinflammation. These small signaling lipids are phosphorylated derivates of phosphatidylinositol, are enriched in the brain, and have well-established roles in both homeostasis and disease.Disrupted PIP levels and signaling has been detected in a variety of dementias. Moreover, many known AD disease modifiers identified via genetic studies are expressed in microglia and are involved in phospholipid metabolism. One of these, the enzyme PLCγ2 that hydrolyzes the PIP species PI(4,5)P2, displays altered expression in AD and PD and is currently being investigated as a potential therapeutic target.Perhaps unsurprisingly, neurodegenerative conditions exhibiting PIP dyshomeostasis also tend to show alterations in aspects of microglial function regulated by these lipids. In particular, phosphoinositides regulate the activities of proteins and enzymes required for endocytosis, toll-like receptor signaling, purinergic signaling, chemotaxis, and migration, all of which are affected in a variety of neurodegenerative conditions. These functions are crucial to allow microglia to adequately survey the brain and respond appropriately to invading pathogens and other abnormalities, including misfolded proteins. AD and PD therapies are being developed to target many of the above pathways, and although not yet investigated, simultaneous PIP manipulation might enhance the beneficial effects observed. Currently, only limited therapeutics are available for dementia, and although these show some benefits for symptom severity and progression, they are far from curative. Given the importance of microglia and PIPs in dementia development, this review summarizes current research and asks whether we can exploit this information to design more targeted, or perhaps combined, dementia therapeutics. More work is needed to fully characterize the pathways discussed in this review, but given the strength of the current literature, insights in this area could be invaluable for the future of neurodegenerative disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily Maguire
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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16
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Cojocaru A, Burada E, Bălșeanu AT, Deftu AF, Cătălin B, Popa-Wagner A, Osiac E. Roles of Microglial Ion Channel in Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10061239. [PMID: 33802786 PMCID: PMC8002406 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10061239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As the average age and life expectancy increases, the incidence of both acute and chronic central nervous system (CNS) pathologies will increase. Understanding mechanisms underlying neuroinflammation as the common feature of any neurodegenerative pathology, we can exploit the pharmacology of cell specific ion channels to improve the outcome of many CNS diseases. As the main cellular player of neuroinflammation, microglia play a central role in this process. Although microglia are considered non-excitable cells, they express a variety of ion channels under both physiological and pathological conditions that seem to be involved in a plethora of cellular processes. Here, we discuss the impact of modulating microglia voltage-gated, potential transient receptor, chloride and proton channels on microglial proliferation, migration, and phagocytosis in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Cojocaru
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (A.C.); (E.B.); (A.-T.B.)
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Emilia Burada
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (A.C.); (E.B.); (A.-T.B.)
| | - Adrian-Tudor Bălșeanu
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (A.C.); (E.B.); (A.-T.B.)
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Alexandru-Florian Deftu
- Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine (FBM), University of Lausanne (UNIL), CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bogdan Cătălin
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (A.C.); (E.B.); (A.-T.B.)
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
- Correspondence: (B.C.); (A.P.-W.)
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Chair of Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing Research, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Correspondence: (B.C.); (A.P.-W.)
| | - Eugen Osiac
- Department of Biophysics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
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17
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Kuan P, Clouston S, Yang X, Che C, Gandy S, Kotov R, Bromet E, Luft BJ. Single-cell transcriptomics analysis of mild cognitive impairment in World Trade Center disaster responders. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 13:e12154. [PMID: 33665344 PMCID: PMC7896635 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent research has found that World Trade Center (WTC) responders in their mid-50s have an elevated prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) that is associated with neural degeneration and subcortical thinning. This article extends our understanding of the molecular complexity of MCI through gene expression profiling of blood. METHODS The transcriptomics of 40 male WTC responders were profiled across two cohorts (discovery: nine MCI and nine controls; replication: 11 MCI and 11 controls) using CITE-Seq at single-cell resolution in blood. RESULTS Comparing the transcriptomic signatures across seven major cell subpopulations, the largest differences were observed in monocytes in which 226 genes were differentially expressed. Pathway analysis on the genes unique to monocytes identified processes associated with cerebral immune response. DISCUSSION Our findings suggested monocytes may constitute a key cell type to target in blood-based biomarker studies for early detection of risk of MCI and development of new interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei‐Fen Kuan
- Department of Applied Mathematics and StatisticsStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Sean Clouston
- Department of Family and Preventive MedicineStony Book UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Xiaohua Yang
- Department of MedicineStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Chang Che
- Department of Applied Mathematics and StatisticsStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Samuel Gandy
- Department of NeurologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Roman Kotov
- Department of PsychiatryStony Book UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Evelyn Bromet
- Department of PsychiatryStony Book UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Benjamin J. Luft
- Department of MedicineStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
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18
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Dulka K, Nacsa K, Lajkó N, Gulya K. Quantitative morphometric and cell-type-specific population analysis of microglia-enriched cultures subcloned to high purity from newborn rat brains. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2021; 10:119-129. [PMID: 33842918 PMCID: PMC8019997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological and functional characterizations of cultured microglia are essential for the improved understanding of their roles in neuronal health and disease. Although some studies (phenotype analysis, phagocytosis) can be carried out in mixed or microglia-enriched cultures, in others (gene expression) pure microglia must be used. If the use of genetically modified microglial cells is not feasible, isolation of resident microglia from nervous tissue must be carried out. In this study, mixed primary cultures were established from the forebrains of newborn rats. Secondary microglia-enriched cultures were then prepared by shaking off these cells from the primary cultures, which were subsequently used to establish tertiary cultures by further shaking off the easily detachable microglia. The composition of these cultures was quantitatively analyzed by immunocytochemistry of microglia-, astrocyte-, oligodendrocyte- and neuron-specific markers to determine yield and purity. Microglia were quantitatively characterized regarding morphological and proliferation aspects. Secondary and tertiary cultures typically exhibited 73.3% ± 17.8% and 93.1% ± 6.0% purity for microglia, respectively, although the total number of microglia in the latter was much smaller. One in seven attempts of culturing the tertiary cultures had ~99% purity for microglia. The overall yield from the number of cells plated at DIV0 to the Iba1-positive microglia in tertiary cultures was ~1%. Astrocytic and neuronal contamination progressively decreased during subcloning, while oligodendrocytes were found sporadically throughout culturing. Although the tertiary microglia cultures had a low yield, they produced consistently high purity for microglia; after validation, such cultures are suitable for purity-sensitive functional screenings (gene/protein expression).
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Key Words
- ANOVA, One-way analysis of variance
- CNPase, 2′,3′-Cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase
- CNS, Central nervous system
- Cell yield
- DIV, Day(s) in vitro
- DMEM, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium
- Differential adherence
- FBS, Fetal bovine serum
- FITC, Fluorescein isothiocyanate
- GFAP, Glial fibrillary acidic protein
- Iba1, Ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1
- Immunocytochemistry
- Ki67, Proliferation marker antigen identified by the monoclonal antibody Ki67
- PBS, Phosphate buffered saline
- PI, Proliferation index
- PVP, Polyvinylpyrrolidone
- Proliferation
- Purity of culture
- RT, Room temperature
- Rpm, Revolutions per minute
- S.D., Standard deviation
- S1, S2, Secondary subcultures
- Secondary/tertiary culture
- T1, T2, Tertiary subcultures
- TI, Transformation index
- subDIV, Subcloned day(s) in vitro
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Dulka
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kálmán Nacsa
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Noémi Lajkó
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Karoly Gulya
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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19
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Vellino S, Oddou C, Rivier P, Boyault C, Hiriart-Bryant E, Kraut A, Martin R, Coute Y, Knölker HJ, Valverde MA, Albigès-Rizo C, Destaing O. Cross-talk between the calcium channel TRPV4 and reactive oxygen species interlocks adhesive and degradative functions of invadosomes. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211651. [PMID: 33399853 PMCID: PMC7788461 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201910079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Invadosomes support cell invasion by coupling both acto-adhesive and extracellular matrix degradative functions, which are apparently antagonistic. β1-integrin dynamics regulate this coupling, but the actual sensing mechanism and effectors involved have not yet been elucidated. Using genetic and reverse genetic approaches combined with biochemical and imaging techniques, we now show that the calcium channel TRPV4 colocalizes with β1-integrins at the invadosome periphery and regulates its activation and the coupling of acto-adhesive and degradative functions. TRPV4-mediated regulation of podosome function depends on its ability to sense reactive oxygen species (ROS) in invadosomes' microenvironment and involves activation of the ROS/calcium-sensitive kinase Ask1 and binding of the motor MYO1C. Furthermore, disease-associated TRPV4 gain-of-function mutations that modulate ECM degradation are also implicated in the ROS response, which provides new perspectives in our understanding of the pathophysiology of TRPV4 channelopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanela Vellino
- Dynamique des systèmes d'adhérence, Institut for Advanced Biosciences, Centre de Recherche University Grenoble Alpes/INSERM U1209/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité mixte de recherche 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Christiane Oddou
- Dynamique des systèmes d'adhérence, Institut for Advanced Biosciences, Centre de Recherche University Grenoble Alpes/INSERM U1209/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité mixte de recherche 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Paul Rivier
- Dynamique des systèmes d'adhérence, Institut for Advanced Biosciences, Centre de Recherche University Grenoble Alpes/INSERM U1209/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité mixte de recherche 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Cyril Boyault
- Dynamique des systèmes d'adhérence, Institut for Advanced Biosciences, Centre de Recherche University Grenoble Alpes/INSERM U1209/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité mixte de recherche 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Edwige Hiriart-Bryant
- Dynamique des systèmes d'adhérence, Institut for Advanced Biosciences, Centre de Recherche University Grenoble Alpes/INSERM U1209/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité mixte de recherche 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Alexandra Kraut
- Laboratoire EDyP, Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies of Grenoble-Biologie à Grande Echelle, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - René Martin
- Faculty of Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yohann Coute
- Laboratoire EDyP, Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies of Grenoble-Biologie à Grande Echelle, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Miguel A. Valverde
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Corinne Albigès-Rizo
- Dynamique des systèmes d'adhérence, Institut for Advanced Biosciences, Centre de Recherche University Grenoble Alpes/INSERM U1209/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité mixte de recherche 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Olivier Destaing
- Dynamique des systèmes d'adhérence, Institut for Advanced Biosciences, Centre de Recherche University Grenoble Alpes/INSERM U1209/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité mixte de recherche 5309, La Tronche, France,Correspondence to Olivier Destaing:
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20
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Serwach K, Gruszczynska-Biegala J. Target Molecules of STIM Proteins in the Central Nervous System. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:617422. [PMID: 33424550 PMCID: PMC7786003 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.617422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal interaction molecules (STIMs), including STIM1 and STIM2, are single-pass transmembrane proteins that are located predominantly in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). They serve as calcium ion (Ca2+) sensors within the ER. In the central nervous system (CNS), they are involved mainly in Orai-mediated store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). The key molecular components of the SOCE pathway are well-characterized, but the molecular mechanisms that underlie the regulation of this pathway need further investigation. Numerous intracellular target proteins that are located in the plasma membrane, ER, cytoskeleton, and cytoplasm have been reported to play essential roles in concert with STIMs, such as conformational changes in STIMs, their translocation, the stabilization of their interactions with Orai, and the activation of other channels. The present review focuses on numerous regulators, such as Homer, SOCE-associated regulatory factor (SARAF), septin, synaptopodin, golli proteins, partner of STIM1 (POST), and transcription factors and proteasome inhibitors that regulate STIM-Orai interactions in the CNS. Further we describe novel roles of STIMs in mediating Ca2+ influx via other than Orai pathways, including TRPC channels, VGCCs, AMPA and NMDA receptors, and group I metabotropic glutamate receptors. This review also summarizes recent findings on additional molecular targets of STIM proteins including SERCA, IP3Rs, end-binding proteins (EB), presenilin, and CaMKII. Dysregulation of the SOCE-associated toolkit, including STIMs, contributes to the development of neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease), traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, and stroke. Emerging evidence points to the role of STIM proteins and several of their molecular effectors and regulators in neuronal and glial physiology and pathology, suggesting their potential application for future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Serwach
- Molecular Biology Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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21
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Azab MA, Alomari A, Azzam AY. Featuring how calcium channels and calmodulin affect glioblastoma behavior. A review article. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2020; 25:100255. [PMID: 33341039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2020.100255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is considered to be the most aggressive primary brain tumor with an extremely bad prognosis. Recurrence after treatment is a major problem with a survival rate for one year ranging about 39.7%. Ideal outcomes are still difficult to be achieved despite the recent treatment combinations. The ultimate capacity to regrow after resection is considered to be related to the availability of self-regenerating populations of stem cells. We made a literature review interpreting how calcium channels and calcium-regulated proteins mechanistically elaborate glioblastoma virulence in different ways. Calcium channels, and calcium-regulated proteins have shown diverse interconnected roles in shaping different aspects of GBM biology as indicated in some experimental studies. The beneficial prospective of those roles granting GBM different aggressive potentials pose variable applications in targeted therapy whether it is experimental or clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahmed Y Azzam
- October 6 University Faculty of Medicine, Giza, Egypt.
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22
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Luo L, Song S, Ezenwukwa CC, Jalali S, Sun B, Sun D. Ion channels and transporters in microglial function in physiology and brain diseases. Neurochem Int 2020; 142:104925. [PMID: 33248207 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Microglial cells interact with all components of the central nervous system (CNS) and are increasingly recognized to play essential roles during brain development, homeostasis and disease pathologies. Functions of microglia include maintaining tissue integrity, clearing cellular debris and dead neurons through the process of phagocytosis, and providing tissue repair by releasing anti-inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors. Changes of microglial ionic homeostasis (Na+, Ca2+, K+, H+, Cl-) are important for microglial activation, including proliferation, migration, cytokine release and reactive oxygen species production, etc. These are mediated by ion channels and ion transporters in microglial cells. Here, we review the current knowledge about the role of major microglial ion channels and transporters, including several types of Ca2+ channels (store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) channels, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels and voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs)) and Na+ channels (voltage-gated Na+ channels (Nav) and acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs)), K+ channels (inward rectifier K+ channels (Kir), voltage-gated K+ channels (KV) and calcium-activated K+ channels (KCa)), proton channels (voltage-gated proton channel (Hv1)), and Cl- channels (volume (or swelling)-regulated Cl- channels (VRCCs) and chloride intracellular channels (CLICs)). In addition, ion transporter proteins such as Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX), Na+-K+-Cl- cotransporter (NKCC1), and Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE1) are also involved in microglial function in physiology and brain diseases. We discussed microglial activation and neuroinflammation in relation to the ion channel/transporter stimulation under brain disease conditions and therapeutic aspects of targeting microglial ion channels/transporters for neurodegenerative disease, ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury and neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxin Luo
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Shanshan Song
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | | | - Shayan Jalali
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Baoshan Sun
- Pólo DoisPortos, Instituto National de InvestigaçãoAgrária e Veterinária, I.P., Quinta da Almoinha, DoisPortos, 2565-191, Portugal.
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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23
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Mapping TRPM7 Function by NS8593. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197017. [PMID: 32977698 PMCID: PMC7582524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 7 (TRPM7) is a ubiquitously expressed membrane protein, which forms a channel linked to a cytosolic protein kinase. Genetic inactivation of TRPM7 in animal models uncovered the critical role of TRPM7 in early embryonic development, immune responses, and the organismal balance of Zn2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+. TRPM7 emerged as a new therapeutic target because malfunctions of TRPM7 have been associated with anoxic neuronal death, tissue fibrosis, tumour progression, and giant platelet disorder. Recently, several laboratories have identified pharmacological compounds allowing to modulate either channel or kinase activity of TRPM7. Among other small molecules, NS8593 has been defined as a potent negative gating regulator of the TRPM7 channel. Consequently, several groups applied NS8593 to investigate cellular pathways regulated by TRPM7. Here, we summarize the progress in this research area. In particular, two notable milestones have been reached in the assessment of TRPM7 druggability. Firstly, several laboratories demonstrated that NS8593 treatment reliably mirrors prominent phenotypes of cells manipulated by genetic inactivation of TRPM7. Secondly, it has been shown that NS8593 allows us to probe the therapeutic potential of TRPM7 in animal models of human diseases. Collectively, these studies employing NS8593 may serve as a blueprint for the preclinical assessment of TRPM7-targeting drugs.
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Das R, Chinnathambi S. Actin-mediated Microglial Chemotaxis via G-Protein Coupled Purinergic Receptor in Alzheimer's Disease. Neuroscience 2020; 448:325-336. [PMID: 32941933 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease mainly associated with aging, oxidative stress and genetic mutations. There are two pathological proteins involved in AD; Amyloid-β peptide and microtubule-associated protein Tau (MAPT). The β- and γ-secretase enzyme cleaves the Amyloid precursor protein, which results in the formation of extracellular plaques in brain. While, Tau undergoes hyperphosphorylation and other post-translational modifications (PTMs), which eventually generates Tau oligomers, and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in neurons. Moreover, the brain-resident glia and infiltrated macrophages elevate the level of CNS inflammation, which trigger the oxidative damage of neuronal circuits by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Nitric oxide (NO). Microglia is the primary immune cell in the CNS, which is continuously surveilling the neuronal synapses and pathogen invasion. Microglia in the resting state is called 'Ramified', which possess long surveilling extensions with a small cell body. But, upon activation, microglia retracts the cellular extensions and transform into round migratory cells, called as 'Amoeboid' state. Activated microglia undergoes actin remodeling by forming lamellipodia and filopodia, which directs the migratory axis while podosomes formed are involved in extracellular matrix degradation for invasion. Protein-aggregates in malfunctioning synapses and in CNS milieu can be detected by microglia, which results in its activation and migration. Subsequently, the phagocytosis of synapses leads to the inflammatory burst and memory loss. The extracellular nucleotides released from damaged neurons and the cytokine-chemokine gradients allow the neighboring microglia and macrophages to migrate-infiltrate at the site of neuronal-damage. The ionotropic (P2XR) and metabotropic (P2YR) purinergic receptor recognize extracellular ATP/ADP, which propagates through the intracellular calcium signaling, chemotaxis, phagocytosis and inflammation. The P2Y receptors give 'find me' or 'eat me' signals to microglia to either migrate or phagocytose cellular debris. Further, the actin cytoskeleton helps microglia to mediate directed chemotaxis and neuronal repair during neurodegeneration. Hence, we aim to emphasize the connection between purinergic signaling and actin-driven mechanical movements of microglia for migration and inflammation in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Das
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, 411008 Pune, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 411008 Pune, India
| | - Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, 411008 Pune, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 411008 Pune, India.
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25
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Abstract
Ca2+ is a ubiquitous and dynamic second messenger molecule that is induced by many factors including receptor activation, environmental factors, and voltage, leading to pleiotropic effects on cell function including changes in migration, metabolism and transcription. As such, it is not surprising that aberrant regulation of Ca2+ signals can lead to pathological phenotypes, including cancer progression. However, given the highly context-specific nature of Ca2+-dependent changes in cell function, delineation of its role in cancer has been a challenge. Herein, we discuss the distinct roles of Ca2+ signaling within and between each type of cancer, including consideration of the potential of therapeutic strategies targeting these signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Gross
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Pranava Mallu
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hinal Joshi
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bryant Schultz
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Christina Go
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jonathan Soboloff
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Medical Genetics & Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Leverrier-Penna S, Destaing O, Penna A. Insights and perspectives on calcium channel functions in the cockpit of cancerous space invaders. Cell Calcium 2020; 90:102251. [PMID: 32683175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Development of metastasis causes the most serious clinical consequences of cancer and is responsible for over 90 % of cancer-related deaths. Hence, a better understanding of the mechanisms that drive metastasis formation appears critical for drug development designed to prevent the spread of cancer and related mortality. Metastasis dissemination is a multistep process supported by the increased motility and invasiveness capacities of tumor cells. To succeed in overcoming the mechanical constraints imposed by the basement membrane and surrounding tissues, cancer cells reorganize their focal adhesions or extend acto-adhesive cellular protrusions, called invadosomes, that can both contact the extracellular matrix and tune its degradation through metalloprotease activity. Over the last decade, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that altered Ca2+ channel activities and/or expression promote tumor cell-specific phenotypic changes, such as exacerbated migration and invasion capacities, leading to metastasis formation. While several studies have addressed the molecular basis of Ca2+ channel-dependent cancer cell migration, we are still far from having a comprehensive vision of the Ca2+ channel-regulated mechanisms of migration/invasion. This is especially true regarding the specific context of invadosome-driven invasion. This review aims to provide an overview of the current evidence supporting a central role for Ca2+ channel-dependent signaling in the regulation of these dynamic degradative structures. It will present available data on the few Ca2+ channels that have been studied in that specific context and discuss some potential interesting actors that have not been fully explored yet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier Destaing
- Institute for Advanced BioSciences, CNRS UMR 5309, INSERM U1209, Institut Albert Bonniot, University Grenoble Alpes, 38700 Grenoble, France.
| | - Aubin Penna
- STIM, CNRS ERL7003, University of Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France.
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Hopp SC. Targeting microglia L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels for the treatment of central nervous system disorders. J Neurosci Res 2020; 99:141-162. [PMID: 31997405 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+ ) is a ubiquitous mediator of a multitude of cellular functions in the central nervous system (CNS). Intracellular Ca2+ is tightly regulated by cells, including entry via plasma membrane Ca2+ permeable channels. Of specific interest for this review are L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (L-VDCCs), due to their pleiotropic role in several CNS disorders. Currently, there are numerous approved drugs that target L-VDCCs, including dihydropyridines. These drugs are safe and effective for the treatment of humans with cardiovascular disease and may also confer neuroprotection. Here, we review the potential of L-VDCCs as a target for the treatment of CNS disorders with a focus on microglia L-VDCCs. Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, have attracted recent attention for their emerging inflammatory role in several CNS diseases. Intracellular Ca2+ regulates microglia transition from a resting quiescent state to an "activated" immune-effector state and is thus a valuable target for manipulation of microglia phenotype. We will review the literature on L-VDCC expression and function in the CNS and on microglia in vitro and in vivo and explore the therapeutic landscape of L-VDCC-targeting agents at present and future challenges in the context of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, neuropsychiatric diseases, and other CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Hopp
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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28
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Villalobo A, Berchtold MW. The Role of Calmodulin in Tumor Cell Migration, Invasiveness, and Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030765. [PMID: 31991573 PMCID: PMC7037201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM) is the principal Ca2+ sensor protein in all eukaryotic cells, that upon binding to target proteins transduces signals encoded by global or subcellular-specific changes of Ca2+ concentration within the cell. The Ca2+/CaM complex as well as Ca2+-free CaM modulate the activity of a vast number of enzymes, channels, signaling, adaptor and structural proteins, and hence the functionality of implicated signaling pathways, which control multiple cellular functions. A basic and important cellular function controlled by CaM in various ways is cell motility. Here we discuss the role of CaM-dependent systems involved in cell migration, tumor cell invasiveness, and metastasis development. Emphasis is given to phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events catalyzed by myosin light-chain kinase, CaM-dependent kinase-II, as well as other CaM-dependent kinases, and the CaM-dependent phosphatase calcineurin. In addition, the role of the CaM-regulated small GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42 (cell division cycle protein 42) as well as CaM-binding adaptor/scaffold proteins such as Grb7 (growth factor receptor bound protein 7), IQGAP (IQ motif containing GTPase activating protein) and AKAP12 (A kinase anchoring protein 12) will be reviewed. CaM-regulated mechanisms in cancer cells responsible for their greater migratory capacity compared to non-malignant cells, invasion of adjacent normal tissues and their systemic dissemination will be discussed, including closely linked processes such as the epithelial–mesenchymal transition and the activation of metalloproteases. This review covers as well the role of CaM in establishing metastatic foci in distant organs. Finally, the use of CaM antagonists and other blocking techniques to downregulate CaM-dependent systems aimed at preventing cancer cell invasiveness and metastasis development will be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Villalobo
- Cancer and Human Molecular Genetics Area—Oto-Neurosurgery Research Group, University Hospital La Paz Research Institute (IdiPAZ), Paseo de la Castellana 261, E-28046 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.V.); (M.W.B.)
| | - Martin W. Berchtold
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 13 Universitetsparken, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence: (A.V.); (M.W.B.)
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29
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Gheorghe RO, Deftu A, Filippi A, Grosu A, Bica-Popi M, Chiritoiu M, Chiritoiu G, Munteanu C, Silvestro L, Ristoiu V. Silencing the Cytoskeleton Protein Iba1 (Ionized Calcium Binding Adapter Protein 1) Interferes with BV2 Microglia Functioning. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 40:1011-1027. [PMID: 31950314 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00790-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Iba1 (ionized calcium binding adapter protein 1) is a cytoskeleton protein specific only for microglia and macrophages, where it acts as an actin-cross linking protein. Although frequently regarded as a marker of activation, its involvement in cell migration, membrane ruffling, phagocytosis or in microglia remodeling during immunological surveillance of the brain suggest that Iba1 is not a simple cytoskeleton protein, but a signaling molecule involved in specific signaling pathways. In this study we investigated if Iba1 could also represent a drug target, and tested the hypothesis that its specific silencing with customized Iba1-siRNA can modulate microglia functioning. The results showed that Iba1-silenced BV2 microglia migrate less due to reduced proliferation and cell adhesion, while their phagocytic activity and P2x7 functioning was significantly increased. Our data are the proof of concept that Iba1 protein is a new microglia target, which opens a new therapeutic avenue for modulating microglia behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana-Olimpia Gheorghe
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, Sector 5, 050095, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Deftu
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, Sector 5, 050095, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Filippi
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology 'Nicolae Simionescu' of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Grosu
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, Sector 5, 050095, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Melania Bica-Popi
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, Sector 5, 050095, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marioara Chiritoiu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei 296, 06003, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriela Chiritoiu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei 296, 06003, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Munteanu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei 296, 06003, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Luigi Silvestro
- Pharma Serv International, Sabinelor 52, 050853, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Violeta Ristoiu
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, Sector 5, 050095, Bucharest, Romania.
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30
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Das R, Balmik AA, Chinnathambi S. Phagocytosis of full-length Tau oligomers by Actin-remodeling of activated microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:10. [PMID: 31915009 PMCID: PMC6950897 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1694-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease is associated with the accumulation of intracellular Tau tangles within neurons and extracellular amyloid-β plaques in the brain parenchyma, which altogether results in synaptic loss and neurodegeneration. Extracellular concentrations of oligomers and aggregated proteins initiate microglial activation and convert their state of synaptic surveillance into a destructive inflammatory state. Although Tau oligomers have fleeting nature, they were shown to mediate neurotoxicity and microglial pro-inflammation. Due to the instability of oligomers, in vitro experiments become challenging, and hence, the stability of the full-length Tau oligomers is a major concern. METHODS In this study, we have prepared and stabilized hTau40WT oligomers, which were purified by size-exclusion chromatography. The formation of the oligomers was confirmed by western blot, thioflavin-S, 8-anilinonaphthaalene-1-sulfonic acid fluorescence, and circular dichroism spectroscopy, which determine the intermolecular cross-β sheet structure and hydrophobicity. The efficiency of N9 microglial cells to phagocytose hTau40WT oligomer and subsequent microglial activation was studied by immunofluorescence microscopy with apotome. The one-way ANOVA was performed for the statistical analysis of fluorometric assay and microscopic analysis. RESULTS Full-length Tau oligomers were detected in heterogeneous globular structures ranging from 5 to 50 nm as observed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, which was further characterized by oligomer-specific A11 antibody. Immunocytochemistry studies for oligomer treatment were evidenced with A11+ Iba1high microglia, suggesting that the phagocytosis of extracellular Tau oligomers leads to microglial activation. Also, the microglia were observed with remodeled filopodia-like actin structures upon the exposure of oligomers and aggregated Tau. CONCLUSION The peri-membrane polymerization of actin filament and co-localization of Iba1 relate to the microglial movements for phagocytosis. Here, these findings suggest that microglia modified actin cytoskeleton for phagocytosis and rapid clearance of Tau oligomers in Alzheimer's disease condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Das
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Pune, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Pune, 411008, India
| | - Abhishek Ankur Balmik
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Pune, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Pune, 411008, India
| | - Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Pune, 411008, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Pune, 411008, India.
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31
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Protective effects of delayed intraventricular TLR7 agonist administration on cerebral white and gray matter following asphyxia in the preterm fetal sheep. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9562. [PMID: 31267031 PMCID: PMC6606639 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45872-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Preterm brain injury is highly associated with inflammation, which is likely related in part to sterile responses to hypoxia-ischemia. We have recently shown that neuroprotection with inflammatory pre-conditioning in the immature brain is associated with induction of toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7). We therefore tested the hypothesis that central administration of a synthetic TLR7 agonist, gardiquimod (GDQ), after severe hypoxia-ischemia in preterm-equivalent fetal sheep would improve white and gray matter recovery. Fetal sheep at 0.7 of gestation received sham asphyxia or asphyxia induced by umbilical cord occlusion for 25 minutes, followed by a continuous intracerebroventricular infusion of GDQ or vehicle from 1 to 4 hours (total dose 1.8 mg/kg). Sheep were killed 72 hours after asphyxia for histology. GDQ significantly improved survival of immature and mature oligodendrocytes (2′,3′-cyclic-nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase, CNPase) and total oligodendrocytes (oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2, Olig-2) within the periventricular and intragyral white matter. There were reduced numbers of cells showing cleaved caspase-3 positive apoptosis and astrogliosis (glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP) in both white matter regions. Neuronal survival was increased in the dentate gyrus, caudate and medial thalamic nucleus. Central infusion of GDQ was associated with a robust increase in fetal plasma concentrations of the anti-inflammatory cytokines, interferon-β (IFN-β) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), with no significant change in the concentration of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). In conclusion, delayed administration of the TLR7 agonist, GDQ, after severe hypoxia-ischemia in the developing brain markedly ameliorated white and gray matter damage, in association with upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines. These data strongly support the hypothesis that modulation of secondary inflammation may be a viable therapeutic target for injury of the preterm brain.
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32
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Smolders SMT, Kessels S, Vangansewinkel T, Rigo JM, Legendre P, Brône B. Microglia: Brain cells on the move. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 178:101612. [PMID: 30954517 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, tremendous progress has been made in understanding the biology of microglia - i.e. the fascinating immigrated resident immune cell population of the central nervous system (CNS). Recent literature reviews have largely dealt with the plentiful functions of microglia in CNS homeostasis, development and pathology, and the influences of sex and the microbiome. In this review, the intriguing aspect of their physical plasticity during CNS development will get specific attention. Microglia move around (mobility) and reshape their processes (motility). Microglial migration into and inside the CNS is most prominent throughout development and consequently most of the data described in this review concern mobility and motility in the changing environment of the developing brain. Here, we first define microglia based on their highly specialized age- and region-dependent gene expression signature and associated functional heterogeneity. Next, we describe their origin, the migration route of immature microglial cells towards the CNS, the mechanisms underlying their invasion of the CNS, and their spatiotemporal localization and surveying behaviour inside the developing CNS. These processes are dependent on microglial mobility and motility which are determined by the microenvironment of the CNS. Therefore, we further zoom in on the changing environment during CNS development. We elaborate on the extracellular matrix and the respective integrin receptors on microglia and we discuss the purinergic and molecular signalling in microglial mobility. In the last section, we discuss the physiological and pathological functions of microglia in which mobility and motility are involved to stress the importance of microglial 'movement'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Marie-Thérèse Smolders
- UHasselt, BIOMED, Diepenbeek, Belgium; INSERM, UMR-S 1130, CNRS, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris Seine, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM CR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Pascal Legendre
- INSERM, UMR-S 1130, CNRS, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris Seine, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM CR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, France
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Lu F, Sun J, Zheng Q, Li J, Hu Y, Yu P, He H, Zhao Y, Wang X, Yang S, Cheng H. Imaging elemental events of store-operated Ca 2+ entry in invading cancer cells with plasmalemmal targeted sensors. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.224923. [PMID: 30814332 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.224923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
STIM1- and Orai1-mediated store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) constitutes the major Ca2+ influx in almost all electrically non-excitable cells. However, little is known about the spatiotemporal organization at the elementary level. Here, we developed Orai1-tethered or palmitoylated biosensor GCaMP6f to report subplasmalemmal Ca2+ signals. We visualized spontaneous discrete and long-lasting transients ('Ca2+ glows') arising from STIM1-Orai1 in invading melanoma cells. Ca2+ glows occurred preferentially in single invadopodia and at sites near the cell periphery under resting conditions. Re-addition of external Ca2+ after store depletion elicited spatially synchronous Ca2+ glows, followed by high-rate discharge of asynchronous local events. Knockout of STIM1 or expression of the dominant-negative Orai1-E106A mutant markedly decreased Ca2+ glow frequency, diminished global SOCE and attenuated invadopodial formation. Functionally, invadopodial Ca2+ glows provided high Ca2+ microdomains to locally activate Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent Pyk2 (also known as PTK2B), which initiates the SOCE-Pyk2-Src signaling cascade required for invasion. Overall, the discovery of elemental Ca2+ signals of SOCE not only unveils a previously unappreciated gating mode of STIM1-Orai1 channels in situ, but also underscores a critical role of the spatiotemporal dynamics of SOCE in orchestrating complex cell behaviors such as invasion. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianwei Sun
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Qiaoxia Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jinghang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuanzhao Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Peng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huifang He
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xianhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shengyu Yang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA .,Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Heping Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Cantonero C, Sanchez-Collado J, Gonzalez-Nuñez MA, Salido GM, Lopez JJ, Jardin I, Rosado JA. Store-independent Orai1-mediated Ca 2+ entry and cancer. Cell Calcium 2019; 80:1-7. [PMID: 30921687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+ channels play an important role in the development of different types of cancer, and considerable progress has been made to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the role of Ca2+ influx in the development of different cancer hallmarks. Orai1 is among the most ubiquitous and multifunctional Ca2+ channels. Orai1 mediates the highly Ca2+-selective Ca2+ release-activated current (ICRAC) and participates in the less Ca2+-selective store-operated current (ISOC), along with STIM1 or STIM1 and TRPC1, respectively. Furthermore, Orai1 contributes to a variety of store-independent Ca2+ influx mechanisms, including the arachidonate-regulated Ca2+ current, together with Orai3 and the plasma membrane resident pool of STIM1, as well as the constitutive Ca2+ influx processes activated by the secretory pathway Ca2+-ATPase-2 (SPCA2) or supported by physical and functional interaction with the small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel 3 (SK3) or the voltage-dependent Kv10.1 channel. This review summarizes the current knowledge concerning the store-independent mechanisms of Ca2+ influx activation through Orai1 channels and their role in the development of different cancer features.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cantonero
- Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - J Sanchez-Collado
- Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - M A Gonzalez-Nuñez
- Pathology Service, Hospital San Pedro de Alcantara, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - G M Salido
- Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - J J Lopez
- Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - I Jardin
- Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - J A Rosado
- Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain.
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35
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Kämpfe Nordström C, Danckwardt-Lillieström N, Laurell G, Liu W, Rask-Andersen H. The Human Endolymphatic Sac and Inner Ear Immunity: Macrophage Interaction and Molecular Expression. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3181. [PMID: 30774637 PMCID: PMC6367985 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The endolymphatic sac (ES) is endowed with a multitude of white blood cells that may trap and process antigens that reach the inner ear from nearby infection-prone areas, it thus serves as an immunologic defense organ. The human ES, and unexpectedly the rest of the inner ear, has been recently shown to contain numerous resident macrophages. In this paper, we describe ES macrophages using super-resolution structured fluorescence microscopy (SR-SIM) and speculate on these macrophages' roles in human inner ear defense. Material and Methods: After ethical permission was obtained, human vestibular aqueducts were collected during trans-labyrinthine surgery for acoustic neuroma removal. Tissues were placed in fixative before being decalcified, rapidly frozen, and cryostat sectioned. Antibodies against IBA1, cytokine fractalkine (CX3CL1), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), cluster of differentiation (CD)68, CD11b, CD4, CD8, and the major histocompatibility complex type II (MHCII) were used for immunohistochemistry. Results: A large number of IBA1-positive cells with different morphologies were found to reside in the ES; the cells populated surrounding connective tissue and the epithelium. Macrophages interacted with other cells, showed migrant behavior, and expressed immune cell markers, all of which suggest their active role in the innate and adaptive inner ear defense and tolerance. Discussion: High-resolution immunohistochemistry shows that antigens reaching the ear may be trapped and processed by an immune cell machinery located in the ES. Thereby inflammatory activity may be evaded near the vulnerable inner ear sensory structures. We speculate on the immune defensive link between the ES and the rest of the inner ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotta Kämpfe Nordström
- Section of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Göran Laurell
- Section of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wei Liu
- Section of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helge Rask-Andersen
- Section of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Head and Neck Surgery, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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Aires ID, Boia R, Rodrigues-Neves AC, Madeira MH, Marques C, Ambrósio AF, Santiago AR. Blockade of microglial adenosine A 2A receptor suppresses elevated pressure-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell death in retinal cells. Glia 2019; 67:896-914. [PMID: 30667095 PMCID: PMC6590475 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a retinal degenerative disease characterized by the loss of retinal ganglion cells and damage of the optic nerve. Recently, we demonstrated that antagonists of adenosine A2A receptor (A2A R) control retinal inflammation and afford protection to rat retinal cells in glaucoma models. However, the precise contribution of microglia to retinal injury was not addressed, as well as the effect of A2A R blockade directly in microglia. Here we show that blocking microglial A2A R prevents microglial cell response to elevated pressure and it is sufficient to protect retinal cells from elevated pressure-induced death. The A2A R antagonist SCH 58261 or the knockdown of A2A R expression with siRNA in microglial cells prevented the increase in microglia response to elevated hydrostatic pressure. Furthermore, in retinal neural cell cultures, the A2A R antagonist decreased microglia proliferation, as well as the expression and release of pro-inflammatory mediators. Microglia ablation prevented neural cell death triggered by elevated pressure. The A2A R blockade recapitulated the effects of microglia depletion, suggesting that blocking A2A R in microglia is able to control neurodegeneration in glaucoma-like conditions. Importantly, in human organotypic retinal cultures, A2A R blockade prevented the increase in reactive oxygen species and the morphological alterations in microglia triggered by elevated pressure. These findings place microglia as the main contributors for retinal cell death during elevated pressure and identify microglial A2A R as a therapeutic target to control retinal neuroinflammation and prevent neural apoptosis elicited by elevated pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Dinis Aires
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Boia
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Rodrigues-Neves
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Helena Madeira
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla Marques
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Francisco Ambrósio
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Raquel Santiago
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
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37
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Izquierdo P, Attwell D, Madry C. Ion Channels and Receptors as Determinants of Microglial Function. Trends Neurosci 2019; 42:278-292. [PMID: 30678990 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Microglia provide immune surveillance of the CNS. They display diverse behaviors, including nondirectional and directed motility of their processes, phagocytosis of targets such as dying neurons or superfluous synapses, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytokines. Many of these functions are mediated by ion channels and cell surface receptors, the expression of which varies with the many morphological and functional states that microglial cells can adopt. Recent progress in understanding microglial function has been facilitated by applying classical cell physiological techniques in situ, such as patch-clamping and live imaging, and cell-specific transcriptomic analyses. Here, we review the contribution of microglial ion channels and receptors to microglial and brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Izquierdo
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, Gower St, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David Attwell
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, Gower St, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Christian Madry
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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38
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Lively S, Wong R, Lam D, Schlichter LC. Sex- and Development-Dependent Responses of Rat Microglia to Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Stimulation. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:433. [PMID: 30524242 PMCID: PMC6262307 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Addressing potential sex differences in pre-clinical studies is crucial for developing therapeutic interventions. Although sex differences have been reported in epidemiological studies and from clinical experience, most pre-clinical studies of neuroinflammation use male rodents; however, sexual dimorphisms in microglia might affect the CNS inflammatory response. Developmental changes are also important and, in rodents, there is a critical period of sexual brain differentiation in the first 3 weeks after birth. We compared rat microglia from sex-segregated neonates (P1) and at about the time of weaning (P21). To study transitions from a basal homeostatic state (untreated), microglia were subjected to a pro-inflammatory (IFNγ + TNFα) or anti-inflammatory (IL-4) stimulus. Responses were compared by quantifying changes in nitric oxide production, migration, and expression of nearly 70 genes, including inflammatory mediators and receptors, inflammasome molecules, immune modulators, and genes that regulate microglial physiological functions. No sex differences were seen in transcriptional responses in either age group but the IL-4-evoked migration increase was larger in male cells at both ages. Protein changes for the hallmark molecules, NOS2, COX-2, PYK2 and CD206 correlated with mRNA changes. P1 and P21 microglia showed substantial differences, including expression of genes related to developmental roles. That is, P21 microglia had a more mature phenotype, with higher basal and stimulated levels of many inflammatory genes, while P1 cells had higher expression of phagocytosis-related molecules. Nevertheless, cells of both ages responded to IL-4 and IFNγ + TNFα. We examined the Kv1.3 potassium channel (a potential target for modulating neuroinflammation) and the Kir2.1 channel, which regulate several microglia functions. Kv1.3 mRNA (Kcna3) was higher at P21 under all conditions and male P21 cells had higher mRNA and Kv currents in response to IFNγ + TNFα. Overall, numerous transcriptional and functional responses of microglia changed during the first 3 weeks after birth but few sex-dependent changes were seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Starlee Lively
- Division of Genetics & Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Raymond Wong
- Division of Genetics & Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Doris Lam
- Division of Genetics & Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lyanne C Schlichter
- Division of Genetics & Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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39
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Lively S, Schlichter LC. Microglia Responses to Pro-inflammatory Stimuli (LPS, IFNγ+TNFα) and Reprogramming by Resolving Cytokines (IL-4, IL-10). Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:215. [PMID: 30087595 PMCID: PMC6066613 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia respond to CNS injuries and diseases with complex reactions, often called "activation." A pro-inflammatory phenotype (also called classical or M1 activation) lies at one extreme of the reactivity spectrum. There were several motivations for this study. First, bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) is the most commonly used pro-inflammatory stimulus for microglia, both in vitro and in vivo; however, pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IFNγ, TNFα) rather than LPS will be encountered with sterile CNS damage and disease. We lack direct comparisons of responses between LPS and such cytokines. Second, while transcriptional profiling is providing substantial data on microglial responses to LPS, these studies mainly use mouse cells and models, and there is increasing evidence that responses of rat microglia can differ. Third, the cytokine milieu is dynamic after acute CNS damage, and an important question in microglial biology is: How malleable are their responses? There are very few studies of effects of resolving cytokines, particularly for rat microglia, and much of the work has focused on pro-inflammatory outcomes. Here, we first exposed primary rat microglia to LPS or to IFNγ+TNFα (I+T) and compared hallmark functional (nitric oxide production, migration) and molecular responses (almost 100 genes), including surface receptors that can be considered part of the sensome. Protein changes for exemplary molecules were also quantified: ARG1, CD206/MRC1, COX-2, iNOS, and PYK2. Despite some similarities, there were notable differences in responses to LPS and I+T. For instance, LPS often evoked higher pro-inflammatory gene expression and also increased several anti-inflammatory genes. Second, we compared the ability of two anti-inflammatory, resolving cytokines (IL-4, IL-10), to counteract responses to LPS and I+T. IL-4 was more effective after I+T than after LPS, and IL-10 was surprisingly ineffective after either stimulus. These results should prove useful in modeling microglial reactivity in vitro; and comparing transcriptional responses to sterile CNS inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Starlee Lively
- Division of Genetics & Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lyanne C Schlichter
- Division of Genetics & Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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40
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Lively S, Lam D, Wong R, Schlichter LC. Comparing Effects of Transforming Growth Factor β1 on Microglia From Rat and Mouse: Transcriptional Profiles and Potassium Channels. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:115. [PMID: 29780305 PMCID: PMC5946019 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine, transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), is up-regulated after central nervous system (CNS) injuries or diseases involving microglial activation, and it has been proposed as a therapeutic agent for treating neuroinflammation. Microglia can produce and respond to TGFβ1. While rats and mice are commonly used for studying neuroinflammation, very few reports directly compare them. Such studies are important for improving pre-clinical studies and furthering translational progress in developing therapeutic interventions. After intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in the rat striatum, the TGFβ1 receptor was highly expressed on microglia/macrophages within the hematoma. We recently found species similarities and differences in response to either a pro-inflammatory (interferon-γ, IFN-γ, +tumor necrosis factor, TNF-α) or anti-inflammatory interleukin-4 (IL-4) stimulus. Here, we assessed whether rat and mouse microglia differ in their responses to TGFβ1. Microglia were isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats and C57BL/6 mice and treated with TGFβ1. We quantified changes in expression of >50 genes, in their morphology, proliferation, apoptosis and in three potassium channels that are considered therapeutic targets. Many inflammatory mediators, immune receptors and modulators showed species similarities, but notable differences included that, for some genes, only one species responded (e.g., Il4r, Il10, Tgfbr2, colony-stimulating factor receptor (Csf1r), Itgam, suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (Socs1), toll-like receptors 4 (Tlr4), P2rx7, P2ry12), and opposite responses were seen for others (Tgfb1, Myc, Ifngr1). In rat only, TGFβ1 affected microglial morphology and proliferation, but there was no apoptosis in either species. In both species, TGFβ1 dramatically increased Kv1.3 channel expression and current (no effects on Kir2.1). KCa3.1 showed opposite species responses: the current was low in unstimulated rat microglia and greatly increased by TGFβ1 but higher in control mouse cells and decreased by TGFβ1. Finally, we compared TGFβ1 and IL10 (often considered similar anti-inflammatory stimuli) and found many different responses in both species. Overall, the numerous species differences should be considered when characterizing neuroinflammation and microglial activation in vitro and in vivo, and when targeting potassium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Starlee Lively
- Krembil Research Institute, Genes and Development Division, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Doris Lam
- Krembil Research Institute, Genes and Development Division, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Raymond Wong
- Krembil Research Institute, Genes and Development Division, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lyanne C Schlichter
- Krembil Research Institute, Genes and Development Division, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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41
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42
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Mo P, Yang S. The store-operated calcium channels in cancer metastasis: from cell migration, invasion to metastatic colonization. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2018; 23:1241-1256. [PMID: 28930597 DOI: 10.2741/4641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) is the predominant calcium entry mechanism in most cancer cells. SOCE is mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum calcium sensor STIMs (STIM1 and 2) and plasma membrane channel forming unit Orais (Orai 1-3). In recent years there is increasing evidence indicating that SOCE in cancer cells is dysregulated to promote cancer cell migration, invasion and metastasis. The overexpression of STIM and Orai proteins has been reported to correlate with the metastatic progression of various cancers. The hyperactive SOCE may promote metastatic dissemination and colonization by reorganizing the actin cytoskeleton, degrading the extracellular matrix and remodeling the tumor microenvironment. Here we discuss how these recent progresses provide novel insights to our understanding of tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingli Mo
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian China
| | - Shengyu Yang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033,
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43
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Dulyaninova NG, Ruiz PD, Gamble MJ, Backer JM, Bresnick AR. S100A4 regulates macrophage invasion by distinct myosin-dependent and myosin-independent mechanisms. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 29:632-642. [PMID: 29282275 PMCID: PMC6004585 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-07-0460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
S100A4, a member of the S100 family of Ca2+-binding proteins, is a key regulator of cell migration and invasion. Our previous studies showed that bone marrow–derived macrophages from S100A4−/− mice exhibit defects in directional motility and chemotaxis in vitro and reduced recruitment to sites of inflammation in vivo. We now show that the loss of S100A4 produces two mechanistically distinct phenotypes with regard to macrophage invasion: a defect in matrix degradation, due to a disruption of podosome rosettes caused by myosin-IIA overassembly, and a myosin-independent increase in microtubule acetylation, which increases podosome rosette stability and is sufficient to inhibit macrophage invasion. Our studies point to S100A4 as a critical regulator of matrix degradation, whose actions converge on the dynamics and degradative functions of podosome rosettes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Penelope D Ruiz
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Matthew J Gamble
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Jonathan M Backer
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461 .,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Anne R Bresnick
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
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44
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Assessment of TRPM7 functions by drug-like small molecules. Cell Calcium 2017; 67:166-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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45
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Chen YW, Lai CS, Chen YF, Chiu WT, Chen HC, Shen MR. STIM1-dependent Ca 2+ signaling regulates podosome formation to facilitate cancer cell invasion. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11523. [PMID: 28912430 PMCID: PMC5599537 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11273-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical significance of STIM proteins and Orai Ca2+ channels in tumor progression has been demonstrated in different types of cancers. Podosomes are dynamic actin-rich cellular protrusions that facilitate cancer cell invasiveness by degrading extracellular matrix. Whether STIM1-dependent Ca2+ signaling facilitates cancer cell invasion through affecting podosome formation remains unclear. Here we show that the invasive fronts of cancer tissues overexpress STIM1, accompanied by active store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). Interfering SOCE activity by SOCE inhibitors and STIM1 or Orai1 knockdown remarkably affects podosome rosettes formation. Mechanistically, STIM1-silencing significantly alters the podosome rosettes dynamics, shortens the maintenance phase of podosome rosettes and reduces cell invasiveness. The subsequently transient expression of STIM1 cDNA in STIM1-null (STIM1−/−) mouse embryo fibroblasts rescues the suppression of podosome formation, suggesting that STIM1-mediated SOCE activation directly regulates podosome formation. This study uncovers SOCE-mediated Ca2+ microdomain that is the molecular basis for Ca2+ sensitivity controlling podosome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Wen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Shan Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Fung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Tai Chiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Chen Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Rong-Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ru Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Lam D, Lively S, Schlichter LC. Responses of rat and mouse primary microglia to pro- and anti-inflammatory stimuli: molecular profiles, K + channels and migration. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:166. [PMID: 28830445 PMCID: PMC5567442 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0941-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute CNS damage is commonly studied using rat and mouse models, but increasingly, molecular analysis is finding species differences that might affect the ability to translate findings to humans. Microglia can undergo complex molecular and functional changes, often studied by in vitro responses to discrete activating stimuli. There is considerable evidence that pro-inflammatory (M1) activation can exacerbate tissue damage, while anti-inflammatory (M2) states help resolve inflammation and promote tissue repair. However, in assessing potential therapeutic targets for controlling inflammation, it is crucial to determine whether rat and mouse microglia respond the same. METHODS Primary microglia from Sprague-Dawley rats and C57BL/6 mice were cultured, then stimulated with interferon-γ + tumor necrosis factor-α (I + T; M1 activation), interleukin (IL)-4 (M2a, alternative activation), or IL-10 (M2c, acquired deactivation). To profile their activation responses, NanoString was used to monitor messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of numerous pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, microglial markers, immunomodulators, and other molecules. Western analysis was used to measure selected proteins. Two potential targets for controlling inflammation-inward- and outward-rectifier K+ channels (Kir2.1, Kv1.3)-were examined (mRNA, currents) and specific channel blockers were applied to determine their contributions to microglial migration in the different activation states. RESULTS Pro-inflammatory molecules increased after I + T treatment but there were several qualitative and quantitative differences between the species (e.g., iNOS and nitric oxide, COX-2). Several molecules commonly associated with an M2a state differed between species or they were induced in additional activation states (e.g., CD206, ARG1). Resting levels and/or responses of several microglial markers (Iba1, CD11b, CD68) differed with the activation state, species, or both. Transcripts for several Kir2 and Kv1 family members were detected in both species. However, the current amplitudes (mainly Kir2.1 and Kv1.3) depended on activation state and species. Treatment-induced changes in morphology and migratory capacity were similar between the species (migration reduced by I + T, increased by IL-4 or IL-10). In both species, Kir2.1 block reduced migration and Kv1.3 block increased it, regardless of activation state; thus, these channels might affect microglial migration to damage sites. CONCLUSIONS Caution is recommended in generalizing molecular and functional responses of microglia to activating stimuli between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Lam
- Genes and Development Division, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Krembil Discovery Tower, Room 7KD417, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Starlee Lively
- Genes and Development Division, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Krembil Discovery Tower, Room 7KD417, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Lyanne C Schlichter
- Genes and Development Division, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Krembil Discovery Tower, Room 7KD417, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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47
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UDP-Induced Phagocytosis and ATP-Stimulated Chemotactic Migration Are Impaired in STIM1-/- Microglia In Vitro and In Vivo. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:8158514. [PMID: 28293066 PMCID: PMC5331284 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8158514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
STIM1 is the only currently known intracellular calcium sensor that functions as the calcium influx regulator controlling immune cell activation. STIM1 function in immune cell calcium signalling has been studied extensively; however, its role in microglia, innate immune cells in brain, has not been fully understood. Here, we report that STIM1−/− murine microglia lost store-operated calcium influx and displayed aberrant immunological functions. Microglial functions regulated by chronic and global [Ca2+]i changes were reduced significantly, including cytokine releases and opsonin-dependent phagocytosis. More dramatically, cellular functions governed by Ca2+ regulation in local microdomains at the cell periphery, such as UDP-induced phagocytosis and ATP-stimulated chemotactic migration, were severely reduced in STIM1−/− microglia. Interestingly, UDP-induced Orai1 mobilization to the peripheral region was greatly attenuated in STIM1−/− microglia. Their chemotactic migration defect was reproduced in vivo in embryonic brain; the aggregated number of STIM1−/− microglia in LPS- (lipopolysaccharide-) injected lesions was much smaller than that in wild-type microglia. Furthermore, the neuron phagoptosis activities of activated microglia were significantly diminished in the STIM1−/− microglia. These in vitro and in vivo results suggest that STIM1-mediated store-operated calcium entry is important for the regulation of global [Ca2+]i changes which differentiates into active immune state of microglia, but it is more crucial for the regulation of local [Ca2+] microdomains which mediates the acute motility of murine microglia.
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Qiao H, He X, Zhang Q, Zhang N, Li L, Hui Y, Li W, Wang D, Wu Z. Α-synuclein induces microglial cell migration through stimulating HIF-1α accumulation. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:1809-1817. [PMID: 28134982 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Qiao
- Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University; Xi’an China
| | - Xijing He
- Departments of Orthopedics; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University; Xi’an China
| | - Qiaojun Zhang
- Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University; Xi’an China
| | - Ni Zhang
- Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University; Xi’an China
| | - Libo Li
- Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University; Xi’an China
| | - Yanping Hui
- Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University; Xi’an China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University; Xi’an China
| | - Dong Wang
- Departments of Orthopedics; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University; Xi’an China
| | - Zhonghen Wu
- Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University; Xi’an China
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Rotoli D, Pérez-Rodríguez ND, Morales M, Maeso MDC, Ávila J, Mobasheri A, Martín-Vasallo P. IQGAP1 in Podosomes/Invadosomes Is Involved in the Progression of Glioblastoma Multiforme Depending on the Tumor Status. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010150. [PMID: 28098764 PMCID: PMC5297783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequent and aggressive primary brain tumor. GBM is formed by a very heterogeneous astrocyte population, neurons, neovascularization and infiltrating myeloid cells (microglia and monocyte derived macrophages). The IQGAP1 scaffold protein interacts with components of the cytoskeleton, cell adhesion molecules, and several signaling molecules to regulate cell morphology and motility, cell cycle and other cellular functions. IQGAP1 overexpression and delocalization has been observed in several tumors, suggesting a role for this protein in cell proliferation, transformation and invasion. IQGAP1 has been identified as a marker of amplifying cancer cells in GBMs. To determine the involvement of IQGAP1 in the onco-biology of GBM, we performed immunohistochemical confocal microscopic analysis of the IQGAP1 protein in human GBM tissue samples using cell type-specific markers. IQGAP1 immunostaining and subcellular localization was heterogeneous; the protein was located in the plasma membrane and, at variable levels, in nucleus and/or cytosol. Moreover, IQGAP1 positive staining was found in podosome/invadopodia-like structures. IQGAP1⁺ staining was observed in neurons (Map2⁺ cells), in cancer stem cells (CSC; nestin⁺) and in several macrophages (CD31⁺ or Iba1⁺). Our results indicate that the IQGAP1 protein is involved in normal cell physiology as well as oncologic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Rotoli
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, UD de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias (CIBICAN), Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Av. Astrofísico Sánchez s/n, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
- CNR-National Research Council, Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology (IEOS), Via Sergio Pansini, 5-80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Natalia Dolores Pérez-Rodríguez
- Service of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - Manuel Morales
- Service of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
- Medical Oncology, Hospiten® Hospitals, 38001 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife, Spain.
| | - María Del Carmen Maeso
- Service of Pathology, University Hospital Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - Julio Ávila
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, UD de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias (CIBICAN), Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Av. Astrofísico Sánchez s/n, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Pablo Martín-Vasallo
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, UD de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias (CIBICAN), Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Av. Astrofísico Sánchez s/n, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
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Annexin-1 Mediates Microglial Activation and Migration via the CK2 Pathway during Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reperfusion. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101770. [PMID: 27782092 PMCID: PMC5085794 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexin-1 (ANXA1) has shown neuroprotective effects and microglia play significant roles during central nervous system injury, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study sought to determine whether ANXA1 regulates microglial response to oxygen–glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) treatment and to clarify the downstream molecular mechanism. In rat hippocampal slices, OGD/R treatment enhanced the ANXA1 expression in neuron, the formyl peptide receptor (FPRs) expression in microglia, and the microglial activation in the CA1 region (cornu ammonis 1). These effects were reversed by the FPRs antagonist Boc1. The cell membrane currents amplitude of BV-2 microglia (the microglial like cell-line) was increased when treated with Ac2-26, the N-terminal peptide of ANXA1. Ac2-26 treatment enhanced BV-2 microglial migration whereas Boc1 treatment inhibited the migration. In BV-2 microglia, both the expression of the CK2 target phosphorylated α-E-catenin and the binding of casein kinase II (CK2) with α-E-catenin were elevated by Ac2-26, these effects were counteracted by the CK2 inhibitor TBB and small interfering (si) RNA directed against transcripts of CK2 and FPRs. Moreover, both TBB and siRNA-mediated inhibition of CK2 blocked Ac2-26-mediated BV-2 microglia migration. Our findings indicate that ANXA1 promotes microglial activation and migration during OGD/R via FPRs, and CK2 target α-E-catenin phosphorylation is involved in this process.
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