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Ross AG, Harn DA, Chy D, Inobaya M, Guevarra JR, Shollenberger L, Li Y, McManus DP, Gray DJ, Williams GM. First bovine vaccine to prevent human schistosomiasis - a cluster randomised Phase 3 clinical trial. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 129:110-117. [PMID: 36736992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical parasitic disease caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. Schistosoma japonicum is zoonotic in China, the Philippines, and Indonesia, with bovines acting as major reservoirs of human infection. The primary objective of the trial was to examine the impact of a combination of human mass chemotherapy, snail control through mollusciciding, and SjCTPI bovine vaccination on the rate of human infection. METHODS A 5-year phase IIIa cluster randomized control trial was conducted among 18 schistosomiasis-endemic villages comprising 18,221 residents in Northern Samar, The Philippines. RESULTS Overall, bovine vaccination resulted in a statistically significant decrease in human infection (relative risk [RR] = 0.75; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.69 to 0.82) across all trial follow-ups. The best outcome of the trial was when bovine vaccination was combined with snail mollusciciding. This combination resulted in a 31% reduction (RR = 0.69; 95% CI = 0.61 to 0.78) in human infection. CONCLUSION This is the first trial to demonstrate the effectiveness of a bovine vaccine for schistosomiasis in reducing human schistosome infection. The trial is registered with Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12619001048178).
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen G Ross
- Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia.
| | - Donald A Harn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Delia Chy
- Municipal Officer of Health, Palapag, Northern Samar, The Philippines
| | | | | | - Lisa Shollenberger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Yuesheng Li
- Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Donald P McManus
- Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Darren J Gray
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Gail M Williams
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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2
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Aung E, Han KT, Gordon CA, Hlaing NN, Aye MM, Htun MW, Wai KT, Myat SM, Thwe TL, Tun A, Wangdi K, Li Y, Williams GM, Clements ACA, Vaz Nery S, McManus DP, Gray DJ. High prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infections in Myanmar schoolchildren. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:28. [PMID: 35272701 PMCID: PMC8908594 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-00952-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Achieving the elimination of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections requires a sufficient understanding of the current epidemiological status of STH endemicity. We aimed to examine the status of STH in Myanmar – a country with the eighth highest STH prevalence in the world, 10 years after instigation of the national deworming programme. Methods In August 2016 we screened for STH infections using Kato Katz (KK) microscopy and real-time PCR (qPCR) in schoolchildren from the Bago Region township of Phyu, a STH sentinel site in Myanmar. Ten schools were randomly selected, and one stool sample each from a total of 264 students was examined. Prevalence and intensity of infection were calculated for each STH. Results High prevalence of STH was identified in the study area with 78.8% of the schoolchildren infected with at least one STH by qPCR, and 33.3% by KK. The most prevalent STH was Trichuris trichiura, diagnosed by both KK (26.1%) and qPCR (67.1%), followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (15.5% KK; 54.9% qPCR). No hookworm infections were identified by KK; however, the qPCR analysis showed a high prevalence of Ancylostoma sp. infection (29.6%) with few Necator americanus (1.1%) infections. Conclusions Despite bi-annual deworming of schoolchildren in the fourth-grade and below, STH prevalence remains stubbornly high. These results informed the expansion of the Myanmar National STH control programme to include all school-aged children by the Ministry of Health and Sports in 2017, however further expansion to the whole community should be considered along with improving sanitation and hygiene measures. This would be augmented by rigorous monitoring and evaluation, including national prevalence surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eindra Aung
- Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kay Thwe Han
- Parasitology Research Division, Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Catherine A Gordon
- Infectious Diseases Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Moe Moe Aye
- Department of Zoology, University of Yangon, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Myo Win Htun
- Parasitology Research Division, Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Khin Thet Wai
- Parasitology Research Division, Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Su Mon Myat
- Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health and Sports, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Thida Lay Thwe
- Department of Zoology, University of Yangon, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Aung Tun
- Ministry of Health and Sports, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Kinley Wangdi
- Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Yuesheng Li
- Infectious Diseases Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Hunan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Control On Schistosomiasis in Lake Region, Yueyang, China
| | - Gail M Williams
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Archie C A Clements
- Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Susana Vaz Nery
- Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Donald P McManus
- Infectious Diseases Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Darren J Gray
- Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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3
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Rogers MJ, McManus DP, Muhi S, Gordon CA. Membrane Technology for Rapid Point-of-Care Diagnostics for Parasitic Neglected Tropical Diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e0032920. [PMID: 34378956 PMCID: PMC8404699 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00329-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) affect over one billion people worldwide, with individuals from communities in low-socioeconomic areas being most at risk and suffering the most. Disease management programs are hindered by the lack of infrastructure and resources for clinical sample collection, storage, and transport and a dearth of sensitive diagnostic methods that are inexpensive as well as accurate. Many diagnostic tests and tools have been developed for the parasitic NTDs, but the collection and storage of clinical samples for molecular and immunological diagnosis can be expensive due to storage, transport, and reagent costs, making these procedures untenable in most areas of endemicity. The application of membrane technology, which involves the use of specific membranes for either sample collection and storage or diagnostic procedures, can streamline this process, allowing for long-term sample storage at room temperature. Membrane technology can be used in serology-based diagnostic assays and for nucleic acid purification prior to molecular analysis. This facilitates the development of relatively simple and rapid procedures, although some of these methods, mainly due to costs, lack accessibility in low-socioeconomic regions of endemicity. New immunological procedures and nucleic acid storage, purification, and diagnostics protocols that are simple, rapid, accurate, and cost-effective must be developed as countries progress control efforts toward the elimination of the parasitic NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine J. Rogers
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Donald P. McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen Muhi
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catherine A. Gordon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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4
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Liu X, Wu M, Liu Y, Li J, Yang D, Jiang L. Foodborne Parasites Dominate Current Parasitic Infections in Hunan Province, China. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:774980. [PMID: 34722349 PMCID: PMC8551805 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.774980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Great progress has been made in the prevention and treatment of human parasitic diseases in China over the past six decades, but parasitic diseases are still one of the most serious public health problems in the world. The specific prevalence of parasitic diseases varies in different provinces due to their geographical environment and the dietary habits of people. In this study, a total of 4,428 patients suspected to have parasitic infection by clinicians or themselves from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2020 were recommended to our laboratory for further testing. In total, 5,246 samples including fecal, blood, and other body fluids were detected by etiological and immunological methods. Approximately 15.20% (673/4,428) of all suspected patients were infected by at least one species of parasite, and the overall positive rate of suspected patients from Hunan Province was 15.10% (594/3,933). A total of 18 species of parasites, namely, nematodes (4 species), trematodes (5 species), cestodes (4 species), protozoa (2 species), and medical arthropods (3 species), and 3 of them were imported parasites outside of Hunan Province. There are 9 species of foodborne parasites, accounting for 89.92% (464/516) of patients infected by one species of parasite. Common parasites in Hunan Province include plerocercoid, Paragonimus westermani, Clonorchis sinensis, cysticercus, Toxoplasma gondii, and Schistosoma japonicum. In this study, we found that the incidence of soilborne nematode infections has decreased significantly. However, foodborne parasites gradually become the main parasitic infections as well as multiple infections are becoming more common. Therefore, we should not only continue the prevention and control of soil-derived nematodes but also focus on the prevention and control of foodborne parasites in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mengqi Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dongqian Yang
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liping Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
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5
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Gordon CA, Krause L, McManus DP, Morrison M, Weerakoon KG, Connor MC, Olveda RM, Ross AG, Gobert GN. Helminths, polyparasitism, and the gut microbiome in the Philippines. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:217-225. [PMID: 32135180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polyparasitism, involving soil-transmitted helminths. and Schistosoma blood flukes, is common in low to middle income countries. These helminths impact on the gut environment and can cause changes to the gut microbiome composition. Here we examined the gut microbiome in individuals with polyparasitism from two human cohorts in the Philippines utilising DNA sequencing-based profiling. Multiple helminth species infections were high with 70.3% of study participants harbouring at least two parasite species, and 16% harbouring at least five species. Increased numbers of helminth co-infections, in particular with the gut-resident soil-transmitted helminths, were significantly associated with increased bacterial diversity; however no significant parasite-gut microbiome associations were evident for individuals infected only with Schistosoma japonicum. In general, a healthy gut is associated with high bacterial diversity, which in these human cohorts may be the result of helminth-mediated immune modulation, or due to changes in the gut environment caused by these parasitic helminths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Gordon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Immunology Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lutz Krause
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Immunology Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mark Morrison
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kosala G Weerakoon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Immunology Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Mairead C Connor
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Remigio M Olveda
- Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manilla, Philippines
| | - Allen G Ross
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Geoffrey N Gobert
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.
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Mindu T, Kabuyaya M, Chimbari MJ. Edutainment and infographics for schistosomiasis health education in Ndumo area, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. COGENT MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2020.1794272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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7
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Leonardo L, Bergquist R, Li SZ, Lv S, Khieu V, Sayasone S, Xu J, Olveda R, Utzinger J, Sripa B, Satrija F, Tangkawattana S, Ullyartha H, Wai KT, Nguyen H, Zhou XN. Multi-disciplinary integration of networking through the RNAS +: Research on other target diseases. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2019; 105:95-110. [PMID: 31530397 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In 2005, the network decided to increase its number of target diseases to include other helminthic zoonoses such as fascioliasis, clonorchiasis, opisthorchiasis, paragonimiasis and cysticercosis and in the process expanding membership to include South Korea, Vietnam, Thailand and Japan. NTDs were eventually included as awareness is heightened on these diseases affecting poor and developing countries. Researches on clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis unravel the mechanism by which these diseases eventually predispose to cholangiocarcinoma. The liver cancer associated with these liver fluke infections necessitate the need to clarify the global burden of disease of these infections. The magnitude of these liver fluke diseases in endemic countries like China, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Thailand is described. Success in elimination of lymphatic filariasis in PR China and Cambodia is highlighted to show how intensified multisectoral collaboration and strong political become strong ingredients in elimination of parasitic diseases like LF. New advances are presented that clarify species and strain differences in Fasciola spp., Paragonimus spp., Taenia spp. and Echinococcocus spp. Conventional diagnostic techniques are compared with new serologic techniques that are being developed. New control strategies such as the Lawa model are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Leonardo
- Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman and University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Graduate School, Quezon City, Philippines.
| | | | - Shi-Zhu Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Lv
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Virak Khieu
- National Helminth Control Program, National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Somphou Sayasone
- Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute, Vientianne, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Jing Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Remigio Olveda
- Asian Tropical Foundation, Filinvest Corporate City, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine Compound, Muntinlupa, Philippines
| | - Juerg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Banchob Sripa
- Department of Pathology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Fadjar Satrija
- Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), JL. Agatis, Kampus IPB, Bogor, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Khin Thet Wai
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health & Sports, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Hung Nguyen
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
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8
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Asian Schistosomiasis: Current Status and Prospects for Control Leading to Elimination. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:tropicalmed4010040. [PMID: 30813615 PMCID: PMC6473711 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is an infectious disease caused by helminth parasites of the genus Schistosoma. Worldwide, an estimated 250 million people are infected with these parasites with the majority of cases occurring in sub-Saharan Africa. Within Asia, three species of Schistosoma cause disease. Schistosoma japonicum is the most prevalent, followed by S. mekongi and S. malayensis. All three species are zoonotic, which causes concern for their control, as successful elimination not only requires management of the human definitive host, but also the animal reservoir hosts. With regard to Asian schistosomiasis, most of the published research has focused on S. japonicum with comparatively little attention paid to S. mekongi and even less focus on S. malayensis. In this review, we examine the three Asian schistosomes and their current status in their endemic countries: Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar, and Thailand (S. mekongi); Malaysia (S. malayensis); and Indonesia, People's Republic of China, and the Philippines (S. japonicum). Prospects for control that could potentially lead to elimination are highlighted as these can inform researchers and disease control managers in other schistosomiasis-endemic areas, particularly in Africa and the Americas.
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9
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Mutombo PN, Man NWY, Nejsum P, Ricketson R, Gordon CA, Robertson G, Clements ACA, Chacón-Fonseca N, Nissapatorn V, Webster JP, McLaws ML. Diagnosis and drug resistance of human soil-transmitted helminth infections: A public health perspective. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2019; 104:247-326. [PMID: 31030770 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections represent a major public health problem globally, particularly among socio-economically disadvantaged populations. Detection of STH infections is often challenging, requiring a combination of diagnostic techniques to achieve acceptable sensitivity and specificity, particularly in low infection-intensity situations. The microscopy-based Kato-Katz remains the most widely used method but has low sensitivity in the detection of, for instance, Strongyloides spp. infections, among others. Antigen/antibody assays can be more sensitive but are parasite species-specific. Highly sensitive PCR methods have been developed to be multiplexed to allow multi-species detection. Novel diagnostic tests for all STH species are needed for effective monitoring, evaluation of chemotherapy programmes, and to assess the potential emergence of parasite resistance. This review discusses available diagnostic methods for the different stages of STH control programmes, which vary in sensitivity and spectrum of detection requirements, and tools to evaluate drug efficacy and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polydor Ngoy Mutombo
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Nicola W Y Man
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Nejsum
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Robert Ricketson
- Hale O'mana'o Biomedical Research, Division of Emerging Pathogens, Edmond, OK, United States
| | - Catherine A Gordon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gemma Robertson
- Public and Environmental Health, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Nathalie Chacón-Fonseca
- Soil-Transmitted Helminths Section, Tropical Medicine Institute, Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Veeranoot Nissapatorn
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand; Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products (RECIHP), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Joanne P Webster
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases (CEEED), Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mary-Louise McLaws
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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10
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Coulibaly G, Ouattara M, Dongo K, Hürlimann E, Bassa FK, Koné N, Essé C, Yapi RB, Bonfoh B, Utzinger J, Raso G, N'Goran EK. Epidemiology of intestinal parasite infections in three departments of south-central Côte d'Ivoire before the implementation of a cluster-randomised trial. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2018; 3:63-76. [PMID: 29774300 PMCID: PMC5952672 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of millions of people are infected with helminths and intestinal protozoa, particularly children in low- and middle-income countries. Preventive chemotherapy is the main strategy to control helminthiases. However, rapid re-infection occurs in settings where there is a lack of clean water, sanitation and hygiene. In August and September 2014, we conducted a cross-sectional epidemiological survey in 56 communities of three departments of south-central Côte d'Ivoire. Study participants were invited to provide stool and urine samples. Stool samples were examined for helminth and intestinal protozoa infections using the Kato-Katz technique and a formalin-ether concentration method. Urine samples were subjected to a filtration method for the diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium. Information on sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge, attitude, practices and beliefs with regard to hygiene, sanitation and intestinal parasitic diseases were collected using a questionnaire administered to household heads. Multivariable logistic regression models were employed to analyse associations between parasite infections and risk factors. Overall, 4,305 participants had complete parasitological and questionnaire data. Hookworm was the predominant helminth species (21.2%), while Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium showed prevalences below 10%. Infections with pathogenic intestinal protozoa (e.g. Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar and Giardia intestinalis) were similarly prevalent in the three departments. Hookworm infection was associated with open defecation and participants' age and sex. Entamoeba coli infection was negatively associated with the use of tap water at home (odds ratio (OR) = 0.66; p = 0.032). Disposal of garbage in close proximity to people's home was positively associated with G. intestinalis (OR = 1.30; p = 0.015). Taken together, helminth and intestinal protozoa infections affected a considerable proportion of rural dwellers in south-central Côte d'Ivoire at the onset of a cluster-randomised intervention trial. Our results will serve as baseline to monitor the effect of a package of interventions, including preventive chemotherapy, sanitation and health education on re-infection with helminths and intestinal protozoa. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN53102033 (date assigned: 26 March 2014).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoussou Coulibaly
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mamadou Ouattara
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Kouassi Dongo
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences de la Terre et des Ressources Minières, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Eveline Hürlimann
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fidèle K Bassa
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Naférima Koné
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Clémence Essé
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences Sociales, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Richard B Yapi
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Bassirou Bonfoh
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giovanna Raso
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eliézer K N'Goran
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
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11
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Gordon CA, Kurscheid J, Jones MK, Gray DJ, McManus DP. Soil-Transmitted Helminths in Tropical Australia and Asia. Trop Med Infect Dis 2017; 2:E56. [PMID: 30270913 PMCID: PMC6082059 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed2040056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) infect 2 billion people worldwide including significant numbers in South-East Asia (SEA). In Australia, STH are of less concern; however, indigenous communities are endemic for STH, including Strongyloides stercoralis, as well as for serious clinical infections due to other helminths such as Toxocara spp. The zoonotic hookworm Ancylostoma ceylanicum is also present in Australia and SEA, and may contribute to human infections particularly among pet owners. High human immigration rates to Australia from SEA, which is highly endemic for STH Strongyloides and Toxocara, has resulted in a high prevalence of these helminthic infections in immigrant communities, particularly since such individuals are not screened for worm infections upon entry. In this review, we consider the current state of STH infections in Australia and SEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Gordon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Queensland 4006, Australia.
| | - Johanna Kurscheid
- Australian National University, Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.
| | - Malcolm K Jones
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia.
| | - Darren J Gray
- Australian National University, Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.
| | - Donald P McManus
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Queensland 4006, Australia.
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12
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Essé C, Koffi VA, Kouamé A, Dongo K, Yapi RB, Moro HM, Kouakou CA, Palmeirim MS, Bonfoh B, N’Goran EK, Utzinger J, Raso G. "Koko et les lunettes magiques": An educational entertainment tool to prevent parasitic worms and diarrheal diseases in Côte d'Ivoire. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005839. [PMID: 28934198 PMCID: PMC5630154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Integrated control programs, emphasizing preventive chemotherapy along with health education, can reduce the incidence of soil-transmitted helminthiasis and schistosomiasis. The aim of this study was to develop an educational animated cartoon to improve school children’s awareness regarding soil-transmitted helminthiasis, diarrheal diseases, and related hygiene practices in Côte d’Ivoire. The key messages included in the cartoon were identified through prior formative research to specifically address local knowledge gaps. Methodology In a first step, preliminary research was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitudes, practices, and beliefs of school-aged children regarding parasitic worm infections and hygiene, to identify key health messages to be included in an animated cartoon. Second, an animated cartoon was produced, which included the drafting of the script and story board, and the production of the cartoon’s initial version. Finally, the animated cartoon was pilot tested in eight selected schools and further fine-tuned. Principal findings According to the questionnaire results, children believed that the consumption of sweet food, eating without washing their hands, sitting on the floor, and eating spoiled food were the main causes of parasitic worm infections. Abdominal pain, diarrhea, lack of appetite, failure to grow, and general fatigue were mentioned as symptoms of parasitic worm infections. Most of the children knew that they should go to the hospital for treatment if they experienced symptoms of parasitic worm diseases. The animated cartoon titled “Koko et les lunettes magiques” was produced by Afrika Toon, in collaboration with a scientific team composed of epidemiologists, civil engineers, and social scientists, and the local school children and teachers. Pilot testing of the animated cartoon revealed that, in the short term, children grasped and kept key messages. Most of the children who were shown the cartoon reported to like it. Acceptance of the animated cartoon was high among children and teachers alike. The messaging was tailored to improve knowledge and practices for prevention of helminthiases and diarrheal diseases through prior identification of knowledge gaps. Integration of such education tools into the school curriculum, along with deworming campaigns, might improve sustainability of control and elimination efforts against helminthiases and diarrheal diseases. Soil-transmitted helminthiases, schistosomiasis, and diarrhea remain important public health issues in sub-Saharan Africa. Health educational animated cartoons can help raise awareness and improve hygiene practices, and thus contribute to the control and elimination of these diseases. For the development of an educational animated cartoon, we first evaluated the knowledge, attitudes, practices, and beliefs of school-aged children in Côte d’Ivoire regarding soil-transmitted helminthiases, diarrhea, and schistosomiasis in order to identify setting-specific health messages for our animated cartoon. We found that children believed that the consumption of sweet food, eating without washing their hands, sitting on the floor, and eating spoiled food were the main causes of parasitic worm infections. As a next step, the alpha version of the animated cartoon was produced and given the title: “Koko et les lunettes magiques”. The animated cartoon was pre-tested in eight schools and further developed. Our study found that children could retain most of the information provided by the animated cartoon. It is suggested that such a tool, integrated into the school curriculum, together with deworming campaigns in Côte d’Ivoire, might improve the sustainability of control and elimination efforts against soil-transmitted helminthiases, diarrhea, and schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Essé
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences de l’Homme et de la Société, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Département Recherche et Développement, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Véronique A. Koffi
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences de l’Homme et de la Société, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Département Recherche et Développement, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Kouassi Dongo
- Département Recherche et Développement, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Richard B. Yapi
- Département Recherche et Développement, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Honorine M. Moro
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences de l’Homme et de la Société, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Département Recherche et Développement, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Christiane A. Kouakou
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences de l’Homme et de la Société, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Département Recherche et Développement, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Marta S. Palmeirim
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bassirou Bonfoh
- Département Recherche et Développement, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Eliézer K. N’Goran
- Département Recherche et Développement, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giovanna Raso
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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13
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Ejike CU, Oluwole AS, Mogaji HO, Adeniran AA, Alabi OM, Ekpo UF. Development and testing of Schisto and Ladders™, an innovative health educational game for control of schistosomiasis in schoolchildren. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:236. [PMID: 28659195 PMCID: PMC5490240 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2545-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis remains a public health problem in many regions of the world, including Nigeria. Current control strategy involves mass drug administration with praziquantel to the endemic population. To complement and sustain on-going preventive chemotherapy, we developed a health educational game named Schisto and Ladders™ and tested its potential for the control of schistosomiasis among schoolchildren living in Imala-Odo, a highly endemic community near Abeokuta, Nigeria. Methods One hundred school children were randomly selected and divided into intervention and control groups through balloting. Their knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) concerning schistosomiasis transmission, control and prevention were assessed using structured questionnaires. Schisto and Ladders™ game were given to the intervention group and the popular Snake and Ladders™ game to the control group. Both games were played for 2 months under the supervision of their class teachers. A post-KAP assessment was carried out in both groups, including focus group discussions (FGDs) to investigate knowledge and the impact of the games. Results Knowledge about urinary schistosomiasis and its transmission significantly improved (P = 0.000) in the intervention group (68.0%) compared to the control group (8.0%). FGDs showed that the frequency of visits to dam water also significantly reduced (P = 0.048) in the intervention group (18.0%) compared to the control group (40.0%). There was a significant increase in knowledge regarding risk behaviours, prevention and control of schistosomiasis among the intervention group, but no new knowledge gained in the control group. Conclusions This study demonstrates the potential of the health education game Schisto and Ladders™ for teaching basic health education and promoting behavioural changes among schoolchildren in endemic communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Uchechukwu Ejike
- Spatial Parasitology and Health GIS Group, Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Akinola Stephen Oluwole
- Spatial Parasitology and Health GIS Group, Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Hammed Oladeji Mogaji
- Spatial Parasitology and Health GIS Group, Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Adebiyi Abdulhakeem Adeniran
- Spatial Parasitology and Health GIS Group, Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Oladimeji Michael Alabi
- Spatial Parasitology and Health GIS Group, Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Uwem Friday Ekpo
- Spatial Parasitology and Health GIS Group, Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.
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14
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Yu W, Ross AG, Olveda RM, Harn DA, Li Y, Chy D, Williams GM. Risk of human helminthiases: geospatial distribution and targeted control. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 55:131-138. [PMID: 27988408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We conducted a cross-sectional survey in 2012 among 22 rural barangays in Northern Samar, the Philippines in order to determine the prevalence of single and multiple species helminth infections, their geospatial distribution and underlying risk factors. METHODS A total of 10,434 individuals who had completed both a medical questionnaire and a stool examination were included in the analysis. Barangay specific prevalence rates were displayed in ArcMap. RESULTS The prevalence of Trichuris trichiura infection was found to be the highest at 62.4%, followed by Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm and S. japonicum with the prevalence rates of 40.2%, 31.32%, and 27.1%, respectively. 52.7% of people were infected with at least two parasites and 4.8% with all four parasites. Males aged 10-19 years were the most vulnerable to coinfection infection. Students, fishermen, farmers and housewives were the most vulnerable occupations for co-infection of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura. Considerable heterogeneity in the spatial distribution was observed for the different parasite species. There was a considerably higher risk of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura co-infection in villages with no schistosomiasis infection (P<0.0001) regardless of MDA treatment. CONCLUSIONS A better understanding of the geospatial distribution of multi-parasitism will guide future integrated strategies leading to elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Yu
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Allen G Ross
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.
| | - Remigio M Olveda
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Health, the Philippines
| | - Donald A Harn
- Centre for Tropical and Emerging Global Health Diseases, University of Georgia, USA
| | - Yuesheng Li
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Australia
| | - Delia Chy
- Municipal Medical Officer of Health, Palapag, Northern Samar
| | - Gail M Williams
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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15
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Ross AGP, Chau TN, Inobaya MT, Olveda RM, Li Y, Harn DA. A new global strategy for the elimination of schistosomiasis. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 54:130-137. [PMID: 27939558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass drug administration utilising a single oral dose of 40mg/kg of praziquantel (PZQ) has been endorsed and advocated by the World Health Organisation (WHO) for the global control and elimination of schistosomiasis. However, this strategy is failing primarily because the drugs are not getting to the people who need them the most. The current global coverage is 20%, the drug compliance rate is less than 50%, and the drug efficacy is approximately 50%. Thus in reality, only about 5% of the reservoir human population is actually receiving intermittent chemotherapy. Despite claims that more of the drug will soon be made available the current strategy is inherently flawed and will not lead to disease elimination. We discuss the many practical issues related to this global strategy, and advocate for an integrated control strategy targeting the life cycle and the most at-risk. Moreover, we discuss how an integrated control package for schistosomiasis should fit within a larger integrated health package for rural and remote villages in the developing world. A holistic health system approach is required to achieve sustainable control and ultimately disease elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen G P Ross
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Australia.
| | - Thao N Chau
- Discipline of Public Health, Flinders University, Australia
| | | | - Remigio M Olveda
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Health, the Philippines
| | - Yuesheng Li
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Australia; Hunan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Donald A Harn
- Centre for Tropical and Emerging Global Health Diseases, University of Georgia, USA
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16
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Ross AGP, Olveda RM, McManus DP, Harn DA, Chy D, Li Y, Tallo V, Ng SK. Risk factors for human helminthiases in rural Philippines. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 54:150-155. [PMID: 27717859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A cross-sectional survey was performed in 2012 among 18 rural barangays in Northern Samar, the Philippines in order to determine the prevalence of single and multiple species helminth infections and the underlying risk factors of acquiring one or more parasites. METHODS A total of 6976 participants who completed a medical questionnaire and provided a stool sample for examination were included in the final analysis. RESULTS The overall prevalence rates of Schistosoma japonicum, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm were found to be moderate to high at 28.9%, 36.5%, 61.8%, and 28.4%, respectively. However, the prevalence of harbouring any of the helminths was found to be higher at 75.6%. Significant variation was evident among the predicted barangay-specific random effects for infection with S. japonicum (barangay variance of 0.66, 95% confidence interval 0.31-1.40) and for any helminth infection (barangay variance of 0.63, 95% confidence interval 0.30-1.29). The predictive models showed, with greater than 80% sensitivity and specificity, that low socio-economic status, low levels of education, poor sanitation, proximity to water sources, occupation (i.e., farming and fishing), and male sex were all reliable indicators of infection status. CONCLUSIONS This study will aid in the targeting of limited resources for national treatment and WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene) efforts in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen G P Ross
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Remigio M Olveda
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Health, Muntinlupa, Philippines
| | - Donald P McManus
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Donald A Harn
- The Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Health Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Delia Chy
- Municipal Medical Officer of Health, Palapag, Northern Samar, Philippines
| | - Yuesheng Li
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Veronica Tallo
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Health, Muntinlupa, Philippines
| | - Shu-Kay Ng
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
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17
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Gordon CA, McManus DP, Jones MK, Gray DJ, Gobert GN. The Increase of Exotic Zoonotic Helminth Infections: The Impact of Urbanization, Climate Change and Globalization. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2016; 91:311-97. [PMID: 27015952 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic parasitic diseases are increasingly impacting human populations due to the effects of globalization, urbanization and climate change. Here we review the recent literature on the most important helminth zoonoses, including reports of incidence and prevalence. We discuss those helminth diseases which are increasing in endemic areas and consider their geographical spread into new regions within the framework of globalization, urbanization and climate change to determine the effect these variables are having on disease incidence, transmission and the associated challenges presented for public health initiatives, including control and elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Gordon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Malcolm K Jones
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Darren J Gray
- Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Geoffrey N Gobert
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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18
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Hosking CG, McWilliam HEG, Driguez P, Piedrafita D, Li Y, McManus DP, Ilag LL, Meeusen ENT, de Veer MJ. Generation of a Novel Bacteriophage Library Displaying scFv Antibody Fragments from the Natural Buffalo Host to Identify Antigens from Adult Schistosoma japonicum for Diagnostic Development. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004280. [PMID: 26684756 PMCID: PMC4686158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of effective diagnostic tools will be essential in the continuing fight to reduce schistosome infection; however, the diagnostic tests available to date are generally laborious and difficult to implement in current parasite control strategies. We generated a series of single-chain antibody Fv domain (scFv) phage display libraries from the portal lymph node of field exposed water buffaloes, Bubalus bubalis, 11–12 days post challenge with Schistosoma japonicum cercariae. The selected scFv-phages showed clear enrichment towards adult schistosomes and excretory-secretory (ES) proteins by immunofluorescence, ELISA and western blot analysis. The enriched libraries were used to probe a schistosome specific protein microarray resulting in the recognition of a number of proteins, five of which were specific to schistosomes, with RNA expression predominantly in the adult life-stage based on interrogation of schistosome expressed sequence tags (EST). As the libraries were enriched by panning against ES products, these antigens may be excreted or secreted into the host vasculature and hence may make good targets for a diagnostic assay. Further selection of the scFv library against infected mouse sera identified five soluble scFv clones that could selectively recognise soluble whole adult preparations (SWAP) relative to an irrelevant protein control (ovalbumin). Furthermore, two of the identified scFv clones also selectively recognised SWAP proteins when spiked into naïve mouse sera. These host B-cell derived scFvs that specifically bind to schistosome protein preparations will be valuable reagents for further development of a cost effective point-of-care diagnostic test. Mass drug administration using the highly effective drug praziquantel (PZQ) is currently the method of choice to combat schistosomiasis. However, this treatment regime has limitations; in particular, it does not prevent re-infection and sporadic parasite resistance against PZQ is a continuing threat. The path to the successful control of schistosomiasis is highly challenging and must consider, not only the complex nature of the host-parasite interaction, but also the capacity to assess disease burden and parasite re-emergence in communities where successful control has been achieved. Furthermore, control programs must be economically sustainable in endemic countries and despite significant recent advancements the elimination of schistosomiasis may still be some time away. Accordingly, there is a definitive need to formulate innovative approaches for the development of improved diagnostic tools to accurately assess the disease burden associated with active schistosome infections. Here we describe the usefulness of a phage display library to mature antibody fragments derived from lymph node RNA of the natural buffalo host of the Asian schistosome, Schistosoma japonicum, following an experimental infection. These mature antibody fragments were able to bind native parasite proteins and could thus be used to develop a low cost and accurate point-of-care diagnostic test.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamish E. G. McWilliam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick Driguez
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Piedrafita
- School of Applied Sciences and Engineering, Federation University, Churchill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yuesheng Li
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Donald P. McManus
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Leodevico L. Ilag
- Bio21 Molecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Els N. T. Meeusen
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael J. de Veer
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Gordon CA, McManus DP, Acosta LP, Olveda RM, Williams GM, Ross AG, Gray DJ, Gobert GN. Multiplex real-time PCR monitoring of intestinal helminths in humans reveals widespread polyparasitism in Northern Samar, the Philippines. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:477-83. [PMID: 25858090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The global socioeconomic importance of helminth parasitic disease is underpinned by the considerable clinical impact on millions of people. While helminth polyparasitism is considered common in the Philippines, little has been done to survey its extent in endemic communities. High morphological similarity of eggs between related species complicates conventional microscopic diagnostic methods which are known to lack sensitivity, particularly in low intensity infections. Multiplex quantitative PCR diagnostic methods can provide rapid, simultaneous identification of multiple helminth species from a single stool sample. We describe a multiplex assay for the differentiation of Ascaris lumbricoides, Necator americanus, Ancylostoma, Taenia saginata and Taenia solium, building on our previously published findings for Schistosoma japonicum. Of 545 human faecal samples examined, 46.6% were positive for at least three different parasite species. High prevalences of S. japonicum (90.64%), A. lumbricoides (58.17%), T. saginata (42.57%) and A. duodenale (48.07%) were recorded. Neither T. solium nor N. americanus were found to be present. The utility of molecular diagnostic methods for monitoring helminth parasite prevalence provides new information on the extent of polyparasitism in the Philippines municipality of Palapag. These methods and findings have potential global implications for the monitoring of neglected tropical diseases and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Gordon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Discipline of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Luz P Acosta
- Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manila, Philippines
| | - Remigio M Olveda
- Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manila, Philippines
| | - Gail M Williams
- Discipline of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Allen G Ross
- Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Darren J Gray
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Discipline of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Geoffrey N Gobert
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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Urdaneta-Morales S. Chagas' disease: an emergent urban zoonosis. The caracas valley (Venezuela) as an epidemiological model. Front Public Health 2014; 2:265. [PMID: 25520950 PMCID: PMC4252636 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The unprecedented emergence of important public health and veterinary zoonoses is usually a result of exponential population growth and globalization of human activities. I characterized Chagas’ disease as an emergent zoonosis in the Caracas Valley (Venezuela) due to the following findings: the presence of reservoirs (Didelphis marsupialis, Rattus rattus) and vectors (Panstrongylus geniculatus, Panstrongylus rufotuberculatus) infected with Trypanosoma cruzi in urbanized or marginalized areas; the elevated contact between P. geniculatus and human beings detected by parasitological and molecular examinations of triatomine feces demonstrated the possibility of transmission risks; a study of outbreaks of urban Chagas’ disease reported the first proven case of oral transmission of T. cruzi to human beings; the risk of transmission of glandular metacyclic stages from marsupials by experimental ocular and oral instillation; mice genitalia infected with T. cruzi contaminated blood resulted in the formation of amastigotes very close to the lumen suggesting that there may be a possibility of infection via their release into the urine and thence to the exterior; the ubiquitous histotropism and histopathology of T. cruzi was demonstrated using a mouse model; the presence of experimental T. cruzi pseudocysts in adipose, bone-cartilage, and eye tissue indicated a potential risk for transplants. Socio-sanitary programs that include improvements in housing, vector control, and access to medical treatment, as well as strategies aimed at combating social inequalities, poverty, and underdevelopment should be undertaken in those areas where zoonoses are most prevalent. Disciplines, such as Ecology, Epidemiology, Medical Entomology, Human and Veterinary Medicine, Environmental Studies, Public Health, Social and Political Studies, Immunology, Microbiology, and Pharmacology could all provide important contributions that aim to reduce the occurrence of factors governing the spread of emergent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Servio Urdaneta-Morales
- Laboratory for the Biology of Vectors and Parasites, Tropical Zoology and Ecology Institute, Central University of Venezuela , Caracas , Venezuela
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