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Vötterl JC, Schwartz-Zimmermann HE, Lerch F, Yosi F, Sharma S, Aigensberger M, Rennhofer PM, Berthiller F, Metzler-Zebeli BU. Variations in colostrum metabolite profiles in association with sow parity. Transl Anim Sci 2024; 8:txae062. [PMID: 38863596 PMCID: PMC11165641 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txae062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Information about the full spectrum of metabolites present in porcine colostrum and factors that influence metabolite abundances is still incomplete. Parity number appears to modulate the concentration of single metabolites in colostrum. This study aimed to 1) characterize the metabolome composition and 2) assess the effect of parity on metabolite profiles in porcine colostrum. Sows (n = 20) were divided into three parity groups: A) sows in parity 1 and 2 (n = 8), B) sows in parity 3 and 4 (n = 6), and C) sows in parity 5 and 6 (n = 6). Colostrum was collected within 12 h after parturition. A total of 125 metabolites were identified using targeted reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and anion-exchange chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Gas chromatography additionally identified 19 fatty acids (FAs). Across parities, colostrum was rich in creatine and creatinine, 1,3-dioleyl-2-palmitatoylglycerol, 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-oleoylglycerol, and sialyllactose. Alterations in colostrum concentrations were found for eight metabolites among parity groups (P < 0.05) but the effects were not linear. For instance, colostrum from parity group C comprised 75.4% more valine but 15.7%, 34.1%, and 47.9% less citric, pyruvic, and pyroglutamic acid, respectively, compared to group A (P < 0.05). By contrast, colostrum from parity group B contained 39.5% more spermidine than from group A (P < 0.05). Of the FAs, C18:1, C16:0, and C18:2 n6 were the main FAs across parities. Parity affected four FAs (C18:3n3, C14:1, C17:0ai, and C17:1), including 43.1% less α-linolenic acid (C18:3n3) in colostrum from parity group C compared to groups A and B (P < 0.05). Signature feature ranking identified 1-stearoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine and the secondary bile acid hyodeoxycholic acid as the most discriminative metabolites, showing a higher variable importance in the projection score in colostrum from parity group A than from groups B and C. Overall, results provided a comprehensive overview about the metabolome composition of sow colostrum. The consequences of the changes in colostrum metabolites with increasing parity for the nutrient supply of the piglets should be investigated in the future. The knowledge gained in this study could be used to optimize feeding strategies for sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Vötterl
- Centre for Veterinary Systems Transformation and Sustainability, Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidi E Schwartz-Zimmermann
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Frederike Lerch
- Centre for Veterinary Systems Transformation and Sustainability, Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, >University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Fitra Yosi
- Centre for Veterinary Systems Transformation and Sustainability, Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sriwijaya, 30662 Palembang, Indonesia
| | - Suchitra Sharma
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Centre for Animal Nutrition and Welfare, Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Aigensberger
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Patrick M Rennhofer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Barbara U Metzler-Zebeli
- Centre for Veterinary Systems Transformation and Sustainability, Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Rezaei R, Gabriel AS, Wu G. Dietary supplementation with branched-chain amino acids enhances milk production by lactating sows and the growth of suckling piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:65. [PMID: 35710489 PMCID: PMC9205058 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00718-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Under current dietary regimens, milk production by lactating sows is insufficient to sustain the maximal growth of their piglets. As precursors of glutamate and glutamine as well as substrates and activators of protein synthesis, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) have great potential for enhancing milk production by sows. Methods Thirty multiparous sows were assigned randomly into one of three groups: control (a corn- and soybean meal-based diet), the basal diet + 1.535% BCAAs; and the basal diet + 3.07% BCAAs. The ratio (g/g) among the supplemental L-isoleucine, L-leucine and L-valine was 1.00:2.56:1.23. Diets were made isonitrogenous by the addition of appropriate amounts of L-alanine. Lactating sows had free access to drinking water and their respective diets. The number of live-born piglets was standardized to 9 per sow at d 0 of lactation (the day of parturition). On d 3, 15 and 29 of lactation, body weights and milk consumption of piglets were measured, and blood samples were obtained from sows and piglets 2 h and 1 h after feeding and nursing, respectively. Results Feed intake did not differ among the three groups of sows. Concentrations of asparagine, glutamate, glutamine, citrulline, arginine, proline, BCAAs, and many other amino acids were greater (P < 0.05) in the plasma of BCAA-supplemented sows and their piglets than those in the control group. Compared with the control, dietary supplementation with 1.535% and 3.07% BCAAs increased (P < 0.05) concentrations of free and protein-bound BCAAs, glutamate plus glutamine, aspartate plus asparagine, and many other amino acids in milk; milk production by 14% and 21%, respectively; daily weight gains of piglets by 19% and 28%, respectively, while reducing preweaning mortality rates by 50% and 70%, respectively. Conclusion Dietary supplementation with up to 3.07% BCAAs enhanced milk production by lactating sows, and the growth and survival of their piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rezaei
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ana San Gabriel
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc, 1-15-1 Kyobashi, Chuoku, Tokyo, 104-8315, Japan
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Kido K, Koshinaka K, Iizawa H, Honda H, Hirota A, Nakamura T, Arikawa M, Ra SG, Kawanaka K. Egg White Protein Promotes Developmental Growth in Rodent Muscle Independently of Leucine Content. J Nutr 2022; 152:117-129. [PMID: 34610138 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucine has unique anabolic properties, serving as a nutrient signal that stimulates muscle protein synthesis. OBJECTIVE We tested whether the leucine concentration is the only factor determining protein quality for muscle development. METHODS We selected 3 dietary proteins: casein (CAS), egg white protein (EWP), and albumin (ALB), representing the leucine concentrations of ∼8.3%, 7.7%, and 6.7% of the total protein (wt:wt), respectively. In the chronic feeding experiment, these proteins were pair-fed to growing male Wistar rats [110-135 g body weight (BW)] for 14 d as a protein source, providing 10% of total energy intake, after which soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were used to estimate muscle growth. In the acute administration experiment, we injected CAS, ALB, and EWP to rats by oral gavage (0.3 g protein/100 g BW), and after 1 or 3 h EDL muscle was excised for capillary electrophoresis-MS-based metabolomics. In another chronic feeding experiment, rats were pair-fed either CAS or a CAS diet supplemented with arginine to the same level as in the EWP diet for 14 d. RESULTS At the end of the 14-d feeding, soleus and EDL muscle weight was 20% and 17% higher, respectively, when rats were fed EWP as compared with CAS (P < 0.05). In addition, the 14-d EWP diet increased the expression of p70S6K by 117% compared with CAS (P < 0.05). These results suggest the possibility that some amino acids (excluding leucine), derived from EWP, promote muscle growth. Metabolomics analysis showed that muscle arginine concentration, following acute protein administration, appeared to match muscle growth over the 14-d feeding period. In addition, 14-d arginine supplementation to a CAS diet increased EDL muscle weight by 15% when compared with the plain CAS diet (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS EWP promotes rat developmental muscle growth compared with CAS, which can be partly explained by the arginine-rich EWP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Kido
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keiichi Koshinaka
- Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroki Iizawa
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Honda
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ayumu Hirota
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Taishi Nakamura
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Miku Arikawa
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Song-Gyu Ra
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Institute of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kawanaka
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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5q35 duplication presents with psychiatric and undergrowth phenotypes mediated by NSD1 overexpression and mTOR signaling downregulation. Hum Genet 2021; 140:681-690. [PMID: 33389145 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02240-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 1, NSD1, encodes a histone methyltransferase H3K36. NSD1 is responsible for the phenotype of the reciprocal 5q35.2q35.3 microdeletion-microduplication syndromes. We expand the phenotype and demonstrate the functional role of NSD1 in microduplication 5q35 syndrome. METHODS Through an international collaboration, we report nine new patients, contributing to the emerging phenotype, highlighting psychiatric phenotypes in older affected individuals. Focusing specifically on the undergrowth phenotype, we have modeled the effects of Mes-4/NSD overexpression in Drosophila melanogaster. RESULTS The individuals (including a family) from diverse backgrounds with duplications ranging in size from 0.6 to 4.5 Mb, have a consistent undergrowth phenotype. Mes-4 overexpression in the developing wing causes undergrowth, increased H3K36 methylation, and increased apoptosis. We demonstrate that altering the levels of insulin receptor (IR) rescues the apoptosis and the wing undergrowth phenotype, suggesting changes in mTOR pathway signaling. Leucine supplementation rescued Mes-4/NSD induced cell death, demonstrating decreased mTOR signaling caused by NSD1. CONCLUSION Given that we show mTOR inhibition as a likely mechanism and amelioration of the phenotype by leucine supplementation in a fly model, we suggest further studies should evaluate the therapeutic potential of leucine or branched chain amino acids as an adjunct possible treatment to ameliorate human growth and psychiatric phenotypes and propose inclusion of 5q35-microduplication as part of the differential diagnosis for children and adults with delayed bone age, short stature, microcephaly, developmental delay, and psychiatric phenotypes.
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Webb L, Sadri H, Schuh K, Egert S, Stehle P, Meyer I, Koch C, Dusel G, Sauerwein H. Branched-chain amino acids: Abundance of their transporters and metabolizing enzymes in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver of dairy cows at high or normal body condition. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:2847-2863. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Xie WY, Fu Z, Pan NX, Yan HC, Wang XQ, Gao CQ. Leucine promotes the growth of squabs by increasing crop milk protein synthesis through the TOR signaling pathway in the domestic pigeon (Columba livia). Poult Sci 2020; 98:5514-5524. [PMID: 31172174 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine (Leu) plays a critical regulatory role in protein synthesis, however, the effects and molecular mechanisms of Leu on crop milk protein in the domestic pigeons (Columba livia) are still unknown. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary Leu supplementation on crop milk protein synthesis and the growth performance of squabs and the possible underlying mechanism. A total of 240 pairs of breeding pigeons (1102.3 ± 9.5 g/pair) were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatments, including a positive control (PC) diet that had adequate crude protein (crude protein, CP = 18%; Leu = 1.30%), a negative control (NC) diet that was low in CP (CP = 16%, Leu = 1.30%), and NC diets supplemented with Leu at 0.15%, 0.45%, or 1.05%. Compared with the NC diet, 0.15 to 0.45% Leu supplementation decreased BW loss and increased relative crop weight, crop thickness, and protein levels in the crop tissue and milk of breeding pigeons. However, dietary supplementation with 1.05% Leu inhibited ADFI in breeding pigeons. Dietary supplementation with 0.15 to 0.45% Leu decreased the mortality rate and increased the BW, eviscerated yield, and breast muscle yield of young squabs. The protein expression levels of the target of rapamycin (TOR), ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1), ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6), eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4EBP1), and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) were upregulated in the crop tissue of breeding pigeons in PC, 0.15% and 0.45% Leu-supplemented groups. Collectively, these results indicated that 0.15 to 0.45% Leu supplementation could decrease BW loss, increase milk protein synthesis in the crop of breeding pigeons, and enhance the survival rate and growth performance of young squabs through the TOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Y Xie
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Z Fu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - N X Pan
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - H C Yan
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - X Q Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - C Q Gao
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Matsuda T, Kato H, Suzuki H, Mizugaki A, Ezaki T, Ogita F. Within-Day Amino Acid Intakes and Nitrogen Balance in Male Collegiate Swimmers during the General Preparation Phase. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1809. [PMID: 30463354 PMCID: PMC6266158 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A higher protein intake is recommended for athletes compared to healthy non-exercising individuals. Additionally, the distribution and quality (i.e., leucine content) of the proteins consumed throughout the day should be optimized. This study aimed to determine the nitrogen balance and distribution of protein and amino acid intakes in competitive swimmers during the general preparation phase. Thirteen swimmers (age: 19.7 ± 1.0 years; VO₂max: 63.9 ± 3.7 mL·kg-1·min-1, mean ± standard deviation) participated in a five-day experimental training period. Nutrient intakes were assessed using dietary records. Nitrogen balance was calculated from the daily protein intake and urinary nitrogen excretion. The intake amounts of amino acids and protein at seven eating occasions were determined. The average and population-safe intakes for zero nitrogen balance were estimated at 1.43 and 1.92 g·kg-1·day-1, respectively. The intake amounts of protein and leucine at breakfast, lunch, and dinner satisfied current guidelines for the maximization of muscle protein synthesis, but not in the other four occasions. The population-safe protein intake level in competitive swimmers was in the upper range (i.e., 1.2⁻2.0 g·kg-1·day-1) of the current recommendations for athletes. The protein intake distribution and quality throughout the day may be suboptimal for the maximization of the skeletal muscle adaptive response to training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Matsuda
- Department of Sports and Life Sciences, National Institute of Fitness and Sports, 1 Shiromizu-cho, Kanoya, Kagoshima 891-2393, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Frontier Research Laboratories, Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan.
- Olympic and Paralympic Promotional Office, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-15-1 Kyobashi, Tokyo 210-8681, Japan.
| | - Haruka Suzuki
- Olympic and Paralympic Promotional Office, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-15-1 Kyobashi, Tokyo 210-8681, Japan.
| | - Ami Mizugaki
- Frontier Research Laboratories, Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan.
- Olympic and Paralympic Promotional Office, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-15-1 Kyobashi, Tokyo 210-8681, Japan.
| | - Takahiko Ezaki
- Olympic and Paralympic Promotional Office, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-15-1 Kyobashi, Tokyo 210-8681, Japan.
| | - Futoshi Ogita
- Department of Sports and Life Sciences, National Institute of Fitness and Sports, 1 Shiromizu-cho, Kanoya, Kagoshima 891-2393, Japan.
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Nutritionally non-essential amino acids are dispensable for whole-body protein synthesis after exercise in endurance athletes with an adequate essential amino acid intake. Amino Acids 2018; 50:1679-1684. [PMID: 30145710 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2639-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The increased protein requirement of endurance athletes may be related to the need to replace exercise-induced oxidative losses, especially of the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA). However, it is unknown if non-essential amino acids (NEAA) influence the requirement for essential amino acids (EAA) during post-exercise recovery. Seven endurance-trained males ran 20 km prior to consuming [13C]phenylalanine, sufficient energy, and: (1) deficient protein (BASE); (2) BASE supplemented with sufficient BCAA (BCAAsup); (3) an equivalent EAA intake as BCAA (LowEAA), and; (4) sufficient EAA intake (HighEAA). [13C]Phenylalanine oxidation (the reciprocal of protein synthesis) for BCAAsup and HighEAA (0.54 ± 0.15, 0.49 ± 0.11 µmol kg-1 h-1; Mean ± SD) were significantly lower than BASE (0.74 ± 0.14 µmol kg-1 h-1; P < 0.01 for both) and LowEAA (0.70 ± 0.11 µmol kg-1 h-1; P < 0.05 and 0.01, respectively). Our results suggest that exogenous NEAA are dispensable for whole-body protein synthesis during recovery from endurance exercise provided sufficient EAA are consumed. Endurance athletes who may be at risk of not meeting their elevated protein requirements should prioritize the intake of EAA-enriched foods and/or supplements.
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Dyar KA, Hubert MJ, Mir AA, Ciciliot S, Lutter D, Greulich F, Quagliarini F, Kleinert M, Fischer K, Eichmann TO, Wright LE, Peña Paz MI, Casarin A, Pertegato V, Romanello V, Albiero M, Mazzucco S, Rizzuto R, Salviati L, Biolo G, Blaauw B, Schiaffino S, Uhlenhaut NH. Transcriptional programming of lipid and amino acid metabolism by the skeletal muscle circadian clock. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005886. [PMID: 30096135 PMCID: PMC6105032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks are fundamental physiological regulators of energy homeostasis, but direct transcriptional targets of the muscle clock machinery are unknown. To understand how the muscle clock directs rhythmic metabolism, we determined genome-wide binding of the master clock regulators brain and muscle ARNT-like protein 1 (BMAL1) and REV-ERBα in murine muscles. Integrating occupancy with 24-hr gene expression and metabolomics after muscle-specific loss of BMAL1 and REV-ERBα, here we unravel novel molecular mechanisms connecting muscle clock function to daily cycles of lipid and protein metabolism. Validating BMAL1 and REV-ERBα targets using luciferase assays and in vivo rescue, we demonstrate how a major role of the muscle clock is to promote diurnal cycles of neutral lipid storage while coordinately inhibiting lipid and protein catabolism prior to awakening. This occurs by BMAL1-dependent activation of Dgat2 and REV-ERBα-dependent repression of major targets involved in lipid metabolism and protein turnover (MuRF-1, Atrogin-1). Accordingly, muscle-specific loss of BMAL1 is associated with metabolic inefficiency, impaired muscle triglyceride biosynthesis, and accumulation of bioactive lipids and amino acids. Taken together, our data provide a comprehensive overview of how genomic binding of BMAL1 and REV-ERBα is related to temporal changes in gene expression and metabolite fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Allen Dyar
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Munich, Germany
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Michaël Jean Hubert
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Munich, Germany
| | - Ashfaq Ali Mir
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Dominik Lutter
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska Greulich
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Munich, Germany
| | - Fabiana Quagliarini
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kleinert
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Fischer
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Alberto Casarin
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, and IRP Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Vanessa Pertegato
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, and IRP Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Mattia Albiero
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Mazzucco
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Rosario Rizzuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Leonardo Salviati
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, and IRP Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Gianni Biolo
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Bert Blaauw
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - N. Henriette Uhlenhaut
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Munich, Germany
- Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet (LMU), Munich, Germany
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Wang CX, Chen F, Zhang WF, Zhang SH, Shi K, Song HQ, Wang YJ, Kim SW, Guan WT. Leucine Promotes the Growth of Fetal Pigs by Increasing Protein Synthesis through the mTOR Signaling Pathway in Longissimus Dorsi Muscle at Late Gestation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:3840-3849. [PMID: 29584425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Leucine (Leu) plays an important role in protein synthesis and metabolism. The present study tested whether Leu supplementation in the diet for sows during late pregnancy could improve piglet birth weight, and it also investigated the possible underlying mechanism. Two hundred sows at day 70 of pregnancy were selected and assigned to four groups fed with following four diets until farrowing, respectively: corn and soybean meal-based diet group (CON), CON + 0.40% Leu, CON + 0.80% Leu, and CON + 1.20% Leu. We found that supplementing with 0.80% Leu significantly increased mean piglet birth weight ( P < 0.05). Supplementation with 0.40, 0.80, and 1.20% Leu increased the plasma concentration of Leu, while decreasing the plasma concentrations of valine (Val) and isoleucine (Ile) in both farrowing sows and newborn piglets ( P < 0.05). The protein expressions of amino acid transporters (including LAT1, SNAT1, SNAT2, 4F2hc, and rBAT) in duodenum, jejunum, ileum, longissimus dorsi muscle of newborn piglets, and placenta of sows showed a difference among the CON group and Leu supplemented groups. Expressions of p-mTOR, p-4E-BP1, and p-S6K1 in longissimus dorsi muscle were also enhanced in each of the supplemental Leu groups compared to CON ( P < 0.05). Collectively, these results indicated that 0.40-0.80% Leu supplementation during late gestation enhanced birth weight of fetal pigs by increasing protein synthesis through modulation of the plasma amino acids profile, amino acid transporters expression, and mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Xian Wang
- College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Fang Chen
- College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Wen-Fei Zhang
- College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Shi-Hai Zhang
- College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Kui Shi
- College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Han-Qing Song
- College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Yi-Jiang Wang
- College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Wu-Tai Guan
- College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
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Hernandez-García AD, Columbus DA, Manjarín R, Nguyen HV, Suryawan A, Orellana RA, Davis TA. Leucine supplementation stimulates protein synthesis and reduces degradation signal activation in muscle of newborn pigs during acute endotoxemia. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E791-E801. [PMID: 27624100 PMCID: PMC5241557 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00217.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis disrupts skeletal muscle proteostasis and mitigates the anabolic response to leucine (Leu) in muscle of mature animals. We have shown that Leu stimulates muscle protein synthesis (PS) in healthy neonatal piglets. To determine if supplemental Leu can stimulate PS and reduce protein degradation (PD) signaling in neonatal muscle during endotoxemia, overnight-fasted neonatal pigs were infused for 8 h with LPS or saline while plasma amino acids, glucose, and insulin were maintained at fasting levels during pancreatic-substrate clamps. Leu or saline was infused during the last hour. Markers of PS and PD were determined in skeletal muscle. Compared with controls, Leu increased PS in longissimus dorsi (LD), gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles. LPS decreased PS in these three muscles by 36%, 28%, and 38%, but Leu antagonized that reduction by increasing PS by 84%, 81%, and 83%, respectively, when supplemented to LPS. Leu increased eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF)3b-raptor interactions, eIF4E-binding protein-1, and S6 kinase 1 phosphorylation as well as eIF4E·eIF4G complex formation in LD, gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles of control and LPS-treated pigs. In LD muscle, LPS increased the light chain (LC)3-II-to-LC3 ratio and muscle-specific RING finger (MuRF-1) abundance but not atrogin-1 abundance or AMP-activated protein kinase-α phosphorylation. Leu supplementation to LPS-treated pigs reduced the LC3-II-to-LC3 ratio, MuRF-1 abundance, and AMP-activated protein kinase-α phosphorylation compared with LPS alone. In conclusion, parenteral Leu supplementation attenuates the LPS-induced reduction in PS by stimulating mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1-dependent translation and may reduce PD by attenuating autophagy-lysosome and MuRF-1 signaling in neonatal skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana D Hernandez-García
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Houston, Texas; and Critical Care Section, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Daniel A Columbus
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Rodrigo Manjarín
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Hanh V Nguyen
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Agus Suryawan
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Renán A Orellana
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Houston, Texas; and Critical Care Section, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Teresa A Davis
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Houston, Texas; and
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Kao M, Columbus DA, Suryawan A, Steinhoff-Wagner J, Hernandez-Garcia A, Nguyen HV, Fiorotto ML, Davis TA. Enteral β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate supplementation increases protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E1072-84. [PMID: 27143558 PMCID: PMC4935142 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00520.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Many low-birth weight infants are at risk for poor growth due to an inability to achieve adequate protein intake. Administration of the amino acid leucine stimulates protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of neonates. To determine the effects of enteral supplementation of the leucine metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) on protein synthesis and the regulation of translation initiation and degradation pathways, overnight-fasted neonatal pigs were studied immediately (F) or fed one of five diets for 24 h: low-protein (LP), high-protein (HP), or LP diet supplemented with 4 (HMB4), 40 (HMB40), or 80 (HMB80) μmol HMB·kg body wt(-1)·day(-1) Cell replication was assessed from nuclear incorporation of BrdU in the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle and jejunum crypt cells. Protein synthesis rates in LD, gastrocnemius, rhomboideus, and diaphragm muscles, lung, and brain were greater in HMB80 and HP and in brain were greater in HMB40 compared with LP and F groups. Formation of the eIF4E·eIF4G complex and S6K1 and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation in LD, gastrocnemius, and rhomboideus muscles were greater in HMB80 and HP than in LP and F groups. Phosphorylation of eIF2α and eEF2 and expression of SNAT2, LAT1, MuRF1, atrogin-1, and LC3-II were unchanged. Numbers of BrdU-positive myonuclei in the LD were greater in HMB80 and HP than in the LP and F groups; there were no differences in jejunum. The results suggest that enteral supplementation with HMB increases skeletal muscle protein anabolism in neonates by stimulation of protein synthesis and satellite cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Kao
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Daniel A Columbus
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Agus Suryawan
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Julia Steinhoff-Wagner
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Adriana Hernandez-Garcia
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Hanh V Nguyen
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Marta L Fiorotto
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Teresa A Davis
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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13
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Boutry C, El-Kadi SW, Suryawan A, Steinhoff-Wagner J, Stoll B, Orellana RA, Nguyen HV, Kimball SR, Fiorotto ML, Davis TA. Pulsatile delivery of a leucine supplement during long-term continuous enteral feeding enhances lean growth in term neonatal pigs. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E699-E713. [PMID: 26884386 PMCID: PMC4835946 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00479.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal pigs are used as a model to study and optimize the clinical treatment of infants who are unable to maintain oral feeding. Using this model, we have shown previously that pulsatile administration of leucine during continuous feeding over 24 h via orogastric tube enhanced protein synthesis in skeletal muscle compared with continuous feeding alone. To determine the long-term effects of leucine pulses, neonatal piglets (n = 11-12/group) were continuously fed formula via orogastric tube for 21 days, with an additional parenteral infusion of either leucine (CON + LEU; 800 μmol·kg-1·h-1) or alanine (CON + ALA) for 1 h every 4 h. The results show that body and muscle weights and lean gain were ∼25% greater, and fat gain was 48% lower in CON + LEU than CON + ALA; weights of other tissues were unaffected by treatment. Fractional protein synthesis rates in longissimus dorsi, gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles were ∼30% higher in CON + LEU compared with CON + ALA and were associated with decreased Deptor abundance and increased mTORC1, mTORC2, 4E-BP1, and S6K1 phosphorylation, SNAT2 abundance, and association of eIF4E with eIF4G and RagC with mTOR. There were no treatment effects on PKB, eIF2α, eEF2, or PRAS40 phosphorylation, Rheb, SLC38A9, v-ATPase, LAMTOR1, LAMTOR2, RagA, RagC, and LAT1 abundance, the proportion of polysomes to nonpolysomes, or the proportion of mRNAs encoding rpS4 or rpS8 associated with polysomes. Our results demonstrate that pulsatile delivery of a leucine supplement during 21 days of continuous enteral feeding enhances lean growth by stimulating the mTORC1-dependent translation initiation pathway, leading to protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Boutry
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Samer W El-Kadi
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Agus Suryawan
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Julia Steinhoff-Wagner
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Barbara Stoll
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Renán A Orellana
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Hanh V Nguyen
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Scot R Kimball
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Marta L Fiorotto
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Teresa A Davis
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and
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14
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Chang Y, Cai H, Liu G, Chang W, Zheng A, Zhang S, Liao R, Liu W, Li Y, Tian J. Effects of dietary leucine supplementation on the gene expression of mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway and intestinal development of broilers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1:313-319. [PMID: 29767001 PMCID: PMC5941004 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was to investigate the effects of dietary leucine supplementation on the gene expression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway and intestinal development of broilers. A total of 384 one-day-old broilers were randomly assigned into 4 treatments with 6 replicates (16 broilers per replicate). Broilers in these treatment groups were offered the following diets with 1.37, 1.77, 2.17 and 2.57% of leucine. These diet treatments were named 1.37TM, 1.77TM, 2.17TM, and 2.57TM. The experiment lasted 21 days and all birds had free access to feed and water. Results indicated that there was no significant difference in body weight, average daily gain and average feed intake among all treatments (P > 0.05). The broiler duodenal villus height in 2.57TM was the lowest, but the highest occurred in 1.37TM on d 7 and 14 (P < 0.05). The villus height in the jejunum and ileum increased along with leucine level from 1.37 to 2.17%. The villus height of jejunum was significantly higher in 2.17TM than in 1.37TM on d 7 and 14, and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (V:C) in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum increased significantly (P < 0.05) on d 21. The gene expression level of mTOR in the duodenum decreased with increasing leucine level and was higher in 1.37TM than in 2.57TM on d 7 and 14 (P < 0.05). On d 14 and 21 of the trial, the expression of S6K1 in the duodenum was higher in 1.37TM than in 2.57TM (P < 0.05), and the expression of mTOR, S6K1 in the jejunum and ileum increased with increasing leucine level form 1.37 to 2.17%, whereas a significant difference occurred between 1.37TM and 2.17TM (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the addition of leucine fails to enhance the growth performance of broilers. However, leucine can improve intestinal development by enhancing villus height and V:C ratio in the jejunum and ileum. Moreover, the expression of mTOR, S6K1 increased as the level of dietary leucine was elevated from 1.37 to 2.17%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinlian Chang
- The Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huiyi Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guohua Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wenhuan Chang
- The Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Aijuan Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ruibo Liao
- The Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wei Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yang Li
- The Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jia Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Wang H, Ji Y, Wu G, Sun K, Sun Y, Li W, Wang B, He B, Zhang Q, Dai Z, Wu Z. l-Tryptophan Activates Mammalian Target of Rapamycin and Enhances Expression of Tight Junction Proteins in Intestinal Porcine Epithelial Cells. J Nutr 2015; 145:1156-62. [PMID: 25878205 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.209817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Besides serving as a substrate for protein synthesis, L-tryptophan (L-Trp) is used via serotonin-, kynurenine-, and niacin-synthetic pathways to produce bioactive compounds crucial for whole-body homeostasis. It is unknown whether L-Trp itself can regulate metabolic pathways in animal cells. OBJECTIVE This study tested the hypothesis that L-Trp may activate mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 and enhance expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins in intestinal porcine epithelial cells. METHODS Jejunal enterocytes, intestinal porcine epithelial cell line 1 (IPEC-1) isolated from newborn pigs, were cultured in customized Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) supplemented with or without L-Trp for the indicated time periods. Cell proliferation, L-Trp metabolism, protein turnover, mRNA abundance for L-Trp transporters [solute carrier family 3 member 1 (SLC3A1), solute carrier family 6 member 14 (SLC6A14), solute carrier family 6 member 19 (SLC6A19), and Na(+)/K(+) ATPase subunit-α1 (ATP1A1)], abundance of proteins involved in mTOR signaling, and TJ proteins were determined. RESULTS L-Trp was not degraded in IPEC-1 cells. Compared with basal medium containing 0.04 mmol/L L-Trp, 0.4 and 0.8 mmol/L L-Trp enhanced (P < 0.05) protein synthesis by 45-52% and cell growth by 17% and 25% on day 1 and 72% and 51% on day 2, respectively, while reducing (P < 0.05) protein degradation by 12% and 22%, respectively. These effects of L-Trp were associated with mTOR activation and increased (P < 0.05) mRNA abundance for L-Trp transporters (SLC6A19, SLC6A14, and SLC3A1) by 1.5-2.7 fold and ATP1A1 by 3 fold. L-Trp also upregulated (P < 0.05) the abundance of occludin, claudin-4, zonula occludens (ZO) 1 and 2 by 0.5-2 fold but did not affect expression of claudin-1 or ZO-3 in IPEC-1 cells. CONCLUSION L-Trp is not catabolized by pig small intestinal epithelial cells but can regulate intracellular protein turnover and expression of TJ proteins in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Yun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Guoyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Kaiji Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Yuli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Beibei He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Zhaolai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
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Sun Y, Wu Z, Li W, Zhang C, Sun K, Ji Y, Wang B, Jiao N, He B, Wang W, Dai Z, Wu G. Dietary l-leucine supplementation enhances intestinal development in suckling piglets. Amino Acids 2015; 47:1517-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-1985-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Wu G, Bazer FW, Dai Z, Li D, Wang J, Wu Z. Amino Acid Nutrition in Animals: Protein Synthesis and Beyond. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2014; 2:387-417. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843; (G. Wu), (Z. Wu)
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 100193
| | - Fuller W. Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843; (G. Wu), (Z. Wu)
| | - Zhaolai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 100193
| | - Defa Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 100193
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 100193
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 100193
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18
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Suryawan A, Davis TA. Regulation of protein degradation pathways by amino acids and insulin in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2014; 5:8. [PMID: 24438646 PMCID: PMC3901752 DOI: 10.1186/2049-1891-5-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid gain in lean mass in neonates requires greater rates of protein synthesis than degradation. We previously delineated the molecular mechanisms by which insulin and amino acids, especially leucine, modulate skeletal muscle protein synthesis and how this changes with development. In the current study, we identified mechanisms involved in protein degradation regulation. In experiment 1, 6- and 26-d-old pigs were studied during 1) euinsulinemic-euglycemic-euaminoacidemic, 2) euinsulinemic-euglycemic-hyperaminoacidemic, and 3) hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic-euaminoacidemic clamps for 2 h. In experiment 2, 5-d-old pigs were studied during 1) euinsulinemic-euglycemic-euaminoacidemic-euleucinemic, 2) euinsulinemic-euglycemic-hypoaminoacidemic-hyperleucinemic, and 3) euinsulinemic-euglycemic-euaminoacidemic-hyperleucinemic clamps for 24 h. We determined in muscle indices of ubiquitin-proteasome, i.e., atrogin-1 (MAFbx) and muscle RING-finger protein-1 (MuRF1) and autophagy-lysosome systems, i.e., unc51-like kinase 1 (UKL1), microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3), and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 (Lamp-2). For comparison, we measured ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) activation, components of translation initiation. RESULTS Abundance of atrogin-1, but not MuRF1, was greater in 26- than 6-d-old pigs and was not affected by insulin, amino acids, or leucine. Abundance of ULK1 and LC3 was higher in younger pigs and not affected by treatment. The LC3-II/LC3-I ratio was reduced and ULK1 phosphorylation increased by insulin, amino acids, and leucine. These responses were more profound in younger pigs. Abundance of Lamp-2 was not affected by treatment or development. Abundance of eIF4E, but not rpS6, was higher in 6- than 26-d-old-pigs but unaffected by treatment. Phosphorylation of eIF4E was not affected by treatment, however, insulin, amino acids, and leucine stimulated rpS6 phosphorylation, and the responses decreased with development. CONCLUSIONS The rapid growth of neonatal muscle is in part due to the positive balance between the activation of protein synthesis and degradation signaling. Insulin, amino acids, and, particularly, leucine, act as signals to modulate muscle protein synthesis and degradation in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teresa A Davis
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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19
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Wheatley SM, El-Kadi SW, Suryawan A, Boutry C, Orellana RA, Nguyen HV, Davis SR, Davis TA. Protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs is enhanced by administration of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E91-9. [PMID: 24192287 PMCID: PMC4520576 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00500.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Many low-birth-weight infants experience failure to thrive. The amino acid leucine stimulates protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of the neonate, but less is known about the effects of the leucine metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB). To determine the effects of HMB on protein synthesis and the regulation of translation initiation and degradation pathways, overnight-fasted neonatal pigs were infused with HMB at 0, 20, 100, or 400 μmol·kg body wt(-1)·h(-1) for 1 h (HMB 0, HMB 20, HMB 100, or HMB 400). Plasma HMB concentrations increased with infusion and were 10, 98, 316, and 1,400 nmol/ml in the HMB 0, HMB 20, HMB 100, and HMB 400 pigs. Protein synthesis rates in the longissimus dorsi (LD), gastrocnemius, soleus, and diaphragm muscles, lung, and spleen were greater in HMB 20 than in HMB 0, and in the LD were greater in HMB 100 than in HMB 0. HMB 400 had no effect on protein synthesis. Eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)4E·eIF4G complex formation and ribosomal protein S6 kinase-1 and 4E-binding protein-1 phosphorylation increased in LD, gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles with HMB 20 and HMB 100 and in diaphragm with HMB 20. Phosphorylation of eIF2α and elongation factor 2 and expression of system A transporter (SNAT2), system L transporter (LAT1), muscle RING finger 1 protein (MuRF1), muscle atrophy F-box (atrogin-1), and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3-II) were unchanged. Results suggest that supplemental HMB enhances protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of neonates by stimulating translation initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Wheatley
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and
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Odle J, Lin X, Jacobi SK, Kim SW, Stahl CH. The suckling piglet as an agrimedical model for the study of pediatric nutrition and metabolism. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2013; 2:419-44. [PMID: 25384150 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The neonatal pig ranks among the most prominent research models for the study of pediatric nutrition and metabolism. Its precocial development at birth affords ready adaptation to artificial rearing systems, and research using this model spans a wide array of nutrients. Sophisticated in vitro and in vivo methodologies supporting both invasive, reduction-science research as well as whole-animal preclinical investigations have been developed. Potential applications may dually benefit both agricultural and medical sciences (e.g., "agrimedical research"). The broad scope of this review is to outline the fundamental elements of the piglet model and to highlight key aspects of relevance to various macronutrients, including lipids, carbohydrates, proteins/amino acids, and calcium/phosphorus. The review examines similarities between piglets and infants and also piglet idiosyncrasies, concluding that, overall, the piglet represents an adaptable and robust model for pediatric nutrition and metabolism research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Odle
- Laboratory of Developmental Nutrition, Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695; , , , ,
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Boutry C, El-Kadi SW, Suryawan A, Wheatley SM, Orellana RA, Kimball SR, Nguyen HV, Davis TA. Leucine pulses enhance skeletal muscle protein synthesis during continuous feeding in neonatal pigs. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E620-31. [PMID: 23839523 PMCID: PMC3761169 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00135.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Infants unable to maintain oral feeding can be nourished by orogastric tube. We have shown that orogastric continuous feeding restricts muscle protein synthesis compared with intermittent bolus feeding in neonatal pigs. To determine whether leucine infusion can be used to enhance protein synthesis during continuous feeding, neonatal piglets received the same amount of formula enterally by orogastric tube for 25.25 h continuously (CON) with or without LEU or intermittently by bolus every 4 h (BOL). For the CON+LEU group, leucine pulses were administered parenterally (800 μmol·kg(-1)·h(-1)) every 4 h. Insulin and glucose concentrations increased after the BOL meal and were unchanged in groups fed continuously. LEU infusion during CON feeding increased plasma leucine after the leucine pulse and decreased essential amino acids compared with CON feeding. Protein synthesis in longissimus dorsi (LD), gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles, but not liver or heart, were greater in CON+LEU and BOL than in the CON group. BOL feeding increased protein synthesis in the small intestine. Muscle S6K1 and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation and active eIF4E·eIF4G complex formation were higher in CON+LEU and BOL than in CON but AMPKα, eIF2α, and eEF2 phosphorylation were unchanged. LC3-II-to-total LC3 ratio was lower in CON+LEU and BOL than in CON, but there were no differences in atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 abundance and FoxO3 phosphorylation. In conclusion, administration of leucine pulses during continuous orogastric feeding in neonates increases muscle protein synthesis by stimulating translation initiation and may reduce protein degradation via the autophagy-lysosome, but not the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Boutry
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Texas; and
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Dillon EL. Nutritionally essential amino acids and metabolic signaling in aging. Amino Acids 2012; 45:431-41. [PMID: 23239011 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1438-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with a gradual decline in skeletal muscle mass and strength leading to increased risk for functional impairments. Although basal rates of protein synthesis and degradation are largely unaffected with age, the sensitivity of older muscle cells to the anabolic actions of essential amino acids appears to decline. The major pathway through which essential amino acids induce anabolic responses involves the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) Complex 1, a signaling pathway that is especially sensitive to regulation by the branched chain amino acid leucine. Recent evidence suggests that muscle of older individuals require increasing concentrations of leucine to maintain robust anabolic responses through the mTOR pathway. While the exact mechanisms for the age-related alterations in nutritional signaling through the mTOR pathway remain elusive, there is increasing evidence that decreased sensitivity to insulin action, reductions in endothelial function, and increased oxidative stress may be underlying factors in this decrease in anabolic sensitivity. Ensuring adequate nutrition, including sources of high quality protein, and promoting regular physical activity will remain among the frontline defenses against the onset of sarcopenia in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lichar Dillon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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