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Renjana E, Firdiana ER, Angio MH, Ningrum LW, Lailaty IQ, Rahadiantoro A, Martiansyah I, Zulkarnaen R, Rahayu A, Raharjo PD, Abywijaya IK, Usmadi D, Risna RA, Cropper WP, Yudaputra A. Spatial habitat suitability prediction of essential oil wild plants on Indonesia's degraded lands. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17210. [PMID: 38577415 PMCID: PMC10993885 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Essential oils are natural products of aromatic plants with numerous uses. Essential oils have been traded worldwide and utilized in various industries. Indonesia is the sixth largest essential oil producing country, but land degradation is a risk to the continuing extraction and utilization of natural products. Production of essential oil plants on degraded lands is a potential strategy to mitigate this risk. This study aimed to identify degraded lands in Indonesia that could be suitable habitats for five wild native essential oil producing plants, namely Acronychia pedunculata (L.) Miq., Baeckea frutescens L., Cynometra cauliflora L., Magnolia montana (Blume) Figlar, and Magnolia sumatrana var. glauca (Blume) Figlar & Noot using various species distribution models. Methods The habitat suitability of these species was predicted by comparing ten species distribution models, including Bioclim, classification and regression trees (CART), flexible discriminant analysis (FDA), Maxlike, boosted regression trees (BRT), multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), generalized linear models (GLM), Ranger, support vector machine (SVM), and Random Forests (RF). Bioclimatic, topographic and soil variables were used as the predictors of the model habitat suitability. The models were evaluated according to their AUC and TSS metrics. Model selection was based on ranking performance. The total suitable area for five native essential oil producing plants in Indonesia's degraded lands was derived by overlaying the models with degraded land locations. Results The habitat suitability model for these species was well predicted with an AUC value >0.8 and a TSS value >0.7. The most important predictor variables affecting the habitat suitability of these species are mean temperature of wettest quarter, precipitation seasonality, precipitation of warmest quarter, precipitation of coldest quarter, cation exchange capacity, nitrogen, sand, and soil organic carbon. C. cauliflora has the largest predicted suitable area, followed by M. montana, B. frutescens, M. sumatrana var. glauca, and A. pedunculata. The overlapping area between predictive habitat suitability and degraded lands indicates that the majority of degraded lands in Indonesia's forest areas are suitable for those species. Conclusion The degraded lands predicted as suitable habitats for five native essential oil producing plants were widely spread throughout Indonesia, mostly in its main islands. These findings can be used by the Indonesian Government for evaluating policies for degraded land utilization and restorations that can enhance the lands' productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elga Renjana
- Research Center for Applied Botany, National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Elok Rifqi Firdiana
- Research Center for Applied Botany, National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Melisnawati H Angio
- Research Center for Applied Botany, National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Linda Wige Ningrum
- Research Center for Ecology and Ethnobiology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Intani Quarta Lailaty
- Research Center for Applied Botany, National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Apriyono Rahadiantoro
- Research Center for Applied Botany, National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Irfan Martiansyah
- Research Center for Applied Botany, National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Rizmoon Zulkarnaen
- Research Center for Applied Botany, National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Tungku Link, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Ayyu Rahayu
- Research Center for Applied Botany, National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Puguh Dwi Raharjo
- Research Center for Geological Resources, National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Ilham Kurnia Abywijaya
- Research Center for Ecology and Ethnobiology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Didi Usmadi
- Research Center for Ecology and Ethnobiology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Rosniati Apriani Risna
- Research Center for Applied Botany, National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
- Natural Resources and Environmental Management Sciences, Bogor Institute of Agriculture, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Wendell P Cropper
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Angga Yudaputra
- Research Center for Ecology and Ethnobiology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
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Li J, Hu H, Fu H, Li J, Zeng T, Li J, Wang M, Jongsma MA, Wang C. Exploring the co-operativity of secretory structures for defense and pollination in flowering plants. PLANTA 2024; 259:41. [PMID: 38270671 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04322-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION In flowers multiple secretory systems cooperate to deliver specialized metabolites to support specific roles in defence and pollination. The collective roles of cell types, enzymes, and transporters are discussed. The interplay between reproductive strategies and defense mechanisms in flowering plants has long been recognized, with trade-offs between investment in defense and reproduction predicted. Glandular trichomes and secretory cavities or ducts, which are epidermal and internal structures, play a pivotal role in the secretion, accumulation, and transport of specialized secondary metabolites, and contribute significantly to defense and pollination. Recent investigations have revealed an intricate connection between these two structures, whereby specialized volatile and non-volatile metabolites are exchanged, collectively shaping their respective ecological functions. However, a comprehensive understanding of this profound integration remains largely elusive. In this review, we explore the secretory systems and associated secondary metabolism primarily in Asteraceous species to propose potential shared mechanisms facilitating the directional translocation of these metabolites to diverse destinations. We summarize recent advances in our understanding of the cooperativity between epidermal and internal secretory structures in the biosynthesis, secretion, accumulation, and emission of terpenes, providing specific well-documented examples from pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium). Pyrethrum is renowned for its natural pyrethrin insecticides, which accumulate in the flower head, and more recently, for emitting an aphid alarm pheromone. These examples highlight the diverse specializations of secondary metabolism in pyrethrum and raise intriguing questions regarding the regulation of production and translocation of these compounds within and between its various epidermal and internal secretory systems, spanning multiple tissues, to serve distinct ecological purposes. By discussing the cooperative nature of secretory structures in flowering plants, this review sheds light on the intricate mechanisms underlying the ecological roles of terpenes in defense and pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hao Hu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hansen Fu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jie Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Tuo Zeng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiawen Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Manqun Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Maarten A Jongsma
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Caiyun Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Richit JF, Díaz SVN, Dick LFP, Mariath JEA. Neither lysigenous nor just oil: Demystifying myrtaceous secretory cavities. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16248. [PMID: 37792299 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Leaf subepidermal secretory cavities are a notable trait in Myrtaceae, but their formation is still controversial because of the lack of consensus on their ontogeny among authors. Knowledge about the compounds present in these cavities has grown over the last few years, demonstrating that terpenoid-rich oils are not their unique content. These two points are the focus of this study on the ontogeny, structure, and contents of secretory cavities in neotropical Myrtaceae. METHODS We used histochemical tests and Raman analysis to verify the basic chemical composition of the cavity contents of nine species. We studied the ontogeny of glands in one species, comparing aldehyde-fixed tissues and fresh sections mounted in an inert medium. RESULTS We observed schizogenous development and appearance of the secretory cavities and found that sample processing may induce cell breakdown, which can be misinterpreted as lysigeny. The content of these cavities contains putative terpenes, resins, carbonyl groups, and flavonoids. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the hypothesis that the lysigenous appearance of the oil glands is a technical artifact. These tissue distortions must be considered when interpreting the development of this type of secretory structure. Moreover, the basic analyses of chemical constituents show for the first time that the glands of neotropical Myrtaceae are potential reservoirs of some compounds such as flavonoids previously reported as novelties for a few other myrtaceous species. Because some of them are non-lipid compounds, the idea that the glands are just oil repositories is no longer applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- José F Richit
- Laboratory of Plant Anatomy, Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Gonçalves Avenue, 9500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Shirley V N Díaz
- Electrochemical Processes and Corrosion Laboratory, Department of Metallurgy, School of Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Gonçalves Avenue, 9500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luís F P Dick
- Electrochemical Processes and Corrosion Laboratory, Department of Metallurgy, School of Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Gonçalves Avenue, 9500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jorge E A Mariath
- Laboratory of Plant Anatomy, Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Gonçalves Avenue, 9500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Decoding Metabolic Reprogramming in Plants under Pathogen Attacks, a Comprehensive Review of Emerging Metabolomics Technologies to Maximize Their Applications. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030424. [PMID: 36984864 PMCID: PMC10055942 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In their environment, plants interact with a multitude of living organisms and have to cope with a large variety of aggressions of biotic or abiotic origin. What has been known for several decades is that the extraordinary variety of chemical compounds the plants are capable of synthesizing may be estimated in the range of hundreds of thousands, but only a fraction has been fully characterized to be implicated in defense responses. Despite the vast importance of these metabolites for plants and also for human health, our knowledge about their biosynthetic pathways and functions is still fragmentary. Recent progress has been made particularly for the phenylpropanoids and oxylipids metabolism, which is more emphasized in this review. With an increasing interest in monitoring plant metabolic reprogramming, the development of advanced analysis methods should now follow. This review capitalizes on the advanced technologies used in metabolome mapping in planta, including different metabolomics approaches, imaging, flux analysis, and interpretation using bioinformatics tools. Advantages and limitations with regards to the application of each technique towards monitoring which metabolite class or type are highlighted, with special emphasis on the necessary future developments to better mirror such intricate metabolic interactions in planta.
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Liu Z, Wang J, Qiu B, Ma Z, Lu T, Kang X, Yang J. Induction and Characterization of Tetraploid Through Zygotic Chromosome Doubling in Eucalyptus urophylla. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:870698. [PMID: 35574074 PMCID: PMC9094141 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.870698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Improvements in plant growth can bring great benefits to the forest industry. Eucalyptus urophylla is an important plantation species worldwide, and given that ploidy increases are often associated with plant phenotype changes, it was reasoned that its polyploidization may have good prospects and great significance toward its cultivation. In this study, the zygotic development period of E. urophylla was observed through paraffin sections, and a correlation between the development time of flower buds after pollination and the zygotic development period was established. On this basis, it was determined that the 25th day after pollination was the appropriate time for a high temperature to induce zygotic chromosome doubling. Then tetraploid E. urophylla was successfully obtained for the first time through zygotic chromosome doubling induced by high temperature, and the appropriate conditions were treating flower branches at 44°C for 6 h. The characterization of tetraploid E. urophylla was performed. Chromosome duplication brought about slower growing trees with thicker leaves, larger cells, higher net photosynthetic rates, and a higher content of certain secondary metabolites. Additionally, the molecular mechanisms for the variation in the tetraploid's characteristics were studied. The qRT-PCR results showed that genes mediating the tetraploid characteristics showed the same change trend as those of the characteristics, which verified that tetraploid trait variation was mainly caused by gene expression changes. Furthermore, although the tetraploid had no growth advantage compared with the diploid, it can provide important germplasm resources for future breeding, especially for the creation of triploids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Bingfa Qiu
- Guangxi Dongmen Forest Farm, Chongzuo, China
| | - Zhongcai Ma
- Guangxi Dongmen Forest Farm, Chongzuo, China
| | - Te Lu
- Science and Technology Section, Chifeng Research Institute of Forestry Science, Chifeng, China
| | - Xiangyang Kang
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Goodger JQD, Sargent D, Humphries J, Woodrow IE. Monoterpene synthases responsible for the terpene profile of anther glands in Eucalyptus polybractea R.T. Baker (Myrtaceae). TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:849-864. [PMID: 33219374 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Research on terpene biosynthesis in the genus Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) is poorly developed, but recently large numbers of terpene synthase (TPS) genes have been identified. Few of these have been characterized or their expression localized to specific tissues. A prime candidate for detailed examination of TPS gene expression is the bisexual eucalypt flower-composed of male and female reproductive organs, and vegetative tissues that may express different TPS genes. We aimed to characterize and compare the terpene profile and TPS genes expressed in anthers and gynoecia in the high oil-yielding Eucalyptus polybractea R.T. Baker. We hypothesized that gynoecia will produce greater amounts of defensive terpenes, whereas anthers will have a terpene profile that is biased towards a role in pollination. Microscopy of isolated anthers showed them to possess a single, prominent oil gland. Chemical analysis of whole floral structures at different stages of development showed total oil per unit dry mass increased as flower buds expanded, with highest concentrations in mature flower buds just prior to flower opening. The oil profile of gynoecia was dominated by the monoterpene 1,8-cineole, whereas that of isolated anthers were enriched with the monoterpene α-pinene. Through transcriptomic analysis and recombinant protein expression, we were able to identify monoterpene synthases responsible for the different profiles. Synthases for α-pinene and 1,8-cineole were expressed in each tissue type, but the relative expression of the former was higher in anthers. Sequence comparison and site-directed mutagenesis of the α-pinene synthase allowed us to identify amino acids that influence the α-pinene to β-pinene ratio of the product profile. We suggest the terpene constituents of anthers may have multiple roles including attracting pollinators through emission of volatile α-pinene, deterrence of palynivores through emission of volatile 1,8-cineole and adhesion of pollen to pollinators via the release of sticky α-pinene onto the anther surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Q D Goodger
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Demi Sargent
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
| | - John Humphries
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ian E Woodrow
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Chatterjee P, Kanagendran A, Samaddar S, Pazouki L, Sa TM, Niinemets Ü. Influence of Brevibacterium linens RS16 on foliage photosynthetic and volatile emission characteristics upon heat stress in Eucalyptus grandis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 700:134453. [PMID: 31670196 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress induces secondary metabolic changes in plants, channeling photosynthetic carbon and energy, away from primary metabolic processes, including, growth. Use of ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate) deaminase containing plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) in conferring heat resistance in plants and the role of PGPB, in altering net carbon assimilation, constitutive and stress volatile emissions has not been studied yet. We exposed leaves of Eucalyptus grandis inoculated and non-inoculated with PGPB Brevibacterium linens RS16 to two levels of heat stress (37 °C and 41 °C for 5 min) and quantified temporal changes in foliage photosynthetic characteristics and volatile emission rates at 0.5 h, day 1 and day 5 after the stress application. Heat stress resulted in immediate reductions in dark-adapted photosystem II (PSII) quantum yield (Fv/Fm), net assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance to water vapor (gs), and enhancement of stress volatile emissions, including enhanced emissions of green leaf volatiles (GLV), mono- and sesquiterpenes, light weight oxygenated volatile organic compounds (LOC), geranyl-geranyl diphosphate pathway volatiles (GGDP), saturated aldehydes, and benzenoids, with partial recovery by day 5. Changes in stress-induced volatiles were always less in leaves inoculated with B. linens RS16. However, net assimilation rate was enhanced by bacterial inoculation only in the 37 °C treatment and overall reduction of isoprene emissions was observed in bacterially-treated leaves. Principal component analysis (PCA), correlation analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) indicated that different stress applications influenced specific volatile organic compounds. In addition, changes in the expression analysis of heat shock protein 70 gene (DnaK) gene in B. linens RS16 upon exposure to higher temperatures further indicated that B. linens RS16 has developed its own heat resistance mechanism to survive under higher temperature regimes. Taken together, this study demonstrates that foliar application of ACC deaminase containing PGPB can ameliorate heat stress effects in realistic biological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulami Chatterjee
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Arooran Kanagendran
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia; FARCE Lab, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sandipan Samaddar
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea; Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Leila Pazouki
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia; Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Tong-Min Sa
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia; Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia.
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Rajakani R, Sellamuthu G, V S, S K, Shabala L, Meinke H, Chen Z, Zhou M, Parida A, Shabala S, Venkataraman G. Microhair on the adaxial leaf surface of salt secreting halophytic Oryza coarctata Roxb. show distinct morphotypes: Isolation for molecular and functional analysis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 285:248-257. [PMID: 31203890 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Halophytic Oryza coarctata is a good model system to examine mechanisms of salinity tolerance in rice. O. coarctata leaves show the presence of microhairs in adaxial leaf surface furrows that secrete salt under salinity. However, detailed molecular and physiological studies of O. coarctata microhairs are limited due to their relative inaccessibility. This work presents a detailed characterization of O. coarctata leaf features. O. coarctata has two types of microhairs on the adaxial leaf surface: longer microhairs (three morphotypes) lining epidermal furrow walls and shorter microhairs (reported first time) arising from bulliform cells. Microhair morphotypes include (i) finger-like, tubular structures, (ii) tubular hairs with bilobed and flattened heads and (iii) bi-or trifurcated hairs. The unicellular nature of microhairs was confirmed by propidium iodide (PI) staining. An efficient method for the isolation and enrichment of O. coarctata microhairs is presented (yield averaging ˜2 × 105/g leaf tissue). The robustness of the microhair isolation procedure was confirmed by subsequent viability staining (PI), total RNA isolation and RT-PCR amplification of O. coarctata trichome-specific WUSCHEL-related homeobox 3B (OcWox3B) and transporter gene-specific cDNA sequences. The present microhair isolation work from O. coarctata paves the way for examining genes involved in ion secretion in this halophytic wild rice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Rajakani
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF), III Cross Street, Taramani Institutional Area, Chennai, 600 113, India
| | - Gothandapani Sellamuthu
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF), III Cross Street, Taramani Institutional Area, Chennai, 600 113, India
| | - Saravanakumar V
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF), III Cross Street, Taramani Institutional Area, Chennai, 600 113, India
| | - Kannappan S
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF), III Cross Street, Taramani Institutional Area, Chennai, 600 113, India
| | - Lana Shabala
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, College of Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 98, Hobart, Tas, 7001, Australia
| | - Holger Meinke
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, College of Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 98, Hobart, Tas, 7001, Australia
| | - Zhonghua Chen
- School of Science and Health, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Meixue Zhou
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, College of Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 98, Hobart, Tas, 7001, Australia
| | - Ajay Parida
- Institute of Life Sciences (ILS), NALCO Square, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Sergey Shabala
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, College of Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 98, Hobart, Tas, 7001, Australia.
| | - Gayatri Venkataraman
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF), III Cross Street, Taramani Institutional Area, Chennai, 600 113, India.
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Knudsen C, Gallage NJ, Hansen CC, Møller BL, Laursen T. Dynamic metabolic solutions to the sessile life style of plants. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 35:1140-1155. [PMID: 30324199 PMCID: PMC6254060 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00037a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms. To compensate for not being able to escape when challenged by unfavorable growth conditions, pests or herbivores, plants have perfected their metabolic plasticity by having developed the capacity for on demand dynamic biosynthesis and storage of a plethora of phytochemicals.
Covering: up to 2018 Plants are sessile organisms. To compensate for not being able to escape when challenged by unfavorable growth conditions, pests or herbivores, plants have perfected their metabolic plasticity by having developed the capacity for on demand synthesis of a plethora of phytochemicals to specifically respond to the challenges arising during plant ontogeny. Key steps in the biosynthesis of phytochemicals are catalyzed by membrane-bound cytochrome P450 enzymes which in plants constitute a superfamily. In planta, the P450s may be organized in dynamic enzyme clusters (metabolons) and the genes encoding the P450s and other enzymes in a specific pathway may be clustered. Metabolon formation facilitates transfer of substrates between sequential enzymes and therefore enables the plant to channel the flux of general metabolites towards biosynthesis of specific phytochemicals. In the plant cell, compartmentalization of the operation of specific biosynthetic pathways in specialized plastids serves to avoid undesired metabolic cross-talk and offers distinct storage sites for molar concentrations of specific phytochemicals. Liquid–liquid phase separation may lead to formation of dense biomolecular condensates within the cytoplasm or vacuole allowing swift activation of the stored phytochemicals as required upon pest or herbivore attack. The molecular grid behind plant plasticity offers an endless reservoir of functional modules, which may be utilized as a synthetic biology tool-box for engineering of novel biological systems based on rational design principles. In this review, we highlight some of the concepts used by plants to coordinate biosynthesis and storage of phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Knudsen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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10
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dos Santos BM, Zibrandtsen JFS, Gunbilig D, Sørensen M, Cozzi F, Boughton BA, Heskes AM, Neilson EHJ. Quantification and Localization of Formylated Phloroglucinol Compounds (FPCs) in Eucalyptus Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:186. [PMID: 30863416 PMCID: PMC6399404 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The Eucalyptus genus is a hyper-diverse group of long-lived trees from the Myrtaceae family, consisting of more than 700 species. Eucalyptus are widely distributed across their native Australian landscape and are the most widely planted hardwood forest trees in the world. The ecological and economic success of Eucalyptus trees is due, in part, to their ability to produce a plethora of specialized metabolites, which moderate abiotic and biotic interactions. Formylated phloroglucinol compounds (FPCs) are an important class of specialized metabolites in the Myrtaceae family, particularly abundant in Eucalyptus. FPCs are mono- to tetra-formylated phloroglucinol based derivatives, often with an attached terpene moiety. These compounds provide chemical defense against herbivory and display various bioactivities of pharmaceutical relevance. Despite their ecological and economic importance, and continued improvements into analytical techniques, FPCs have proved challenging to study. Here we present a simple and reliable method for FPCs extraction, identification and quantification by UHPLC-DAD-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS. The method was applied to leaf, flower bud, and flower samples of nine different eucalypt species, using a small amount of plant material. Authentic analytical standards were used to provide high resolution mass spectra and fragmentation patterns. A robust method provides opportunities for future investigations into the identification and quantification of FPCs in complex biological samples with high confidence. Furthermore, we present for the first time the tissue-based localization of FPCs in stem, leaf, and flower bud of Eucalyptus species measured by mass spectrometry imaging, providing important information for biosynthetic pathway discovery studies and for understanding the role of those compounds in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Marques dos Santos
- Section for Plant Biochemistry, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Juliane F. S. Zibrandtsen
- Section for Plant Biochemistry, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Disan Gunbilig
- Section for Plant Biochemistry, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Sørensen
- Section for Plant Biochemistry, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Federico Cozzi
- Section for Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Berin A. Boughton
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Allison Maree Heskes
- Section for Plant Biochemistry, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Synthetic Biology ‘bioSYNergy’, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elizabeth Heather Jakobsen Neilson
- Section for Plant Biochemistry, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Synthetic Biology ‘bioSYNergy’, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Elizabeth Heather Jakobsen Neilson
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11
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Niinemets Ü. Storage of defense metabolites in the leaves of Myrtaceae: news of the eggs in different baskets. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1445-1450. [PMID: 30307578 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, Tallinn, Estonia
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12
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Goodger JQD, Senaratne SL, Nicolle D, Woodrow IE. Differential metabolic specialization of foliar oil glands in Eucalyptus brevistylis Brooker (Myrtaceae). TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1451-1460. [PMID: 30032311 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Trees and shrubs from the genus Eucalyptus are characterized by the presence of numerous foliar oil glands that generally house mono- and sesquiterpenes. In some species, glands are also known to house substantial quantities of unrelated secondary metabolites such as volatile, aromatic β-triketones. It is not known if these compounds are co-housed with terpenes or if they are produced in distinct, metabolically specialized glands. We showed that Eucalyptus brevistylis-a species with appreciable foliar quantities of both β-triketones and terpenes-contains two visually distinct gland types in leaves, one that is translucent and the other golden-brown. Gas chromatographic analyses of solvent extracts of the two gland types showed that the translucent glands contain sesquiterpene alcohol cubenols and cubebols (termed 'sesquiterpene glands'), whereas the golden-brown glands contain predominantly the β-triketone conglomerone with lesser amounts of sesquiterpene hydrocarbon caryophyllenes (termed 'triketone glands'). Analysis of leaves from trees of different ages, from young saplings through to advanced age trees, showed a gradual increase in the abundance of sesquiterpene glands relative to triketone glands as plants aged. Such ontogenetic regulation of foliar secondary metabolite concentration appears to be a common feature of Eucalyptus species, albeit at different temporal scales. A similar ontogenetic pattern was observed in ageing leaves, with mature leaves having a higher proportion of sesquiterpene glands than young leaf tips. It is concluded that regulation of the relative abundances of the two gland types with ontogeny likely reflects the different herbivores present at the different life stages of leaves and whole plants. In particular, leaf tips and young plants may be advantaged by deploying higher amounts of insecticidal β-triketones. The concurrent deployment of two metabolically distinct gland types in leaves is a rare phenomenon and a novel finding for myrtaceous trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Q D Goodger
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samiddhi L Senaratne
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dean Nicolle
- Currency Creek Arboretum, Melrose Park, Currency Creek, SA, Australia
| | - Ian E Woodrow
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Foliar Terpene Chemotypes and Herbivory Determine Variation in Plant Volatile Emissions. J Chem Ecol 2018; 44:51-61. [PMID: 29376212 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-017-0919-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants that synthesize and store terpenes in specialized cells accumulate large concentrations of these compounds while avoiding autotoxicity. Stored terpenes may influence the quantity and profile of volatile compounds that are emitted into the environment and the subsequent role of those volatiles in mediating the activity of herbivores. The Australian medicinal tea tree, Melaleuca alternifolia, occurs as several distinct terpene chemotypes. We studied the profile of its terpene emissions to understand how variations in stored foliar terpenes influenced emissions, both constitutive and when damaged either by herbivores or mechanically. We found that foliar chemistry influenced differences in the composition of terpene emissions, but those emissions were minimal in intact plants. When plants were damaged by herbivores or mechanically, the emissions were greatly increased and the composition corresponded to the constitutive terpenes and the volatility of each compound, suggesting the main origin of emissions is the stored terpenes and not de novo biosynthesized volatiles. However, herbivores modified the composition of the volatile emissions in only one chemotype, probably due to the oxidative metabolism of 1,8-cineole by the beetles. We also tested whether the foliar terpene blend acted as an attractant for the specialized leaf beetles Paropsisterna tigrina and Faex sp. and a parasitoid fly, Anagonia zentae. None of these species responded to extracts of young leaves in an olfactometer, so we found no evidence that these species use plant odor cues for host location in laboratory conditions.
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14
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Kanagendran A, Pazouki L, Niinemets Ü. Differential regulation of volatile emission from Eucalyptus globulus leaves upon single and combined ozone and wounding treatments through recovery and relationships with ozone uptake. ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 145:21-38. [PMID: 29970942 PMCID: PMC6020072 DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Both ozone and wounding constitute two key abiotic stress factors, but their interactive effects on plant constitutive and stress-elicited volatile (VOC) emissions are poorly understood. Furthermore, the information on time-dependent modifications in VOC release during recovery from a combined stress is very limited. We studied the modifications in photosynthetic characteristics and constitutive and stress-induced volatile emissions in response to single and combined applications of acute ozone (4, 5, and 6 ppm) and wounding treatments through recovery (0.5-75 h) in a constitutive isoprene and mono- and sesquiterpene emitter Eucalyptus globulus. Overall, the photosynthetic characteristics were surprisingly resistant to all ozone and wounding treatments. Constitutive isoprene emissions were strongly upregulated by ozone and combined ozone and wounding treatments and remained high through recovery phase, but wounding applied alone reduced isoprene emission. All stress treatments enhanced emissions of lipoxygenase pathway volatiles (LOX), mono- and sesquiterpenes, saturated aldehydes (C7-C10), benzenoids, and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP) pathway volatiles. Once elicited, GGDP volatile, saturated aldehyde and benzenoid emissions remained high through the recovery period. In contrast, LOX emissions, and total mono- and sesquiterpene emissions decreased through recovery period. However, secondary rises in total sesquiterpene emissions at 75 h and in total monoterpenes at 25-50 h were observed. Overall, acute ozone and wounding treatments synergistically altered gas exchange characteristics and stress volatile emissions. Through the treatments and recovery period, stomatal ozone uptake rate and volatile emission rates were poorly correlated, reflecting possible ozone-scavenging effect of volatiles and thus, reduction of effective ozone dose and elicitation of induced defense by the acute ozone concentrations applied. These results underscore the important role of interactive stresses on both constitutive and induced volatile emission responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arooran Kanagendran
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Leila Pazouki
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia
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15
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Mewalal R, Rai DK, Kainer D, Chen F, Külheim C, Peter GF, Tuskan GA. Plant-Derived Terpenes: A Feedstock for Specialty Biofuels. Trends Biotechnol 2017; 35:227-240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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16
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Goodger JQD, Seneratne SL, Nicolle D, Woodrow IE. Foliar Essential Oil Glands of Eucalyptus Subgenus Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) Are a Rich Source of Flavonoids and Related Non-Volatile Constituents. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151432. [PMID: 26977933 PMCID: PMC4792381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The sub-dermal secretory cavities (glands) embedded within the leaves of Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) were once thought to be the exclusive repositories of monoterpene and sesquiterpene oils. Recent research has debunked this theory and shown that abundant non-volatile compounds also occur within foliar glands. In particular, glands of four species in subgenus Eucalyptus contain the biologically active flavanone pinocembrin. Pinocembrin shows great promise as a pharmaceutical and is predominantly plant-sourced, so Eucalyptus could be a potential commercial source of such compounds. To explore this we quantified and assessed the purity of pinocembrin in glands of 11 species of E. subg. Eucalyptus using Electro-Spray Ionisation Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry of acetonitrile extracts and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry analyses of hexane extracts of isolated glands which were free from other leaf tissues. Our results showed that the glands of subgenus Eucalyptus contain numerous flavanones that are structurally related to pinocembrin and often present in much greater abundance. The maximum concentration of pinocembrin was 2 mg g-1 dry leaf found in E. stellulata, whereas that of dimethylpinocembrin (5,7-dimethoxyflavanone) was 10 mg g-1 in E. oreades and that of pinostrobin (5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone) was 12 mg g-1 in E. nitida. We also found that the flavanones are exclusively located within the foliar glands rather than distributed throughout leaf tissues. The flavanones differ from the non-methylated pinocembrin in the degree and positions of methylation. This finding is particularly important given the attractiveness of methylated flavonoids as pharmaceuticals and therapeutics. Another important finding was that glands of some members of the subgenus also contain flavanone O-glucosides and flavanone-β-triketone conjugates. In addition, glands contain free β-triketones, β-triketone heterodimers and chromone C-glucosides. Therefore, the foliar glands of this taxonomically distinct group of plants are a rich source of a range of flavonoids and other biologically active compounds with great commercial potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Q. D. Goodger
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Dean Nicolle
- Currency Creek Arboretum, PO Box 808 Melrose Park, Currency Creek, SA, 5039, Australia
| | - Ian E. Woodrow
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Killeen DP, van Klink JW, Smallfield BM, Gordon KC, Perry NB. Herbicidal β-triketones are compartmentalized in leaves of Leptospermum species: localization by Raman microscopy and rapid screening. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:339-349. [PMID: 25103692 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The New Zealand mānuka shrub, Leptospermum scoparium, and the Australian L. morrisonii produce herbicidal β-triketones in their leaves. The localization of these potential self-toxicants has not been proven. We investigated the localization of these compounds in leaves using Raman microscopy. The results are presented as heat maps derived from principal component analysis (PCA) of the Raman spectra from sampling grids of leaf sections. This approach used undirected, data-driven analysis to qualitatively distinguish localized plant chemistry. The presence of β-triketones and lipophilic flavonoids was confirmed by GC-MS and (1) H NMR spectroscopy. Grandiflorone was compartmentalized within the leaf oil glands of L. morrisonii. Leptospermum scoparium also contained high concentrations of grandiflorone, previously reported as only a trace component in essential oils, localized in the oil glands in the leaves of varieties from diverse geographical locations. Raman microscopy was used to probe the chemistry of oil glands in several ornamental mānuka varieties, revealing high concentrations of bioactive flavonoids localized in these glands. The compartmentalization of β-triketones within oil glands inside leaves of Leptospermum shrubs may defend the plants against herbicidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Killeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand; MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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18
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Lange BM. Biosynthesis and Biotechnology of High-Value p-Menthane Monoterpenes, Including Menthol, Carvone, and Limonene. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 148:319-53. [PMID: 25618831 DOI: 10.1007/10_2014_289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Monoterpenes of the p-menthane group are volatile secondary (or specialized) metabolites found across the plant kingdom. They are dominant constituents of commercially important essential oils obtained from members of the genera Mentha (Lamiaceae), Carum (Apiaceae), Citrus (Rutaceae), and Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae). p-Menthane monoterpenes have also attracted interest as chiral specialty chemicals, and the harvest from natural sources is therefore supplemented by chemical synthesis. More recently, microbial and plant-based platforms for the high-level accumulation of specific target monoterpenes have been developed. In this review chapter, I discuss the properties of the genes and enzymes involved in p-menthane biosynthesis and provide a critical assessment of biotechnological production approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6340, USA,
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19
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Misra BB, Assmann SM, Chen S. Plant single-cell and single-cell-type metabolomics. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:637-46. [PMID: 24946988 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In conjunction with genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, plant metabolomics is providing large data sets that are paving the way towards a comprehensive and holistic understanding of plant growth, development, defense, and productivity. However, dilution effects from organ- and tissue-based sampling of metabolomes have limited our understanding of the intricate regulation of metabolic pathways and networks at the cellular level. Recent advances in metabolomics methodologies, along with the post-genomic expansion of bioinformatics knowledge and functional genomics tools, have allowed the gathering of enriched information on individual cells and single cell types. Here we review progress, current status, opportunities, and challenges presented by single cell-based metabolomics research in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswapriya B Misra
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Sarah M Assmann
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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20
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Bjarnholt N, Li B, D'Alvise J, Janfelt C. Mass spectrometry imaging of plant metabolites--principles and possibilities. Nat Prod Rep 2014; 31:818-37. [PMID: 24452137 DOI: 10.1039/c3np70100j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2013 New mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) techniques are gaining importance in the analysis of plant metabolite distributions, and significant technological improvements have been introduced in the past decade. This review provides an introduction to the different MSI techniques and their applications in plant science. The most common methods for sample preparation are described, and the review also features a comprehensive table of published studies in MSI of plant material. A number of significant works are highlighted for their contributions to advance the understanding of plant biology through applications of plant metabolite imaging. Particular attention is given to the possibility for imaging of surface metabolites since this is highly dependent on the methods and techniques which are applied in imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Bjarnholt
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Bülowsvej 17, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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Guo J, Yuan Y, Liu Z, Zhu J. Development and structure of internal glands and external glandular trichomes in Pogostemon cablin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77862. [PMID: 24205002 PMCID: PMC3813755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pogostemon cablin possesses two morphologically and ontogenetically different types of glandular trichomes, one type of bristle hair on the surfaces of leaves and stems and one type of internal gland inside the leaves and stems. The internal gland originates from elementary meristem and is associated with the biosynthesis of oils present inside the leaves and stems. However, there is little information on mechanism for the oil biosynthesis and secretion inside the leaves and stems. In this study, we identified three kinds of glandular trichome types and two kinds of internal gland in the Pogostemon cablin. The oil secretions from internal glands of stems and leaves contained lipids, flavones and terpenes. Our results indicated that endoplasmic reticulum and plastids and vacuoles are likely involved in the biosynthesis of oils in the internal glands and the synthesized oils are transported from endoplasmic reticulum to the cell wall via connecting endoplasmic reticulum membranes to the plasma membrane. And the comparative analysis of the development, distribution, histochemistry and ultrastructures of the internal and external glands in Pogostemon cablin leads us to propose that the internal gland may be a novel secretory structure which is different from external glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansheng Guo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Zhixue Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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22
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Goodger JQD, Heskes AM, Woodrow IE. Contrasting ontogenetic trajectories for phenolic and terpenoid defences in Eucalyptus froggattii. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:651-9. [PMID: 23378522 PMCID: PMC3736765 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plant defence metabolites are considered costly due to diversion of energy and nutrients away from growth. These costs combined with changes in resource availability and herbivory throughout plant ontogeny are likely to promote changes in defence metabolites. A comprehensive understanding of plant defence strategy requires measurement of lifetime ontogenetic trajectories--a dynamic component largely overlooked in plant defence theories. This study aimed to compare ontogenetic trajectories of foliar phenolics and terpenoids. Phenolics are predicted to be inexpensive to biosynthesize, whereas expensive terpenoids also require specialized, non-photosynthetic secretory structures to avoid autotoxicity. Based on these predicted costs, it is hypothesized that phenolics would be maximally deployed early in ontogeny, whereas terpenoids would be maximally deployed later, once the costs of biosynthesis and foregone photosynthesis could be overcome by enhanced resource acquisition. METHODS Leaves were harvested from a family of glasshouse-grown Eucalyptus froggattii seedlings, field-grown saplings and the maternal parent tree, and analysed for total terpenoids and phenolics. KEY RESULTS Foliar phenolics were highest in young seedlings and lowest in the adult tree. Indeed the ratio of total phenolics to total terpenoids decreased in a significantly exponential manner with plant ontogeny. Most individual terpene constituents increased with plant ontogeny, but some mono- and sesquiterpenes remained relatively constant or even decreased in concentration as plants aged. CONCLUSIONS Plant ontogeny can influence different foliar defence metabolites in directionally opposite ways, and the contrasting trajectories support our hypothesis that phenolics would be maximally deployed earlier than terpenoids. The results highlight the importance of examining ontogenetic trajectories of defence traits when developing and testing theories of plant defence, and illustrate an advantage of concurrently studying multiple defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Q D Goodger
- School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3010.
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23
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Lange BM, Ahkami A. Metabolic engineering of plant monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and diterpenes--current status and future opportunities. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2013; 11:169-96. [PMID: 23171352 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids (a.k.a. isoprenoids) represent the most diverse class of natural products found in plants, with tens of thousands of reported structures. Plant-derived terpenoids have a multitude of pharmaceutical and industrial applications, but the natural resources for their extraction are often limited and, in many cases, synthetic routes are not commercially viable. Some of the most valuable terpenoids are not accumulated in model plants or crops, and genetic resources for breeding of terpenoid natural product traits are thus poorly developed. At present, metabolic engineering, either in the native producer or a heterologous host, is the only realistic alternative to improve yield and accessibility. In this review article, we will evaluate the state of the art of modulating the biosynthetic pathways for the production of mono-, sesqui- and diterpenes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and MJ Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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24
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Heskes AM, Goodger JQD, Tsegay S, Quach T, Williams SJ, Woodrow IE. Localization of oleuropeyl glucose esters and a flavanone to secretory cavities of Myrtaceae. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40856. [PMID: 22911712 PMCID: PMC3401227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the widespread occurrence of structurally diverse oleuropeyl glucose esters, including the new diester eucaglobulin B, localized specifically to the essential oil secretory cavities of myrtaceous species. Clear taxonomic patterns in the composition of cavity extracts within the genus Eucalyptus are shown with species from subgenus Symphyomyrtus dominated by oleuropeyl glucose esters and species from subgenus Eucalyptus dominated instead by the flavanone, pinocembrin. We also examined the intra-species occurrence of oleuropeyl glucose esters by quantifying the abundant constituents cuniloside B and froggattiside A in trees from two populations of Eucalyptus polybractea R.T. Baker. All trees contained both compounds, which were positively correlated with total essential oil concentration. This apparent ubiquity of oleuropeyl glucose esters at both intra- and inter-specific levels in Eucalyptus is indicative of important physiological or ecological functions. The significance of their prevalence and the sequestration of these esters and also pinocembrin to the extracellular domain of secretory cavities is discussed in light of their potential biological activities and our findings that they are spatially segregated to the exterior of cavity lumina. The localization of oleuropeyl glucose esters to a specific and isolatable tissue type has the potential to aid in future elucidation of function and biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Heskes
- School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Heskes AM, Lincoln CN, Goodger JQD, Woodrow IE, Smith TA. Multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging shows spatial segregation of secondary metabolites in Eucalyptus secretory cavities. J Microsc 2012; 247:33-42. [PMID: 22394321 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2011.03593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging provides an excellent tool for imaging deep within plant tissues while providing a means to distinguish between fluorophores with high spatial and temporal resolution. Ideal candidates for the application of multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging to plants are the embedded secretory cavities found in numerous species because they house complex mixtures of secondary metabolites within extracellular lumina. Previous investigations of this type of structure have been restricted by the use of sectioned material resulting in the loss of lumen contents and often disorganization of the delicate secretory cells; thus it is not known if there is spatial segregation of secondary metabolites within these structures. In this paper, we apply multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging to investigate the spatial arrangement of metabolites within intact secretory cavities isolated from Eucalyptus polybractea R.T. Baker leaves. The secretory cavities of this species are abundant (up to 10 000 per leaf), large (up to 6 nL) and importantly house volatile essential oil rich in the monoterpene 1,8-cineole, together with an immiscible, non-volatile component comprised largely of autofluorescent oleuropeic acid glucose esters. We have been able to optically section into the lumina of secretory cavities to a depth of ∼80 μm, revealing a unique spatial organization of cavity metabolites whereby the non-volatile component forms a layer between the secretory cells lining the lumen and the essential oil. This finding could be indicative of a functional role of the non-volatile component in providing a protective region of low diffusivity between the secretory cells and potentially autotoxic essential oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Heskes
- School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Australia.
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Goodger JQD, Woodrow IE. α,β-Unsaturated monoterpene acid glucose esters: structural diversity, bioactivities and functional roles. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:2259-66. [PMID: 21945720 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The glycosylation of lipophilic small molecules produces many important plant secondary metabolites. The majority of these are O-glycosides with relatively fewer occurring as glucose esters of aromatic or aliphatic acids. In particular, monoterpene acid glucose esters have much lower structural diversity and distribution compared to monoterpene glycosides. Nevertheless, there have been over 20 monoterpene acid glucose esters described from trees in the genus Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) in recent years, all based on oleuropeic acid, menthiafolic acid or both. Here we review all of the glucose esters containing these monoterpenoids identified in plants to date. Many of the compounds contain phenolic aglycones and all contain at least one α,β-unsaturated carbonyl, affording a number of important potential therapeutic reactivities such as anti-tumor promotion, carcinogenesis suppression, and anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Additional properties such as cytotoxicity, bitterness, and repellency are suggestive of a role in plant defence, but we also discuss their localization to the exterior of foliar secretory cavity lumina, and suggest they may also protect secretory cells from toxic terpenes housed within these structures. Finally we discuss how the use of a recently developed protocol to isolate secretory cavities in a functional state could be used in conjunction with systems biology approaches to help characterize their biosynthesis and roles in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Q D Goodger
- School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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