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Mercera G, Noteboom F, Timmermans C, Leijdesdorff S, Heynen E, van Amelsvoort T. Sexual exploitation of young men: Background characteristics and needs from a life-course perspective. Child Abuse Negl 2024; 152:106794. [PMID: 38636156 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexually exploited young men are prevalent, yet underrepresented in clinical practice, policy and research. There are multiple barriers that often prevent young men to disclose and to seek or receive support, such as gender norms, limited awareness of victimization and feelings of guilt and shame. OBJECTIVE By gaining more insight into the background characteristics of young men who experienced sexual exploitation and their needs, this study aims to raise awareness and to better inform policymakers, care- and educational professionals on adequate prevention and intervention efforts. METHODS Twenty-six young men (age 14-32) who experienced sexual exploitation or other forms of sexual violence in their youth or were at high-risk, participated in this qualitative study that was conducted in The Netherlands. By means of semi-structured interviews and case-file analyses, data was collected to identify risk and protective factors in their life-course and support needs. RESULTS Several vulnerabilities (e.g. previous experiences of abuse and neglect, household dysfunction, social rejection, running away, substance use) and a lack of positive and supportive relationships led young men into high-risk situations. Among these were involvement in pay dates, criminality and having to survive from day to day, which contributed to victimization. Prevailing gender norms and experiences of stigmatization were often a barrier to express vulnerabilities and to disclose victimization. There was a wide variety in support needs, including peer-to-peer support, therapy, support with day-to-day practices and anonymous support. CONCLUSIONS These results will contribute to adequate prevention and trauma-informed intervention strategies that meet the unique needs of young men at risk for, or victim of sexual exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriëlle Mercera
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Vijverdalseweg 1, 6226 NB Maastricht, the Netherlands; Koraal, Poststraat 1, 6135 KR Sittard, the Netherlands.
| | - Frank Noteboom
- Stichting Fier, Holstmeerweg 1, 8936 AS Leeuwarden, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Sophie Leijdesdorff
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Vijverdalseweg 1, 6226 NB Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Evelyn Heynen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Open University, Valkenburgerweg 177, 6419 AT Heerlen, the Netherlands.
| | - Thérèse van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Vijverdalseweg 1, 6226 NB Maastricht, the Netherlands; Koraal, Poststraat 1, 6135 KR Sittard, the Netherlands.
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Adakpa I, McLuskey J. Identification and responses by nurses to sexual exploitation of young people. Br J Nurs 2024; 33:338-345. [PMID: 38578936 DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2024.33.7.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nurses are uniquely positioned to identify and respond to the sexual exploitation of young people. They treat sexually transmitted infections, unplanned pregnancies, and mental health issues, often collaborating with social services and law enforcement to safeguard young people. AIM This narrative review explores the pivotal role of nurses in identifying and responding to sexual exploitation among young people. METHODS Empirical evidence from 1997 to 2021 was examined through a comprehensive search of databases such as CINAHL-EBSCO, ASSIA, PubMed (including Medline), and manual screening of abstracts. The PRISMA guideline was applied. Thematic analysis of 12 selected studies revealed three overarching themes. FINDINGS The themes identified were the influence of technology on the sexual exploitation of young people, identification and response to sexual exploitation in both clinical and non-clinical settings, and organisational support. CONCLUSION These findings shed light on sexual exploitation and underscore the significance of a person-centred approach to nursing care that addresses the health and social impacts of sexual exploitation. It emphasises the importance of interagency collaboration and appropriate clinical interventions to effectively support young people at risk. Increased professional development, support, and supervision for nurses are relevant to identifying, responding to, and preventing the sexual exploitation of young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itodo Adakpa
- Lecturer, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Bolton
| | - John McLuskey
- Assistant Professor, Director of Professions, School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham
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Scott S, Lavage DR, Acharya G, Risser L, Bocinski SG, Walker EA, Randell KA, Ragavan MI, Miller E. Experiences of Exploitation and Associations With Economic Abuse in Adolescent Dating Relationships: Findings From a U.S. Cross-Sectional Survey. J Trauma Dissociation 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37183437 DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2023.2212404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent relationship abuse (ARA) (i.e. physical, sexual, psychological, or economic abuse in the context of romantic relationships) is associated with adverse health outcomes, including anxiety, depression, suicidality, unintended pregnancy, and substance misuse. A related phenomenon, reproductive coercion involves interference with the reproductive decision making of a partner with the intention of promoting pregnancy or controlling outcomes of a pregnancy. Reproductive coercion is associated with unintended pregnancy, partner violence, and sexually transmitted infections. Little is known about the intersection between economic ARA, sexual exploitation, and reproductive coercion. This paper explores the intersections between reproductive coercion, transactional sex, and economic abuse victimization in adolescent dating relationships. In an online survey, 1,752 adolescents (ages 13-17) were asked about economic adolescent relationship abuse (educational, employment and financial interference), transactional sex, reproductive coercion, and contraceptive access within their relationships. We assessed associations with chi-square tests and logistic regression analysis. Youth who experienced economic ARA (70%, 1,232) reported financial dependence on their partner, contraceptive access, and reproductive coercion (74-83%; p-values<0.001) more often than their counterparts without economic ARA. Adolescents experiencing economic abuse were more likely to report transactional sex (aOR = 2.76, CI [2.12, 3.60], p < .001), depending on a partner to pay for contraception or birth control (aOR = 2.20, CI [1.71, 2.84], p < .001), and reproductive coercion (aOR = 3.20, CI [2.37, 4.32], p < .001). Youth-serving providers and agencies should be aware of intersections between economic ARA, transactional sex, financial dependence, and reproductive coercion, particularly for adolescents with health-related social needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Scott
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel R Lavage
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Geeta Acharya
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lauren Risser
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth A Walker
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kimberly A Randell
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy, Kansas, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas, Kansas, USA
| | - Maya I Ragavan
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth Miller
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Chen JK, Wang SC, Wang LC. Syndemic Profiles and Sexual Health Risks Among Sexually Exploited Adolescent Girls in Taiwan: A Latent Class Analysis. Arch Sex Behav 2023; 52:1631-1641. [PMID: 36749407 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02545-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sexually exploited adolescent girls are disproportionately affected by adverse psychosocial conditions, such as intra-familial child physical and sexual abuse, extra-familial violence and sexual assault, alcohol and drug use, and suicide. Syndemic theory suggests that these adverse psychosocial or syndemic conditions are concentrated and co-occurring in socially marginalized populations, including sexually exploited adolescents, and increase their sexual health risks, including pregnancy, abortion, and the acquisition of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). To examine clusters of syndemic conditions, latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted to classify 335 sexually exploited girls in Taiwan into subgroups based on their probability of experiencing each syndemic condition. We used syndemic class membership to predict their sexual health outcomes, specifically pregnancy, abortion, and the acquisition of STDs. The results of LCA revealed three classes, which were "low-risk syndemic," "moderate-risk syndemic," and "high-risk syndemic." The risk of acquisition of STDs among sexually exploited girls in the "high-risk syndemic class" and "moderate-risk syndemic class" was 239% and 135% higher, respectively, than the risk of acquisition of STDs among sexually exploited girls in the "low-risk syndemic class." Differences between these three classes in pregnancy and abortion were not significant. Our findings support the syndemic theory that a pattern of syndemic conditions is associated with an increased risk of acquiring STDs. Interventions aimed at reducing the acquisition of STDs among sexually exploited girls in Taiwan should adopt a comprehensive approach to address co-occurring conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Kang Chen
- Department of Social Work, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong.
| | - Shu-Chen Wang
- National Academy for Educational Research, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chih Wang
- Department of Special Education, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
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Morais FCC, de Garcia Alves Feitosa VM, Azevedo LB, da Cunha Neumayer A, Reis AOA, Araújo JEB, Neto MLR, Lima NNR. Victims of sexual exploitation and violence in Brazil. J Pediatr Nurs 2022; 63:e157-e158. [PMID: 34838370 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2021.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
At least 8.9% of Brazilian women have already suffered some type of sexual violence in their lives. Every hour, Brazil has 2.2 cases of sexual violence against children and adolescents. Of the approximately 35,000 cases of violence against children and adolescents in 2021, in around 12,000 ethnic groups were not identified, 10,064 were white, 9634 were brown, 2505 black, 141 yellow, and 61 indigenous. If compared to age groups, boys from zero to 6 years reach 30%, but when the age is 12 to 18, women reach 91% of the victims. The whistleblowers are almost always anonymous, unlike in the case of violence against women, which are usually the victims themselves who complain or when they are third parties, they are usually identified. According to official data, around 96% of sexual violence takes place at home. The data are frightening and prove that sexual violence is the result of a scenario of gender inequality because it affects the lives of girls and women in a much more profound way.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laiany Bezerra Azevedo
- School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Cariri - UFCA, Barbalha, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Alberto Olavo Advincula Reis
- Public Health School, Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of São Saulo - USP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Modesto Leite Rolim Neto
- Productivity Scholarship of the Juazeiro do Norte School of Medicine from Juazeiro do Norte - FMJ/Estacio, Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Nádia Nara Rolim Lima
- Postgraduate Program in Neuro-Psychiatry, Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Peterson LJ, Foell R, Lunos S, Heisterkamp B, Greenbaum VJ, Harper NS. Implementation of a screening tool for child sex trafficking among youth presenting to the emergency department - A quality improvement initiative. Child Abuse Negl 2022; 125:105506. [PMID: 35091304 PMCID: PMC8862543 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of sex-trafficked youth in the emergency department (ED) is difficult and routine screening is uncommon. OBJECTIVES Our Quality Improvement (QI) Project aimed to increase ED screening and identification of high-risk youth using the Short Screen for Child Sex Trafficking (SSCST). PARTICIPANTS Youth (11 through 17 years) seeking care at two metropolitan EDs with a high-risk chief complaint triggering a best practice alert (BPA). METHODS A BPA prompted administration of the SSCST and referral of screen 'positive' youth for comprehensive evaluation for child sex trafficking by the forensic nurse examiner (FNE). Targeted QI interventions defined three study periods (SP). Outcomes measures included screening 50% of high-risk youth with 50% of those youth referred for FNE evaluation. RESULTS Over three study periods, 5454/13,956 (39.1%) youth triggered a BPA for high-risk chief complaint; 4354 (78.6%) received the SSCST screen; 1336 (76.0%) of screen-positive youth were referred for FNE evaluation. Outcomes measures were exceeded during all three study periods. SSCST modifications to increase specificity led to a significant decrease in the percentage of positive screens (42.8% SP1 vs 29.4% SP3). Financial programmatic support and further staff training led to an increase in FNE evaluations (86.4 SP3 vs 5.7% of referred youth SP1). Identification of trafficked patients increased from 1.3% of screen-positive youth to 11.3% (SP1 vs SP3; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Routine screening for child sex trafficking can be implemented in the ED setting and increases the identification of at-risk youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loralie J Peterson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Foell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, United States of America
| | - Scott Lunos
- Biostatistical Design and Analysis Center, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Minnesota, United States of America
| | | | - V Jordan Greenbaum
- International Centre for Missing and Exploited Children, United States of America
| | - Nancy S Harper
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, United States of America.
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Stöckl H, Fabbri C, Cook H, Galez-Davis C, Grant N, Lo Y, Kiss L, Zimmerman C. Human trafficking and violence: Findings from the largest global dataset of trafficking survivors. J Migr Health 2021; 4:100073. [PMID: 34888537 PMCID: PMC8637135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmh.2021.100073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human trafficking is a recognized human rights violation, and a public health and global development issue. Violence is often a hallmark of human trafficking. This study aims to describe documented cases of violence amongst persons identified as victims of trafficking, examine associated factors throughout the trafficking cycle and explore prevalence of abuse in different labour sectors. METHODS AND FINDINGS The IOM Victim of Trafficking Database (VoTD) is the largest database on human trafficking worldwide. This database is actively used across all IOM regional and country missions as a standardized anti-trafficking case-management tool. This analysis utilized the cases of 10,369 trafficked victims in the VoTD who had information on violence. RESULTS The prevalence of reported violence during human trafficking included: 54% physical and/or sexual violence; 50% physical violence; and 15% sexual violence, with 25% of women reporting sexual violence. Experiences of physical and sexual violence amongst trafficked victims were significantly higher amongst women and girls (AOR 2.48 (CI: 2.01,3.06)), individuals in sexual exploitation (AOR 2.08 (CI: 1.22,3.54)) and those experiencing other forms of abuse and deprivation, such as threats (AOR 2.89 (CI: 2.10,3.98)) and forced use of alcohol and drugs (AOR 2.37 (CI: 1.08,5.21)). Abuse was significantly lower amongst individuals trafficked internationally (AOR 0.36 (CI: 0.19,0.68)) and those using forged documents (AOR 0.64 (CI: 0.44,0.93)). Violence was frequently associated with trafficking into manufacturing, agriculture and begging (> 55%). CONCLUSIONS An analysis of the world's largest data set on trafficking victims indicates that violence is indeed prevalent and gendered. While these results show that trafficking-related violence is common, findings suggest there are patterns of violence, which highlights that post-trafficking services must address the specific support needs of different survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Stöckl
- The Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Camilla Fabbri
- Gender Violence & Health Centre, Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Cook
- Migrant Protection and Assistance Division International Organization for Migration, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claire Galez-Davis
- Migrant Protection and Assistance Division International Organization for Migration, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Naomi Grant
- Migrant Protection and Assistance Division International Organization for Migration, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yuki Lo
- The Freedom Fund, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Ligia Kiss
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Cathy Zimmerman
- Gender Violence & Health Centre, Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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Sohail AH, Maan MHA, Sohail S. Sex and the streets: the open secret of sexual abuse among Pakistan's two million street children. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2021; 15:65. [PMID: 34774081 PMCID: PMC8590790 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-021-00420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND About two million children live on the streets in Pakistan. Their complicated past and dire living conditions make them susceptible to many psychological and physical problems, including sexual abuse. MAIN BODY With little research on the topic, the prevalence of sexual intercourse among street children is reported to be as high as 88% in Pakistan. With commercial sex a common practice among the street children, public places such as bus terminals and parks have become foci of prostitution and sexual exploitation. A growing concern is the spread of HIV/AIDS among the affected children due to a general lack of awareness about the disease and its prevention and high prevalence of unsafe sexual practices. The generally apathetic attitude of the society towards this issue and the affected children, combined with a lack of commitment and limited resource allocation by the government, has contributed in deteriorating the situation further. CONCLUSIONS A comprehensive multi-pronged strategy involving government, societal and international stakeholders is crucial to tackle the current crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Humza Sohail
- grid.137628.90000 0004 1936 8753Department of Surgery, New York University Winthrop Hospital, New York, USA
| | | | - Sachal Sohail
- grid.412129.d0000 0004 0608 7688King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
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Kimber M, Ferdossifard A. Children's exposure to trafficking, sexual exploitation and community-based violence in Canada: A narrative summary and policy perspective. Child Abuse Negl 2021; 119:104790. [PMID: 33139070 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the formidable health burdens associated with children's exposure to community-based violence (CBV) and trafficking and exploitation (TE), continued investments in determining their epidemiology constitute an important focus for Canada. OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study is to provide a narrative summary and policy perspective concerning the quantitative studies reporting on the risk and protective factors and prevalence of children's (<18 years) exposure to CBV and TE in Canada. METHODS To identify literature, we searched eight electronic databases. English and French citations from database inception to December 2018 were included; this was supplemented with citation chaining for peer-reviewed publications and grey literature up to December 2019. Evidence is synthesized via a narrative summary. RESULTS There are few studies that have investigated children's exposure to TE and CBV in Canada. Self-reported exposure to these forms of violence varies according to the type investigated, with estimates ranging from 2 % - to - 23 % and 5 % - to - 53 % for TE and CBV, respectively. Literature focused on risk and protective factors for these forms of victimization are also limited. CONCLUSIONS Canada has the infrastructure in place to make significant gains in their data collection and monitoring of children's exposure to TE and CBV via five national-level studies. To help realize the goal of ending all forms of violence against children by 2030, incorporation of reliable measures of these forms of exposure in new and ongoing national-level data collection systems is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Kimber
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, MIP 201A, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Ayda Ferdossifard
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, MIP 201A, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
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Birks E, Ridley A. Evaluating student knowledge about sexual exploitation using an interprofessional approach to teaching and learning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:600-607. [PMID: 34037447 DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2021.30.10.600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to qualitatively assess student perceived impact of a novel interprofessional approach to delivering education on sexual exploitation (SE). This article reports on research that we designed, delivered and evaluated to develop an interprofessional community of learning, enabling SE to be discussed with second-year undergraduate students. Participants came from a broad range of specialties. Following the study, students reported an increased level of awareness, understanding and confidence when working with SE. This interprofessional education session has since been incorporated into the nursing, midwifery and allied health programme in a local university and is part of a second-year undergraduate module on knowledge and skills for safe practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Birks
- Senior Lecturer in Children's Nursing, Department of Nursing, Midwifery and Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University
| | - Angela Ridley
- Senior Lecturer and Programme Leader, Learning Disabilities Nursing, Department of Nursing Midwifery and Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University
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Falb K, Annan J. Pre-positioning an evaluation of cash assistance programming in an acute emergency: strategies and lessons learned from a study in Raqqa Governorate, Syria. Confl Health 2021; 15:12. [PMID: 33648531 PMCID: PMC7923510 DOI: 10.1186/s13031-021-00340-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Conducting ethical and rigorous research to measure the effectiveness of humanitarian programs is urgently needed given the global level of displacement and conflict, yet traditional approaches to evaluation research may be too slow and disruptive for acute humanitarian settings. The current case study utilizes an experience of implementing a mixed methods evaluation conducted between March–August 2018 in northern Raqqa Governorate, Syria. The key research objectives were to examine the influence of an unconditional, three-month cash transfer program on household basic needs and women’s wellbeing, including experiences of violence. This setting was selected for the research as it shared many aspects of an acute emergency within a protracted conflict given its recent opening of access to humanitarian aid programming following the withdrawal of ISIS as well as influxes of internally displaced persons fleeing airstrikes and fighting in Raqqa City in late 2017. Discussion The current case study was scientifically important as the use of cash assistance in emergencies has increased exponentially in recent years. Yet, little is still known about how cash assistance designed to help households meet their basic needs may also influence women’s overall wellbeing in the home. Challenges of conducting the research included selecting an emergency site appropriate for research, implementing an evaluation that would not delay or disrupt critical cash assistance programming, and measurement of sensitive violence against women outcomes. Four strategies were identified to meet the challenges of conducting an evaluation in such a setting, which included: (1) developing clear decision-making criteria for assessing feasibility; (2) frontloading processes to reduce time lag in launching research; (3) integrating the research approach within programming; and (4) closely collaborating with practitioners throughout the study, especially for research on sensitive topics like violence against women. Conclusions Advance consideration of these factors through a pre-positioning process will allow for timely, ethical, and rigorous research to be implemented in the immediate aftermath of a crisis. Such studies should be prioritized to ensure the highest effectiveness and efficiency of humanitarian aid for populations grappling with acute emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Falb
- Airbel Impact Lab, International Rescue Committee, 1730 M St NW, Suite 505, Washington DC, 20036, USA.
| | - Jeannie Annan
- Airbel Impact Lab, International Rescue Committee, 122 E 42nd St, New York City, NY, 10168, USA
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Wallace C, Lavina I, Mollen C. Share our stories: An exploration of the healthcare experiences of child sex trafficking survivors. Child Abuse Negl 2021; 112:104896. [PMID: 33434686 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The trafficking of children and adolescents is widespread, and pediatric providers are on the front line. Current research demonstrates that trafficked children do access health care. However, few studies describe these interactions from their perspectives. In order to elucidate the healthcare experiences of sex trafficked children, we designed a qualitative study utilizing semi-structured interviews to explore their health care interactions. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Homeless youth currently aged 18-21 who were sex trafficked before age 18. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seventeen youth who met the study criteria. Interview transcripts were coded and analyzed using constant comparative methods. Themes were inductively extracted by consensus with the study team, and thematic saturation was determined when no new themes emerged. RESULTS Themes included: victims endured serious injuries and illnesses without being brought to medical attention, traffickers limited victims' access to care, logistical barriers limited access, traffickers directed victims to lie to providers, and medical providers rarely separated victims to interview them separately resulting in missed opportunities. CONCLUSIONS These themes illustrate the experiences of sex trafficked youth experiencing homelessness and provide pediatric practitioners the opportunity to become more informed and equipped to recognize them. They also highlight serious health consequences of not being identified and egregious examples of providers exhibiting denial or inappropriate responses to their disclosure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelle Wallace
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States; Children's of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States.
| | - Ilana Lavina
- General Pediatrics Residency Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, United States.
| | - Cynthia Mollen
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, United States.
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Buller AM, Pichon M, McAlpine A, Cislaghi B, Heise L, Meiksin R. Systematic review of social norms, attitudes, and factual beliefs linked to the sexual exploitation of children and adolescents. Child Abuse Negl 2020; 104:104471. [PMID: 32371213 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite growing interest in the role of social norms in perpetuating the harmful practice of sexual exploitation of children and adolescents (SECA), little is known about the state of the literature on this issue. OBJECTIVE This systematic review aims to summarize what associated norms, attitudes and factual beliefs have been identified by the SECA literature worldwide. METHODS Multiple database searches were conducted using controlled vocabulary and keywords referring to SECA. RESULTS Our searches identified 3690 unique references. After applying our exclusion criteria, 49 studies, including over 14,000 participants from 37 countries and most world regions, were included. Across studies we identified six injunctive norms perpetuating SECA: owning goods as a social status marker ; being sexually active; exchanging sex for favors; contributing financially to the household; stigma and discrimination against young people who experienced SECA; and lack of social sanctions for SECA perpetrators. These norms were supported by enhanced tolerance of SECA when it involved older or more physically developed adolescents and when it occurred in poverty-affected contexts. Beliefs around markers that denote adolescents' readiness for sex; men's entitlement to sex; and the perceived benefits of intergenerational relationships, also contributed to the maintenance and reproduction of SECA. Findings from all regions suggested that marginalized young people are particularly vulnerable to SECA. CONCLUSIONS Interventions to reduce SECA must consider individual, social, and structural factors and how they interrelate. Context-specific social norms interventions are needed to address harmful norms, promote protective norms, and improve services for those who have experienced SECA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Buller
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Pl, Kings Cross, London, WC1H 9SH, United Kingdom.
| | - Marjorie Pichon
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Pl, Kings Cross, London, WC1H 9SH, United Kingdom.
| | - Alys McAlpine
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Pl, Kings Cross, London, WC1H 9SH, United Kingdom.
| | - Beniamino Cislaghi
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Pl, Kings Cross, London, WC1H 9SH, United Kingdom.
| | - Lori Heise
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615N. Wolfe Street, Room E4644, Baltimore, MA, 21205, USA.
| | - Rebecca Meiksin
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Pl, Kings Cross, London, WC1H 9SH, United Kingdom.
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14
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Ghafoerkhan RS, van Heemstra HE, Scholte WF, van der Kolk JRJ, ter Heide JJF, de la Rie SM, Verhaak LM, Snippe E, Boelen PA. Feasibility and predictors of change of narrative exposure therapy for displaced populations: a repeated measures design. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2020; 6:69. [PMID: 32477587 PMCID: PMC7243314 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-020-00613-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Displaced victims of interpersonal violence, such as refugees, asylum seekers, and victims of sexual exploitation, are growing in numbers and are often suffering from a post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). At the same time, these victims are known to benefit less from trauma-focused therapy (TFT) and to be less compliant to treatment. The objective of this paper is to describe the rationale and research protocol of an ongoing trial that aims to evaluate different variables that might influence the feasibility of TFT for the study population. Specifically, perceived daily stress, emotion regulation, and mood are investigated as predictors of change in PTSD symptoms during a trauma-focused therapy (narrative exposure therapy (NET)). The feasibility of administering measures tapping these constructs repeatedly during treatment will also be evaluated. METHODS/DESIGN Using an observational treatment design, 80 displaced victims of interpersonal violence will be measured before, during, and after partaking in NET. Several questionnaires tapping PTSD plus the aforementioned possible predictors of PTSD change will be administered: Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-5, Perceived Stress Scale, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-18 (pre-test, post-test, and follow-up),subscale impulsivity of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-18, Perceived Stress Scale short version, Primary Care Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and a single Mood item (each session). Multilevel modelling will be used to examine the relation between the possible predictors and treatment outcome. DISCUSSION The present study is the first to examine the interplay of facilitating and interfering factors possibly impacting treatment feasibility and effectiveness in displaced victims of interpersonal violence with PTSD receiving NET, using repeated measures. The current study can help to improve future treatment based on individual characteristics. TRIAL REGISTRATION Netherlands Trial Register: NTR7353, retrospectively registered. Date of registration: July 11, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina S. Ghafoerkhan
- ARQ National Psychotrauma Centre, Nienoord 5, 1112 XE Diemen, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henriette E. van Heemstra
- ARQ National Psychotrauma Centre, Nienoord 5, 1112 XE Diemen, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Willem F. Scholte
- ARQ National Psychotrauma Centre, Nienoord 5, 1112 XE Diemen, The Netherlands
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laguna Collective, Reigerstraat 16, 3816 AX Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Joriene R. J. van der Kolk
- Laguna Collective, Reigerstraat 16, 3816 AX Amersfoort, The Netherlands
- Sinai Centrum, Arthur van Schendelstraat 800, 3511 ML Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Simone M. de la Rie
- ARQ National Psychotrauma Centre, Nienoord 5, 1112 XE Diemen, The Netherlands
| | - Linda M. Verhaak
- ARQ National Psychotrauma Centre, Nienoord 5, 1112 XE Diemen, The Netherlands
| | - Evelien Snippe
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A. Boelen
- ARQ National Psychotrauma Centre, Nienoord 5, 1112 XE Diemen, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
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15
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Kyegombe N, Meiksin R, Namakula S, Mulindwa J, Muhumuza R, Wamoyi J, Heise L, Buller AM. Community perspectives on the extent to which transactional sex is viewed as sexual exploitation in Central Uganda. BMC Int Health Hum Rights 2020; 20:11. [PMID: 32354329 DOI: 10.1186/s12914-020-00228-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Definitions of child sexual exploitation vary. Sexual exploitation violates children’s rights and exposes them to mental and physical harm. There exist differences in views of behaviour that is considered exploitative, including transactional sex. This paper explores community perspectives on the extent to which transactional sex is considered exploitative. Methods In 2014, we conducted 19 focus group discussions and 44 in-depth interviews with young people and adults in two communities in Uganda. Participants were presented with vignettes describing sexual encounters between adolescent girls and young women and men to explore under what conditions participants considered the scenario to be exploitative and why. Interviews were conducted in Luganda using a semi-structured tool, audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Analysis was thematic and complemented by constant comparison and deviant case analysis techniques. Results Definitions by multilateral, bilateral, and non-governmental organisations of the sexual exploitation of children shared similarities with community conceptualisations of wrong or unfair sex. Although in community conceptualisations there was no consensus on what constituted sexual exploitation, transactional sex was condemned to the extent to which it involved sex with a minor or misled a naïve or immature girl; involved lack of consent, particularly in relationships characterised by power differentials; or worsened the pre-existing status of the girl. Also relevant was the extent to which a man’s intentions were considered inappropriate; the adolescent girl or young woman was considered vulnerable; and the adolescent girl or young woman was considered responsible for ‘her situation’. Conclusions Existing social norms that condemn sex with a minor or sex that involves deception, sexual coercion or misleading an immature girl, present opportunities to mobilise communities to protect adolescent girls and young women at risk. Any intervention must, however, be designed with full cognisance of the social and structural drivers that underlie transactional sex and limit adolescent girls’ and young women’s opportunities to provide for themselves without recourse to sexual relationships with men. Interventions must also be designed to recognise that girls in transactional sex relationships may not consider themselves as exploited, thus requiring engagement with them based on their own concerns, aspirations, and expectations.
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16
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Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the associations between minor women' (girls') disability status and victimization via minor sex trafficking. Design/methodology/approach – This investigation used data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, a large, nationally-representative sample of in-school adolescents in the USA that began in 1994. The analysis included bivariate associations between physical disability status or low cognitive ability and minor sex trafficking among female survey respondents (n = 5,430). Findings – Girls with any disability had a higher prevalence of minor sex trafficking than their peers without disabilities. Odds of minor sex trafficking were significantly higher for those with severe physical disabilities (5.83) and for those with low cognitive abilities (4.86) compared to the odds of their peers without their respective disabilities. Results for girls with mild or moderate physical disabilities were not statistically significant compared to peers without disabilities. Social implications – These nationally-representative survey data reinforce the trends present in smaller populations and case study research: female adolescents with disabilities are at a heightened risk for sex trafficking. On both a national and global scale, the human rights gaps in policy and practice must be addressed to adequately reach, intervene and protect this vulnerable population. Originality/value – Research about minor sex trafficking typically relies on small-scale surveys and/or convenience samples. This study used a nationally-representative survey to demonstrate the link between disability status and women's experiences with minor sex trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannabeth Franchino-Olsen
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hannah A Silverstein
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicole F Kahn
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sandra L Martin
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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17
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Gewirtz O'Brien JR, Moynihan M, Saewyc E, Edinburgh LD. Featured Counter-Trafficking Program: The Minnesota Runaway Intervention Program. Child Abuse Negl 2020; 100:104141. [PMID: 31653444 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This invited article is one of several comprising part of a special issue of Child Abuse and Neglect focused on child trafficking and health. The purpose of each invited article is to describe a specific program serving trafficked children. Featuring these programs is intended to raise awareness of innovative counter-trafficking strategies emerging worldwide and facilitate collaboration on program development and outcomes research. This article describes the Minnesota Runaway Intervention Program (RIP), a Minneapolis-St. Paul based program dedicated to supporting youth aged 12-17 who have run away and experienced sexual violence, including sexual assault and exploitation. It is a comprehensive, health care focused intervention, embedded within a hospital-based Child Advocacy Center. RIP is developed and led by nurse practitioners who provide services tailored to participants' diverse needs, including health care, case management services, and a therapeutic empowerment group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna R Gewirtz O'Brien
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street Southeast, 3rd Floor, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, United States
| | - Melissa Moynihan
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, T201-2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Saewyc
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, T201-2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 2B5, Canada; Stigma and Resilience Among Vulnerable Youth Centre (SARAVYC), School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, T222-2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Laurel D Edinburgh
- Midwest Children's Resource Center, Children's Minnesota, Garden View Medical Building, 347 N. Smith Ave, Suite 401, St. Paul, MN, 55102, United States.
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18
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Moynihan M, Mitchell K, Pitcher C, Havaei F, Ferguson M, Saewyc E. A systematic review of the state of the literature on sexually exploited boys internationally. Child Abuse Negl 2018; 76:440-451. [PMID: 29245141 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review assessed the current state of the literature on sexually exploited boys internationally. We aimed to describe what is known about sexual exploitation of boys, identify gaps in the literature, provide implications for practice, and make recommendations for future research. Multiple database searches were conducted using a combination of controlled vocabulary and keywords to capture child and adolescent sexual exploitation. Our search identified 11,099 unique references and excluded studies that did not include male participants less than 18 years old or disaggregate results by relevant age groups and/or by sex. This review identified 42 studies from 23 countries, providing evidence that sexual exploitation of boys is an issue in both high- and low-income countries. Seventeen articles had sexual exploitation as their primary variable of interest, the majority of which sampled boys who accessed services (i.e., shelters, health care, social, and justice services). Boys' experiences of sexual exploitation varied in terms of venue, exploiters, and compensation. Compared to their non-sexually exploited peers, sexually exploited boys more commonly reported experiences of child abuse, substance use, conduct problems, and mental health problems such as anxiety, depression, and self-harm. Despite increasing evidence that boys are sexually exploited around the world, the current literature provides limited data about the antecedents, sequelae, and the specific features of sexual exploitation experiences among boys. Further research is needed to inform, policy, social services and health care delivery specific to the needs of sexually exploited boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Moynihan
- Stigma and Resilience Among Vulnerable Youth Centre, School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, T222-2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada.
| | - Katherine Mitchell
- Department of Adolescent Health and Medicine, University of British Columbia, V2-203, 948 W 28 Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Claire Pitcher
- Stigma and Resilience Among Vulnerable Youth Centre, School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, T222-2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Farinaz Havaei
- Stigma and Resilience Among Vulnerable Youth Centre, School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, T222-2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Max Ferguson
- Stigma and Resilience Among Vulnerable Youth Centre, School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, T222-2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Saewyc
- Stigma and Resilience Among Vulnerable Youth Centre, School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, T222-2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
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19
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Abstract
Commercial sexual exploitation of children and child sex trafficking is a major public health issue globally. Domestic minor sex trafficking has become increasingly recognized within the United States. Sexually exploited minors are commonly identified as having psychosocial risk factors, including histories of abuse or neglect, running away, substance use or abuse, and involvement with child protective services. Youth also suffer a variety of physical and mental health consequences, including posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, and suicidality. Child psychiatrists and other medical providers have the opportunity to identify, interact, and intervene on behalf of involved and at-risk youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Goldberg
- Department of Pediatrics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Providence, RI 02906, USA.
| | - Jessica Moore
- Hasbro Children's Hospital, Providence, RI 02906, USA
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20
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Mitchell K, Moynihan M, Pitcher C, Francis A, English A, Saewyc E. Rethinking research on sexual exploitation of boys: Methodological challenges and recommendations to optimize future knowledge generation. Child Abuse Negl 2017; 66:142-151. [PMID: 28190570 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Research and policies on child and adolescent sexual exploitation frequently focus on the sexual exploitation of girls and fail to recognize the experiences of sexually exploited boys, including their potentially unique health care and social support needs. This oversight limits the ability of health care and social service providers to offer both targeted and evidence informed care to sexually exploited boys. As a first step in a larger grant to understand the experiences of sexually exploited boys and to develop interventions for this specific population, we conducted a systematic review to address the question, "What is the state of the research on sexually exploited boys internationally?" As we undertook this review, we faced a number of significant challenges that made the process more difficult than anticipated. In this paper we discuss four key methodological challenges we encountered: lack of a consistent definition of child and adolescent sexual exploitation, difficulties in differentiating sexual exploitation as a specific concept within child sexual abuse, failure to disaggregate data usefully across multiple variables, and limited epidemiological studies to inform prevalence. We reflect on how these challenges limited our ability to systematically analyze, synthesize, and interpret the available research. We conclude by making recommendations to improve the state of the research regarding sexually exploited boys with the aim of better informing future policy and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Mitchell
- Department of Adolescent Health and Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Melissa Moynihan
- Stigma and Resilience Among Vulnerable Youth Centre, School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Claire Pitcher
- Stigma and Resilience Among Vulnerable Youth Centre, School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Annabel Francis
- Stigma and Resilience Among Vulnerable Youth Centre, School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Abigail English
- Center for Adolescent Health & the Law, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth Saewyc
- Stigma and Resilience Among Vulnerable Youth Centre, School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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21
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Abstract
Sex trafficking is an increasingly recognized global health crisis affecting every country and region in the world. Domestic minor sex trafficking is a subset of commercial sexual exploitation of children, defined as engagement of minors (<18 years of age) in sexual acts for items of value (eg, food, shelter, drugs, money) involving children victimized within US borders. These involved youth are at risk for serious immediate and long-term physical and mental health consequences. Continued efforts are needed to improve preventive efforts, identification, screening, appropriate interventions, and subsequent resource provision for victimized and high-risk youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, Aubin Child Protection Center, Hasbro Children's Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Potter Building 005, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Dana M Kaplan
- Division of Child Abuse and Neglect, Department of Pediatrics, Staten Island University Hospital, 475 Seaview Avenue, Staten Island, NY 10305, USA
| | - Christine E Barron
- Department of Pediatrics, Aubin Child Protection Center, Hasbro Children's Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Potter Building 005, Providence, RI 02903, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 222 Richmond Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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22
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Adjei JK, Saewyc EM. Boys are not exempt: Sexual exploitation of adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa. Child Abuse Negl 2017; 65:14-23. [PMID: 28110108 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Research on youth sexual exploitation in Africa has largely neglected the experiences of exploited boys. To date, much of the research in sub-Saharan Africa continues to consider boys mainly as exploiters but not as exploited. Using the only publicly available population-based surveys from the National Survey of Adolescents, conducted in four sub-Saharan African countries - Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi, and Uganda-we assessed factors associated with transactional sexual behaviour among never-married adolescent boys and girls. We also examined whether boys' reported sexual exploitation was linked to similar risky sexual behaviours as has been noted among girls in sub-Saharan Africa. Results from our analyses indicated that even though adolescent girls have a somewhat higher likelihood of reporting sexual abuse and exploitation, the odds of trading sex were significantly elevated for previously traumatized boys (that is those with a history of sexual and physical abuse) but not for their female counterparts. Just like adolescent girls, transactional sexual behaviour was associated with the risk of having concurrent multiple sexual partners for boys. These findings support the reality of boys' sexual exploitation within the African context, and further highlight the importance of including males in general and boys in particular in population-based studies on sexual health, risk, and protective factors in the sub-Saharan African region. Understanding the factors linked to sexual exploitation for both boys and girls will help in developing policies and programs that could improve the overall sexual and reproductive health outcomes among adolescents and youth in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jones K Adjei
- Stigma and Resilience Among Vulnerable Youth Centre (SARAVYC), University of British Columbia School of Nursing, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Elizabeth M Saewyc
- Stigma and Resilience Among Vulnerable Youth Centre (SARAVYC), University of British Columbia School of Nursing, Vancouver, Canada.
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McAlpine A, Hossain M, Zimmerman C. Sex trafficking and sexual exploitation in settings affected by armed conflicts in Africa, Asia and the Middle East: systematic review. BMC Int Health Hum Rights 2016; 16:34. [PMID: 28031024 PMCID: PMC5192570 DOI: 10.1186/s12914-016-0107-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Sex trafficking and sexual exploitation has been widely reported, especially in conflict-affected settings, which appear to increase women’s and children’s vulnerabilities to these extreme abuses. Methods We conducted a systematic search of ten databases and extensive grey literature to gather evidence of sex trafficking and sexual exploitation in conflict-affected settings. International definitions of “sexual exploitation” and “sex trafficking” set the indicator parameters. We focused on sexual exploitation in forms of early or forced marriage, forced combatant sexual exploitation and sexual slavery. We extracted prevalence measures, health outcomes and sexual exploitation terminology definitions. The review adhered to PRISMA guidelines and includes quality appraisal. Results The search identified 29 eligible papers with evidence of sex trafficking and sexual exploitation in armed conflict settings in twelve countries in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. The evidence was limited and not generalizable, due to few prevalence estimates and inconsistent definitions of “sexual exploitation”. The prevalence estimates available indicate that females were more likely than males to be victims of sexual exploitation in conflict settings. In some settings, as many as one in four forced marriages took place before the girls reached 18 years old. Findings suggest that the vast majority of former female combatants were sexually exploited during the conflict. These studies provided various indicators of sexual exploitation compatible to the United Nation’s definition of sex trafficking, but only 2 studies identified the exploitation as trafficking. None of the studies solely aimed to measure the prevalence of sex trafficking or sexual exploitation. Similar descriptions of types of sexual exploitation and trafficking were found, but the inconsistent terminology or measurements inhibited a meta-analysis. Conclusions Findings indicate there are various forms of human trafficking and sexual exploitation in conflict-affected settings, primarily occurring as early or forced marriage, forced combatant sexual exploitation, and sexual slavery. The studies highlight the extraordinary vulnerability of women and girls to these extreme abuses. Simultaneously, this review suggests the need to clarify terminology around sex trafficking in conflict to foster a more cohesive future evidence-base, and in particular, robust prevalence figures from conflict-affected and displaced populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alys McAlpine
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, Kings Cross, London, WC1H 9SH, UK.
| | - Mazeda Hossain
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, Kings Cross, London, WC1H 9SH, UK
| | - Cathy Zimmerman
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, Kings Cross, London, WC1H 9SH, UK
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Abstract
In this article, I argue that sexual exploitation in the doctor-patient relationship would be dealt with more appropriately by the law in England and Wales on the basis of a breach of fiduciary duty. Three different types of sexual boundary breaches are discussed, and the particular focus is on breaches where the patient's consent is obtained through inducement. I contend that current avenues of redress do not clearly catch this behaviour and, moreover, they fail to capture the essence of the wrong committed by the doctor-the knowing breach of trust for self-gain-and the calculated way in which consent is induced. Finally, I demonstrate that the fiduciary approach is compatible with the contemporary pro-patient autonomy model of the doctor-patient relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Ost
- Centre for Bioethics and Medical Law, Law School, Lancaster University, UK
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25
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Edinburgh L, Pape-Blabolil J, Harpin SB, Saewyc E. Assessing exploitation experiences of girls and boys seen at a Child Advocacy Center. Child Abuse Negl 2015; 46:47-59. [PMID: 25982287 PMCID: PMC4760762 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to describe the abuse experiences of sexually exploited runaway adolescents seen at a Child Advocacy Center (N=62). We also sought to identify risk behaviors, attributes of resiliency, laboratory results for sexually transmitted infection (STI) screens, and genital injuries from colposcopic exams. We used retrospective mixed-methods with in-depth forensic interviews, together with self-report survey responses, physical exams and chart data. Forensic interviews were analyzed using interpretive description analytical methods along domains of experience and meaning of sexual exploitation events. Univariate descriptive statistics characterized trauma responses and health risks. The first sexual exploitation events for many victims occurred as part of seemingly random encounters with procurers. Older adolescent or adult women recruited some youth working for a pimp. However, half the youth did not report a trafficker involved in setting up their exchange of sex for money, substances, or other types of consideration. 78% scored positive on the UCLA PTSD tool; 57% reported DSM IV criteria for problem substance use; 71% reported cutting behaviors, 75% suicidal ideation, and 50% had attempted suicide. Contrary to common depictions, youth may be solicited relatively quickly as runaways, yet exploitation is not always linked to having a pimp. Avoidant coping does not appear effective, as most patients exhibited significant symptoms of trauma. Awareness of variations in youth's sexual exploitation experiences may help researchers and clinicians understand potential differences in sequelae, design effective treatment plans, and develop community prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel Edinburgh
- Midwest Children's Resource Center, Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Julie Pape-Blabolil
- Midwest Children's Resource Center, Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Scott B Harpin
- University of Colorado College of Nursing, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth Saewyc
- Stigma and Resilience Among Vulnerable Youth Centre, University of British Columbia School of Nursing, Vancouver, Canada
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Finkel R, Finkel ML. The 'dirty downside' of global sporting events: focus on human trafficking for sexual exploitation. Public Health 2014; 129:17-22. [PMID: 25553921 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human trafficking is as complex human rights and public health issue. The issue of human trafficking for sexual exploitation at large global sporting events has proven to be elusive given the clandestine nature of the industry. This piece examines the issue from a public health perspective. STUDY DESIGN This is a literature review of the 'most comprehensive' studies published on the topic. METHODS A PubMed search was done using MeSH terms 'human traffickings' and 'sex trafficking' and 'human rights abuses'. Subheadings included 'statistics and numerical data', 'legislation and jurispudence', 'prevention and control', and 'therapy'. Only papers published in English were reviewed. RESULTS The search showed that very few well-designed empirical studies have been conducted on the topic and only one pertinent systematic review was identified. Findings show a high prevalence of physical violence among those trafficked compared to non-trafficked women. Sexually transmitted infections and HIV AIDS are prevalent and preventive care is virtually non-existent. CONCLUSION Quantifying human trafficking for sexual exploitation at large global sporting events has proven to be elusive given the clandestine nature of the industry. This is not to say that human trafficking for sex as well as forced sexual exploitation does not occur. It almost certainly exists, but to what extent is the big question. It is a hidden problem on a global scale in plain view with tremendous public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Finkel
- Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - M L Finkel
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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