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Zhang P, Chen H, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhu G, Zhao W, Shang Q, He J, Zhou Z, Shen G, Yu X, Zhang Z, Chen G, Yu F, Liang D, Tang J, Liu Z, Cui J, Jiang X, Ren H. Dry and wet experiments reveal diagnostic clustering and immune landscapes of cuproptosis patterns in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111326. [PMID: 38091828 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Cuproptosis is a new manner of mitochondrial cell death induced by copper. There is evidence that serum copper has a crucial impact on ankylosing spondylitis (AS) by copper-induced inflammatory response. However, the molecular mechanisms of cuproptosis modulators in AS remain unknown. We aimed to use a bioinformatics-based method to comprehensively investigate cuproptosis-related subtype identification and immune microenvironment infiltration of AS. Additionally, we further verified the results by in vitro experiments, in which peripheral blood and fibroblast cells from AS patients were used to evaluate the functions of significant cuproptosis modulators on AS. Finally, eight significant cuproptosis modulators were identified by analysis of differences between controls and AS cases from GSE73754 dataset. Eight prognostic cuproptosis modulators (LIPT1, DLD, PDHA1, PDHB, SLC31A1, ATP7A, MTF1, CDKN2A) were identified using a random forest model for prediction of AS risk. A nomogram model of the 8 prognostic cuproptosis modulators was then constructed; the model could be beneficial in clinical settings, as indicated by decision curve analysis. Consensus clustering analysis was used to divide AS patients into two cuproptosis subtypes (clusterA & B) according to significant cuproptosis modulators. The cuproptosis score of each sample was calculated by principal component analysis to quantify cuproptosis subtypes. The cuproptosis scores were higher in clusterB than in clusterA. Additionally, cases in clusterA were closely associated with the immunity of activated B cells, Activated CD4 T cell, Type17 T helper cell and Type2 T helper cell, while cases in clusterB were linked to Mast cell, Neutrophil, Plasmacytoid dendritic cell immunity, indicating that clusterB may be more correlated with AS. Notably, key cuproptosis genes including ATP7A, MTF1, SLC31A1 detected by RT-qPCR with peripheral blood exhibited significantly higher expression levels in AS cases than controls; LIPT1 showed the opposite results; High MTF1 expression is correlated with increased osteogenic capacity. In general, this study of cuproptosis patterns may provide promising biomarkers and immunotherapeutic strategies for future AS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Honglin Chen
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - You Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Yu Liu
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Guangye Zhu
- Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215007, China
| | - Wenhua Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Qi Shang
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Jiahui He
- The Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510130, China
| | - Zelin Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Gengyang Shen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China.
| | - Xiang Yu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Zhida Zhang
- The Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510130, China
| | - Guifeng Chen
- Shanghai 9th Peoples Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Fuyong Yu
- Qianxinan Autonomous Prefecture Hospital of TCM, Xingyi 562400, China
| | - De Liang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Jingjing Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Zhixiang Liu
- Affiliated Huadu Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510800, China
| | - Jianchao Cui
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Xiaobing Jiang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China.
| | - Hui Ren
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China.
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Yuan J, Kitchener AC, Lackey LB, Sun T, Jiangzuo Q, Tuohetahong Y, Zhao L, Yang P, Wang G, Huang C, Wang J, Hou W, Liu Y, Chen W, Mi D, Murphy WJ, Li G. The genome of the black-footed cat: Revealing a rich natural history and urgent conservation priorities for small felids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2310763120. [PMID: 38165928 PMCID: PMC10786289 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310763120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Habitat degradation and loss of genetic diversity are common threats faced by almost all of today's wild cats. Big cats, such as tigers and lions, are of great concern and have received considerable conservation attention through policies and international actions. However, knowledge of and conservation actions for small wild cats are lagging considerably behind. The black-footed cat, Felis nigripes, one of the smallest felid species, is experiencing increasing threats with a rapid reduction in population size. However, there is a lack of genetic information to assist in developing effective conservation actions. A de novo assembly of a high-quality chromosome-level reference genome of the black-footed cat was made, and comparative genomics and population genomics analyses were carried out. These analyses revealed that the most significant genetic changes in the evolution of the black-footed cat are the rapid evolution of sensory and metabolic-related genes, reflecting genetic adaptations to its characteristic nocturnal hunting and a high metabolic rate. Genomes of the black-footed cat exhibit a high level of inbreeding, especially for signals of recent inbreeding events, which suggest that they may have experienced severe genetic isolation caused by habitat fragmentation. More importantly, inbreeding associated with two deleterious mutated genes may exacerbate the risk of amyloidosis, the dominant disease that causes mortality of about 70% of captive individuals. Our research provides comprehensive documentation of the evolutionary history of the black-footed cat and suggests that there is an urgent need to investigate genomic variations of small felids worldwide to support effective conservation actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqing Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an710119, China
| | - Andrew C. Kitchener
- Department of Natural Sciences, National Museums Scotland, EdinburghEH1 1JF, United Kingdom
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, EdinburghEH9 3PX, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ting Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an710119, China
| | - Qigao Jiangzuo
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100044, China
| | | | - Le Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an710119, China
- QinLing-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Bioscience and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong723099, China
| | - Peng Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an710119, China
| | - Guiqiang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an710119, China
| | - Chen Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an710119, China
| | - Jinhong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an710119, China
| | - Wenhui Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an710119, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an710119, China
| | - Wu Chen
- Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou510070, China
| | - Da Mi
- Xi’an Haorui Genomics Technology Co., Ltd., Xi’an710116, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an710049, China
| | - William J. Murphy
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX77843
| | - Gang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an710119, China
- Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou510070, China
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Wedan RJ, Longenecker JZ, Nowinski SM. Mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis is an emergent central regulator of mammalian oxidative metabolism. Cell Metab 2024; 36:36-47. [PMID: 38128528 PMCID: PMC10843818 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Contrary to their well-known functions in nutrient breakdown, mitochondria are also important biosynthetic hubs and express an evolutionarily conserved mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (mtFAS) pathway. mtFAS builds lipoic acid and longer saturated fatty acids, but its exact products, their ultimate destination in cells, and the cellular significance of the pathway are all active research questions. Moreover, why mitochondria need mtFAS despite their well-defined ability to import fatty acids is still unclear. The identification of patients with inborn errors of metabolism in mtFAS genes has sparked fresh research interest in the pathway. New mammalian models have provided insights into how mtFAS coordinates many aspects of oxidative mitochondrial metabolism and raise questions about its role in diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and heart failure. In this review, we discuss the products of mtFAS, their function, and the consequences of mtFAS impairment across models and in metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley J Wedan
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, The Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Jacob Z Longenecker
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, The Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Sara M Nowinski
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, The Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
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Yan P, Liu J, Li Z, Wang J, Zhu Z, Wang L, Yu G. Glycolysis Reprogramming in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Unveiling the Mystery of Lactate in the Lung. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:315. [PMID: 38203486 PMCID: PMC10779333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and progressive lung disease characterized by excessive deposition of fibrotic connective tissue in the lungs. Emerging evidence suggests that metabolic alterations, particularly glycolysis reprogramming, play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of IPF. Lactate, once considered a metabolic waste product, is now recognized as a signaling molecule involved in various cellular processes. In the context of IPF, lactate has been shown to promote fibroblast activation, myofibroblast differentiation, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Furthermore, lactate can modulate immune responses and contribute to the pro-inflammatory microenvironment observed in IPF. In addition, lactate has been implicated in the crosstalk between different cell types involved in IPF; it can influence cell-cell communication, cytokine production, and the activation of profibrotic signaling pathways. This review aims to summarize the current research progress on the role of glycolytic reprogramming and lactate in IPF and its potential implications to clarify the role of lactate in IPF and to provide a reference and direction for future research. In conclusion, elucidating the intricate interplay between lactate metabolism and fibrotic processes may lead to the development of innovative therapeutic strategies for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Organ Fibrosis, Pingyuan Laboratory, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; (P.Y.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (J.W.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Guoying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Organ Fibrosis, Pingyuan Laboratory, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; (P.Y.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (J.W.); (Z.Z.)
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Liu Y, Shao Y, Hao Z, Lei X, Liang P, Chang Q, Wang X. Cuproptosis gene-related, neural network-based prognosis prediction and drug-target prediction for KIRC. Cancer Med 2023; 13:e6763. [PMID: 38131663 PMCID: PMC10807644 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), as a common case in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), has the risk of postoperative recurrence, thus its prognosis is poor and its prognostic markers are usually based on imaging methods, which have the problem of low specificity. In addition, cuproptosis, as a novel mode of cell death, has been used as a biomarker to predict disease in many cancers in recent years, which also provides an important basis for prognostic prediction in KIRC. For postoperative patients with KIRC, an important means of preventing disease recurrence is pharmacological treatment, and thus matching the appropriate drug to the specific patient's target is also particularly important. With the development of neural networks, their predictive performance in the field of medical big data has surpassed that of traditional methods, and this also applies to the field of prognosis prediction and drug-target prediction. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to screen for cuproptosis genes related to the prognosis of KIRC and to establish a deep neural network (DNN) model for patient risk prediction, while also developing a personalized nomogram model for predicting patient survival. In addition, sensitivity drugs for KIRC were screened, and a graph neural network (GNN) model was established to predict the targets of the drugs, in order to discover potential drug action sites and provide new treatment ideas for KIRC. METHODS We used the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) database, and DrugBank database for our study. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened using TCGA data, and then a DNN-based risk prediction model was built and validated using ICGC data. Subsequently, the differences between high- and low-risk groups were analyzed and KIRC-sensitive drugs were screened, and finally a GNN model was trained using DrugBank data to predict the relevant targets of these drugs. RESULTS A prognostic model was built by screening 10 significantly different cuproptosis-related genes, the model had an AUC of 0.739 on the training set (TCGA data) and an AUC of 0.707 on the validation set (ICGC data), which demonstrated a good predictive performance. Based on the prognostic model in this paper, patients were also classified into high- and low-risk groups, and functional analyses were performed. In addition, 251 drugs were screened for sensitivity, and four drugs were ultimately found to have high sensitivity, with 5-Fluorouracil having the best inhibitory effect, and subsequently their corresponding targets were also predicted by GraphSAGE, with the most prominent targets including Cytochrome P450 2D6, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A, and Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase receptor Ret. Notably, the average accuracy of GraphSAGE was 0.817 ± 0.013, which was higher than that of GAT and GTN. CONCLUSION Our KIRC risk prediction model, constructed using 10 cuproptosis-related genes, had good independent prognostic ability. In addition, we screened four highly sensitive drugs and predicted relevant targets for these four drugs that might treat KIRC. Finally, literature research revealed that four drug-target interactions have been demonstrated in previous studies and the remaining targets are potential sites of drug action for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Liu
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric NeoplasmsShanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- School of Health Science and EngineeringUniversity of Shanghai for Science and TechnologyShanghaiChina
| | - Yuan Shao
- Department of UrologyRuijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Zezhou Hao
- School of Health Science and EngineeringUniversity of Shanghai for Science and TechnologyShanghaiChina
| | - Xuanzi Lei
- Graduate SchoolShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Pengchen Liang
- School of MicroelectronicsShanghai UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric NeoplasmsShanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- School of Health Science and EngineeringUniversity of Shanghai for Science and TechnologyShanghaiChina
| | - Xianjin Wang
- Department of UrologyRuijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
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Zhang X, Tao T, Qiu Y, Guo X, Zhu X, Zhou X. Copper-mediated novel cell death pathway in tumor cells and implications for innovative cancer therapies. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115730. [PMID: 37864891 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous investigations have unraveled an array of cellular demise modalities, encompassing apoptosis, necrosis, pyroptosis, iron death, and several others. These diverse pathways of cell death have been harnessed as therapeutic strategies for eradicating tumor cells. Recent scientific inquiries have unveiled a novel mode of cell death, namely copper death, which is contingent upon intracellular copper levels. Diverging from conventional cell death mechanisms, copper death exhibits a heightened reliance on mitochondrial respiration, specifically the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Tumor cells exhibit distinctive metabolic profiles and an elevated copper content compared to their normal counterparts. The emergence of copper death presents a tantalizing prospect for targeted therapies in the realm of cancer treatment. Thus, the primary objective of this review is to introduce the proteins and intricate mechanisms underlying copper death, while comprehensively summarizing the extensive body of knowledge concerning its ramifications across diverse tumor types. The insights garnered from this comprehensive synthesis will serve as an invaluable reference for driving the development of tailor-made therapeutic interventions for tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China; Computational Systems Biology Lab (CSBL), The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Yishu Qiu
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Science, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Xiaojun Guo
- Computational Systems Biology Lab (CSBL), The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Computational Systems Biology Lab (CSBL), The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaorong Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
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Li J, Tuo D, Guo G, Gan J. Aberrant expression of cuproptosis‑related gene LIPT1 is associated with metabolic dysregulation of fatty acid and prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:15763-15779. [PMID: 37668796 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05325-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lipoyltransferase 1 (LIPT1) has been recently identified as a cuproptosis‑related gene. As a key enzyme of lipoic acid metabolism, LIPT1 has been revealed to play important roles in hereditary diseases involved with lipoic acid biosynthesis defects, while its roles in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain to be elucidated. Hence, we aimed to explore the roles and mechanisms of LIPT1 in HCC progression. METHODS The expression of LIPT1 in HCC tissues and its clinical significance for HCC were evaluated by bioinformatic analysis and in our patient cohort. The influences of LIPT1 on the growth, migration, and lipid metabolism of HCC cells were assessed in vitro. The underlying mechanisms were explored using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and molecular experiments. RESULTS LIPT1 expression was significantly elevated in HCC tissues compared to the normal tissues, and such upregulation was associated with more malignant pathological features and poor prognosis of patients with HCC. LIPT1 silencing significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and lipid content. GSEA revealed that LIPT1 upregulation was significantly associated with various cancer-associated signaling pathways, including the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Further molecular experiments indicated that LIPT1 silencing repressed the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and inactivated the AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling axis. CONCLUSIONS Upregulation of LIPT1 is involved in metabolic dysregulation of fatty acid and poor prognosis of HCC patients, which suggests that LIPT1 plays an important role in reprogramming lipid metabolism and could act as a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology of School of Preclinical Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dayun Tuo
- Department of Histology and Embryology of School of Preclinical Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Gunan Guo
- Department of Histology and Embryology of School of Preclinical Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
- School of Stomatology, Zhaoqing Medical College, Zhaoqing, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinfeng Gan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Receptor-Targeted Drug Basic Research, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
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Yang X, Zhang X, Shen K, Wang Z, Liu G, Huang K, He Z, Li Y, Hou Z, Lv S, Zhang C, Yang H, Liu S, Ke Y. Cuproptosis-related genes signature and validation of differential expression and the potential targeting drugs in temporal lobe epilepsy. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1033859. [PMID: 37435496 PMCID: PMC10330702 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1033859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common subtype of epilepsy in adults and is characterized by neuronal loss, gliosis, and sprouting mossy fibers in the hippocampus. But the mechanism underlying neuronal loss has not been fully elucidated. A new programmed cell death, cuproptosis, has recently been discovered; however, its role in TLE is not clear. Methods: We first investigated the copper ion concentration in the hippocampus tissue. Then, using the Sample dataset and E-MTAB-3123 dataset, we analyzed the features of 12 cuproptosis-related genes in TLEs and controls using the bioinformatics tools. Then, the expression of the key cuproptosis genes were confirmed using real-time PCR and immunohistochemical staining (IHC). Finally, the Enrichr database was used to screen the small molecules and drugs targeting key cuproptosis genes in TLE. Results: The Sample dataset displayed four differentially expressed cuproptosis-related genes (DECRGs; LIPT1, GLS, PDHA1, and CDKN2A) while the E-MTAB-3123 dataset revealed seven DECRGs (LIPT1, DLD, FDX1, GLS, PDHB, PDHA1, and DLAT). Remarkably, only LIPT1 was uniformly upregulated in both datasets. Additionally, these DECRGs are implicated in the TCA cycle and pyruvate metabolism-both crucial for cell cuproptosis-as well as various immune cell infiltrations, especially macrophages and T cells, in the TLE hippocampus. Interestingly, DECRGs were linked to most infiltrating immune cells during TLE's acute phase, but this association considerably weakened in the latent phase. In the chronic phase, DECRGs were connected with several T-cell subclasses. Moreover, LIPT1, FDX1, DLD, and PDHB were related to TLE identification. PCR and IHC further confirmed LIPT1 and FDX1's upregulation in TLE compared to controls. Finally, using the Enrichr database, we found that chlorzoxazone and piperlongumine inhibited cell cuproptosis by targeting LIPT1, FDX1, DLD, and PDHB. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that cuproptosis is directly related to TLE. The signature of cuproptosis-related genes presents new clues for exploring the roles of neuronal death in TLE. Furthermore, LIPT1 and FDX1 appear as potential targets of neuronal cuproptosis for controlling TLE's seizures and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kaifeng Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongke Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Armed Police Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Guolong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kaixuan Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zeng He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengqing Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunqing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Guangyang Bay Laboratory, Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Guangyang Bay Laboratory, Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiyong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Guangyang Bay Laboratory, Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanyan Ke
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Liang P, Chen J, Yao L, Hao Z, Chang Q. A Deep Learning Approach for Prognostic Evaluation of Lung Adenocarcinoma Based on Cuproptosis-Related Genes. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051479. [PMID: 37239150 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma represents a significant global health challenge. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, the prognosis remains poor for many patients. In this study, we aimed to identify cuproptosis-related genes and to develop a deep neural network model to predict the prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma. We screened differentially expressed genes from The Cancer Genome Atlas data through differential analysis of cuproptosis-related genes. We then used this information to establish a prognostic model using a deep neural network, which we validated using data from the Gene Expression Omnibus. Our deep neural network model incorporated nine cuproptosis-related genes and achieved an area under the curve of 0.732 in the training set and 0.646 in the validation set. The model effectively distinguished between distinct risk groups, as evidenced by significant differences in survival curves (p < 0.001), and demonstrated significant independence as a standalone prognostic predictor (p < 0.001). Functional analysis revealed differences in cellular pathways, the immune microenvironment, and tumor mutation burden between the risk groups. Furthermore, our model provided personalized survival probability predictions with a concordance index of 0.795 and identified the drug candidate BMS-754807 as a potentially sensitive treatment option for lung adenocarcinoma. In summary, we presented a deep neural network prognostic model for lung adenocarcinoma, based on nine cuproptosis-related genes, which offers independent prognostic capabilities. This model can be used for personalized predictions of patient survival and the identification of potential therapeutic agents for lung adenocarcinoma, which may ultimately improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchen Liang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200020, China
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- School of Software Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 528478, China
| | - Lei Yao
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Zezhou Hao
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Qing Chang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200020, China
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10
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Xie J, Yang Y, Gao Y, He J. Cuproptosis: mechanisms and links with cancers. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:46. [PMID: 36882769 PMCID: PMC9990368 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01732-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cuproptosis was a copper-dependent and unique kind of cell death that was separate from existing other forms of cell death. The last decade has witnessed a considerable increase in investigations of programmed cell death, and whether copper induced cell death was an independent form of cell death has long been argued until mechanism of cuproptosis has been revealed. After that, increasing number of researchers attempted to identify the relationship between cuproptosis and the process of cancer. Thus, in this review, we systematically detailed the systemic and cellular metabolic processes of copper and the copper-related tumor signaling pathways. Moreover, we not only focus on the discovery process of cuproptosis and its mechanism, but also outline the association between cuproptosis and cancers. Finally, we further highlight the possible therapeutic direction of employing copper ion ionophores with cuproptosis-inducing functions in combination with small molecule drugs for targeted therapy to treat specific cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Xie
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yannan Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yibo Gao
- Central Laboratory & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Precision Medicine for Cancers, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, 518116, China. .,Laboratory of Translational Medicine, National Cancer Center/National, Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 101399, China.
| | - Jie He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China. .,Laboratory of Translational Medicine, National Cancer Center/National, Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 101399, China.
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11
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Wongkittichote P, Chhay C, Zerafati-Jahromi G, Weisenberg JL, Mian A, Jensen LT, Grange DK. Novel LIAS variants in a patient with epilepsy and profound developmental disabilities. Mol Genet Metab 2023; 138:107373. [PMID: 36680912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2023.107373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Multiple mitochondrial enzymes employ lipoic acid as a coenzyme. Pathogenic variants in LIAS, encoding lipoic acid synthase (LIAS), are associated with autosomal recessive LIAS-related disorder (OMIM# 614462). This disorder is characterized by infantile-onset hypotonia, profound psychomotor delay, epileptic encephalopathy, nonketotic hyperglycinemia, and lactic acidosis. We present the case of a 20-year-old female who experienced developmental deficits at the age of 6 months and began to have seizures at 3 years of age. Exome sequencing revealed compound heterozygous novel variants in LIAS, designated c.277delC (p.Leu93Ter) and c.542A > T (p.Asp181Val). The p.Leu93Ter variant is predicted to cause loss of function due to the severe truncation of the encoded protein. To examine the p.Asp181Val variant, functional analysis was performed using Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) lacking LIP5, the homologue of human LIAS. Wild-type LIAS promoted oxidative growth of the lip5∆ yeast strain. In contrast, lip5∆ yeast expressing p.Asp181Val exhibited poor growth, similar to known pathogenic variants, p.Asp215Glu and p.Met310Thr. Our work has expanded the phenotypic and genotypic spectrum of LIAS-related disorder and established the use of the yeast model as a system for functional study of novel missense variants in LIAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parith Wongkittichote
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chanseyha Chhay
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Gazelle Zerafati-Jahromi
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Judith L Weisenberg
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ali Mian
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Laran T Jensen
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Dorothy K Grange
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Leigh syndrome, or subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy, was initially recognized as a neuropathological entity in 1951. Bilateral symmetrical lesions, typically extending from the basal ganglia and thalamus through brainstem structures to the posterior columns of the spinal cord, are characterized microscopically by capillary proliferation, gliosis, severe neuronal loss, and relative preservation of astrocytes. Leigh syndrome is a pan-ethnic disorder usually with onset in infancy or early childhood, but late-onset forms occur, including in adult life. Over the last six decades it has emerged that this complex neurodegenerative disorder encompasses more than 100 separate monogenic disorders associated with enormous clinical and biochemical heterogeneity. This chapter discusses clinical, biochemical and neuropathological aspects of the disorder, and postulated pathomechanisms. Known genetic causes, including defects of 16 mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genes and approaching 100 nuclear genes, are categorized into disorders of subunits and assembly factors of the five oxidative phosphorylation enzymes, disorders of pyruvate metabolism and vitamin and cofactor transport and metabolism, disorders of mtDNA maintenance, and defects of mitochondrial gene expression, protein quality control, lipid remodeling, dynamics, and toxicity. An approach to diagnosis is presented, together with known treatable causes and an overview of current supportive management options and emerging therapies on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamima Rahman
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom; Metabolic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom.
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13
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Baker MJ, Crameri JJ, Thorburn DR, Frazier AE, Stojanovski D. Mitochondrial biology and dysfunction in secondary mitochondrial disease. Open Biol 2022; 12:220274. [PMID: 36475414 PMCID: PMC9727669 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are a broad, genetically heterogeneous class of metabolic disorders characterized by deficits in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Primary mitochondrial disease (PMD) defines pathologies resulting from mutation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or nuclear genes affecting either mtDNA expression or the biogenesis and function of the respiratory chain. Secondary mitochondrial disease (SMD) arises due to mutation of nuclear-encoded genes independent of, or indirectly influencing OXPHOS assembly and operation. Despite instances of novel SMD increasing year-on-year, PMD is much more widely discussed in the literature. Indeed, since the implementation of next generation sequencing (NGS) techniques in 2010, many novel mitochondrial disease genes have been identified, approximately half of which are linked to SMD. This review will consolidate existing knowledge of SMDs and outline discrete categories within which to better understand the diversity of SMD phenotypes. By providing context to the biochemical and molecular pathways perturbed in SMD, we hope to further demonstrate the intricacies of SMD pathologies outside of their indirect contribution to mitochondrial energy generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan J. Baker
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jordan J. Crameri
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - David R. Thorburn
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ann E. Frazier
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Diana Stojanovski
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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14
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Liu Y, Luo G, Yan Y, Peng J. A pan-cancer analysis of copper homeostasis-related gene lipoyltransferase 1: Its potential biological functions and prognosis values. Front Genet 2022; 13:1038174. [PMID: 36330439 PMCID: PMC9623413 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1038174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As a key copper homeostasis-related molecule, lipoyltransferase 1 (LIPT1) is an essential enzyme for the activation of mitochondrial 2-ketoacid dehydrogenase, participating in fatty acylation. However, the biological significances of LIPT1 in the pan-cancer are unclear. Here, we comprehensively analyzed the functional characteristics of LIPT1 in human cancers and its roles in immune response. We found that LIPT1 was down-regulated in some cancers. And LIPT1 overexpression is associated with favorable prognosis in these patients, such as breast cancer, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, ovarian cancer and gastric cancer. We also explored the mutational status and methylation levels of LIPT1 in human cancers. Gene enrichment analysis indicated that abnormally expressed LIPT1 was significantly associated with immune cells infiltration, such as B cells, CD8+ T cells and cancer-associated fibroblast cells. The result from single cell sequencing reflected the important roles of LIPT1 in the regulation of several biological behaviors of cancer cells, such as DNA damage response and cell apoptosis. Taken together, our research could provide a comprehensive overview about the significances of LIPT1 in human pan-cancer progression, prognosis and immune.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Changde Hospital, Changde, China
| | - Gengqiu Luo
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Basic School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuanliang Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Yuanliang Yan,
| | - Jinwu Peng
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Basic School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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15
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Yan C, Niu Y, Ma L, Tian L, Ma J. System analysis based on the cuproptosis-related genes identifies LIPT1 as a novel therapy target for liver hepatocellular carcinoma. J Transl Med 2022; 20:452. [PMID: 36195876 PMCID: PMC9531858 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03630-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) ranks sixth among the most common types of cancer with a high mortality rate. Cuproptosis is a newly discovered type of cell death in tumor, which is characterized by accumulation of intracellular copper leading to the aggregation of mitochondrial lipoproteins and destabilization of proteins. Thus, understanding the exact effects of cuproptosis-related genes in LIHC and determining their prognosticvalue is critical. However, the prognostic model of LIHC based on cuproptosis-related genes has not been reported. METHODS Firstly, we downloaded transcriptome data and clinical information of LIHC patients from TCGA and GEO (GSE76427), respectively. We then extracted the expression of cuproptosis-related genes and established a prognostic model by lasso cox regression analysis. Afterwards, the prediction performance of the model was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). Then, the prognostic model and the expression levels of the three genes were validated using the dataset from GEO. Subsequently, we divided LIHC patients into two subtypes by non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) classification and performed survival analysis. We constructed a Sankey plot linking different subtypes and prognostic models. Next, we calculate the drug sensitivity of each sample from patients in the high-risk group and low-risk group by the R package pRRophetic. Finally, we verified the function of LIPT1 in LIHC. RESULTS Using lasso cox regression analysis, we developed a prognostic risk model based on three cuproptosis-related genes (GCSH, LIPT1 and CDKN2A). Both in the training and in the test sets, the overall survival (OS) of LIHC patients in the low-risk group was significantly longer than that in the high-risk group. By performing NMF cluster, we identified two molecular subtypes of LIHC (C1 and C2), with C1 subtype having significantly longer OS and PFS than C2 subtype. The ROC analysis indicated that our model had a precisely predictive capacity for patients with LIHC. The multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that the risk score is an independent predictor. Subsequently, we identified 71 compounds with IC50 values that differed between the high-risk and low-risk groups. Finally, we determined that knockdown of LIPT1 gene expression inhibited proliferation and invasion of hepatoma cells. CONCLUSION In this study, we developed a novel prognostic model for hepatocellular carcinoma based on cuproptosis-related genes that can effectively predict the prognosis of LIHC patients. The model may be helpful for clinicians to make clinical decisions for patients with LIHC and provide valuable insights for individualized treatment. Two distinct subtypes of LIHC were identified based on cuproptosis-related genes, with different prognosis and immune characteristics. In addition, we verified that LIPT1 may promote proliferation, invasion and migration of LIHC cells. LIPT1 might be a new potential target for therapy of LIHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yan
- grid.495434.b0000 0004 1797 4346School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Nano-Carbon Modified Film Technology of Henan Province, Diagnostic Laboratory of Animal Diseases, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, Henan China
| | - Yandie Niu
- grid.495434.b0000 0004 1797 4346School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Nano-Carbon Modified Film Technology of Henan Province, Diagnostic Laboratory of Animal Diseases, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, Henan China
| | - Liukai Ma
- grid.495434.b0000 0004 1797 4346School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Nano-Carbon Modified Film Technology of Henan Province, Diagnostic Laboratory of Animal Diseases, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, Henan China
| | - Lifang Tian
- grid.495434.b0000 0004 1797 4346School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Nano-Carbon Modified Film Technology of Henan Province, Diagnostic Laboratory of Animal Diseases, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, Henan China
| | - Jiahao Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Nano-Carbon Modified Film Technology of Henan Province, Diagnostic Laboratory of Animal Diseases, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.
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16
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Li X, Yang Y, Zhang B, Lin X, Fu X, An Y, Zou Y, Wang JX, Wang Z, Yu T. Lactate metabolism in human health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:305. [PMID: 36050306 PMCID: PMC9434547 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01151-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The current understanding of lactate extends from its origins as a byproduct of glycolysis to its role in tumor metabolism, as identified by studies on the Warburg effect. The lactate shuttle hypothesis suggests that lactate plays an important role as a bridging signaling molecule that coordinates signaling among different cells, organs and tissues. Lactylation is a posttranslational modification initially reported by Professor Yingming Zhao’s research group in 2019. Subsequent studies confirmed that lactylation is a vital component of lactate function and is involved in tumor proliferation, neural excitation, inflammation and other biological processes. An indispensable substance for various physiological cellular functions, lactate plays a regulatory role in different aspects of energy metabolism and signal transduction. Therefore, a comprehensive review and summary of lactate is presented to clarify the role of lactate in disease and to provide a reference and direction for future research. This review offers a systematic overview of lactate homeostasis and its roles in physiological and pathological processes, as well as a comprehensive overview of the effects of lactylation in various diseases, particularly inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Li
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University; Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiaotong Lin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, 266011, China
| | - Xiuxiu Fu
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Yi An
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 1677 Wutaishan Road, Qingdao, 266555, China
| | - Yulin Zou
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Jian-Xun Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266000, China.
| | - Tao Yu
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University; Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266000, China.
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17
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Lv H, Liu X, Zeng X, Liu Y, Zhang C, Zhang Q, Xu J. Comprehensive Analysis of Cuproptosis-Related Genes in Immune Infiltration and Prognosis in Melanoma. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:930041. [PMID: 35837286 PMCID: PMC9273972 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.930041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM, hereafter referred to as melanoma) is the most lethal skin cancer with increasing incidence. Regulated cell death plays an important role in tumorigenesis and serves as an important target for almost all treatment strategies. Cuproptosis is the most recently identified copper-dependent regulated cell death form that relies on mitochondria respiration. However, its role in tumorigenesis remains unknown. The correlation of cuproptosis-related genes with tumor prognosis is far to be understood, either. In the present study, we explored the correlation between cuproptosis-related genes with the prognosis of melanoma by accessing and analyzing a public database and found 11 out 12 genes were upregulated in melanoma tissues and three genes (LIPT1, PDHA1, and SLC31A1) have predictive value for the prognosis. The subgroup of melanoma patients with higher cuproptosis-related gene expression showed longer overall survival than those with lower gene expression. We chose LIPT1 for further exploration. LIPT1 expression was increased in melanoma biopsies and was an independent favorable prognostic indicator for melanoma patients. Moreover, LIPT1 expression was positively correlated with PD-L1 expression and negatively associated with Treg cell infiltration. The melanoma patients with higher LIPT1 expression showed longer overall survival than those with lower LIPT1 expression after receiving immunotherapy, indicating the prognostic predictive value of LIPT1. Finally, a pan-cancer analysis indicated that LIPT1 was differentially expressed in diverse cancers as compared to normal tissues and correlated with the expression of multiple immune checkpoints, especially PD-L1. It could serve as a favorable prognosis indicator in some cancer types. In conclusion, our study demonstrated the prognostic value of cuproptosis-related genes, especially LIPT1, in melanoma, and revealed the correlation between LIPT1 expression and immune infiltration in melanoma, thus providing new clues on the prognostic assessment of melanoma patients and providing a new target for the immunotherapy of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhen Lv
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuanhao Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yating Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Canjing Zhang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Qi Zhang, ; Jinhua Xu,
| | - Jinhua Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Qi Zhang, ; Jinhua Xu,
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19
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Cabrera-Serrano M, Caccavelli L, Savarese M, Vihola A, Jokela M, Johari M, Capiod T, Madrange M, Bugiardini E, Brady S, Quinlivan R, Merve A, Scalco R, Hilton-Jones D, Houlden H, Ibrahim Aydin H, Ceylaner S, Vockley J, Taylor RL, Folland C, Kelly A, Goullee H, Ylikallio E, Auranen M, Tyynismaa H, Udd B, Forrest ARR, Davis MR, Bratkovic D, Manton N, Robertson T, McCombe P, Laing NG, Phillips L, de Lonlay P, Ravenscroft G. Bi-allelic loss-of-function OBSCN variants predispose individuals to severe recurrent rhabdomyolysis. Brain 2021; 145:3985-3998. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Rhabdomyolysis is the acute breakdown of skeletal myofibres in response to an initiating factor, most commonly toxins and over exertion. A variety of genetic disorders predispose to rhabdomyolysis through different pathogenic mechanisms, particularly in patients with recurrent episodes. However, most cases remain without a genetic diagnosis. Here we present six patients who presented with severe and recurrent rhabdomyolysis, usually with onset in the teenage years; other features included a history of myalgia and muscle cramps. We identified ten bi-allelic loss-of-function variants in the gene encoding obscurin (OBSCN) predisposing individuals to recurrent rhabdomyolysis. We show reduced expression of OBSCN and loss of obscurin protein in patient muscle. Obscurin is proposed to be involved in SR function and Ca2+ handling. Patient cultured myoblasts appear more susceptible to starvation as evidenced by a greater decreased in SR Ca2+ content compared to control myoblasts. This likely reflects a lower efficiency when pumping Ca2+ back into the SR and/or a decrease in Ca2+ SR storage ability when metabolism is diminished. OSBCN variants have previously been associated with cardiomyopathies. None of the patients presented with a cardiomyopathy and cardiac examinations were normal in all cases in which cardiac function was assessed. There was also no history of cardiomyopathy in first degree relatives, in particular in any of the carrier parents. This cohort is relatively young, thus follow-up studies and the identification of additional cases with bi-allelic null OBSCN variants will further delineate OBSCN-related disease and the clinical course of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Cabrera-Serrano
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre of Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Unidad de Enfermedades Neuromusculares. Servicio de Neurologia y Neurofisiologia. Hospital Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Laure Caccavelli
- Inserm U1151, Institut Necker Enfants-Malades, Reference Center of Inherited Metabolic Diseases and MetabERN, Necker-Enfants-Malades Hospital, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Marco Savarese
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland and Department of Medical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Vihola
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland and Department of Medical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Tampere Neuromuscular Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Manu Jokela
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology, Tampere University and University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Neurocenter, Department of Neurology, Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mridul Johari
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland and Department of Medical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thierry Capiod
- Inserm U1151, Institut Necker Enfants-Malades, Reference Center of Inherited Metabolic Diseases and MetabERN, Necker-Enfants-Malades Hospital, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Marine Madrange
- Inserm U1151, Institut Necker Enfants-Malades, Reference Center of Inherited Metabolic Diseases and MetabERN, Necker-Enfants-Malades Hospital, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Enrico Bugiardini
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Stefen Brady
- Department of Neurology, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Rosaline Quinlivan
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, University College Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Ashirwad Merve
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, University College Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Renata Scalco
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, University College Hospitals, London, UK
| | - David Hilton-Jones
- Neurosciences Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | | | - Serdar Ceylaner
- Intergen Genetic Diagnosis and Research Center, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Jerry Vockley
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rhonda L. Taylor
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre of Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Chiara Folland
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre of Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Aasta Kelly
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Hayley Goullee
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre of Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Emil Ylikallio
- Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mari Auranen
- Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henna Tyynismaa
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bjarne Udd
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland and Department of Medical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Tampere Neuromuscular Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Alistair R. R. Forrest
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre of Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Mark R. Davis
- Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Drago Bratkovic
- Metabolic Clinic, Women and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Nicholas Manton
- SA Pathology, Women and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Thomas Robertson
- Anatomical Pathology, Queensland Pathology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pamela McCombe
- Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nigel G. Laing
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre of Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Liza Phillips
- SA Pathology, Women and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia
- The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Pascale de Lonlay
- Inserm U1151, Institut Necker Enfants-Malades, Reference Center of Inherited Metabolic Diseases and MetabERN, Necker-Enfants-Malades Hospital, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Gianina Ravenscroft
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre of Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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20
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Majethia P, Somashekar PH, Hebbar M, Kadavigere R, Praveen BK, Girisha KM, Shukla A. Biallelic start loss variant, c.1A > G in GCSH is associated with variant nonketotic hyperglycinemia. Clin Genet 2021; 100:201-205. [PMID: 33890291 PMCID: PMC9990824 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The glycine cleavage system H protein (GCSH) is an integral part of the glycine cleavage system with its additional involvement in the synthesis and transport of lipoic acid. We hypothesize that pathogenic variants in GCSH can cause variant nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH), a heterogeneous group of disorders with findings resembling a combination of severe NKH (elevated levels of glycine in plasma and CSF, progressive lethargy, seizures, severe hypotonia, no developmental progress, early death) and mitochondriopathies (lactic acidosis, leukoencephalopathy and Leigh-like lesions on MRI). We herein report three individuals from two unrelated Indian families with clinical, biochemical, and radiological findings of variant NKH, harboring a biallelic start loss variant, c.1A > G in GCSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purvi Majethia
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Puneeth H Somashekar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Malavika Hebbar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Rajagopal Kadavigere
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - BK Praveen
- Department of Pediatrics, Father Muller Medical College Hospital, Mangalore, India
| | - Katta Mohan Girisha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Anju Shukla
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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21
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Cretin E, Lopes P, Vimont E, Tatsuta T, Langer T, Gazi A, Sachse M, Yu‐Wai‐Man P, Reynier P, Wai T. High-throughput screening identifies suppressors of mitochondrial fragmentation in OPA1 fibroblasts. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13579. [PMID: 34014035 PMCID: PMC8185549 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in OPA1 cause autosomal dominant optic atrophy (DOA) as well as DOA+, a phenotype characterized by more severe neurological deficits. OPA1 deficiency causes mitochondrial fragmentation and also disrupts cristae, respiration, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) maintenance, and cell viability. It has not yet been established whether phenotypic severity can be modulated by genetic modifiers of OPA1. We screened the entire known mitochondrial proteome (1,531 genes) to identify genes that control mitochondrial morphology using a first-in-kind imaging pipeline. We identified 145 known and novel candidate genes whose depletion promoted elongation or fragmentation of the mitochondrial network in control fibroblasts and 91 in DOA+ patient fibroblasts that prevented mitochondrial fragmentation, including phosphatidyl glycerophosphate synthase (PGS1). PGS1 depletion reduces CL content in mitochondria and rebalances mitochondrial dynamics in OPA1-deficient fibroblasts by inhibiting mitochondrial fission, which improves defective respiration, but does not rescue mtDNA depletion, cristae dysmorphology, or apoptotic sensitivity. Our data reveal that the multifaceted roles of OPA1 in mitochondria can be functionally uncoupled by modulating mitochondrial lipid metabolism, providing novel insights into the cellular relevance of mitochondrial fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Cretin
- Mitochondrial Biology GroupInstitut PasteurCNRS UMR 3691ParisFrance
- Université de ParisParisFrance
| | - Priscilla Lopes
- Mitochondrial Biology GroupInstitut PasteurCNRS UMR 3691ParisFrance
| | - Elodie Vimont
- Mitochondrial Biology GroupInstitut PasteurCNRS UMR 3691ParisFrance
| | | | - Thomas Langer
- Max‐Planck‐Institute for Biology of AgeingCologneGermany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD)University of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Anastasia Gazi
- UTechS Ultrastructural Bio ImagingInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Martin Sachse
- UTechS Ultrastructural Bio ImagingInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Patrick Yu‐Wai‐Man
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology UnitDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Cambridge Eye UnitAddenbrooke's HospitalCambridge University HospitalsCambridgeUK
- Moorfields Eye HospitalLondonUK
- UCL Institute of OphthalmologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Pascal Reynier
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et biologie moléculaireCentre Hospitalier UniversitaireAngersFrance
- Unité Mixte de Recherche MITOVASCCNRS 6015INSERM U1083Université d'AngersAngersFrance
| | - Timothy Wai
- Mitochondrial Biology GroupInstitut PasteurCNRS UMR 3691ParisFrance
- Université de ParisParisFrance
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22
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Ceccatelli Berti C, di Punzio G, Dallabona C, Baruffini E, Goffrini P, Lodi T, Donnini C. The Power of Yeast in Modelling Human Nuclear Mutations Associated with Mitochondrial Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:300. [PMID: 33672627 PMCID: PMC7924180 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing application of next generation sequencing approaches to the analysis of human exome and whole genome data has enabled the identification of novel variants and new genes involved in mitochondrial diseases. The ability of surviving in the absence of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and mitochondrial genome makes the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae an excellent model system for investigating the role of these new variants in mitochondrial-related conditions and dissecting the molecular mechanisms associated with these diseases. The aim of this review was to highlight the main advantages offered by this model for the study of mitochondrial diseases, from the validation and characterisation of novel mutations to the dissection of the role played by genes in mitochondrial functionality and the discovery of potential therapeutic molecules. The review also provides a summary of the main contributions to the understanding of mitochondrial diseases emerged from the study of this simple eukaryotic organism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Claudia Donnini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (C.C.B.); (G.d.P.); (C.D.); (E.B.); (P.G.); (T.L.)
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23
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Pietikäinen LP, Rahman MT, Hiltunen JK, Dieckmann CL, Kastaniotis AJ. Genetic dissection of the mitochondrial lipoylation pathway in yeast. BMC Biol 2021; 19:14. [PMID: 33487163 PMCID: PMC7831266 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-00951-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipoylation of 2-ketoacid dehydrogenases is essential for mitochondrial function in eukaryotes. While the basic principles of the lipoylation processes have been worked out, we still lack a thorough understanding of the details of this important post-translational modification pathway. Here we used yeast as a model organism to characterize substrate usage by the highly conserved eukaryotic octanoyl/lipoyl transferases in vivo and queried how amenable the lipoylation system is to supplementation with exogenous substrate. RESULTS We show that the requirement for mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis to provide substrates for lipoylation of the 2-ketoacid dehydrogenases can be bypassed by supplying the cells with free lipoic acid (LA) or octanoic acid (C8) and a mitochondrially targeted fatty acyl/lipoyl activating enzyme. We also provide evidence that the S. cerevisiae lipoyl transferase Lip3, in addition to transferring LA from the glycine cleavage system H protein to the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGD) E2 subunits, can transfer this cofactor from the PDH complex to the KGD complex. In support of yeast as a model system for human metabolism, we demonstrate that the human octanoyl/lipoyl transferases can substitute for their counterparts in yeast to support respiratory growth and protein lipoylation. Like the wild-type yeast enzyme, the human lipoyl transferase LIPT1 responds to LA supplementation in the presence of the activating enzyme LplA. CONCLUSIONS In the yeast model system, the eukaryotic lipoylation pathway can use free LA and C8 as substrates when fatty/lipoic acid activating enzymes are targeted to mitochondria. Lip3 LA transferase has a wider substrate specificity than previously recognized. We show that these features of the lipoylation mechanism in yeast are conserved in mammalian mitochondria. Our findings have important implications for the development of effective therapies for the treatment of LA or mtFAS deficiency-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura P Pietikäinen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, PO Box 5400, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - M Tanvir Rahman
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, PO Box 5400, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - J Kalervo Hiltunen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, PO Box 5400, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Carol L Dieckmann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Alexander J Kastaniotis
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, PO Box 5400, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland.
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24
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Lavatelli A, de Mendoza D, Mansilla MC. Defining Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system to investigate lipoic acid metabolism. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14973-14986. [PMID: 32843480 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoic acid (LA) is a sulfur-containing cofactor that covalently binds to a variety of cognate enzymes that are essential for redox reactions in all three domains of life. Inherited mutations in the enzymes that make LA, namely lipoyl synthase, octanoyltransferase, and amidotransferase, result in devastating human metabolic disorders. Unfortunately, because many aspects of this essential pathway are still obscure, available treatments only serve to alleviate symptoms. We envisioned that the development of an organismal model system might provide new opportunities to interrogate LA biochemistry, biology, and physiology. Here we report our investigations on three Caenorhabditis elegans orthologous proteins involved in this post-translational modification. We established that M01F1.3 is a lipoyl synthase, ZC410.7 an octanoyltransferase, and C45G3.3 an amidotransferase. Worms subjected to RNAi against M01F1.3 and ZC410.7 manifest larval arrest in the second generation. The arrest was not rescued by LA supplementation, indicating that endogenous synthesis of LA is essential for C. elegans development. Expression of the enzymes M01F1.3, ZC410.7, and C45G3.3 completely rescue bacterial or yeast mutants affected in different steps of the lipoylation pathway, indicating functional overlap. Thus, we demonstrate that, similarly to humans, C. elegans is able to synthesize LA de novo via a lipoyl-relay pathway, and suggest that this nematode could be a valuable model to dissect the role of protein mislipoylation and to develop new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonela Lavatelli
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Rosario, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Diego de Mendoza
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Rosario, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Cecilia Mansilla
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Rosario, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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25
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Kastaniotis AJ, Autio KJ, R Nair R. Mitochondrial Fatty Acids and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Neuroscientist 2020; 27:143-158. [PMID: 32644907 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420936162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids in mitochondria, in sensu stricto, arise either as β-oxidation substrates imported via the carnitine shuttle or through de novo synthesis by the mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (mtFAS) pathway. Defects in mtFAS or processes involved in the generation of the mtFAS product derivative lipoic acid (LA), including iron-sulfur cluster synthesis required for functional LA synthase, have emerged only recently as etiology for neurodegenerative disease. Intriguingly, mtFAS deficiencies very specifically affect CNS function, while LA synthesis and attachment defects have a pleiotropic presentation beyond neurodegeneration. Typical mtFAS defect presentations include optical atrophy, as well as basal ganglia defects associated with dystonia. The phenotype display of patients with mtFAS defects can resemble the presentation of disorders associated with coenzyme A (CoA) synthesis. A recent publication links these processes together based on the requirement of CoA for acyl carrier protein maturation. MtFAS defects, CoA synthesis- as well as Fe-S cluster-deficiencies share lack of LA as a common symptom.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaija J Autio
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Remya R Nair
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire, UK
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26
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Ni M, Solmonson A, Pan C, Yang C, Li D, Notzon A, Cai L, Guevara G, Zacharias LG, Faubert B, Vu HS, Jiang L, Ko B, Morales NM, Pei J, Vale G, Rakheja D, Grishin NV, McDonald JG, Gotway GK, McNutt MC, Pascual JM, DeBerardinis RJ. Functional Assessment of Lipoyltransferase-1 Deficiency in Cells, Mice, and Humans. Cell Rep 2020; 27:1376-1386.e6. [PMID: 31042466 PMCID: PMC7351313 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) link metabolic defects to human phenotypes. Modern genomics has accelerated IEM discovery, but assessing the impact of genomic variants is still challenging. Here, we integrate genomics and metabolomics to identify a cause of lactic acidosis and epilepsy. The proband is a compound heterozygote for variants in LIPT1, which encodes the lipoyltransferase required for 2-ketoacid dehydrogenase (2KDH) function. Metabolomics reveals abnormalities in lipids, amino acids, and 2-hydroxyglutarate consistent with loss of multiple 2KDHs. Homozygous knockin of a LIPT1 mutation reduces 2KDH lipoylation in utero and results in embryonic demise. In patient fibroblasts, defective 2KDH lipoylation and function are corrected by wild-type, but not mutant, LIPT1 alleles. Isotope tracing reveals that LIPT1 supports lipogenesis and balances oxidative and reductive glutamine metabolism. Altogether, the data extend the role of LIPT1 in metabolic regulation and demonstrate how integrating genomics and metabolomics can uncover broader aspects of IEM pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ni
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Ashley Solmonson
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chunxiao Pan
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chendong Yang
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Dan Li
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ashley Notzon
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ling Cai
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Gerardo Guevara
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lauren G Zacharias
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Brandon Faubert
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Hieu S Vu
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Bookyung Ko
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Noriko Merida Morales
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jimin Pei
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Gonçalo Vale
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Nick V Grishin
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Garrett K Gotway
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Markey C McNutt
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Juan M Pascual
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ralph J DeBerardinis
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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27
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Vemuri S, Srivastava R, Mir Q, Hashemikhabir S, Dong XC, Janga SC. SliceIt: A genome-wide resource and visualization tool to design CRISPR/Cas9 screens for editing protein-RNA interaction sites in the human genome. Methods 2020; 178:104-113. [PMID: 31494246 PMCID: PMC7056568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Several protein-RNA cross linking protocols have been established in recent years to delineate the molecular interaction of an RNA Binding Protein (RBP) and its target RNAs. However, functional dissection of the role of the RBP binding sites in modulating the post-transcriptional fate of the target RNA remains challenging. CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system is being commonly employed to perturb both coding and noncoding regions in the genome. With the advancements in genome-scale CRISPR/Cas9 screens, it is now possible to not only perturb specific binding sites but also probe the global impact of protein-RNA interaction sites across cell types. Here, we present SliceIt (http://sliceit.soic.iupui.edu/), a database of in silico sgRNA (single guide RNA) library to facilitate conducting such high throughput screens. SliceIt comprises of ~4.8 million unique sgRNAs with an estimated range of 2-8 sgRNAs designed per RBP binding site, for eCLIP experiments of >100 RBPs in HepG2 and K562 cell lines from the ENCODE project. SliceIt provides a user friendly environment, developed using advanced search engine framework, Elasticsearch. It is available in both table and genome browser views facilitating the easy navigation of RBP binding sites, designed sgRNAs, exon expression levels across 53 human tissues along with prevalence of SNPs and GWAS hits on binding sites. Exon expression profiles enable examination of locus specific changes proximal to the binding sites. Users can also upload custom tracks of various file formats directly onto genome browser, to navigate additional genomic features in the genome and compare with other types of omics profiles. All the binding site-centric information is dynamically accessible via "search by gene", "search by coordinates" and "search by RBP" options and readily available to download. Validation of the sgRNA library in SliceIt was performed by selecting RBP binding sites in Lipt1 gene and designing sgRNAs. Effect of CRISPR/Cas9 perturbations on the selected binding sites in HepG2 cell line, was confirmed based on altered proximal exon expression levels using qPCR, further supporting the utility of the resource to design experiments for perturbing protein-RNA interaction networks. Thus, SliceIt provides a one-stop repertoire of guide RNA library to perturb RBP binding sites, along with several layers of functional information to design both low and high throughput CRISPR/Cas9 screens, for studying the phenotypes and diseases associated with RBP binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasank Vemuri
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University Purdue University, 719 Indiana Ave Ste 319, Walker Plaza Building, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Rajneesh Srivastava
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University Purdue University, 719 Indiana Ave Ste 319, Walker Plaza Building, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Quoseena Mir
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University Purdue University, 719 Indiana Ave Ste 319, Walker Plaza Building, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Seyedsasan Hashemikhabir
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University Purdue University, 719 Indiana Ave Ste 319, Walker Plaza Building, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - X Charlie Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Sarath Chandra Janga
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University Purdue University, 719 Indiana Ave Ste 319, Walker Plaza Building, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Medical Research and Library Building, 975 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; Centre for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 5021 Health Information and Translational Sciences (HITS), 410 West 10th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States.
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28
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Cronan JE. Progress in the Enzymology of the Mitochondrial Diseases of Lipoic Acid Requiring Enzymes. Front Genet 2020; 11:510. [PMID: 32508887 PMCID: PMC7253636 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Three human mitochondrial diseases that directly affect lipoic acid metabolism result from heterozygous missense and nonsense mutations in the LIAS, LIPT1, and LIPT2 genes. However, the functions of the proteins encoded by these genes in lipoic acid metabolism remained uncertain due to a lack of biochemical analysis at the enzyme level. An exception was the LIPT1 protein for which a perplexing property had been reported, a ligase lacking the ability to activate its substrate. This led to several models, some contradictory, to accommodate the role of LIPT1 protein activity in explaining the phenotypes of the afflicted neonatal patients. Recent evidence indicates that this LIPT1 protein activity is a misleading evolutionary artifact and that the physiological role of LIPT1 is in transfer of lipoic acid moieties from one protein to another. This and other new biochemical data now define a straightforward pathway that fully explains each of the human disorders specific to the assembly of lipoic acid on its cognate enzyme proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Cronan
- B103 Chemical and Life Sciences Laboratory, Departments of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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29
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Schubert Baldo M, Vilarinho L. Molecular basis of Leigh syndrome: a current look. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:31. [PMID: 31996241 PMCID: PMC6990539 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-1297-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Leigh Syndrome (OMIM 256000) is a heterogeneous neurologic disorder due to damage in mitochondrial energy production that usually starts in early childhood. The first description given by Leigh pointed out neurological symptoms in children under 2 years and premature death. Following cases brought some hypothesis to explain the cause due to similarity to other neurological diseases and led to further investigation for metabolic diseases. Biochemical evaluation and specific metabolic profile suggested impairment in energy production (OXPHOS) in mitochondria. As direct approach to involved tissues is not always possible or safe, molecular analysis is a great cost-effective option and, besides biochemical results, is required to confirm the underlying cause of this syndrome face to clinical suspicion. The Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) advance represented a breakthrough in molecular biology allowing simultaneous gene analysis giving short-time results and increasing the variants underlying this syndrome, counting over 75 monogenic causes related so far. NGS provided confirmation of emerging cases and brought up diagnosis in atypical presentations as late-onset cases, which turned Leigh into a heterogeneous syndrome with variable outcomes. This review highlights clinical presentation in both classic and atypical phenotypes, the investigation pathway throughout confirmation emphasizing the underlying genetic heterogeneity and increasing number of genes assigned to this syndrome as well as available treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Schubert Baldo
- Newborn screening, metabolism and genetics unit - human genetics department, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Porto, Portugal.
| | - Laura Vilarinho
- Newborn screening, metabolism and genetics unit - human genetics department, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Porto, Portugal
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Lim A, Thomas RH. The mitochondrial epilepsies. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2020; 24:47-52. [PMID: 31973983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2019.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are vital organelles within cells that undertake many important metabolic roles, the most significant of which is to generate energy to support organ function. Dysfunction of the mitochondrion can lead to a wide range of clinical features, predominantly affecting organs with a high metabolic demand such as the brain. One of the main neurological manifestations of mitochondrial disease is metabolic epilepsies. These epileptic seizures are more frequently of posterior quadrant and occipital lobe onset, more likely to present with non-convulsive status epilepticus which may last months and be more resistant to treatment from the onset. The onset of can be of any age. Childhood onset epilepsy is a major phenotypic feature in mitochondrial disorders such as Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiencies, and Leigh syndrome. Meanwhile, adults with classical mitochondrial disease syndrome such as MELAS, MERFF or POLG-related disorders could present with either focal or generalised seizures. There are no specific curative treatments for mitochondrial epilepsy. Generally, the epileptic seizures should be managed by specialist neurologist with appropriate use of anticonvulsants. As a general rule, especially in disorders associated with mutation in POLG, sodium valproate is best avoided because hepato-toxicity can be fulminant and fatal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Lim
- Department of Paediatrics, Great Northern Children's Hospital, Queen Victoria Rd, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, NE1 4LP, United Kingdom; Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Rhys H Thomas
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Rd, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, NE1 4LP, United Kingdom; Institute of Neuroscience, Henry Wellcome Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom.
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Identification and targeted management of a neurodegenerative disorder caused by biallelic mutations in SLC5A6. NPJ Genom Med 2019; 4:28. [PMID: 31754459 PMCID: PMC6856110 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-019-0103-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a sibling pair displaying an early infantile-onset, progressive neurodegenerative phenotype, with symptoms of developmental delay and epileptic encephalopathy developing from 12 to 14 months of age. Using whole exome sequencing, compound heterozygous variants were identified in SLC5A6, which encodes the sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT) protein. SMVT is an important transporter of the B-group vitamins biotin, pantothenate, and lipoate. The protein is ubiquitously expressed and has major roles in vitamin uptake in the digestive system, as well as transport of these vitamins across the blood–brain barrier. Pathogenicity of the identified variants was demonstrated by impaired biotin uptake of mutant SMVT. Identification of this vitamin transporter as the genetic basis of this disorder guided targeted therapeutic intervention, resulting clinically in improvement of the patient’s neurocognitive and neuromotor function. This is the second report of biallelic mutations in SLC5A6 leading to a neurodegenerative disorder due to impaired biotin, pantothenate and lipoate uptake. The genetic and phenotypic overlap of these cases confirms mutations in SLC5A6 as the genetic cause of this disease phenotype. Recognition of the genetic disorder caused by SLC5A6 mutations is essential for early diagnosis and to facilitate timely intervention by triple vitamin (biotin, pantothenate, and lipoate) replacement therapy.
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Rasetto NB, Lavatelli A, Martin N, Mansilla MC. Unravelling the lipoyl-relay of exogenous lipoate utilization in Bacillus subtilis. Mol Microbiol 2019; 112:302-316. [PMID: 31066113 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lipoate is an essential cofactor for key enzymes of oxidative and one-carbon metabolism. It is covalently attached to E2 subunits of dehydrogenase complexes and GcvH, the H subunit of the glycine cleavage system. Bacillus subtilis possess two protein lipoylation pathways: biosynthesis and scavenging. The former requires octanoylation of GcvH, insertion of sulfur atoms and amidotransfer of the lipoate to E2s, catalyzed by LipL. Lipoate scavenging is mediated by a lipoyl protein ligase (LplJ) that catalyzes a classical two-step ATP-dependent reaction. Although these pathways were thought to be redundant, a ∆lipL mutant, in which the endogenous lipoylation pathway of E2 subunits is blocked, showed growth defects in minimal media even when supplemented with lipoate and despite the presence of a functional LplJ. In this study, we demonstrate that LipL is essential to modify E2 subunits of branched chain ketoacid and pyruvate dehydrogenases during lipoate scavenging. The crucial role of LipL during lipoate utilization relies on the strict substrate specificity of LplJ, determined by charge complementarity between the ligase and the lipoylable subunits. This new lipoyl-relay required for lipoate scavenging highlights the relevance of the amidotransferase as a valid target for the design of new antimicrobial agents among Gram-positive pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalí B Rasetto
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, and Departamento de Microbiología Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Ocampo y Esmeralda, Predio CONICET, Rosario, S2000FHQ, Argentina
| | - Antonela Lavatelli
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, and Departamento de Microbiología Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Ocampo y Esmeralda, Predio CONICET, Rosario, S2000FHQ, Argentina
| | - Natalia Martin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - María Cecilia Mansilla
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, and Departamento de Microbiología Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Ocampo y Esmeralda, Predio CONICET, Rosario, S2000FHQ, Argentina
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Reply to Bailey et al.: New perspectives on the novel role of the Poldip2/ACSM1 axis in a functional mammalian lipoylation salvage pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E7460-E7461. [PMID: 30042216 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1807968115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Protein moonlighting elucidates the essential human pathway catalyzing lipoic acid assembly on its cognate enzymes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E7063-E7072. [PMID: 29987032 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1805862115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of attachment of lipoic acid to its cognate enzyme proteins results in devastating human metabolic disorders. These mitochondrial disorders are evident soon after birth and generally result in early death. The mutations causing specific defects in lipoyl assembly map in three genes, LIAS, LIPT1, and LIPT2 Although physiological roles have been proposed for the encoded proteins, only the LIPT1 protein had been studied at the enzyme level. LIPT1 was reported to catalyze only the second partial reaction of the classical lipoate ligase mechanism. We report that the physiologically relevant LIPT1 enzyme activity is transfer of lipoyl moieties from the H protein of the glycine cleavage system to the E2 subunits of the 2-oxoacid dehydrogenases required for respiration (e.g., pyruvate dehydrogenase) and amino acid degradation. We also report that LIPT2 encodes an octanoyl transferase that initiates lipoyl group assembly. The human pathway is now biochemically defined.
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Bailey PSJ, Nathan JA. Metabolic Regulation of Hypoxia-Inducible Transcription Factors: The Role of Small Molecule Metabolites and Iron. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6020060. [PMID: 29772792 PMCID: PMC6027492 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6020060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs) facilitate cellular adaptations to low-oxygen environments. However, it is increasingly recognised that HIFs may be activated in response to metabolic stimuli, even when oxygen is present. Understanding the mechanisms for the crosstalk that exists between HIF signalling and metabolic pathways is therefore important. This review focuses on the metabolic regulation of HIFs by small molecule metabolites and iron, highlighting the latest studies that explore how tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) and intracellular iron levels influence the HIF response through modulating the activity of prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs). We also discuss the relevance of these metabolic pathways in physiological and disease contexts. Lastly, as PHDs are members of a large family of 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) dependent dioxygenases that can all respond to metabolic stimuli, we explore the broader role of TCA cycle metabolites and 2-HG in the regulation of 2-OG dependent dioxygenases, focusing on the enzymes involved in chromatin remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S J Bailey
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
| | - James A Nathan
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
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Stowe RC, Sun Q, Elsea SH, Scaglia F. LIPT1 deficiency presenting as early infantile epileptic encephalopathy, Leigh disease, and secondary pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:1184-1189. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Stowe
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHouston Texas
| | - Qin Sun
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHouston Texas
| | - Sarah H. Elsea
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHouston Texas
| | - Fernando Scaglia
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHouston Texas
- Texas Children's HospitalHouston Texas
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Poldip2 is an oxygen-sensitive protein that controls PDH and αKGDH lipoylation and activation to support metabolic adaptation in hypoxia and cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:1789-1794. [PMID: 29434038 PMCID: PMC5828627 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1720693115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work establishes that the addition of the prosthetic group lipoic acid to catabolic enzymes is a dynamically regulated posttranslational modification that increases metabolic plasticity under hypoxia and in cancer cells. We show that that the polymerase-δ interacting protein 2 (Poldip2) is an oxygen-sensitive protein that regulates the lipoylation and activation of the pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes. Additionally, our work reveals that mitochondrial peptidases participate in an integrated response needed for metabolic adaptation. This study positions Poldip2 as a key regulator of mitochondrial function and cell metabolism. Although the addition of the prosthetic group lipoate is essential to the activity of critical mitochondrial catabolic enzymes, its regulation is unknown. Here, we show that lipoylation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (αKDH) complexes is a dynamically regulated process that is inhibited under hypoxia and in cancer cells to restrain mitochondrial respiration. Mechanistically, we found that the polymerase-δ interacting protein 2 (Poldip2), a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial protein of unknown function, controls the lipoylation of the pyruvate and α-KDH dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase subunits by a mechanism that involves regulation of the caseinolytic peptidase (Clp)-protease complex and degradation of the lipoate-activating enzyme Ac-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 1 (ACSM1). ACSM1 is required for the utilization of lipoic acid derived from a salvage pathway, an unacknowledged lipoylation mechanism. In Poldip2-deficient cells, reduced lipoylation represses mitochondrial function and induces the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) by loss of substrate inhibition of prolyl-4-hydroxylases (PHDs). HIF-1α–mediated retrograde signaling results in a metabolic reprogramming that resembles hypoxic and cancer cell adaptation. Indeed, we observe that Poldip2 expression is down-regulated by hypoxia in a variety of cell types and basally repressed in triple-negative cancer cells, leading to inhibition of lipoylation of the pyruvate and α-KDH complexes and mitochondrial dysfunction. Increasing mitochondrial lipoylation by forced expression of Poldip2 increases respiration and reduces the growth rate of cancer cells. Our work unveils a regulatory mechanism of catabolic enzymes required for metabolic plasticity and highlights the role of Poldip2 as key during hypoxia and cancer cell metabolic adaptation.
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Peska L, Buza K, Koller J. Drug-target interaction prediction: A Bayesian ranking approach. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2017; 152:15-21. [PMID: 29054256 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE In silico prediction of drug-target interactions (DTI) could provide valuable information and speed-up the process of drug repositioning - finding novel usage for existing drugs. In our work, we focus on machine learning algorithms supporting drug-centric repositioning approach, which aims to find novel usage for existing or abandoned drugs. We aim at proposing a per-drug ranking-based method, which reflects the needs of drug-centric repositioning research better than conventional drug-target prediction approaches. METHODS We propose Bayesian Ranking Prediction of Drug-Target Interactions (BRDTI). The method is based on Bayesian Personalized Ranking matrix factorization (BPR) which has been shown to be an excellent approach for various preference learning tasks, however, it has not been used for DTI prediction previously. In order to successfully deal with DTI challenges, we extended BPR by proposing: (i) the incorporation of target bias, (ii) a technique to handle new drugs and (iii) content alignment to take structural similarities of drugs and targets into account. RESULTS Evaluation on five benchmark datasets shows that BRDTI outperforms several state-of-the-art approaches in terms of per-drug nDCG and AUC. BRDTI results w.r.t. nDCG are 0.929, 0.953, 0.948, 0.897 and 0.690 for G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR), Ion Channels (IC), Nuclear Receptors (NR), Enzymes (E) and Kinase (K) datasets respectively. Additionally, BRDTI significantly outperformed other methods (BLM-NII, WNN-GIP, NetLapRLS and CMF) w.r.t. nDCG in 17 out of 20 cases. Furthermore, BRDTI was also shown to be able to predict novel drug-target interactions not contained in the original datasets. The average recall at top-10 predicted targets for each drug was 0.762, 0.560, 1.000 and 0.404 for GPCR, IC, NR, and E datasets respectively. CONCLUSIONS Based on the evaluation, we can conclude that BRDTI is an appropriate choice for researchers looking for an in silico DTI prediction technique to be used in drug-centric repositioning scenarios. BRDTI Software and supplementary materials are available online at www.ksi.mff.cuni.cz/∼peska/BRDTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislav Peska
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Brain Imaging Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Krisztian Buza
- Brain Imaging Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Germany
| | - Júlia Koller
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Solmonson A, DeBerardinis RJ. Lipoic acid metabolism and mitochondrial redox regulation. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:7522-7530. [PMID: 29191830 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.tm117.000259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoic acid is an essential cofactor for mitochondrial metabolism and is synthesized de novo using intermediates from mitochondrial fatty-acid synthesis type II, S-adenosylmethionine and iron-sulfur clusters. This cofactor is required for catalysis by multiple mitochondrial 2-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes, including pyruvate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase. Lipoic acid also plays a critical role in stabilizing and regulating these multienzyme complexes. Many of these dehydrogenases are regulated by reactive oxygen species, mediated through the disulfide bond of the prosthetic lipoyl moiety. Collectively, its functions explain why lipoic acid is required for cell growth, mitochondrial activity, and coordination of fuel metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Solmonson
- From the Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Ralph J DeBerardinis
- From the Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
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Lebigot E, Gaignard P, Dorboz I, Slama A, Rio M, de Lonlay P, Héron B, Sabourdy F, Boespflug-Tanguy O, Cardoso A, Habarou F, Ottolenghi C, Thérond P, Bouton C, Golinelli-Cohen MP, Boutron A. Impact of mutations within the [Fe-S] cluster or the lipoic acid biosynthesis pathways on mitochondrial protein expression profiles in fibroblasts from patients. Mol Genet Metab 2017; 122:85-94. [PMID: 28803783 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lipoic acid (LA) is the cofactor of the E2 subunit of mitochondrial ketoacid dehydrogenases and plays a major role in oxidative decarboxylation. De novo LA biosynthesis is dependent on LIAS activity together with LIPT1 and LIPT2. LIAS is an iron‑sulfur (Fe-S) cluster-containing mitochondrial protein, like mitochondrial aconitase (mt-aco) and some subunits of respiratory chain (RC) complexes I, II and III. All of them harbor at least one [Fe-S] cluster and their activity is dependent on the mitochondrial [Fe-S] cluster (ISC) assembly machinery. Disorders in the ISC machinery affect numerous Fe-S proteins and lead to a heterogeneous group of diseases with a wide variety of clinical symptoms and combined enzymatic defects. Here, we present the biochemical profiles of several key mitochondrial [Fe-S]-containing proteins in fibroblasts from 13 patients carrying mutations in genes encoding proteins involved in either the lipoic acid (LIPT1 and LIPT2) or mitochondrial ISC biogenesis (FDX1L, ISCA2, IBA57, NFU1, BOLA3) pathway. Ten of them are new patients described for the first time. We confirm that the fibroblast is a good cellular model to study these deficiencies, except for patients presenting mutations in FDX1L and a muscular clinical phenotype. We find that oxidative phosphorylation can be affected by LA defects in LIPT1 and LIPT2 patients due to excessive oxidative stress or to another mechanism connecting LA and respiratory chain activity. We confirm that NFU1, BOLA3, ISCA2 and IBA57 operate in the maturation of [4Fe-4S] clusters and not in [2Fe-2S] protein maturation. Our work suggests a functional difference between IBA57 and other proteins involved in maturation of [Fe-S] proteins. IBA57 seems to require BOLA3, NFU1 and ISCA2 for its stability and NFU1 requires BOLA3. Finally, our study establishes different biochemical profiles for patients according to their mutated protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lebigot
- Biochemistry Department, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Hôpitaux universitaires Paris-Sud, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS UPR 2301, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - P Gaignard
- Biochemistry Department, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Hôpitaux universitaires Paris-Sud, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - I Dorboz
- Inserm U1141, Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, DHU PROTECT, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - A Slama
- Biochemistry Department, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Hôpitaux universitaires Paris-Sud, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - M Rio
- Reference Center of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Institut Imagine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Descartes, 75015 Paris, France
| | - P de Lonlay
- Reference Center of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Institut Imagine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Descartes, 75015 Paris, France
| | - B Héron
- Neuropediatrics Department, Hôpital Trousseau, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75012 Paris, GCR Concer-LD Sorbonne Universités UPMC, Univ 06, Paris, France
| | - F Sabourdy
- Metabolic Biochemistry Department, Hôpital des Enfants, 31059 Toulouse cedex, France
| | - O Boespflug-Tanguy
- Inserm U1141, Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, DHU PROTECT, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France; Neuropediatrics Department, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75019 Paris, France
| | - A Cardoso
- Biochemistry Department, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Hôpitaux universitaires Paris-Sud, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - F Habarou
- Metabolic Biochemistry Department, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - C Ottolenghi
- Metabolic Biochemistry Department, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - P Thérond
- Biochemistry Department, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Hôpitaux universitaires Paris-Sud, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - C Bouton
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS UPR 2301, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - M P Golinelli-Cohen
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS UPR 2301, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - A Boutron
- Biochemistry Department, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Hôpitaux universitaires Paris-Sud, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
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Habarou F, Hamel Y, Haack TB, Feichtinger RG, Lebigot E, Marquardt I, Busiah K, Laroche C, Madrange M, Grisel C, Pontoizeau C, Eisermann M, Boutron A, Chrétien D, Chadefaux-Vekemans B, Barouki R, Bole-Feysot C, Nitschke P, Goudin N, Boddaert N, Nemazanyy I, Delahodde A, Kölker S, Rodenburg RJ, Korenke GC, Meitinger T, Strom TM, Prokisch H, Rotig A, Ottolenghi C, Mayr JA, de Lonlay P. Biallelic Mutations in LIPT2 Cause a Mitochondrial Lipoylation Defect Associated with Severe Neonatal Encephalopathy. Am J Hum Genet 2017; 101:283-290. [PMID: 28757203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoate serves as a cofactor for the glycine cleavage system (GCS) and four 2-oxoacid dehydrogenases functioning in energy metabolism (α-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase [α-KGDHc] and pyruvate dehydrogenase [PDHc]), or amino acid metabolism (branched-chain oxoacid dehydrogenase, 2-oxoadipate dehydrogenase). Mitochondrial lipoate synthesis involves three enzymatic steps catalyzed sequentially by lipoyl(octanoyl) transferase 2 (LIPT2), lipoic acid synthetase (LIAS), and lipoyltransferase 1 (LIPT1). Mutations in LIAS have been associated with nonketotic hyperglycinemia-like early-onset convulsions and encephalopathy combined with a defect in mitochondrial energy metabolism. LIPT1 deficiency spares GCS deficiency and has been associated with a biochemical signature of combined 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase deficiency leading to early death or Leigh-like encephalopathy. We report on the identification of biallelic LIPT2 mutations in three affected individuals from two families with severe neonatal encephalopathy. Brain MRI showed major cortical atrophy with white matter abnormalities and cysts. Plasma glycine was mildly increased. Affected individuals' fibroblasts showed reduced oxygen consumption rates, PDHc, α-KGDHc activities, leucine catabolic flux, and decreased protein lipoylation. A normalization of lipoylation was observed after expression of wild-type LIPT2, arguing for LIPT2 requirement in intramitochondrial lipoate synthesis. Lipoic acid supplementation did not improve clinical condition nor activities of PDHc, α-KGDHc, or leucine metabolism in fibroblasts and was ineffective in yeast deleted for the orthologous LIP2.
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Bernardinelli E, Costa R, Scantamburlo G, To J, Morabito R, Nofziger C, Doerrier C, Krumschnabel G, Paulmichl M, Dossena S. Mis-targeting of the mitochondrial protein LIPT2 leads to apoptotic cell death. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179591. [PMID: 28628643 PMCID: PMC5476274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoyl(Octanoyl) Transferase 2 (LIPT2) is a protein involved in the post-translational modification of key energy metabolism enzymes in humans. Defects of lipoic acid synthesis and transfer start to emerge as causes of fatal or severe early-onset disease. We show that the first 31 amino acids of the N-terminus of LIPT2 represent a mitochondrial targeting sequence and inhibition of the transit of LIPT2 to the mitochondrion results in apoptotic cell death associated with activation of the apoptotic volume decrease (AVD) current in normotonic conditions, as well as over-activation of the swelling-activated chloride current (IClswell), mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, caspase-3 cleavage and nuclear DNA fragmentation. The findings presented here may help elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying derangements of lipoic acid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Bernardinelli
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Roberta Costa
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Giada Scantamburlo
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Janet To
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rossana Morabito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Charity Nofziger
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | | | - Markus Paulmichl
- Center for Health and Bioresources, Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia Dossena
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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43
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Tort F, Ferrer-Cortes X, Ribes A. Differential diagnosis of lipoic acid synthesis defects. J Inherit Metab Dis 2016; 39:781-793. [PMID: 27586888 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-016-9975-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Lipoic acid (LA) is an essential cofactor required for the activity of five multienzymatic complexes that play a central role in the mitochondrial energy metabolism: four 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complexes [pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH), 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (2-KGDH), and 2-oxoadipate dehydrogenase (2-OADH)] and the glycine cleavage system (GCS). LA is synthesized in a complex multistep process that requires appropriate function of the mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (mtFASII) and the biogenesis of iron-sulphur (Fe-S) clusters. Defects in the biosynthesis of LA have been reported to be associated with multiple and severe defects of the mitochondrial energy metabolism. In recent years, disease-causing mutations in genes encoding for proteins involved in LA metabolism have been reported: NFU1, BOLA3, IBA57, LIAS, GLRX5, LIPT1, ISCA2, and LIPT2. These studies represented important progress in understanding the pathophysiology and molecular bases underlying these disorders. Here we review current knowledge regarding involvement of LA synthesis defects in human diseases with special emphasis on the diagnostic strategies for these disorders. The clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients with LA synthesis defects are discussed and a workup for the differential diagnosis proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Tort
- Secció d'Errors Congènits del Metabolisme -IBC, Servei de Bioquímica i Genètica Molecular, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERER, Edifici Helios III, planta baixa, C/Mejía Lequerica s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Xènia Ferrer-Cortes
- Secció d'Errors Congènits del Metabolisme -IBC, Servei de Bioquímica i Genètica Molecular, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERER, Edifici Helios III, planta baixa, C/Mejía Lequerica s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonia Ribes
- Secció d'Errors Congènits del Metabolisme -IBC, Servei de Bioquímica i Genètica Molecular, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERER, Edifici Helios III, planta baixa, C/Mejía Lequerica s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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Kastaniotis AJ, Autio KJ, Kerätär JM, Monteuuis G, Mäkelä AM, Nair RR, Pietikäinen LP, Shvetsova A, Chen Z, Hiltunen JK. Mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis, fatty acids and mitochondrial physiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:39-48. [PMID: 27553474 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria and fatty acids are tightly connected to a multiplicity of cellular processes that go far beyond mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism. In line with this view, there is hardly any common metabolic disorder that is not associated with disturbed mitochondrial lipid handling. Among other aspects of mitochondrial lipid metabolism, apparently all eukaryotes are capable of carrying out de novo fatty acid synthesis (FAS) in this cellular compartment in an acyl carrier protein (ACP)-dependent manner. The dual localization of FAS in eukaryotic cells raises the questions why eukaryotes have maintained the FAS in mitochondria in addition to the "classic" cytoplasmic FAS and what the products are that cannot be substituted by delivery of fatty acids of extramitochondrial origin. The current evidence indicates that mitochondrial FAS is essential for cellular respiration and mitochondrial biogenesis. Although both β-oxidation and FAS utilize thioester chemistry, CoA acts as acyl-group carrier in the breakdown pathway whereas ACP assumes this role in the synthetic direction. This arrangement metabolically separates these two pathways running towards opposite directions and prevents futile cycling. A role of this pathway in mitochondrial metabolic sensing has recently been proposed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipids of Mitochondria edited by Guenther Daum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Kastaniotis
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Kaija J Autio
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha M Kerätär
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Geoffray Monteuuis
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anne M Mäkelä
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Remya R Nair
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Laura P Pietikäinen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Antonina Shvetsova
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Zhijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials and Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - J Kalervo Hiltunen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials and Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, PR China.
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45
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Lipoyltransferase 1 Gene Defect Resulting in Fatal Lactic Acidosis in Two Siblings. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol 2016; 2016:6520148. [PMID: 27247813 PMCID: PMC4877452 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6520148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A term male neonate developed severe intractable lactic acidosis on day of life 1 and died the same day at our institution. The family previously lost another term, female newborn on day of life 1 from suspected sepsis at an outside hospital. After performing an autopsy on the neonate who died at our institution, extensive and lengthy neonatal and parental genetic testing, as well as biochemical analyses, and whole exome sequencing analysis identified compound heterozygous mutations in the lipoyltransferase 1 (LIPT1) gene responsible for the lipoylation of the 2-keto dehydrogenase complexes in the proband. These mutations were also identified in the deceased sibling. The clinical manifestations of these two siblings are consistent with those recently described in two unrelated families with lactic acidosis due to LIPT1 mutations, an underrecognized and underreported cause of neonatal death. Conclusions. Our observations contribute to the delineation of a new autosomal recessive metabolic disorder, leading to neonatal death. Our case report also highlights the importance of an interdisciplinary team in solving challenging cases.
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46
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Assembly of Lipoic Acid on Its Cognate Enzymes: an Extraordinary and Essential Biosynthetic Pathway. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:429-50. [PMID: 27074917 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00073-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the structure of lipoic acid and its role in bacterial metabolism were clear over 50 years ago, it is only in the past decade that the pathways of biosynthesis of this universally conserved cofactor have become understood. Unlike most cofactors, lipoic acid must be covalently bound to its cognate enzyme proteins (the 2-oxoacid dehydrogenases and the glycine cleavage system) in order to function in central metabolism. Indeed, the cofactor is assembled on its cognate proteins rather than being assembled and subsequently attached as in the typical pathway, like that of biotin attachment. The first lipoate biosynthetic pathway determined was that of Escherichia coli, which utilizes two enzymes to form the active lipoylated protein from a fatty acid biosynthetic intermediate. Recently, a more complex pathway requiring four proteins was discovered in Bacillus subtilis, which is probably an evolutionary relic. This pathway requires the H protein of the glycine cleavage system of single-carbon metabolism to form active (lipoyl) 2-oxoacid dehydrogenases. The bacterial pathways inform the lipoate pathways of eukaryotic organisms. Plants use the E. coli pathway, whereas mammals and fungi probably use the B. subtilis pathway. The lipoate metabolism enzymes (except those of sulfur insertion) are members of PFAM family PF03099 (the cofactor transferase family). Although these enzymes share some sequence similarity, they catalyze three markedly distinct enzyme reactions, making the usual assignment of function based on alignments prone to frequent mistaken annotations. This state of affairs has possibly clouded the interpretation of one of the disorders of human lipoate metabolism.
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47
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Gerards M, Sallevelt SCEH, Smeets HJM. Leigh syndrome: Resolving the clinical and genetic heterogeneity paves the way for treatment options. Mol Genet Metab 2016; 117:300-12. [PMID: 26725255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Leigh syndrome is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, affecting 1 in 40,000 live births. Most patients present with symptoms between the ages of three and twelve months, but adult onset Leigh syndrome has also been described. The disease course is characterized by a rapid deterioration of cognitive and motor functions, in most cases resulting in death due to respiratory failure. Despite the high genetic heterogeneity of Leigh syndrome, patients present with identical, symmetrical lesions in the basal ganglia or brainstem on MRI, while additional clinical manifestations and age of onset varies from case to case. To date, mutations in over 60 genes, both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA encoded, have been shown to cause Leigh syndrome, still explaining only half of all cases. In most patients, these mutations directly or indirectly affect the activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain or pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Exome sequencing has accelerated the discovery of new genes and pathways involved in Leigh syndrome, providing novel insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms. This is particularly important as no general curative treatment is available for this devastating disorder, although several recent studies imply that early treatment might be beneficial for some patients depending on the gene or process affected. Timely, gene-based personalized treatment may become an important strategy in rare, genetically heterogeneous disorders like Leigh syndrome, stressing the importance of early genetic diagnosis and identification of new genes/pathways. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the most important clinical manifestations and genes/pathways involved in Leigh syndrome, and discuss the current state of therapeutic interventions in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Gerards
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Research School GROW, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Maastricht Center for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Suzanne C E H Sallevelt
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Research School GROW, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hubert J M Smeets
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Research School GROW, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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48
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Lake NJ, Compton AG, Rahman S, Thorburn DR. Leigh syndrome: One disorder, more than 75 monogenic causes. Ann Neurol 2015; 79:190-203. [PMID: 26506407 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Leigh syndrome is the most common pediatric presentation of mitochondrial disease. This neurodegenerative disorder is genetically heterogeneous, and to date pathogenic mutations in >75 genes have been identified, encoded by 2 genomes (mitochondrial and nuclear). More than one-third of these disease genes have been characterized in the past 5 years alone, reflecting the significant advances made in understanding its etiological basis. We review the diverse biochemical and genetic etiology of Leigh syndrome and associated clinical, neuroradiological, and metabolic features that can provide clues for diagnosis. We discuss the emergence of genotype-phenotype correlations, insights gleaned into the molecular basis of disease, and available therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Lake
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alison G Compton
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shamima Rahman
- Mitochondrial Research Group, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Institute of Child Health, University College London and Metabolic Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - David R Thorburn
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Victorian Clinical Genetic Services, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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49
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Ferrer-Cortès X, Narbona J, Bujan N, Matalonga L, Del Toro M, Arranz JA, Riudor E, Garcia-Cazorla A, Jou C, O'Callaghan M, Pineda M, Montero R, Arias A, García-Villoria J, Alston CL, Taylor RW, Briones P, Ribes A, Tort F. A leaky splicing mutation in NFU1 is associated with a particular biochemical phenotype. Consequences for the diagnosis. Mitochondrion 2015; 26:72-80. [PMID: 26688339 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in NFU1 were recently identified in patients with fatal encephalopathy. NFU1 is an iron-sulfur cluster protein necessary for the activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I-II and the synthesis of lipoic acid. We report two NFU1 compound heterozygous individuals with normal complex I and lipoic acid-dependent enzymatic activities and low, but detectable, levels of lipoylated proteins. We demonstrated a leaky splicing regulation due to a splice site mutation (c.545+5G>A) that produces small amounts of wild type NFU1 mRNA that might result in enough protein to partially lipoylate and restore the activity of lipoic acid-dependent enzymes and the assembly and activity of complex I. These results allowed us to gain insights into the molecular basis underlying this disease and should be considered for the diagnosis of NFU1 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Narbona
- Clinica Universitária de Navarra, Facultad Medicina, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Núria Bujan
- Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Cristina Jou
- Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Mercé Pineda
- Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Angela Arias
- Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Charlotte L Alston
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Robert W Taylor
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Paz Briones
- Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonia Ribes
- Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Frederic Tort
- Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain.
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50
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Sperl W, Fleuren L, Freisinger P, Haack TB, Ribes A, Feichtinger RG, Rodenburg RJ, Zimmermann FA, Koch J, Rivera I, Prokisch H, Smeitink JA, Mayr JA. The spectrum of pyruvate oxidation defects in the diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:391-403. [PMID: 25526709 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9787-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate oxidation defects (PODs) are among the most frequent causes of deficiencies in the mitochondrial energy metabolism and represent a substantial subset of classical mitochondrial diseases. PODs are not only caused by deficiency of subunits of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) but also by various disorders recently described in the whole pyruvate oxidation route including cofactors, regulation of PDHC and the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier. Our own patients from 2000 to July 2014 and patients identified by a systematic survey of the literature from 1970 to July 2014 with a pyruvate oxidation disorder and a genetically proven defect were included in the study (n=628). Of these defects 74.2% (n=466) belong to PDHC subunits, 24.5% (n=154) to cofactors, 0.5% (n=3) to PDHC regulation and 0.8% (n=5) to mitochondrial pyruvate import. PODs are underestimated in the field of mitochondrial diseases because not all diagnostic centres include biochemical investigations of PDHC in their routine analysis. Cofactor and transport defects can be missed, if pyruvate oxidation is not measured in intact mitochondria routinely. Furthermore deficiency of the X-chromosomal PDHA1 can be biochemically missed depending on the X-inactivation pattern. This is reflected by an increasing number of patients diagnosed recently by genetic high throughput screening approaches. PDHC deficiency including regulation and import affect mainly the glucose dependent central and peripheral nervous system and skeletal muscle. PODs with combined enzyme defects affect also other organs like heart, lung and liver. The spectrum of clinical presentation of PODs is still expanding. PODs are a therapeutically interesting group of mitochondrial diseases since some can be bypassed by ketogenic diet or treated by cofactor supplementation. PDHC kinase inhibition, chaperone therapy and PGC1α stimulation is still a matter of further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Sperl
- Department of Paediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, SALK Salzburg, Salzburg, 5020, Austria,
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