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Mercera G, Noteboom F, Timmermans C, Leijdesdorff S, Heynen E, van Amelsvoort T. Sexual exploitation of young men: Background characteristics and needs from a life-course perspective. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 152:106794. [PMID: 38636156 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexually exploited young men are prevalent, yet underrepresented in clinical practice, policy and research. There are multiple barriers that often prevent young men to disclose and to seek or receive support, such as gender norms, limited awareness of victimization and feelings of guilt and shame. OBJECTIVE By gaining more insight into the background characteristics of young men who experienced sexual exploitation and their needs, this study aims to raise awareness and to better inform policymakers, care- and educational professionals on adequate prevention and intervention efforts. METHODS Twenty-six young men (age 14-32) who experienced sexual exploitation or other forms of sexual violence in their youth or were at high-risk, participated in this qualitative study that was conducted in The Netherlands. By means of semi-structured interviews and case-file analyses, data was collected to identify risk and protective factors in their life-course and support needs. RESULTS Several vulnerabilities (e.g. previous experiences of abuse and neglect, household dysfunction, social rejection, running away, substance use) and a lack of positive and supportive relationships led young men into high-risk situations. Among these were involvement in pay dates, criminality and having to survive from day to day, which contributed to victimization. Prevailing gender norms and experiences of stigmatization were often a barrier to express vulnerabilities and to disclose victimization. There was a wide variety in support needs, including peer-to-peer support, therapy, support with day-to-day practices and anonymous support. CONCLUSIONS These results will contribute to adequate prevention and trauma-informed intervention strategies that meet the unique needs of young men at risk for, or victim of sexual exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriëlle Mercera
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Vijverdalseweg 1, 6226 NB Maastricht, the Netherlands; Koraal, Poststraat 1, 6135 KR Sittard, the Netherlands.
| | - Frank Noteboom
- Stichting Fier, Holstmeerweg 1, 8936 AS Leeuwarden, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Sophie Leijdesdorff
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Vijverdalseweg 1, 6226 NB Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Evelyn Heynen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Open University, Valkenburgerweg 177, 6419 AT Heerlen, the Netherlands.
| | - Thérèse van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Vijverdalseweg 1, 6226 NB Maastricht, the Netherlands; Koraal, Poststraat 1, 6135 KR Sittard, the Netherlands.
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Sacu S, Dubois M, Hezemans FH, Aggensteiner PM, Monninger M, Brandeis D, Banaschewski T, Hauser TU, Holz NE. Early life adversities are associated with lower expected value signaling in the adult brain. Biol Psychiatry 2024:S0006-3223(24)01249-6. [PMID: 38636886 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early adverse experiences are assumed to affect fundamental processes of reward learning and decision-making. However, computational neuroimaging studies investigating these circuits in the context of adversity are sparse and limited to studies conducted in adolescent samples, leaving the long-term effects unexplored. METHODS Using data from a longitudinal birth cohort study (n=156, 87 females), we investigated associations between adversities and computational markers of reward learning (i.e., expected value (EV), prediction errors). At the age of 33 years, all participants completed an fMRI-based passive avoidance task. Psychopathology measures were collected at the time of fMRI investigation and during the COVID-19 pandemic. We applied a principal component analysis to capture common variation across seven adversity measures. The resulting adversity factors (factor-1: postnatal psychosocial adversities and prenatal maternal smoking, factor-2: prenatal maternal stress and obstetric adversity, and factor-3: lower maternal stimulation) were linked with psychopathology and neural responses in the core reward network using multiple regression analysis. RESULTS We found that the adversity dimension primarily informed by lower maternal stimulation was linked to lower EV representation in the right putamen, right nucleus accumbens (NAcc), and anterior cingulate cortex. EV encoding in the right NAcc further mediated the relationship between this adversity dimension and psychopathology and predicted higher withdrawn symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that early adverse experiences in caregiver context might have a long-term disruptive effect on reward learning in reward-related brain regions, which can be associated with suboptimal decision-making and thereby may increase the vulnerability of developing psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Sacu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Mannheim-Heidelberg-Ulm, Germany
| | - Magda Dubois
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Aging Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frank H Hezemans
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Computational Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pascal-M Aggensteiner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Mannheim-Heidelberg-Ulm, Germany
| | - Maximilian Monninger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Mannheim-Heidelberg-Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias U Hauser
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Aging Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie E Holz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Mannheim-Heidelberg-Ulm, Germany; Donders Center for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Suomi A, Lucas N, Dowling N, Delfabbro P. Gambling Harm Experienced by Children Exposed to Parental Gambling: An Online Survey of Australians. J Gambl Stud 2024; 40:181-200. [PMID: 37149814 PMCID: PMC10904496 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Although child wellbeing is known to be negatively affected by gambling, relatively little is known about the specific harms experienced by children exposed to parental gambling problems. The current study aimed to better understand gambling harm directly attributed to regular parental gambling in key areas of child wellbeing: financial, psychological, interpersonal wellbeing and intergenerational transmission of problem gambling. Using data from a national survey of Australian adults exposed to parental gambling under the age of 18 (n = 211), the results show that parental gambling was related significant levels of financial harm, abuse, neglect as well as relational and psychological problems as a direct result of parental gambling. The likelihood of experiencing gambling harms was positively associated with parental problem gambling severity. Harmful impacts of parental gambling as a child were also associated with a range of psychological problems in adulthood including depression, anxiety, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and intimate partner violence victimisation. Parental problem gambling severity was negatively associated with own lifetime gambling problems, suggesting a specific pattern of intergenerational transmission of problem gambling in children of regular, or heavy, gamblers. This research highlights the need for more supports for families with children in which at least one parent gambles regularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aino Suomi
- Centre for Gambling Research, ANU Centre for Social Research and Methods, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
- Institute of Child Protection Studies, Australian Catholic University, Canberra, Australia.
| | - Nina Lucas
- Institute of Child Protection Studies, Australian Catholic University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Nicki Dowling
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Paul Delfabbro
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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4
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Graham KL, Paun O. Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences in Black Older Adults. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2024; 62:9-12. [PMID: 38315975 DOI: 10.3928/02793695-20240109-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are socially complex events that affect children early in their lives. Research indicates that experiencing multiple ACEs increases an individual's risk for chronic physical and mental illness and premature death. Multigenerational traumas, including slavery, segregation, and institutional racism, have created an environment that perpetuates social and economic inequalities, ultimately leading to an increased risk of ACEs in Black individuals. ACEs' effects can manifest in Black older adults as physical health problems and mental health and social issues. Addressing the disparities in ACEs among Black older adults requires a multifaceted approach. Culturally sensitive and trauma-informed approaches are vital in supporting the mental and physical health of Black older adults who experienced ACEs. Clinicians, researchers, and policymakers need to advocate for supportive policies and interventions that address systemic racism, promote economic opportunities, and ensure equitable access to resources. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 62(2), 9-12.].
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Aksan N, Guzick AG, Taylor L, Richmond R, Liberzon I, Cross J, Garza C, Rousseau J, Shahidullah JD, Clark SL, Rathouz PJ, Dodd CG, Cisler J, Newport DJ, Wagner KD, Nemeroff CB. Evaluating traumatic event scoring schemas for their predictive value to concurrent diagnostic profiles: Texas Childhood Trauma Research Network. J Affect Disord 2024; 345:94-102. [PMID: 37848091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To prospectively chart pathways of risk and resiliency following childhood trauma studies need to address three limitations of prior work: 1) recruit beyond social service/ treatment settings; 2) include broad spectrum of trauma types and 3) cast a broad longitudinal measurement framework of both clinical diagnoses and traumatic exposures. The Texas-Childhood Trauma Research Network (TX-CTRN) is a multi-site collaboration that addresses these limitations. In this baseline-only report, we examined domains of trauma and evaluated the concurrent predictive validity of various traumatic event scoring schemas for clinical diagnoses. METHODS Broad-base recruitment of 8-20 year-olds (N = 1289) included trauma centers, emergency departments, pediatric and primary care clinics, and other community settings. Assessments were comprehensive and based on clinical interviews by trained research interviewers. RESULTS Factor analyses supported a five-factor solution of trauma domains including unintentional/acute, intentional/interpersonal, bullying, in-home versus community witnessed interpersonal harms. Trauma burden scoring schemas were examined for their predictive superiority. Domain-specific counts of traumas that met DSM-5 post-traumatic-stress disorder (PTSD) Criterion-A was the best overall schema in distinguishing among youth with no diagnosis, comorbidities, those with depression, suicidality, substance misuse, and PTSD. LIMITATIONS There were no assessments of neglect. CONCLUSIONS Findings largely aligned with earlier studies on the relative importance of intentional interpersonal traumas and showed bullying may be an important source of traumatic stress that independently adds to prediction of several diagnoses and should be considered in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazan Aksan
- Dept of Population Health, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, United States of America.
| | - Andrew G Guzick
- Dept of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Leslie Taylor
- Dept of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, United States of America
| | - Robyn Richmond
- Dept of Surgery, Texas Tech University Lubbock, United States of America
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Dept of Psychiatry, Texas A&M University, United States of America
| | - Jeremyra Cross
- Dept of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Garza
- Adult Primary Care University of Texas Health Science Center Rio Grande Valley, United States of America
| | - Justin Rousseau
- Dept of Population Health, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, United States of America; Dept of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D Shahidullah
- Dept of Psychiatry, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, United States of America
| | - Shaunna L Clark
- Dept of Psychiatry, Texas A&M University, United States of America
| | - Paul J Rathouz
- Dept of Population Health, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, United States of America
| | - Cody G Dodd
- Dept of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, United States of America
| | - Josh Cisler
- Dept of Psychiatry, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, United States of America
| | - D Jeffrey Newport
- Dept of Psychiatry, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, United States of America
| | - Karen D Wagner
- Dept of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, United States of America
| | - Charles B Nemeroff
- Dept of Psychiatry, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, United States of America
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Hietamäki J, Laajasalo T, Lindgren M, Therman S. Development and initial validation of the THL Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (ACE-THL). CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 146:106483. [PMID: 37922617 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The research on adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) has deepened our understanding of the long-lasting and cumulative effects of childhood adversities. However, the instruments measuring ACEs have several shortcomings, including limited item coverage, collapsing of items and response options, simplistic scoring, and inadequate psychometric assessments. OBJECTIVE To design and conduct preliminarily psychometric testing for a brief new self-report instrument-the THL Adverse Childhood Experiences questionnaire (ACE-THL)-with a comprehensive set of clearly formulated items and appropriate response options. METHODS A previously published process model was applied to develop the ACE-THL questionnaire, which was validated by cognitive interviews (N = 20). Interviewers and interviewees completed the questionnaire separately for a cross-informant comparison. In a separate survey panel validation, the respondents filled out the ACE-THL twice, two weeks apart (N = 513, with 426 in the follow-up). Interview data were used to improve item clarity, and test-retest reliability and structural validity were assessed with repeated survey data. RESULTS The final 14-item questionnaire, including 12 ACE items and two items measuring protective experiences, was highly acceptable to the respondents. In the factor analysis of the quantitative data, a sufficiently single-dimensional construct was found, remaining stable in retesting two weeks later. The internal consistency (omega) of the a priori one-dimensional model was 0.89 and 0.90 at baseline and follow-up, respectively. The high test-retest reliability (mean score rank order correlation 0.93) of the ACE-THL indicated that the probed perceptions of childhood experiences are stable. CONCLUSION Based on the initial validation, the 14-item ACE-THL questionnaire is a reliable and valid instrument to measure adverse childhood experiences, as well as protective experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Hietamäki
- Competence Cluster for Violence Prevention Work, Special Services Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland; Faculty of Social Sciences and Business Studies, University of Eastern Finland, Finland.
| | - Taina Laajasalo
- Competence Cluster for Violence Prevention Work, Special Services Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland; Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Lindgren
- Mental Health, Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
| | - Sebastian Therman
- Mental Health, Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
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7
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Sandoe CH, Lawler V, Lena S, Lagman-Bartolome AM, Lay C. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Medication Overuse Headache: Burden and Treatment Impact. Can J Neurol Sci 2023; 50:918-921. [PMID: 36373325 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2022.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are a risk factor for progression from episodic to chronic migraine. Risk factors for medication overuse headache (MOH) are incompletely understood, but opioid overuse may carry a higher risk than overuse of other medication types. We performed a retrospective chart review investigating the frequency and impact of ACEs in patients with MOH. Of 68 included patients, 37 (54.4%) reported ACEs. There was no significant inter-group difference in baseline migraine disability assessment (MIDAS) or monthly headache days. Patients with ACEs reported more opioid overuse, and worse headache-related disability at follow-up, despite similar monthly headache days. Patients with ACEs require complex, multidisciplinary treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire H Sandoe
- Centre for Headache, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Valerie Lawler
- Centre for Headache, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Suvendrini Lena
- Centre for Headache, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ana Marissa Lagman-Bartolome
- Centre for Headache, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christine Lay
- Centre for Headache, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Bhattarai A, Dimitropoulos G, Bulloch AGM, Tough SC, Patten SB. Association between childhood adversities and premature and potentially avoidable mortality in adulthood: a population-based study. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2036. [PMID: 37853382 PMCID: PMC10585893 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16935-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of childhood adversities with mortality has rarely been explored, and even less studied is the question of whether any excess mortality may be potentially preventable. This study examined the association between specific childhood adversities and premature and potentially avoidable mortality (PPAM) in adulthood in a representative sample of the general population. Also, we examined whether the associations were potentially mediated by various adult socioeconomic, psychosocial, and behavioral factors. METHODS The study used data from the National Population Health Survey (NPHS-1994) linked to the Canadian Vital Statistics Database (CVSD 1994-2014) available from Statistics Canada. The NPHS interview retrospectively assessed childhood exposure to prolonged hospitalization, parental divorce, prolonged parental unemployment, prolonged trauma, parental problematic substance use, physical abuse, and being sent away from home for doing something wrong. An existing definition of PPAM, consisting of causes of death considered preventable or treatable before age 75, was used. Competing cause survival models were used to examine the associations of specific childhood adversities with PPAM in adulthood among respondents aged 18 to 74 years (rounded n = 11,035). RESULTS During the 20-year follow-up, 5.4% of the sample died prematurely of a cause that was considered potentially avoidable. Childhood adversities had a differential effect on mortality. Physical abuse (age-adjusted sub-hazard ratio; SHR 1.44; 95% CI 1.03, 2.00) and being sent away from home (age-adjusted SHR 2.26; 95% CI 1.43,3.57) were significantly associated with PPAM. The associations were attenuated when adjusted for adulthood factors, namely smoking, poor perceived health, depression, low perceived social support, and low income, consistent with possible mediating effects. Other adversities under study were not associated with PPAM. CONCLUSION The findings imply that the psychological sequelae of childhood physical abuse and being sent away from home and subsequent uptake of adverse health behavior may lead to increased risk of potentially avoidable mortality. The potential mediators identified offer directions for future research to perform causal mediation analyses with suitable data and identify interventions aimed at preventing premature mortality due to potentially avoidable causes. Other forms of adversities, mostly related to household dysfunction, may not be determinants of the distal health outcome of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Bhattarai
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada.
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Gina Dimitropoulos
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Andrew G M Bulloch
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Suzanne C Tough
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Scott B Patten
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
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Schwartz JA, Calvi JL, Allen SL, Granger DA. Adrenocortical Responses to Daily Stressors Are Calibrated by Early Life Adversity: An Investigation of the Adaptive Calibration Model. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 21:14747049231212357. [PMID: 37964553 PMCID: PMC10647968 DOI: 10.1177/14747049231212357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies examining the impact of early adversity on physiological responsivity to environmental challenges in later life yield a complex pattern of findings and ambiguity regarding the direction of effect, with some studies reporting heightened responses and others reporting dampened responses. One potential reason for these mixed findings is an oversimplified theoretical model surrounding the connection between early life stressor exposure and subsequent stress responsivity. The adaptive calibration model offersa contemporary set of assumptions aimed at providing a better understanding of the ways that early life experiences shape the stress response system to better align with current and future environments. The current study utilized a large subsample from the National Study of Daily Experiences (N = 1,605) to examine the extent to which the association between daily stressor exposure and cortisol levels varies across levels of early life adversity. Results revealed that those individuals who experienced extremely low levels of early life adversity displayed the greatest increase in cortisol levels across the day as daily stressor exposure increased. Alternatively, those individuals who experienced extremely high levels of early life adversity displayed almost no change in diurnal production of cortisol as daily stressor exposure increased. The results are discussed within the evolutionary-developmental context of the adaptive calibration model along with suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Schwartz
- College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Jessica L. Calvi
- Nebraska Athletic Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Samantha L. Allen
- College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Douglas A. Granger
- School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Ye M, Hessler D, Ford D, Benson M, Koita K, Bucci M, Long D, Harris NB, Thakur N. Pediatric ACEs and related life event screener (PEARLS) latent domains and child health in a safety-net primary care practice. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:367. [PMID: 37461038 PMCID: PMC10351141 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04163-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research examining the connections between individual adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and how groupings of interrelated adversities are linked with subsequent health is scarce, limiting our understanding of risk during a period of rapid expansion of ACE screening in clinical practice. The study objective was to conduct a psychometric analysis to derive latent domains of ACEs and related life events and assess the association between each domain and health outcome. METHODS Participants (3 months-11 years) were recruited from the University of California San Francisco Benioff's Children Hospital Oakland Primary Care Clinic. Children were screened with the Pediatric ACEs and Related Life Events Screener (PEARLS) (n = 340), which assessed 17 total ACEs and related life events, including forms of abuse, household challenges, and social risks. Domains were constructed using confirmatory factor analysis and associations between the three identified domains and 14 health outcomes were assessed using multivariable linear and logistic regression models. RESULTS Three PEARLS domains were identified: Maltreatment (ω = 0.73, ɑ=0.87), Household Challenges (ω = 0.70, ɑ=0.82), and Social Context (ω = 0.55, ɑ=0.70). Measurement invariance was supported across both gender and screening format. All domains were associated with poorer general and behavioral health and stomachaches. Maltreatment and Social Context were additionally associated with eczema while only Social Context was associated with increased odds of reporting headaches and somatic symptoms. CONCLUSION In an underserved, urban west-coast pediatric population, the PEARLS found three adversity domains of Maltreatment, Household Challenges, and Social Context that all had an independent statistically significant association with poorer child health. The results provide a timely and more nuanced representation of risk that can inform clinical practice and policy using more targeted resources and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Ye
- San Francisco Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, 500 Parnassus Avenue, 94143-0841 San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Danielle Hessler
- San Francisco Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, 500 Parnassus Avenue, 94143 San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Derek Ford
- Center for Psychological and Social Health, LLC, 2918 Westover Dr, Danville, VA 24541 USA
| | - Mindy Benson
- San Francisco Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 5220 Claremont Ave, Oakland, CA 94609 USA
| | - Kadiatou Koita
- Center for Youth Wellness, 3450 3rd St, 94124 San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Monica Bucci
- Center for Youth Wellness, 3450 3rd St, 94124 San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Dayna Long
- San Francisco Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 5220 Claremont Ave, Oakland, CA 94609 USA
| | | | - Neeta Thakur
- San Francisco Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, 500 Parnassus Avenue, 94143-0841 San Francisco, CA USA
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Hales GK, Saribaz ZE, Debowska A, Rowe R. Links of Adversity in Childhood With Mental and Physical Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Mediating and Moderating Mechanisms. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:1465-1482. [PMID: 35226575 PMCID: PMC10240645 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221075087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been associated with causes of early death, addiction, mental illness, and poor health. However, studies investigating underlying mechanisms often rely on cross-sectional data or inappropriate study designs. To prevent the negative sequelae associated with ACEs, it is imperative to understand the mechanisms underlying the prospective relationship. The aim of this present review was to provide a synthesis and critical evaluation of the literature regarding the mechanisms underlying this relationship. A search in SCOPUS, MedLine via Ovid, PsycINFO via Ovid, and Web of Science was performed. Studies that utilised a prospective design assessing ACEs in childhood or adolescence, outcomes in adulthood, and analysed either a mediating or moderating relationship were included, unless the study relied on informant report or official records to assess childhood maltreatment types of ACEs. Twenty-two studies examining a longitudinal mediation or moderation were included in a systematic review. A review of the studies found links to psychopathology, delinquent and problem behaviours, poor physical health, and poor socioeconomic outcomes. A clear image of underlying mechanisms is not forthcoming due to (a) poor study design in relation to assessing longitudinal mechanisms, and (b) heterogeneity in the adversities, mechanisms, and outcomes assessed. Based on the review, several gaps and limitations are highlighted and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- George K. Hales
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Agata Debowska
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Poznan, Poland
| | - Richard Rowe
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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12
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Salmon S, Chartier M, Roos LE, Afifi TO. Typologies of child maltreatment and peer victimization and the associations with adolescent substance use: A latent class analysis. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 140:106177. [PMID: 37058947 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child maltreatment and peer victimization are pervasive public health problems associated with adolescent substance use. Although child maltreatment has been identified as a risk factor for peer victimization, few studies have investigated their co-occurrence (i.e., polyvictimization). The study objectives were to: examine sex differences in the prevalence of child maltreatment, peer victimization, and substance use; identify polyvictimization patterns; and examine the associations between the identified typologies and adolescent substance use. METHODS Data were self-reported from a sample of adolescents aged 14 to 17 years (n = 2910) who participated in the provincially-representative 2014 Ontario Child Health Study. Latent class analysis with distal outcomes was conducted to identify typologies of six types of child maltreatment and five types of peer victimization and examine the associations between the polyvictimization typologies and use of cigarettes/cigars, alcohol, cannabis, and prescription drugs. RESULTS Four typologies were identified: Low victimization (76.6 %), Violent home environment (16.0 %), High verbal/social peer victimization (5.3 %), and High polyvictimization (2.1 %). The Violent home environment and High verbal/social peer victimization typologies were associated with increased odds of adolescent substance use (adjusted odds ratio range: 2.06-3.61). The High polyvictimization typology showed increased, but non-significant, odds of substance use. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent-serving health and social services professionals should be aware of polyvictimization patterns and the impact on substance use. For some adolescents, polyvictimization may include exposure to multiple child maltreatment and peer victimization types. Upstream strategies to prevent child maltreatment and peer victimization are needed, which may also contribute to reductions in adolescent substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Salmon
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Mariette Chartier
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Leslie E Roos
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Tracie O Afifi
- Departments of Community Health Sciences & Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Canada.
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13
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Romm KF, Cohn AM, Wang Y, Berg CJ. Psychosocial predictors of trajectories of dual cigarette and e-cigarette use among young adults in the US. Addict Behav 2023; 141:107658. [PMID: 36812780 PMCID: PMC10154740 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Young adults have the highest prevalence of cigarette and e-cigarette use, warranting research to identify psychosocial correlates of their use trajectories. METHODS Repeated measures latent profile analyses (RMLPAs) examined past 6-month cigarette and e-cigarette trajectories across 5 waves of data (2018-2020) among 3,006 young adults (Mage = 24.56 [SD = 4.72], 54.8% female, 31.6% sexual minority, 60.2% racial/ethnic minority). Multinomial logistic regression models examined associations among psychosocial factors (i.e., depressive symptoms, adverse childhood experiences [ACEs], personality traits) and trajectories of cigarette and e-cigarette use, controlling for sociodemographics and past 6-month alcohol and cannabis use. RESULTS RMLPAs yielded a 6-profile solution, which were uniquely associated with predictors: stable low-level or nonusers of cigarettes and e-cigarettes (66.3%; referent group), stable low-level cigarette and high-level e-cigarette use (12.3%; greater depressive symptoms, ACEs, openness; male, White, cannabis use), stable mid-level cigarette and low-level e-cigarette use (6.2%; greater depressive symptoms, ACEs, extraversion; less openness, conscientiousness; older age, male, Black or Hispanic, cannabis use), stable low-level cigarette and decreasing e-cigarette use (6.0%; greater depressive symptoms, ACEs, openness; younger age, cannabis use), stable high-level cigarette and low-level e-cigarette use (4.7%; greater depressive symptoms, ACEs, extraversion; older age, cannabis use), and decreasing high-level cigarette and stable high-level e-cigarette use (4.5%; greater depressive symptoms, ACEs, extraversion, less conscientiousness; older age, cannabis use). CONCLUSIONS Cigarette and e-cigarette prevention and cessation efforts should be targeted both toward specific trajectories of use and their unique psychosocial correlates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn F Romm
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Univeristy of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| | - Amy M Cohn
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Univeristy of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Carla J Berg
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; George Washington Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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14
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Bellis MA, Hughes K, Cresswell K, Ford K. Comparing relationships between single types of adverse childhood experiences and health-related outcomes: a combined primary data study of eight cross-sectional surveys in England and Wales. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e072916. [PMID: 37068903 PMCID: PMC10111913 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) show strong cumulative associations with ill-health across the life course. Harms can arise even in those exposed to a single ACE type but few studies examine such exposure. For individuals experiencing a single ACE type, we examine which ACEs are most strongly related to different health harms. DESIGN Secondary analysis of combined data from eight cross-sectional general population ACE surveys. SETTING Households in England and Wales. PARTICIPANTS 20 556 residents aged 18-69 years. MEASURES Ten self-reported outcomes were examined: smoking, cannabis use, binge drinking, obesity, sexually transmitted infection, teenage pregnancy, mental well-being, violence perpetration, violence victimisation and incarceration. Adjusted ORs and percentage changes in outcomes were calculated for each type of ACE exposure. RESULTS Significance and magnitude of associations between each ACE and outcome varied. Binge drinking was associated with childhood verbal abuse (VA), parental separation (PS) and household alcohol problem (AP), while obesity was linked to sexual abuse (SA) and household mental illness. SA also showed the biggest increase in cannabis use (25.5% vs 10.8%, no ACEs). Household AP was the ACE most strongly associated with violence and incarceration. PS was associated with teenage pregnancy (9.1% vs 3.7%, no ACEs) and 5 other outcomes. VA was associated with 7 of the 10 outcomes examined. CONCLUSION Exposure to a single ACE increases risks of poorer outcomes across health-harming behaviours, sexual health, mental well-being and criminal domains. Toxic stress can arise from ACEs such as physical and SA but other more prevalent ACEs (eg, VA, PS) may also contribute substantively to poorer life course health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Bellis
- Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Investment in Health & Well-being, Public Health Wales, Wrexham, UK
| | - Karen Hughes
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Investment in Health & Well-being, Public Health Wales, Wrexham, UK
- Public Health Collaborating Unit, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Katie Cresswell
- Public Health Collaborating Unit, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Kat Ford
- Public Health Collaborating Unit, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
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15
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Zhang J, Wiecaszek P, Sami S, Meiser-Stedman R. Association between panic disorder and childhood adversities: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2023; 53:2585-2595. [PMID: 34776038 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721004505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) increase the risk of mental health difficulties in general, but the link to panic disorder (PD) has received comparatively little attention. There are no data for the magnitudes between ACEs and PD. This systematic review and meta-analysis estimated the overall, as well as the subgroups, odds ratio of having PD in adults who report ACEs, compared to adults who do not. METHODS The study was pre-registered on PROSPERO [CRD42018111506] and the database was searched in June 2021. In order to overcome the violation of independent assumptions due to multiple estimations from the same samples, we utilized a robust variance estimation model that supports meta-analysis for clustered estimations. Accordingly, an advanced method relaxing the distributional and asymptotic assumptions was used to assess publication bias and sensitivity. RESULTS The literature search and screening returned 34 final studies, comprising 192,182 participants. Ninety-six estimations of 20 types of ACEs were extracted. Pooled ORs are: overall 2.2, CI (1.82-2.58), sexual abuse 1.92, CI (1.37-2.46), physical abuse 1.71, CI (1.37-2.05), emotional abuse 1.61, CI (0.868-2.35), emotional neglect 1.53, CI (0.756-2.31), parental alcoholism 1.83, CI (1.24-2.43), and parental separation/loss 1.82, CI (1.14-2.50). No between-group difference was identified by either sociolegal classification (abuse, neglect, household dysfunction) or threat-deprivation dimensions (high on threat, high on deprivation and mixed). CONCLUSIONS There are links of mild to medium strength between overall ACEs and PD as well as individual ACEs. The homogeneous effect sizes across ACEs either suggest the effects of ACEs on PD are comparable, or raised the question whether the categorical or dimensional approaches to classifying ACEs are the definitive ways to conceptualize the impact of ACEs on later mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Zhang
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Saber Sami
- Dementia Research, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Richard Meiser-Stedman
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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16
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Sosnowski DW, Rojo-Wissar DM, Smail EJ, Musci RJ, Wilcox HC, Johnson SB. Expanding on Threat and Deprivation: Empirical Examination of Adversity Dimensions and Psychiatric Outcomes Among Emerging Adults. EMERGING ADULTHOOD (PRINT) 2023; 11:431-443. [PMID: 36969950 PMCID: PMC10038124 DOI: 10.1177/21676968221114260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Dimensional models of adversity, whereby experiences lie along dimensions of threat and deprivation, are increasingly popular; however, their empirical validation is limited. In a sample of emerging adults (N=1,662; M age =20.72; 53% female; 72% Black), we conducted exploratory factor analyses using adversities derived from items probing family relationships and a validated assessment of traumatic events. Resulting factors were used to test associations with odds of lifetime diagnosis of a substance use disorder, other mental health disorders, and suicide attempt. Results supported a four-factor solution: threat (non-betrayal), emotional deprivation, sexual assault, and threat (betrayal). Threat (betrayal) summary scores were most strongly associated with increased odds of substance use and other disorders, whereas sexual assault was most strongly associated increased odds of lifetime suicide attempt. Findings provide some empirical support for categorizing adversity along dimensions of threat and deprivation. However, it also suggests the possibility of further divisions within these dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Sosnowski
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | | | - Emily J Smail
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Rashelle J Musci
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Holly C Wilcox
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Sara B Johnson
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University
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17
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Carney JR, Miller-Graff LE, Napier TR, Howell KH. Elucidating the relations between adverse childhood experiences, age of exposure to adversity, and adult posttraumatic stress symptom severity in pregnant women. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 136:105995. [PMID: 36566706 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are typically assessed within two subscales: child maltreatment (CM) and household dysfunction (HD). More research is needed about how the CM and HD subscales differentially contribute to adult posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), accounting for additional adversities. OBJECTIVE, PARTICIPANTS, AND SETTING In a sample of 137 pregnant women exposed to recent intimate partner violence (IPV) in the United States, this study aimed to (1) explore the contributions of ACEs subscales to pregnant women's PTSS severity, (2) examine the inclusion of the witnessing IPV ACE in the CM subscale, and (3) contextualize the contributions of the ACEs subscales to women's PTSS by examining the moderating effect of age of first ACE exposure. METHODS The study used linear, multiple, and hierarchical regression analyses and the Hotelling-Williams test. RESULTS The CM subscale predicted pregnant women's PTSS significantly better than the HD subscale, controlling for past-year IPV (t(134) = 2.69, p = .008). Adding the witnessing IPV ACE to the CM subscale did not significantly improve the subscale's prediction of PTSS (ΔR2 = 0.07, p = .290). Age of first exposure did not significantly moderate the effects of the CM (β = 0.12, p = .140) or HD (β = -0.10, p = .238) ACEs subscales on PTSS. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that for pregnant women exposed to high levels of trauma, polyvictimization and particularly experiencing multiple types of CM have stronger predictive validity for PTSS than HD. Cumulative victimization may be more influential than age of exposure to adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Carney
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, 390 Corbett Family Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Laura E Miller-Graff
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, 390 Corbett Family Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, University of Notre Dame, 1110 Jenkins Nanovic Halls, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Taylor R Napier
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, 400 Innovation Drive, Memphis, TN 38111, USA
| | - Kathryn H Howell
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, 400 Innovation Drive, Memphis, TN 38111, USA
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18
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Adverse Childhood Experiences Are Associated With History of Overdose Among Patients Presenting for Outpatient Addiction Care. J Addict Med 2023:01271255-990000000-00139. [PMID: 36728084 DOI: 10.1097/adm.0000000000001126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with mental health issues and substance use. Having a substance use disorder increases the risk of overdose (OD). Research on ACEs and risk of OD is limited. This study examined the relationship between ACE scores and a self-reported history of OD among patients in an addiction and mental health outpatient setting. METHODS This single-center, cross-sectional design included adults in a dual-diagnosis addiction and mental health outpatient recovery and treatment program from November 2017 to August 2020. Patients (N = 115) were assessed with self-report questionnaires, which included ACEs and history of OD. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with self-reported OD history. We assessed the reliability and validity of the ACEs scale. RESULTS Of the 115 participants, 26 (22.6%) reported a past OD at intake. The mean ACE score for participants with an OD history, as compared with those with no history of OD, was 4.0 (standard deviation, 2.7) vs 2.3 (standard deviation, 2.2). In the multivariable regression, a higher ACE score was associated with history of OD (adjusted odds ratio, 1.23; 95% confidence interval, 1.00-1.50; P = 0.0456). CONCLUSIONS Given the observed association between OD and higher ACE scores, patients presenting for treatment in outpatient dual-diagnosis clinics should be screened for ACEs and OD history, providing the opportunity for treatment with trauma-informed care and/or referral to appropriate services.
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19
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Salmon S, Taillieu TL, Stewart-Tufescu A, MacMillan HL, Tonmyr L, Gonzalez A, Afifi TO. Stressors and symptoms associated with a history of adverse childhood experiences among older adolescents and young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic in Manitoba, Canada. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can 2023; 43:27-39. [PMID: 36223143 PMCID: PMC9894295 DOI: 10.24095/hpcdp.43.1.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic has had major economic, social and psychological consequences for adolescents and young adults. It is unclear whether those with a history of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) were particularly vulnerable. We examined whether a history of ACEs was associated with financial difficulties, lack of emotional support, feeling stressed/anxious, feeling down/depressed, increased alcohol and/or cannabis use and increased conflict with parents, siblings and/or intimate partners among 16- to 21-year-olds during the pandemic. METHODS Data were collected in November and December 2020 from respondents aged 16 to 21 years (n = 664) participating in the longitudinal and intergenerational Well-being and Experiences Study (Wave 3) conducted in Manitoba, Canada. Age-stratified associations between ACEs and pandemic-related stressors/symptoms were examined with binary and multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS A history of ACEs was associated with pandemic-related financial difficulties (adjusted relative risk ratio [aRRR] range: 2.44-7.55); lack of emotional support (aRRR range: 2.13-26.77); higher levels of feeling stressed/anxious and down/depressed (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] range: 1.78-5.05); increased alcohol and cannabis use (aOR range: 1.99-8.02); and increased relationship conflict (aOR range: 1.98-22.59). Fewer associations emerged for older adolescents and these were not to the same degree as for young adults. CONCLUSION Adolescents and young adults with a history of ACEs reported increased odds of pandemic-related stressors and symptoms, and may need more resources and greater support compared to peers without an ACE history. Differences in results for adolescents and young adults suggest that interventions should be tailored to the needs of each age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Salmon
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Tamara L. Taillieu
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Harriet L. MacMillan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lil Tonmyr
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tracie O. Afifi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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20
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Alfimova MV, Mikhailova VA, Gabaeva MV, Plakunova VV, Lezheiko TV, Golimbet VE. [Effects of oxytocin pathway gene polymorphisms and adverse childhood experiences on emotion recognition in schizophrenia spectrum disorders]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2023; 123:90-95. [PMID: 37796073 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202312309190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study a role of the interaction of oxytocin pathway gene polymorphisms and adverse childhood experiences (ACE) in facial emotion recognition (FER) deficits in schizophrenia. MATERIAL AND METHODS Patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (n=699) completed cognitive testing, which included a FER task. We determined patients' genotypes for common polymorphisms in three of the oxytocin pathway genes which were previously associated with face perception: OXTR (rs53576, rs7632287), CD38 (rs3796863) and ARNT2 (rs4778599). The presence of ACE in the patient's history was assessed via an analysis of medical records. RESULTS In our sample, 49% of participants experienced ACE. ANCOVA adjusted for age and gender revealed a significant interaction effect of OXTR rs53576 with ACE on FER scores (F=11.51; p<0.001; η2p=0.02). The effect remained significant when accounting for cognitive functioning and negative symptoms. Carriers of the A allele without ACE recognized emotions worse than GG homozygotes without ACE (p=0.039) and carriers of the A allele with ACE (p=0.009). CONCLUSION The results are consistent with the notion of the A (rs53576) allele's role in sensitivity to childhood experiences that influence the psychosocial development and can be used in further studies of the oxytocin treatment of social cognition and social adaptation of patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Alfimova
- Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia
- Alexeev Mental-Health Clinical Hospital No. 1, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - M V Gabaeva
- Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - V E Golimbet
- Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia
- Alexeev Mental-Health Clinical Hospital No. 1, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia
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21
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Lopez-Tamayo R, Suarez L, Simpson D, Volpe K. The Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Community Violence Exposure on a Sample of Anxious, Treatment-Seeking Children. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2022; 15:1081-1093. [PMID: 36439664 PMCID: PMC9684382 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-022-00447-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Screening for adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can help prevent and reduce adverse outcomes on child development, including increased risk for anxiety disorders. Emerging studies strongly support the inclusion of community-level adversities in ACE screeners to consider diverse contexts and populations. Recent studies suggest that community violence exposure (CVE) may have a distinct impact on youth mental health. Although recent studies have examined the association between ACEs, CVE, and mental health in primary care settings, this association has not been examined on treatment-seeking children in urban mental health settings. The present study employs a mediation model using the PROCESS macro to examine community violence exposure mediating the effect on the association between ACEs and somatic symptoms (SS) on a sample of anxious treatment-seeking children. A total of 98 participants (Mage = 11.7, SD = 3.79, 51.6% males, 54.1% ethnic minority children) who sought services at a specialized anxiety clinic completed self-report measures. Results indicated that exposure to ACEs is associated with endorsement of somatic symptoms as a result of reporting hearing, witnessing, or experiencing CVE. Evidence of mediation was found in a statistically significant indirect effect of ACEs on SS through CREV (Effect = .17, 95% CI = .069-.294). These findings support recent evidence that CVE is a distinct ACE as it contributes to toxic stress similar to individual-level ACEs. The use of a comprehensive ACE screening that includes CVE is warranted, particularly when working with culturally and socioeconomically diverse populations, as it would better capture a broader range of adversities across demographic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Lopez-Tamayo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois USA
| | - Liza Suarez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois USA
| | | | - Kelley Volpe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois USA
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22
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Russell A, Clements K, Duschinsky R, Howarth E, Mayes T, Reisel A, Coughlan B. Domestic violence and abuse in local child safeguarding policy: How is the problem represented? HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2022; 30:e3871-e3884. [PMID: 36282145 PMCID: PMC10092451 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.14086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Within the United Kingdom, domestic violence and abuse (DVA) is the most commonly identified factor within child in need assessments, with rates increasing in recent years in addition to 'lockdown'-related spikes. This article examines the representation of DVA in local child safeguarding policies using Bacchi's (2009) 'What is the problem represented to be?' approach. Policies were collected from the websites of all the child safeguarding partnerships of England in July 2021. In total, we identified 59 policies. These policies are designed to guide local responses to DVA across services and thus have potential for substantial impact on practice across health and social care. Our results suggest that local DVA policy in England exists within a conceptual framework which spotlights the individual and lacks attention to their context. We argue that these policies focus on adults, neglecting attention to children within their own safeguarding policies. This is through children being peripheralized within the conceptualisation of 'victim' and the assessed adult risk being used as a proxy measure for the risk to child. Demographic discussions build an image of DVA as an issue that can affect anyone, but with little acknowledgement of the vulnerabilities facing proportions of the population and their complexities - when such vulnerabilities are discussed, they are individualised and viewed in absence of their societal causes, potentially eclipsing critical elements of a child's experience of DVA. The implications of our results are wide-ranging but suggest a need to refocus on children and their context within local DVA policy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robbie Duschinsky
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Primary Care Unit, University of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Emma Howarth
- School of Psychology, University of East LondonLondonUK
| | - Tammy Mayes
- Lived experience, parent advocate & activist of numerous charitiesGuildfordUK
| | | | - Barry Coughlan
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Primary Care Unit, University of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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Dimensions of childhood adversity differentially affect biological aging in major depression. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:431. [PMID: 36195591 PMCID: PMC9532396 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02198-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences have been consistently linked with physical and mental health disorders in adulthood that may be mediated, in part, via the effects of such exposures on biological aging. Using recently developed "epigenetic clocks", which provide an estimate of biological age, several studies have demonstrated a link between the cumulative exposure to childhood adversities and accelerated epigenetic aging. However, not all childhood adversities are equivalent and less is known about how distinct dimensions of childhood adversity relate to epigenetic aging metrics. Using two measures of childhood adversity exposure, we assess how the dimensions of Maltreatment and Household Dysfunction relate to epigenetic aging using two "second-generation" clocks, GrimAge and PhenoAge, in a cohort of unmedicated somatically healthy adults with moderate to severe major depression (n = 82). Our results demonstrate that the dimension of Maltreatment is associated with epigenetic age acceleration (EAA) using the PhenoAge but not the GrimAge clock. This association was observed using both the Childhood Trauma questionnaire (CTQ; β = 0.272, p = 0.013) and the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) questionnaire (β = 0.307, p = 0.005) and remained significant when adjusting for exposure to the dimension of Household Dysfunction (β = 0.322, p = 0.009). In contrast, the dimension of Household Dysfunction is associated with epigenetic age deceleration (β = -0.194, p = 0.083) which achieved significance after adjusting for exposure to the dimension of Maltreatment (β = -0.304, p = 0.022). This study is the first to investigate these effects among individuals with Major Depressive Disorder and suggests that these dimensions of adversity may be associated with disease via distinct biological mechanisms.
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Stewart-Tufescu A, Struck S, Taillieu T, Salmon S, Fortier J, Brownell M, Chartier M, Yakubovich AR, Afifi TO. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Education Outcomes among Adolescents: Linking Survey and Administrative Data. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11564. [PMID: 36141833 PMCID: PMC9517426 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with detrimental health outcomes in adulthood. Less is known about the relationships between ACEs and education outcomes and among adolescents. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between ACEs and adolescents' self-reported education outcomes and provincial education assessments among adolescents in Manitoba, Canada. Data were gathered from 1002 adolescents who participated in the Well-Being and Experiences (WE) Study. A subsample of the adolescents (84%) consented to having their WE survey data linked to administrative education databases. Binary and multinomial logistic regression models were computed to examine associations between ACE history and self-reported education outcomes and provincial education assessments, adjusting for sociodemographic variables. Adolescents with an ACE history had significantly increased likelihood of having ever been suspended from school (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.33, 95% CI 1.60-6.92), of lower grades (adjusted relative risk ratio (aRRR) = 3.21, 95% CI 1.42-7.29), and of chronic school absenteeism (aRRR = 2.45, 95% CI 1.28-4.68) compared with adolescents without an ACE history after adjusting for sociodemographic variables. Findings from this study illuminate the important relationship between childhood adversity and poor education outcomes assessed directly by adolescents. Increasing awareness of the public health risk associated with ACEs and education outcomes may inform education policy and school-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Stewart-Tufescu
- Faculty of Social Work and Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Shannon Struck
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada
| | - Tamara Taillieu
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada
| | - Samantha Salmon
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada
| | - Janique Fortier
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada
| | - Marni Brownell
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, and Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Mariette Chartier
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, and Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Alexa R. Yakubovich
- Department of Community Health & Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1V7, Canada
| | - Tracie O. Afifi
- Departments of Community Health Sciences and Psychiatry, Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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Afifi TO, Salmon S, Stewart-Tufescu A, Taillieu T. An Examination of Parents' Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) History and Reported Spanking of Their Child: Informing Child Maltreatment Prevention Efforts. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191710580. [PMID: 36078294 PMCID: PMC9518050 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The current evidence indicates that spanking is harmful to children's health and development and should never be used by parents or other caregivers. However, the critical factors that inform effective spanking prevention strategies are still not well understood. The objective of the current study was to determine if a parent's own adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) history was associated with increased likelihood of reporting their child being spanked at age 10 or younger. Data were drawn from the Well-Being and Experiences Study (the WE Study), a community survey of parents and adolescents from 2017-2018 (N = 1000) from Canada. The results indicated that a parent's own history of physical abuse, emotional abuse, spanking, and household mental illness in childhood were associated with an increased likelihood that their child would have been spanked. These findings indicate that a parent's ACEs history may be related to how their own child is parented and identify families who may be more likely to rely on spanking. Preventing physical punishment is necessary for healthy child development, reducing the risk of further violence, and upholding children's rights to protection. Parent's ACEs history may be an important factor to consider when developing and implementing child maltreatment prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracie O. Afifi
- Departments of Community Health Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada
| | - Samantha Salmon
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada
| | | | - Tamara Taillieu
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada
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Salo M, Appleton AA, Tracy M. Childhood Adversity Trajectories and Violent Behaviors in Adolescence and Early Adulthood. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP13978-NP14007. [PMID: 33858246 PMCID: PMC8521560 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211006366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Violence and other antisocial behaviors, including fighting and weapon carrying, are highly prevalent among adolescents but usually decrease in young adulthood. Childhood adversities, including exposure to abuse, intimate partner violence, and household substance use and mental health problems, have been linked to violent behaviors in adolescence and adulthood. However, few studies of childhood adversity as determinants of persistent violent behavior among community-based samples have been conducted. Furthermore, the effects of adversity timing and duration on subsequent violent behaviors are unclear. We examined the association between five childhood adversity trajectories (representing stable-low, stable-mild, decreasing, increasing, and stable-high adversity from birth through age 11.5 years) and physical fighting and weapon carrying at ages 13-20 years among a sample of young adults followed continuously since birth from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (n = 9,665). The prevalence of violent behaviors declined sharply as participants aged (e.g., whereas 42.8% reported engaging in physical fighting in the past year at ages 13-15 years, this dropped to 10.4% at ages 17-20 years). Childhood adversity trajectories exhibited a strong dose-response relation with physical fighting and weapon carrying, with particularly pronounced relations for violent behaviors persisting across both adolescence and early adulthood (e.g., for physical fighting at both ages 13-15 years and 17-20 years compared to no fighting at either period, adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.31-2.00 for stable-mild; aOR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.64-3.33 for decreasing; aOR = 3.18, 95% CI = 2.20-4.60 for increasing; and aOR = 3.73, 95% CI = 2.13-6.52 for stable-high adversity, compared to stable-low adversity). This work highlights the substantial implications of exposure to childhood adversity for youth violence prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Salo
- University at Albany School of Public Health, State University of New York, USA
| | - Allison A. Appleton
- University at Albany School of Public Health, State University of New York, USA
| | - Melissa Tracy
- University at Albany School of Public Health, State University of New York, USA
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Education-Related COVID-19 Difficulties and Stressors during the COVID-19 Pandemic among a Community Sample of Older Adolescents and Young Adults in Canada. EDUCATION SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/educsci12070500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic created significant disruptions to the provision of education, including restrictions to in-person and remote learning. Little is known about how older adolescents and young adults experienced these disruptions. To address this gap, data were drawn from the Well-Being and Experiences study (the WE Study), a longitudinal community-based sample collected in Manitoba, Canada, from 2017–2021 (n = 494). Prevalent difficulties or stressors during in-person learning were less interaction with friends or classmates, worrying about grades, less interaction with teachers, and too much screen time (range: 47.3% to 61.25%). Prevalent difficulties or stressors for remote learning were less interaction with friends or classmates and teachers, less physical activity, worrying about grades, and too much screen time (range: 62.8% to 79.6%). Differences related to sex, education level, financial burden, and mental health prior to the pandemic were noted. From a public health perspective, efforts to re-establish social connections with friends, classmates, and teachers; strategies to manage stress related to worrying about grades or resources to improve grades that have declined; and approaches to reduce screen time in school and at home may be important for recovery and for any ongoing or future pandemics or endemics that impact the delivery of education.
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Weller BE, Conrad JK, Wilburn VG, Ramamonjiarivelo Z, Gladden J. Adverse childhood experiences and mental health conditions among multiracial adolescents. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2022; 27:1088-1102. [PMID: 33472407 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2020.1869187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to verify the factor structure of the household dysfunction type of ACE using data from the National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH), and then examine whether household dysfunction (measured as a latent construct) was associated with mental health conditions among multiracial adolescents. DESIGN We used cross-sectional data collected in 2016 from caregivers who completed the NSCH and analyzed data from a subpopulation of adolescents (12-17) who reported more than one race (n = 1,231). Mplus 8.4 was used to conduct confirmatory factor analysis and probit models from a structural equation modeling framework. RESULTS Results from this study indicated that the household dysfunction type of ACE, as a latent construct, had good model fit and was significantly associated with depression [standardized coefficient [B] = .50, 95% confidence interval [CI] .36, .65], anxiety [B = .61, 95% CI .48, .73], behavior problems [B = .58, 95% CI .44, .72], and ADHD [B = .54, 95% CI .38, .69] for multiracial adolescents. CONCLUSIONS Household dysfunction may result in adolescents being separated (physically or emotionally) from their caregivers, which may hinder adolescents' ability to establish or maintain one of the most important relationships needed to promote racial/ethnic identity development and mental health. Implications for advancements in theory and NSCH are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget E Weller
- School of Social Work, Western Michigan University, College of Health and Human Services, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Joseph K Conrad
- School of Social Work, Western Michigan University, College of Health and Human Services, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Victoria G Wilburn
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Zo Ramamonjiarivelo
- School of Health Administration, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - Jessica Gladden
- School of Social Work, Western Michigan University, College of Health and Human Services, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
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Romm KF, Wang Y, Duan Z, Bennett B, Fuss C, Ma Y, Blank MD, Bray BC, Ahluwalia JS, Berg CJ. Psychosocial predictors of longitudinal changes in tobacco and cannabis use among young adults. Addict Behav 2022; 129:107264. [PMID: 35134629 PMCID: PMC9021279 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent years, cigarette use has decreased, but alternative tobacco product and cannabis use has increased in young adults. Thus, research regarding intraindividual changes in tobacco product and cannabis use in this population, and related psychosocial predictors, is warranted. METHODS We analyzed data from 3,006 young adults (Mage = 24.56 [SD = 4.72], 54.8% female, 31.6% sexual minority, 60.2% racial/ethnic minority) in a 2-year, 5-wave longitudinal study (2018-2020). Latent growth modeling analyzed the outcomes of past 6-month use of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, traditional cigars, little cigars/cigarillos, smokeless tobacco (SLT), hookah, and cannabis across Waves 1-5 among all participants; psychosocial predictors included depressive symptoms, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and personality traits. RESULTS Results indicated decreases in likelihood of using each tobacco product over time, but no significant change in likelihood of cannabis use. Psychosocial predictors of baseline use across products included depressive symptoms and extraversion, as well as ACEs and openness for nearly all products (e.g., except traditional cigars). Psychosocial predictors of less decreases in use likelihood over time included: for cigarettes and traditional cigars, ACEs; for e-cigarettes, extraversion; for little cigars/cigarillos, depressive symptoms and extraversion; for SLT, openness; and for hookah, neuroticism (controlling for sociodemographics). Predictors of greater decreases in likelihood of use over time included: for e-cigarettes and hookah, conscientiousness; and for cannabis, agreeableness. CONCLUSIONS Interventions to reduce young adults' use might target distinct risk/protective factors for using different products (and combinations). Moreover, results regarding decreasing likelihood of using tobacco products but not cannabis over time warrant replication and explanation in other samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn F Romm
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA; George Washington Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Zongshuan Duan
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Breesa Bennett
- Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Helath, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Caroline Fuss
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Melissa D Blank
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV 26506, USA
| | - Bethany C Bray
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, The Univeristy of Illinois Chicago, Chicago IL 60607, USA
| | - Jasjit S Ahluwalia
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, and Brown University Cancer Center, Providence RI 02912, USA
| | - Carla J Berg
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA; George Washington Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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Pandemic-related experiences, mental health symptoms, substance use, and relationship conflict among older adolescents and young adults from Manitoba, Canada. Psychiatry Res 2022; 311:114495. [PMID: 35279437 PMCID: PMC8898590 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is growing awareness of the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on young people. The purpose of this study was to examine older adolescents' and young adults' pandemic-related experiences, including financial difficulties, emotional support, social connections, mental health symptoms, substance use, and relationship conflict. Data from the Well-being and Experiences Study (The WE Study) were gathered from November to December 2020 in Manitoba, Canada, among a community sample (n = 664; ages 16-21 years). Over half of the sample self-reported increased stress/anxiety (57.6%) and depression (54.2%) attributed to the pandemic. Increased alcohol consumption was reported by 18.2% of alcohol-users. Among cannabis-users, 35.1% reported increased use. Conflict with parents, siblings, and an intimate partner increased for 19.9%, 15.2%, and 24.0% of respondents, respectively. Females reported greater financial burden, mental health burden, and conflict with parents than males. Young adults reported greater financial and mental health burden than older adolescents. Higher household income was protective of some experiences. The current study adds to growing evidence that young people were adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Increased access to virtual support resources is needed and should continue following the pandemic. Evidence-based interventions may need to be tailored to females and young adults.
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Fortier J, Stewart-Tufescu A, Salmon S, MacMillan HL, Gonzalez A, Kimber M, Duncan L, Taillieu T, Davila IG, Struck S, Afifi TO. Associations between Lifetime Spanking/Slapping and Adolescent Physical and Mental Health and Behavioral Outcomes. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2022; 67:280-288. [PMID: 33686872 PMCID: PMC9014670 DOI: 10.1177/07067437211000632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many parents use physical forms of punishment, including spanking to correct perceived misbehavior. While some authors suggest spanking/slapping is a distinct and "milder" form of physical punishment, parents' use of spanking is consistently associated with poor outcomes for their children. However, less is known about the relationship between spanking/slapping and health and behavioral outcomes in adolescence independent of other childhood adversities. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to examine the associations between lifetime experiences of spanking on the bottom and/or slapping on the hand and 3 adolescent outcomes: (a) mental health disorders, (b) physical health conditions, and (c) defiant behaviors, after adjusting for other types of childhood adversities and child maltreatment. METHODS Cross-sectional data from the provincially representative 2014 Ontario Child Health Study (N = 6,537 dwellings, response rate = 50.8%) were used. The current study focused on one selected child aged 14 to 17 years within a household (n = 1,883) with data collected from the adolescent and the parent/caregiver. Logistic regression models were used to identify associations with lifetime experiences of spanking/slapping 3 or more times (vs. 0 to 2 times). RESULTS Lifetime spanking/slapping was independently associated with increased odds of mental health disorders, physical health conditions, and defiant behaviors in adolescence after adjusting for childhood adversities and child maltreatment (unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios ranging from 1.29 to 2.19). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that lifetime spanking/slapping is uniquely associated with harmful mental, physical, and behavioral outcomes in adolescence, and efforts should focus on its prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janique Fortier
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Samantha Salmon
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Harriet L MacMillan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa Kimber
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Duncan
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tamara Taillieu
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Isabel Garces Davila
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Shannon Struck
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Tracie O Afifi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Helton JJ, Davis JP, Lee DS, Pakdaman S. Expanding adverse child experiences to inequality and racial discrimination. Prev Med 2022; 157:107016. [PMID: 35301044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There is a well-established correlation between health and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Arguments have been made to expand ACE scales to include indicators of racism and structural inequalities. In this paper, we use nationally representative data to examine the relationships between latent groups of an expanded adversity scale and a broad range of child health outcomes. Data were obtained from a merger of the 2017 and 2018 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) and analyzed in 2021 (n = 52,129). Adversities were defined as violent victimization, violence exposure, a range of parental problems, racial discrimination, food insecurity, and unkempt housing. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to uncover emergent groups of adversities, and logistic regression was used to assess group relationship to global and diagnosed measures of health. Four groups emerged: high all (3.6%), material and food hardship (11.9%), parental problems (10.3%), and low all (74.2%). Results showed the high all groups at greater odds of almost all outcomes. Compared to low all group, high all had particularly higher odds of any special (OR = 2.29) or complex (OR = 2.53) healthcare need, frequent severe headaches (OR = 2.07), and depression (OR = 3.4) or anxiety (OR = 2.11). Our analysis noted separation of experiences based on additional items related to structural inequalities: food insecurity, poverty, and unkempt housing. However, augmenting existing ACE scales with these indicators may be unnecessary as children most at-risk for poor health were a very small group (1 in 28) that experienced multiple forms of violence and parental problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse J Helton
- College of Public Health and Social Justice, School of Social Work, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States of America.
| | - Jordan P Davis
- USC Center for Artificial Intelligence in Society, United States of America; USC Center for Mindfulness Science, United States of America; USC Institute for Addiction Science, United States of America; Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Daniel S Lee
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Sheila Pakdaman
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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Parental problem gambling and child wellbeing: Systematic review and synthesis of evidence. Addict Behav 2022; 126:107205. [PMID: 34890890 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children living with a problem gambling parent are at risk of harm but no previous systematic reviews have specifically focused on the relationship of parental problem gambling and child wellbeing outcomes. The current review aimed to redress this gap by reviewing all available empirical evidence on parental problem gambling and child wellbeing. METHOD Articles were identified by searching PsychINFO, CINAHL, Medline and Scopus. The search included terminology pertaining to parents, problem gambling and children and we included all peer-reviewed articles that reported parental problem gambling and child wellbeing outcome(s). RESULTS Overall, 35 studies reporting a relationship between parental problem gambling and child wellbeing were included. Child wellbeing outcomes were reported across six domains: (1) psychological (k = 14); (2) family relationships (k = 17); (3) violence (k = 9); (4) behavioural (k = 7); (5) financial (k = 9); and (6) physical health (k = 3). The included studies were mostly unequivocal about negative impacts of parental problem gambling across the six domains. Sixteen studies provided evidence of negative child outcomes that were directly attributed to parental problem gambling (e.g., as a result of your parent's problematic gambling, you felt depressed). Nineteen studies reported evidence of the association of child negative outcomes and parental problem gambling but child outcomes were not directly attributed to parental problem gambling (e.g., parent is a problem gambler, child is depressed). Evidence was particularly robust on child distress and family dysfunction directly attributed to parental problem gambling. CONCLUSION This is the first systematic review focusing exclusively on specific intra- and interpersonal problems experienced by children whose parents have a gambling problem.
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Rudmer de Vries T, Arends I, Hulvej Rod N, Oldehinkel AJ, Bültmann U. Proposing network analysis for early life adversity: An application on life event data. Soc Sci Med 2022; 296:114784. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Pernell B, Nagalapuram V, Lebensburger J, Lin CP, Baskin ML, Pachter LM. Adverse childhood experiences in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease: A retrospective cohort study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2022; 69:e29494. [PMID: 34913574 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are linked to poor health outcomes; however, the relationship between ACEs and health outcomes among children and adolescents with sickle cell disease (SCD) has limited documentation in the published literature. PROCEDURE This retrospective cohort study involved 45 children and 30 adolescents. Participants were screened using the Center for Youth Wellness ACE Questionnaire. Parents completed the questionnaire for children. Adolescents provided self-report. ACEs were treated as continuous and categorical scales: 0-1 verus ≥2 original ACEs (individual and/or familial level); 0-1 versus ≥2 additional ACEs (community level); and 0-3 versus ≥4 expanded ACEs (original + additional). Pain and acute chest syndrome events were compared using Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, and correlated with cumulative ACE scores using Spearman's correlation. Multivariable models were fitted to examine the association between ACEs and pain/acute chest syndrome. RESULTS The cumulative number of original ACEs positively correlated with acute chest syndrome events (rho = .53, p = .003) and pain (rho = .40, p = .028) among adolescents. Adolescents with ≥2 versus 0-1 original ACEs had a higher number of acute chest syndrome events (4.9 ± 2.6 vs. 1.6 ± 2.2, p = .002); however, this association was confounded by asthma. Acute chest syndrome events and hospitalizations for pain did not differ among child ACE groups. Emergency department (ED) pain visits were higher among children with ≥4 versus 0-3 expanded ACEs (1.6 ± 2.8 vs. 3.3 ± 3.2, p = .042), even after controlling for SCD genotype, asthma, disease-modifying treatment, and follow-up years (p = .027). CONCLUSION ACEs are linked to increased morbidity among children and adolescents with SCD. Prospective studies are needed to further understand this relationship and test ACE-protective remedies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi Pernell
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Vishnu Nagalapuram
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Montgomery Internal Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jeffrey Lebensburger
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Chee Paul Lin
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Monica L Baskin
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Lee M Pachter
- Institute for Research on Equity & Community Health (iREACH), Christiana Care, Wilmington, Delaware, USA.,Pediatrics & Population Health, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Hardcastle K, Ford K, Bellis MA. Maternal adverse childhood experiences and their association with preterm birth: secondary analysis of data from universal health visiting. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22:129. [PMID: 35172776 PMCID: PMC8848970 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-04454-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Being born before full gestation can have short-term and life-long health implications, yet it remains difficult to determine the risk of preterm birth among expectant mothers. Across different health settings, increasing attention is given to the health and behavioural consequences of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) such as child abuse or neglect, or exposure to harmful household environments (e.g. in which caregivers abuse alcohol), and the potential value of understanding these hidden harms when supporting individuals and families. A large international evidence base describes the association between childhood adversity and early years outcomes for mothers and children. However, the relationship between maternal ACEs and preterm birth has received far less attention. Methods Secondary analysis was carried out on anonymised cross-sectional data from health visiting services in south and west Wales that had previously captured information on mothers’ ACEs during routine contacts. Demographic data and information on mothers’ health were extracted from the Healthy Child Wales Programme. Results Half of all mothers sampled had experienced at least one ACE, with a history of ACEs more common among younger, white British mothers and those residing in deprived areas. Preterm birth was significantly independently associated with retrospective reports of childhood sexual abuse (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.19–12.32, p = 0.025), neglect (AOR = 7.60, 95%CI = 1.81–31.97, p = 0.006) and overall ACE exposure (AOR = 2.67, 95%CI = 1.14–6.23, p = 0.024), with one in ten mothers (10.0%) who experienced ≥4 ACEs having preterm birth. Sub-analyses revealed a more pronounced relationship among mothers with no known chronic health conditions, with those with ≥4 ACEs and no known chronic condition four times more likely to give birth preterm (AOR = 3.89, 95%CI = 1.40–10.80, p = 0.009). Conclusions Findings highlight the importance of the entire maternal experience. The experience of childhood adversity can have a lasting impact into and beyond the prenatal period, potentially increasing the risk of preterm birth, even among otherwise healthy women. Increasing our understanding of the potential perinatal outcomes associated with ACEs can help to inform how maternity services and partners offer trauma-sensitive support to mitigate some of the risks of early parturition, as well as target intergenerational cycles of adversity and poor health. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12884-022-04454-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Hardcastle
- Policy and International Health, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Investment for Health and Well-being, Public Health Wales, Wrexham Technology Park, Wrexham, LL13 7YP, UK
| | - Kat Ford
- Public Health Collaborating Unit, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Bangor University, Wrexham Technology Park, Wrexham, LL13 7YP, UK.
| | - Mark A Bellis
- Policy and International Health, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Investment for Health and Well-being, Public Health Wales, Wrexham Technology Park, Wrexham, LL13 7YP, UK.,Public Health Collaborating Unit, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Bangor University, Wrexham Technology Park, Wrexham, LL13 7YP, UK
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Buffarini R, Hammerton G, Coll CVN, Cruz S, da Silveira MF, Murray J. Maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and their associations with intimate partner violence and child maltreatment: Results from a Brazilian birth cohort. Prev Med 2022; 155:106928. [PMID: 34954240 PMCID: PMC7614899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been found to predict many negative life outcomes. However, very little evidence exists on Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and Child Maltreatment (CM). We investigated the impact of maternal ACEs on IPV and CM in three different: cumulative risk, individual adversities and particular groupings of ACEs. The 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort, Southern Brazil, has followed a population-based sample mothers and children repeatedly until children were aged 4 years, when mothers provided data on ACEs, and current IPV and CM. ACEs were examined in three different ways: (i) as a cumulative risk score; (ii) individual adversities; and (iii) patterns of ACEs (Latent Class Analysis: LCA). One quarter (25.4%) of mothers reported having 5+ ACEs in childhood. Compared to mothers with no ACEs, those who reported 5+ ACEs, had 4.9 (95%CI 3.5; 6.7) times the risk of experiencing IPV and 3.8 (95%CI 2.5; 5.6) times the risk of reporting child maltreatment. LCA results also highlighted the major influence of multiple ACEs on later IPV and CM. However, individual ACEs related to violence (exposure to abuse or domestic violence) showed some specificity for both later IPV and CM, over and above the influence of cumulative childhood adversity. This is the first large study to demonstrate a strong link between maternal ACEs and both IPV and CM. Cumulative ACE exposure and some specificity in effects of childhood violence are important for later IPV and CM. Integrated prevention is essential for reducing the intergenerational transmission of adversity and violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Buffarini
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil; Human Development and Violence Research Centre, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Gemma Hammerton
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; MRC Integrated Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina V N Coll
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil; Human Development and Violence Research Centre, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Suelen Cruz
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil; Human Development and Violence Research Centre, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | - Joseph Murray
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil; Human Development and Violence Research Centre, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
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Adverse childhood experiences and other risk factors associated with adolescent and young adult vaping over time: a longitudinal study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:95. [PMID: 35027027 PMCID: PMC8759271 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12477-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaping among adolescents and young adults is a significant public health concern worldwide. Understanding which risk factors are associated with vaping is important to help inform evidence-based prevention and intervention strategies. There are several gaps in the current literature examining these associations such as limited longitudinal research. We examined the association between parental smoking/vaping, adolescent sex, mental disorders in adolescence, 13 adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and a) any vaping and b) course of vaping across two time points among adolescents and young adults. METHODS Data were from Waves 1 and 2 of the longitudinal Well-Being and Experiences Study (The WE Study) in Manitoba, Canada which collected data from a community sample of adolescents (14 to 17 years) and their parent/caregiver in Wave 1 in 2017-18 and the adolescents/young adults only in Wave 2 in 2019. A total of 752 adolescents/young adults (72.4% of the original cohort) completed both waves of the study. Binary and multinomial logistic regressions were conducted to understand the relationship between the 16 risk factors and the two vaping outcomes. RESULTS Vaping prevalence was 45.5% for any vaping, 2.7% for Wave 1 vaping only, 19.7% for new onset Wave 2 vaping, and 21.2% for vaping at both waves. After adjusting for covariates, the majority of risk factors examined were associated with any adolescent or young adult vaping, including: parental smoking or vaping, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, exposure to verbal intimate partner violence, household substance use, household mental illness, parental separation/divorce, parental problems with police, foster care or contact with a child protective organization, an unsafe neighbourhood, and peer victimization. The majority of these risk factors, as well as adolescent mental health and parental gambling, were associated with different courses of vaping across the two time points. CONCLUSIONS The findings emphasize the need for early vaping prevention and identified several ACEs and other factors that were associated with adolescent and young adult vaping and course of vaping. These identified ACEs and risk factors can help inform programs, strategies, and potential groups to target for vaping interventions.
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Protective Factors for Decreasing Nicotine, Alcohol, and Cannabis Use Among Adolescents with a History of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs). Int J Ment Health Addict 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00720-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAdolescents who have experienced adversity have an increased likelihood of using substances. This study examined if individual-, family-, school-, and community-level protective factors were associated with a decreased likelihood of substance use. Data from the Well-Being and Experiences Study (the WE Study) collected from 2017 to 2018 were used. The sample was adolescents aged 14 to 17 years (N = 1002) from Manitoba, Canada. Statistical methods included descriptive statistics and logistic regression models. The prevalence of past 30-day substance use was 20.5% among boys and 29.2% among girls. Substance use was greater among adolescent girls compared to boys. Protective factors associated with an increased likelihood of not using substances included knowing culture or language, being excited for the future, picturing the future, sleeping 8 to 10 h per night (unadjusted models only), participating in non-sport activity organized by the school, having a trusted adult in the family, frequent hugs from parent, parent saying “I love you” (unadjusted models only), eating dinner together every day, mother and father understanding adolescent’s worries and problems, being able to confide in mother and father, feeling close to other students at school, having a trusted adult at school, feeling a part of school, having a trusted adult in the community (unadjusted models only), volunteering once a week or more, and feeling motivated to help and improve one’s community. Knowledge of protective factors related to decreased odds of substance use may help inform strategies for preventing substance use and ways to foster resilience among adolescents.
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40
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Alfimova M, Korovaitseva G, Gabaeva M, Plakunova V, Lezheiko T, Golimbet V. Genetic polymorphism of cytokines IL-1β, IL-4 and TNF-α as a factor modifying the impact of childhood adversity on schizophrenia symptoms. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2022; 122:110-117. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2022122091110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Patterns of adverse childhood experiences and depressive symptoms: self-esteem as a mediating mechanism. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2022; 57:331-341. [PMID: 34191037 PMCID: PMC8243305 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-021-02129-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a growing interest in the co-occurring natures of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and unmeasured types of adversity. The current body of knowledge may also lack plausible mechanisms linking ACEs to mental health in young adulthood. This study aims to identify early adversity patterns using expanded ACEs items and investigate the pathway of ACEs and self-esteem to depressive symptoms in young adulthood. METHODS Data were obtained from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent and Adult Health, including a nationally representative sample in the U.S. (N = 10,702). We identified the ACEs patterns and estimated the direct and indirect associations between ACEs and depressive symptoms through self-esteem, using a latent class analysis with a distal outcome. RESULTS This study identified four distinct groups of ACEs that include Child Maltreatment, Household Dysfunction, Violence, and Low Adversity. The Child Maltreatment class showed a significantly higher risk of depressive symptoms compared to other ACEs groups. Self-esteem mediated the negative association of child maltreatment with depressive symptoms. The Violence class presented a significantly higher risk of depressive symptoms than Low Adversity, but no mediation of self-esteem was found. CONCLUSION The study highlights the profound consequence of child abuse/neglect and identifies self-esteem as a plausible mediating mechanism. Researchers and practitioners should increase collaboration efforts to prevent early adversity exposures and detrimental effects on mental health.
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42
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Naicker SN, Norris SA, Richter LM. Secondary analysis of retrospective and prospective reports of adverse childhood experiences and mental health in young adulthood: Filtered through recent stressors. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 40:101094. [PMID: 34746715 PMCID: PMC8548929 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence has identified the detrimental effects that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have on outcomes across the life course. We assess associations between prospective and retrospective ACEs and mental health in young adulthood and the influence of recent stressors. METHODS Secondary analysis of a sample of 1592 young adults from the Birth to Twenty Plus cohort, from 1990 to 2013, were assessed throughout their first 18 years for prospective ACEs. Retrospective ACEs and an assessment of mental health were collected at the 22-23-year data point. FINDINGS Prospective physical and sexual abuse are associated with an increased risk of depression (OR 1·7 [95% CI 1·37-1·93, p = 0·034], and OR 1·8 [95% CI 1·27-2·07, p = 0·018], respectively). Retrospective emotional abuse/neglect is associated with increased anxiety (OR 1·8 [95% CI 1·32-2·36, p = 0·000]), depression (OR 1·6 [95% CI 1·08-2·25, p = 0·018]) and overall psychological distress (OR 1·6 [95% CI 1·18-2·17, p = 0·002]). Prospectively reporting four or more ACEs is associated with a twofold increase in risk for overall psychological distress (OR 2·2 [95% CI 1·58-3.12, p = 0·008]). Retrospectively reporting four or more ACEs is associated with increased likelihood of somatization (p = 0·004), anxiety (p = 0·002), depression (p = 0·021), and overall psychological distress (p = 0·005). INTERPRETATION Both individual and combined retrospective and prospective ACEs are related to mental health in young adulthood. Recent stressors reinforce this relationship; the likelihood of those who report more ACEs experiencing psychological distress increases when adjusting for recent stressors. FUNDING Wellcome Trust (UK), South African Medical Research Council, Human Sciences Research Council, University of the Witwatersrand and supported by the DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Human Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N. Naicker
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Human Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Corresponding author at: DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Human Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Shane A. Norris
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Linda M. Richter
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Human Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Bhattarai A, Dimitropoulos G, Marriott B, Paget J, Bulloch AGM, Tough SC, Patten SB. Can the adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) checklist be utilized to predict emergency department visits among children and adolescents? BMC Med Res Methodol 2021; 21:195. [PMID: 34563122 PMCID: PMC8465692 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-021-01392-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extensive literature has shown an association of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) with adverse health outcomes; however, its ability to predict events or stratify risks is less known. Individuals with mental illness and ACE exposure have been shown to visit emergency departments (ED) more often than those in the general population. This study thus examined the ability of the ACEs checklist to predict ED visits within the subsequent year among children and adolescents presenting to mental health clinics with pre-existing mental health issues. Methods The study analyzed linked data (n = 6100) from two databases provided by Alberta Health Services (AHS). The Regional Access and Intake System (RAIS 2016–2018) database provided data on the predictors (ACE items, age, sex, residence, mental health program type, and primary diagnosis) regarding children and adolescents (aged 0–17 years) accessing addiction and mental health services within Calgary Zone, and the National Ambulatory Care Reporting System (NACRS 2016–2019) database provided data on ED visits. A 25% random sample of the data was reserved for validation purposes. Two Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) logistic regression models, each employing a different method to tune the shrinkage parameter lambda (namely cross-validated and adaptive) and performing 10-fold cross-validation for a set of 100 lambdas in each model were examined. Results The adaptive LASSO model had a slightly better fit in the validation dataset than the cross-validated model; however, it still demonstrated poor discrimination (AUC 0.60, sensitivity 37.8%, PPV 49.6%) and poor calibration (over-triaged in low-risk and under-triaged in high-risk subgroups). The model’s poor performance was evident from an out-of-sample deviance ratio of − 0.044. Conclusion The ACEs checklist did not perform well in predicting ED visits among children and adolescents with existing mental health concerns. The diverse causes of ED visits may have hindered accurate predictions, requiring more advanced statistical procedures. Future studies exploring other machine learning approaches and including a more extensive set of childhood adversities and other important predictors may produce better predictions. Furthermore, despite highly significant associations being observed, ACEs may not be deterministic in predicting health-related events at the individual level, such as general ED use. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12874-021-01392-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Bhattarai
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4Z6, Canada. .,Mathison Centre for Research & Education, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4Z6, Canada.
| | - Gina Dimitropoulos
- Mathison Centre for Research & Education, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4Z6, Canada.,Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Brian Marriott
- Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.,Addiction and Mental Health, Alberta Health Services- Calgary Zone, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jaime Paget
- Addiction and Mental Health, Alberta Health Services- Calgary Zone, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Andrew G M Bulloch
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4Z6, Canada.,Mathison Centre for Research & Education, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4Z6, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Suzanne C Tough
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4Z6, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Scott B Patten
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4Z6, Canada.,Mathison Centre for Research & Education, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4Z6, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
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Graham KL, Paun O, Stillerman A. The Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Cognition in African American Older Adults: An Integrated Literature Review. Res Gerontol Nurs 2021; 14:265-272. [PMID: 34542345 DOI: 10.3928/19404921-20210825-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The current integrative literature review examined the existing evidence on the connection between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and cognitive changes in African American older adults. Using the Covidence platform, several databases were searched, resulting in 266 publications dated 2008-2020. Ten articles met inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Findings indicate that four ACEs (physical, sexual, and verbal abuse, and low socioeconomic status) are associated with impaired cognition in African American older adults. Four gaps were identified: lack of (a) older adult participants in research investigating original and expanded ACEs; (b) exclusively African American samples of participants in studies examining the relationship between ACEs and cognition; (c) consensus about what specific ACEs contribute to changes in cognition in older adults; and (d) information about successful interventions created to prevent and mitigate the effects of ACEs in older adults. This review provides a synthesis of the limited evidence on the effects of ACEs on cognition among other outcomes. Findings on the effects of ACEs on African American older adults' cognition are limited, thus making a compelling case for further investigating the role of childhood adversity in the disparity of cognitive changes in African American communities. [Research in Gerontological Nursing, 14(5), 265-272.].
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Giovanelli A, Reynolds AJ. Adverse childhood experiences in a low-income black cohort: The importance of context. Prev Med 2021; 148:106557. [PMID: 33857559 PMCID: PMC8594423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) have been definitively linked with cross-domain life course well-being. While scales measuring the ten "Conventional" ACEs (ACEs-C; intrafamilial experiences of abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction) are parsimonious, use of such scales alone may fail to capture crucial information about adversity, particularly in youth growing up in underresourced areas. Patterns and disparities in Conventional and Expanded ACEs (ACEs-E; experiences more common in impoverished and densely populated areas) were examined in the large, primarily Black Chicago Longitudinal Study cohort. This cohort has been followed from the 1980s to the present. Participants in the present study, comprising over 70% of the original sample, responded to a follow-up survey between 2012 and 2017. ACE information was collected both prospectively and retrospectively. Overall ACE prevalence and differences in ACEs by sex and risk were explored using logistic regression with adjusted and unadjusted odds ratios, and chi-squared tests. Higher sociodemographic risk in early childhood was associated with higher rates of ACEs-C through adolescence. Males endorsed higher rates of ACEs-E, particularly relating to violent crime. Nearly 1/5 of participants reported only ACEs-E, which are often not measured when assessing ACEs. Findings underscore enduring effects of early childhood risk factors on ACE exposure, as well as contributions of community characteristics to childhood adversity. Given strong associations between ACEs, environment, and well-being, enhancing inclusivity in our understanding of childhood adversity is a public health priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Giovanelli
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America; Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America.
| | - Arthur J Reynolds
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
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Bristow LA, Afifi TO, Salmon S, Katz LY. Risky Gambling Behaviors: Associations with Mental Health and a History of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs). J Gambl Stud 2021; 38:699-716. [PMID: 34164766 PMCID: PMC9411081 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-021-10040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Problem gambling and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are highly co-morbid and lead to numerous adverse health outcomes. Research demonstrates that greater levels of well-being protect individuals from experiencing ACE-related harms after a history of childhood adversity; however, this relationship has not been examined in the gambling literature. We hypothesized that individuals who experienced ACEs would engage in more problem gambling behaviors. We also hypothesized that individuals who experienced ACEs and reported flourishing mental health would have lower rates of problem gambling than individuals who experienced ACEs but did not report flourishing mental health. We conducted a secondary data analysis of the adult sample in the Well-Being and Experiences (WE) Study. Examining a parent population, parents and caregivers (N = 1000; Mage = 45.2 years; 86.5% female) of adolescents were interviewed on a variety of measures, including their history of ACEs, their gambling behaviors within the past year, and their mental health and well-being. We used multinomial logistic regression analysis to examine the relationship between 15 ACEs and gambling type (i.e., non-gambler, non-problem gambler, at-risk/problem gambler). We used interaction terms between each ACE and mental health to examine the moderating role of flourishing mental health and well-being. ACEs were associated with at-risk/problem gambling supporting hypothesis 1. Contrary to hypothesis 2, overall, flourishing mental health did not moderate the relationship between ACEs and gambling severity except for one ACE. In this study, we were able to gain a better understanding of how different ACEs each contribute to varying levels of gambling severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A. Bristow
- Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 727 McDermot Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5 Canada
| | - Tracie O. Afifi
- Departments of Community Health Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, S113-750 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W5 Canada
| | - Samantha Salmon
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 750 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3 Canada
| | - Laurence Y. Katz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, PZ-162, 771 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3N4 Canada
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Older adolescents and young adults willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccine: Implications for informing public health strategies. Vaccine 2021; 39:3473-3479. [PMID: 34023134 PMCID: PMC8114588 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Importance The success in ending the COVID-19 pandemic rests partly on the mass uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine. Little work has been done to understand vaccine willingness among older adolescents and young adults. This is important since this age group may be less likely to adhere to public health guidelines. Objective To understand willingness of getting a vaccine and reasons for vaccine hesitancy among a sample of older adolescents and young adults. Design Data were from the Well-Being and Experiences study (The WE Study), a longitudinal community-based sample of older adolescents and young adults collected from Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada from 2017 to 2020 (n = 664). Setting The study setting was a community-based observational longitudinal study. Participants Participants for the study were aged 14 to 17 years old at baseline in 2016–17 (n = 1000). Data were also collected on one parent/caregiver. Waves 2 (n = 747) and 3 (n = 664) were collected in 2019 and 2020, respectively. Exposures The main exposures were sociodemographic factors, health conditions, COVID-19 knowledge, and adversity history. Main Outcomes The main outcomes were COVID-19 vaccine willingness, hesitancy, and reasons for hesitancy. Results Willingness to get a COVID-19 vaccine was 65.4%. Willingness did not differ by age, sex, or mental health conditions, but did differ for other sociodemographic characteristics, physical health conditions, COVID-19 knowledge, practicing social/physical distancing, and adversity history. The most common reasons for not wanting a vaccine were related to safety, knowledge, and effectiveness. Sex differences were noted. Conclusions and Relevance Increasing uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine among older adolescents and young adults may rely on targeting individuals from households with lower income, financial burden, and adversity history, and generating public health messaging specifically aimed at vaccine safety, how it works to protect against illness, and why it is important to protect oneself against a COVID-19 infection.
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Kalia V, Knauft K, Hayatbini N. Cognitive flexibility and perceived threat from COVID-19 mediate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and state anxiety. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243881. [PMID: 33306748 PMCID: PMC7732062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Converging empirical evidence indicates that exposure to adversity in childhood is associated with increased vulnerability to mental health problems in adulthood. As early life adversity has the potential to alter an individual’s appraisal of threat, we hypothesized that individuals exposed to adversity in childhood may also exhibit increased threat from environmental stressors, which in turn may impact their state anxiety levels. We examined the relations between adverse childhood experiences, assessed using the Adverse Childhood Experiences Scale (ACEs), perceived threat from COVID-19, and state anxiety in a sample of adults. Additionally, flexibility is implicated in adaptive coping with life’s stressors so we also assessed participants’ cognitive flexibility. Parallel mediation regression analyses revealed that both perceived threat from COVID-19 and flexibility in the appraisal of challenges mediated the influence of maltreatment, but not household dysfunction, on state anxiety. Our data indicate that experience with early life adversity in the form of maltreatment is associated with increased perceived threat from COVID-19, which results in higher anxiety levels for the individual. In contrast, childhood maltreatment is associated with reduced flexibility in appraising challenges, which in turn mediates the relationship between maltreatment and anxiety. The findings of this study adds to the limited literature on the impact of early life adversity on cognitive flexibility and highlights the psychological toll of COVID-19 on individuals who have been exposed to adverse childhood experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vrinda Kalia
- Psychology Department, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Katherine Knauft
- Psychology Department, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Niki Hayatbini
- Psychology Department, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
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Adverse childhood experiences and psychotic-like experiences are associated above and beyond shared correlates: Findings from the adolescent brain cognitive development study. Schizophr Res 2020; 222:235-242. [PMID: 32522466 PMCID: PMC7572890 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with increased risk for psychotic-like experiences (PLEs). However, ACEs and PLEs are also both associated with several shared factors (e.g., internalizing symptoms, suicidality). Few studies have explicitly examined whether the association between ACEs and PLEs remains over and above shared correlates. To address this question, using 10,800 9-11-year-olds, we examined whether ACEs and school-aged PLEs were associated when accounting for shared correlates, and whether there was evidence of mediation in associations between PLEs, ACEs, and these shared factors. Greater number of ACEs were associated with greater PLEs, including several specific ACEs (e.g., bullying). Importantly, ACEs and PLEs were related even when accounting for shared correlates. Further, PLEs partially mediated the relationships between ACEs and both internalizing symptoms and suicidality, including suicidal behavior. The current study helps clarify the nature of the associations between PLEs and ACE and has important clinical implications for addressing PLEs.
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