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Mathew M, Afthab M, S S, C S, Mathew J, K RE. Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance Among the Hydrogen Sulfide Producing Bacteria Isolated on XLD Agar from the Poultry Fecal Samples. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:2318-2331. [PMID: 37540287 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04633-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Poultry products remain as one of the most popular and extensively consumed foods in the world and the introduction of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) producing antibiotic resistant bacterial species into it is an emerging challenge. The current study has been designed to analyze the distribution of antibiotic resistance among the H2S producing bacteria isolated from the fecal samples of chickens from different poultry farms. Here, twenty bacterial isolates were selected based on their ability to produce H2S on XLD agar, and the16S rDNA sequencing was carried out for their molecular identification. The results showed the isolates as belong to Salmonella spp. and Citrobacter spp. and in the antibiotic susceptibility test (AST), three of the Salmonella strains were found to be resistant to antibiotics such as tetracycline, doxycycline, nalidixic acid, and amikacin. Also, fourteen Citrobacter strains showed resistance towards azithromycin, and furthermore, eleven of them were also resistant to streptomycin. Resistance towards tetracycline was observed among five of the Citrobacter strains, and seven were resistant to doxycycline. Further molecular screening by the PCR has showed three of the Salmonella strains along with eight Citrobacter isolates to have tetA gene along with four of the Citrobacter strains to have co-harbored blaTEM gene. The results on biofilm formation have also demonstrated three Salmonella strains along with nine Citrobacter strains to have the ability to form moderate biofilm. The study thus describes the occurrence of H2S producing multidrug-resistant bacteria in poultry feces, which might contribute towards the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes to other microorganisms including human pathogens with likely risk to treat disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Mathew
- School of Biosciencess, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India
| | - Muhammed Afthab
- School of Biosciencess, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India
| | - Sreejith S
- School of Biosciencess, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India
| | - Sandhya C
- Department of Biochemistry, Kuriakose Elias College, Mannanam, Kottayam, Kerala, 686561, India
| | - Jyothis Mathew
- School of Biosciencess, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India
| | - Radhakrishnan E K
- School of Biosciencess, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India.
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2
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Ke Y, Teng L, Zhu Z, Lu W, Liu W, Zhou H, Yu Q, Ye L, Zhu P, Zhao G, Yue M. Genomic investigation and nationwide tracking of pediatric invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella in China. MLIFE 2024; 3:156-160. [PMID: 38827503 PMCID: PMC11139200 DOI: 10.1002/mlf2.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) causes significant concern with ~15% morbidity, affecting populations mainly in African countries. However, iNTS infections among the Chinese pediatric population remain largely unknown. Here, we conducted a genomic investigation to study pediatric iNTS infections in a Chinese hospital. iNTS isolates accounted for 15.2% (18/119) of all nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) strains. Compared to non-iNTS isolates, iNTS isolates harbored a lower prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant genes of fluoroquinolones and β-lactams, as well as disinfectant determinants and plasmids, but carried a significantly higher prevalence of cdtB, faeCDE, and tcpC genes. Importantly, we detected an emerging serovar Goldcoast as the predominant iNTS serovar locally. By integrating 320 global Goldcoast genomes based on the One Health samplings, we conducted nationwide phylogenomic tracking and detected repeated human-to-human transmission events among iNTS cases caused by an underestimated serovar Goldcoast. Together, our exploratory genomic approach highlights a new trend in pediatric iNTS infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yefang Ke
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryNingbo Women and Children's HospitalNingboChina
| | - Lin Teng
- Department of Veterinary MedicineZhejiang University College of Animal SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Zhe Zhu
- Department of Blood TransfusionNingbo No. 2 HospitalNingboChina
| | - Wenbo Lu
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryNingbo Women and Children's HospitalNingboChina
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryNingbo Women and Children's HospitalNingboChina
| | - Haiyang Zhou
- Department of Veterinary MedicineZhejiang University College of Animal SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Qi Yu
- Office of ScreeningNingbo Women and Children's HospitalNingboChina
| | - Lina Ye
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryNingbo Women and Children's HospitalNingboChina
| | - Pan Zhu
- Neonatal Intensive Care UnitNingbo Women and Children's HospitalNingboChina
| | - Guoping Zhao
- School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced StudyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesHangzhouChina
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Min Yue
- Department of Veterinary MedicineZhejiang University College of Animal SciencesHangzhouChina
- School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced StudyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesHangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang UniversitySanyaChina
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3
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Gasperini G, Massai L, De Simone D, Raso MM, Palmieri E, Alfini R, Rossi O, Ravenscroft N, Kuttel MM, Micoli F. O-Antigen decorations in Salmonella enterica play a key role in eliciting functional immune responses against heterologous serovars in animal models. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1347813. [PMID: 38487353 PMCID: PMC10937413 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1347813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Different serovars of Salmonella enterica cause systemic diseases in humans including enteric fever, caused by S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A, and invasive nontyphoidal salmonellosis (iNTS), caused mainly by S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis. No vaccines are yet available against paratyphoid fever and iNTS but different strategies, based on the immunodominant O-Antigen component of the lipopolysaccharide, are currently being tested. The O-Antigens of S. enterica serovars share structural features including the backbone comprising mannose, rhamnose and galactose as well as further modifications such as O-acetylation and glucosylation. The importance of these O-Antigen decorations for the induced immunogenicity and cross-reactivity has been poorly characterized. Methods These immunological aspects were investigated in this study using Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens (GMMA) as delivery systems for the different O-Antigen variants. This platform allowed the rapid generation and in vivo testing of defined and controlled polysaccharide structures through genetic manipulation of the O-Antigen biosynthetic genes. Results Results from mice and rabbit immunization experiments highlighted the important role played by secondary O-Antigen decorations in the induced immunogenicity. Moreover, molecular modeling of O-Antigen conformations corroborated the likelihood of cross-protection between S. enterica serovars. Discussion Such results, if confirmed in humans, could have a great impact on the design of a simplified vaccine composition able to maximize functional immune responses against clinically relevant Salmonella enterica serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luisa Massai
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Elena Palmieri
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Siena, Italy
| | - Renzo Alfini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Siena, Italy
| | - Omar Rossi
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Siena, Italy
| | - Neil Ravenscroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Michelle M. Kuttel
- Department of Computer Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
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4
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Sallam KI, Kasem NG, Abdelkhalek A, Elshebrawy HA. Extensively drug-, ciprofloxacin-, cefotaxime-, and azithromycin-resistant Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from camel meat in Egypt. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 411:110538. [PMID: 38134580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Given the great importance of Salmonella as a leading foodborne pathogen of global concern and the few available data regarding its prevalence in camel meat, the present study aimed to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile, virulence genes, β-lactamase genes of Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from camel meat marketed in Egypt. Forty-five (29.6 %) of the 152 camel meat samples examined were positive for Salmonella spp. Among the 432 Salmonella presumptive colonies isolated, 128 were molecularly verified as Salmonella after confirmation by PCR targeting the Salmonella marker (invA) gene. Virulence genes, encompassing stn, spvC, and hilA genes, were detected in 91.4 % (117/128), 20.3 % (26/128), and 80.5 % (103/128) of the isolates, respectively. S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Cerro, and S. Montevideo were the most prevalent serovars with incidences of 25 % (32/128), 15.6 % (20/128), 15.6 % (20/128), and 12.5 % (16/128), respectively. Interestingly, 56.3 %, 53.1 %, 37.5 %, 28.1 %, 21.9 %, 18.8 %, 12.5 %, and 3.1 % of the isolates tested showed resistance to cefepime, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, cefotaxime, gentamicin, colistin, meropenem, and azithromycin, respectively. Salmonella isolates showed resistance to at least one antibiotic, with a mean multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of 0.472. Interestingly, 59.4 %, 15.6 %, and 3.1 % of the isolates were categorized into multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant, and pan-drug-resistant, respectively. Only 23 (25 %) of the 92 ampicillin-resistant isolates were proven to be Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-producing Salmonella, in which β-lactamase (bla) genes were detected. The blaOXA-2 was the most existing gene where it was detected lonely in 10 of the ampicillin-resistant isolates and coexisted with blaCMY-1 in 4 isolates and with blaCMY-2 in a single isolate. The blaCMY-1, however, existed in 11 isolates, whereas the blaCMY-2 gene was only detected in 3 isolates tested. The present findings affirm that camel meat could be a leading reservoir for multi- and extensively-drug-resistance β-lactamase-producing Salmonella, representing a global public health challenge. Therefore, further research is necessary to detect the prevalence and AMR of Salmonella serovars from camel meat in Egypt and other countries to put camel meat as a source of Salmonella in foods of animal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Ibrahim Sallam
- Department of Food Hygiene, Safety, and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Nahed Gomaa Kasem
- Department of Food Hygiene, Safety, and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Adel Abdelkhalek
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Hend Ali Elshebrawy
- Department of Food Hygiene, Safety, and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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5
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Mora JFB, Meclat VYB, Calayag AMB, Campino S, Hafalla JCR, Hibberd ML, Phelan JE, Clark TG, Rivera WL. Genomic analysis of Salmonella enterica from Metropolitan Manila abattoirs and markets reveals insights into circulating virulence and antimicrobial resistance genotypes. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1304283. [PMID: 38312499 PMCID: PMC10835624 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1304283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The integration of next-generation sequencing into the identification and characterization of resistant and virulent strains as well as the routine surveillance of foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella enterica have not yet been accomplished in the Philippines. This study investigated the antimicrobial profiles, virulence, and susceptibility of the 105 S. enterica isolates from swine and chicken samples obtained from slaughterhouses and public wet markets in Metropolitan Manila using whole-genome sequence analysis. Four predominant serovars were identified in genotypic serotyping, namely, Infantis (26.7%), Anatum (19.1%), Rissen (18.1%), and London (13.3%). Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiling revealed that 65% of the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic, 37% were multidrug resistant (MDR), and 57% were extended-spectrum β-lactamase producers. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that isolates had resistance genes and plasmids belonging to the Col and Inc plasmid families that confer resistance against tetracycline (64%), sulfonamide (56%), and streptomycin (56%). Further analyses revealed the presence of 155 virulence genes, 42 of which were serovar-specific. The virulence genes primarily code for host immune system modulators, iron acquisition enzyme complexes, host cell invasion proteins, as well as proteins that allow intracellular and intramacrophage survival. This study showed that virulent MDR S. enterica and several phenotypic and genotypic AMR patterns were present in the food chain. It serves as a foundation to understand the current AMR status in the Philippines food chain and to prompt the creation of preventative measures and efficient treatments against foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah Feliza B Mora
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Vanessa Yvonne B Meclat
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Alyzza Marie B Calayag
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Susana Campino
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julius C R Hafalla
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin L Hibberd
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jody E Phelan
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Taane G Clark
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Windell L Rivera
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
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6
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Towachiraporn S, Thongwitokomarn H, Salee P. Anti-interferon-gamma autoantibody and salmonellosis: Case report and literature review. IDCases 2024; 35:e01926. [PMID: 38298220 PMCID: PMC10825596 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2024.e01926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Adult-onset immunodeficiency syndrome is characterized by the presence of anti-interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) autoantibody and the distribution of infections. Here, we describe Salmonella enterica bacteremia in a Thai woman who also had anti-IFN-γ autoantibody. The patient was also suffering from Salmonella osteomyelitis and a peri-orbital abscess. Her symptoms were completely eradicated after surgical intervention and the administration of appropriate antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikhuan Towachiraporn
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Harit Thongwitokomarn
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Parichat Salee
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
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7
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Wang W, Cui J, Liu F, Hu Y, Li F, Zhou Z, Deng X, Dong Y, Li S, Xiao J. Genomic characterization of Salmonella isolated from retail chicken and humans with diarrhea in Qingdao, China. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1295769. [PMID: 38164401 PMCID: PMC10757937 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1295769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella, especially antimicrobial resistant strains, remains one of the leading causes of foodborne bacterial disease. Retail chicken is a major source of human salmonellosis. Here, we investigated the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and genomic characteristics of Salmonella in 88 out of 360 (24.4%) chilled chicken carcasses, together with 86 Salmonella from humans with diarrhea in Qingdao, China in 2020. The most common serotypes were Enteritidis and Typhimurium (including the serotype I 4,[5],12:i:-) among Salmonella from both chicken and humans. The sequence types were consistent with serotypes, with ST11, ST34 and ST19 the most dominantly identified. Resistance to nalidixic acid, ampicillin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol were the top four detected in Salmonella from both chicken and human sources. High multi-drug resistance (MDR) and resistance to third-generation cephalosporins resistance were found in Salmonella from chicken (53.4%) and humans (75.6%). In total, 149 of 174 (85.6%) Salmonella isolates could be categorized into 60 known SNP clusters, with 8 SNP clusters detected in both sources. Furthermore, high prevalence of plasmid replicons and prophages were observed among the studied isolates. A total of 79 antimicrobial resistant genes (ARGs) were found, with aac(6')-Iaa, blaTEM-1B, tet(A), aph(6)-Id, aph(3″)-Ib, sul2, floR and qnrS1 being the dominant ARGs. Moreover, nine CTX-M-type ESBL genes and the genes blaNMD-1, mcr-1.1, and mcr-9.1 were detected. The high incidence of MDR Salmonella, especially possessing lots of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in this study posed a severe risk to food safety and public health, highlighting the importance of improving food hygiene measures to reduce the contamination and transmission of this bacterium. Overall, it is essential to continue monitoring the Salmonella serotypes, implement the necessary prevention and strategic control plans, and conduct an epidemiological surveillance system based on whole-genome sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao Institute of Preventive Medicine, Qingdao, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Pharmaceutical Department, Qingdao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital (Qingdao Hiser Hospital) Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yujie Hu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Fengqin Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Zhemin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Alkene-carbon Fibres-based Technology and Application for Detection of Major Infectious Diseases, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Pasteurien College, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiangyu Deng
- Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, United States
| | - Yinping Dong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoting Li
- Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
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Tack B, Vita D, Ntangu E, Ngina J, Mukoko P, Lutumba A, Vangeluwe D, Toelen J, Allegaert K, Lunguya O, Ravinetto R, Jacobs J. Challenges of Antibiotic Formulations and Administration in the Treatment of Bloodstream Infections in Children Under Five Admitted to Kisantu Hospital, Democratic Republic of Congo. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 109:1245-1259. [PMID: 37903440 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe bacterial infections in children need prompt, appropriate antibiotic treatment. We report challenges observed within a prospective, cohort study on antibiotic efficacy in non-typhi Salmonella bloodstream infection (NCT04850677) in Kisantu district hospital (Democratic Republic of Congo). Children (aged > 28 days to < 5 years) admitted with suspected bloodstream infection (August 1, 2021 through July 31, 2022) were enrolled and followed until day 3 or discharge for non-typhi Salmonella patients. Antibiotics were administered to 98.4% (1,838/1,867) of children, accounting for 2,296 antibiotic regimens (95.7% intravenous, 4.3% oral). Only 78.3% and 61.8% of children were, respectively, prescribed and administered antibiotics on the admission day. At least one dose was not administered in 3.6% of children, mostly because of mismatch of the four times daily cefotaxime schedule with the twice-daily administration rounds. Inappropriate intravenous administration practices included multidose use, air-venting, and direct injection instead of perfusion. There was inaccurate aliquoting in 18.0% (32/178) of intravenous ciprofloxacin regimens, and thus administered doses were > 16% below the intended dose. Dosing accuracy of oral suspensions was impaired by lack of instructions for reconstitution, volume indicators, and/or dosing devices. Adult-dose tablets were split without/beyond scoring lines in 84.4% (27/32) of tablets. Poor availability and affordability of age-appropriate oral formulations contributed to low proportions of intravenous-to-oral switch (33.3% (79/237) of non-typhi Salmonella patients). Other quality issues included poor packaging, nonhomogeneous suspensions, and unsafe water for reconstitution. In conclusion, poor antibiotic products (no age-appropriate formulations, poor quality and access), processes (delayed prescription/administration, missed doses), and practices (inaccurate doses, [bio]safety risks) must be urgently addressed to improve pediatric antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bieke Tack
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics, KU Leuven University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniel Vita
- Saint Luc Hôpital Général de Référence Kisantu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Emmanuel Ntangu
- Saint Luc Hôpital Général de Référence Kisantu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Japhet Ngina
- Saint Luc Hôpital Général de Référence Kisantu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Pathy Mukoko
- Saint Luc Hôpital Général de Référence Kisantu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Adèle Lutumba
- Saint Luc Hôpital Général de Référence Kisantu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | - Jaan Toelen
- Department of Pediatrics, KU Leuven University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karel Allegaert
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Octavie Lunguya
- Department of Microbiology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Department of Medical Biology, University Teaching Hospital of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Raffaella Ravinetto
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jan Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Belgium
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9
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Hajra D, Nair AV, Chakravortty D. Decoding the invasive nature of a tropical pathogen of concern: The invasive non-Typhoidal Salmonella strains causing host-restricted extraintestinal infections worldwide. Microbiol Res 2023; 277:127488. [PMID: 37716125 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Invasive-Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) are the major cause of health concern in the low-income, under-developed nations in Africa and Asia that lack proper sanitation facilities. Around 5% of the NTS cases give rise to invasive, extraintestinal diseases leading to focal infections like osteomyelitis, meningitis, osteoarthritis, endocarditis and neonatal sepsis. iNTS serovars like S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, S. Dublin, S. Choleraesuis show a greater propensity to become invasive than others which hints at the genetic basis of their emergence. The major risk factors attributing to the invasive diseases include immune-compromised individuals having co-infection with malaria or HIV, or suffering from malnutrition. The rampant use of antibiotics leading to the emergence of multi-drug resistant strains poses a great challenge in disease management. An extensive understanding of the iNTS pathogenesis and its epidemiology will open up avenues for the development of new vaccination and therapeutic strategies to restrict the spread of this neglected disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipasree Hajra
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, India
| | - Abhilash Vijay Nair
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, India
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10
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Ofori LA, Fosu D, Ofori S, Akenten CW, Flieger A, Simon S, Jaeger A, Lamshöft M, May J, Obiri-Danso K, Phillips R, Chercos DH, Paintsil EK, Dekker D. Salmonella enterica in farm environments in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:370. [PMID: 38030982 PMCID: PMC10685596 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03121-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella enterica are important foodborne pathogens and the third leading cause of death among diarrheal infections worldwide. This cross-sectional study investigated the frequency of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica in commercial and smallholder farm environments in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. A total of 1490 environmental samples, comprising 800 (53.7%) soil (from poultry, pigs, sheep, goats and cattle farms), 409 (27.4%) pooled poultry fecal and 281 (18.9%) dust (from poultry farms) samples, were collected from 30 commercial and 64 smallholder farms. All samples were processed using standard culture methods. Isolates were identified by biochemical methods and confirmed using the VITEK 2 System. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out by disk diffusion following the EUCAST guidelines. Serotyping was performed using the Kauffman White Le Minor Scheme. RESULTS The overall Salmonella frequency was 6.0% (n/N = 90/1490); the frequency varied according to the type of sample collected and included: 8.9% for dust (n/N = 25/281), 6.5% for soil (n/N = 52/800) and 3.2% for pooled poultry fecal samples (n/N = 13/409). Salmonella was also recovered from commercial farm environments (8.6%, n/N = 68/793) than from smallholder farms (3.2%, n/N = 22/697) (PR = 2.7, CI: 1.7 - 4.4). Thirty-four different Salmonella serovars were identified, the two most common being Rubislaw (27.8%, n/N = 25/90) and Tamale (12.2%, n/N = 11/90). Serovar diversity was highest in strains from soil samples (70.6%, n/N = 24/34) compared to those found in the dust (35.2%, n/N = 12/34) and in fecal samples (29.4%, n/N = 10/34). Salmonella frequency was much higher in the rainy season (8.4%, n/N = 85/1007) than in the dry season (1.0%, n/N = 5/483) (PR = 8.4, 95% CI: 3.3 - 20.0). Approximately 14.4% (n/N = 13/90) of the isolates were resistant to at least one of the tested antimicrobials, with 84.6% (n/N = 11/13) being resistant to multiple antibiotics. All Salmonella Kentucky (n = 5) were resistant to ciprofloxacin. CONCLUSION This study showed that farm environments represent an important reservoir for antibiotic-resistant Salmonella, which warrants monitoring and good husbandry practices, especially in commercial farms during the rainy season, to control the spread of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Aurelia Ofori
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), 039-5028, Kumasi, Ghana.
| | - Dennis Fosu
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), South-End, Asuogya Road, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Seth Ofori
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), 039-5028, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Charity Wiafe Akenten
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), South-End, Asuogya Road, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Antje Flieger
- Unit Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella, National Reference Center for Salmonella and Other Bacterial Enteric Pathogens, Robert-Koch-Institute (RKI), Burgstr. 37, 38855, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Sandra Simon
- Unit Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella, National Reference Center for Salmonella and Other Bacterial Enteric Pathogens, Robert-Koch-Institute (RKI), Burgstr. 37, 38855, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Anna Jaeger
- Department Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maike Lamshöft
- Department Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Juergen May
- Department Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
- Tropical Medicine II, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kwasi Obiri-Danso
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), 039-5028, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Richard Phillips
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), South-End, Asuogya Road, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Daniel Haile Chercos
- Department Implementation Research, One Health Bacteriology Research Group, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ellis Kobina Paintsil
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), South-End, Asuogya Road, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Denise Dekker
- Department Implementation Research, One Health Bacteriology Research Group, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
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11
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Van Puyvelde S, de Block T, Sridhar S, Bawn M, Kingsley RA, Ingelbeen B, Beale MA, Barbé B, Jeon HJ, Mbuyi-Kalonji L, Phoba MF, Falay D, Martiny D, Vandenberg O, Affolabi D, Rutanga JP, Ceyssens PJ, Mattheus W, Cuypers WL, van der Sande MAB, Park SE, Kariuki S, Otieno K, Lusingu JPA, Mbwana JR, Adjei S, Sarfo A, Agyei SO, Asante KP, Otieno W, Otieno L, Tahita MC, Lompo P, Hoffman IF, Mvalo T, Msefula C, Hassan-Hanga F, Obaro S, Mackenzie G, Deborggraeve S, Feasey N, Marks F, MacLennan CA, Thomson NR, Jacobs J, Dougan G, Kariuki S, Lunguya O. A genomic appraisal of invasive Salmonella Typhimurium and associated antibiotic resistance in sub-Saharan Africa. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6392. [PMID: 37872141 PMCID: PMC10593746 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41152-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease manifesting as bloodstream infection with high mortality is responsible for a huge public health burden in sub-Saharan Africa. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is the main cause of iNTS disease in Africa. By analysing whole genome sequence data from 1303 S. Typhimurium isolates originating from 19 African countries and isolated between 1979 and 2017, here we show a thorough scaled appraisal of the population structure of iNTS disease caused by S. Typhimurium across many of Africa's most impacted countries. At least six invasive S. Typhimurium clades have already emerged, with ST313 lineage 2 or ST313-L2 driving the current pandemic. ST313-L2 likely emerged in the Democratic Republic of Congo around 1980 and further spread in the mid 1990s. We observed plasmid-borne as well as chromosomally encoded fluoroquinolone resistance underlying emergences of extensive-drug and pan-drug resistance. Our work provides an overview of the evolution of invasive S. Typhimurium disease, and can be exploited to target control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Van Puyvelde
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK.
- Parasites and Microbes Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | | | - Sushmita Sridhar
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
- Parasites and Microbes Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matt Bawn
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, UK
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Robert A Kingsley
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
- School of Biological Science, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Brecht Ingelbeen
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mathew A Beale
- Parasites and Microbes Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Hyon Jin Jeon
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
- International Vaccine Institute, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Madagascar Institute for Vaccine Research, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Lisette Mbuyi-Kalonji
- Department of Medical Biology, University Teaching Hospital of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- National Institute for Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Marie-France Phoba
- Department of Medical Biology, University Teaching Hospital of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- National Institute for Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Dadi Falay
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Delphine Martiny
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles-Universitair Laboratorium Brussel (LHUB-ULB), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1000, Brussels, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons (UMONS), 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Olivier Vandenberg
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles-Universitair Laboratorium Brussel (LHUB-ULB), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1000, Brussels, Belgium
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dissou Affolabi
- Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire Hubert Koutoukou Maga, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Jean Pierre Rutanga
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Pieter-Jan Ceyssens
- National Reference Center for Salmonella, Unit of Human Bacterial Diseases, Sciensano, J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wesley Mattheus
- National Reference Center for Salmonella, Unit of Human Bacterial Diseases, Sciensano, J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wim L Cuypers
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marianne A B van der Sande
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Se Eun Park
- International Vaccine Institute, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Yonsei University Graduate School of Public Health, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Simon Kariuki
- Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Kephas Otieno
- Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - John P A Lusingu
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga, Tanzania
- Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
| | - Joyce R Mbwana
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Samuel Adjei
- University of Health & Allied Sciences, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana
| | - Anima Sarfo
- University of Health & Allied Sciences, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana
| | - Seth O Agyei
- University of Health & Allied Sciences, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana
| | - Kwaku P Asante
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo North Municipality, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana
| | | | | | - Marc C Tahita
- Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé, Direction Régionale du Centre-Ouest/ClinicalResearch Unit of Nanoro, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Palpouguini Lompo
- Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé, Direction Régionale du Centre-Ouest/ClinicalResearch Unit of Nanoro, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Tisungane Mvalo
- University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe, Malawi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chisomo Msefula
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Fatimah Hassan-Hanga
- Department of Paediatrics, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
- Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Stephen Obaro
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- International Foundation Against Infectious Diseases in Nigeria (IFAIN), Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Grant Mackenzie
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, Bloomsbury, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Nicholas Feasey
- University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe, Malawi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Florian Marks
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
- International Vaccine Institute, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Madagascar Institute for Vaccine Research, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Calman A MacLennan
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas R Thomson
- Parasites and Microbes Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, Bloomsbury, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Jan Jacobs
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Samuel Kariuki
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Octavie Lunguya
- Department of Medical Biology, University Teaching Hospital of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- National Institute for Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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12
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Falay D, Hardy L, Bonebe E, Mattheus W, Ngbonda D, Lunguya O, Jacobs J. Intestinal carriage of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella among household members of children with Salmonella bloodstream infection, Kisangani, DR Congo. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1241961. [PMID: 37901802 PMCID: PMC10602682 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1241961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS), mainly Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis, causes a severe burden in sub-Saharan Africa; however, its reservoir (animal or environmental) is unclear. The present study assessed healthy household members of index patients for intestinal carriage of Salmonella. Methods Index patients were admitted to the University Hospital of Kisangani (DR Congo), and Salmonella was grown from blood cultures. Household members were asked to provide three stool samples for culture for Salmonella. Salmonella Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis isolates from index patients, and household members were assessed for genetic relatedness using the multiple-locus variable number of tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), and the multilocus sequence type (ST) was determined by whole genome sequencing. Results Between May 2016 and January 2020, 22 households were visited. The index patient serotypes were Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Typhi, and Paratyphi C; II:42:r:-; and I:7:y:- (n = 8, 7, 5, and each 1, respectively). The median (range) delay between the index patient and household sampling was 25 days (2 days to 7.3 months); 203 household members provided at least one stool sample. In all, 15 (7.3%) Salmonella carriers were found in nine of 22 households. For one index patient, the household comprised S. Typhimurium in four household members, including the index patient, sampled 27 days after bloodstream infection; the MLVA types of these five isolates were similar. They belonged to ST313 lineage 2 and were closely related [0-1 allelic distance (AD) among the stool isolates and eight AD with the blood culture isolate]. In another household, the stool culture of the index patient (obtained 67 days after bloodstream infection) grew S. Enteritidis of the same MLVA type; both isolates belonged to the ST11 Central/Eastern African clade and were closely related (three AD). Discussion The present study provides evidence of household clustering of S. Typhimurium ST313 and intestinal carriage of iNTS several weeks after bloodstream infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dadi Falay
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liselotte Hardy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Edmonde Bonebe
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute for Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Wesley Mattheus
- Division of Human Bacterial Diseases, Sciensano, Uccle, Belgium
| | - Dauly Ngbonda
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Octavie Lunguya
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute for Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Department of Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Jan Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Mkangara M. Prevention and Control of Human Salmonella enterica Infections: An Implication in Food Safety. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2023; 2023:8899596. [PMID: 37727836 PMCID: PMC10506869 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8899596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is a foodborne zoonotic pathogen causing diarrhoeal disease to humans after consuming contaminated water, animal, and plant products. The bacterium is the third leading cause of human death among diarrhoeal diseases worldwide. Therefore, human salmonellosis is of public health concern demanding integrated interventions against the causative agent, Salmonella enterica. The prevention of salmonellosis in humans is intricate due to several factors, including an immune-stable individual infected with S. enterica continuing to shed live bacteria without showing any clinical signs. Similarly, the asymptomatic Salmonella animals are the source of salmonellosis in humans after consuming contaminated food products. Furthermore, the contaminated products of plant and animal origin are a menace in food industries due to Salmonella biofilms, which enhance colonization, persistence, and survival of bacteria on equipment. The contaminated food products resulting from bacteria on equipment offset the economic competition of food industries and partner institutions in international business. The most worldwide prevalent broad-range Salmonella serovars affecting humans are Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis, and poultry products, among others, are the primary source of infection. The broader range of Salmonella serovars creates concern over multiple strategies for preventing and controlling Salmonella contamination in foods to enhance food safety for humans. Among the strategies for preventing and controlling Salmonella spread in animal and plant products include biosecurity measures, isolation and quarantine, epidemiological surveillance, farming systems, herbs and spices, and vaccination. Other measures are the application of phages, probiotics, prebiotics, and nanoparticles reduced and capped with antimicrobial agents. Therefore, Salmonella-free products, such as beef, pork, poultry meat, eggs, milk, and plant foods, such as vegetables and fruits, will prevent humans from Salmonella infection. This review explains Salmonella infection in humans caused by consuming contaminated foods and the interventions against Salmonella contamination in foods to enhance food safety and quality for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwanaisha Mkangara
- Department of Science and Laboratory Technology, Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 2958, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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14
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Chatterjee R, Chowdhury AR, Mukherjee D, Chakravortty D. From Eberthella typhi to Salmonella Typhi: The Fascinating Journey of the Virulence and Pathogenicity of Salmonella Typhi. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:25674-25697. [PMID: 37521659 PMCID: PMC10373206 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi), the invasive typhoidal serovar of Salmonella enterica that causes typhoid fever in humans, is a severe threat to global health. It is one of the major causes of high morbidity and mortality in developing countries. According to recent WHO estimates, approximately 11-21 million typhoid fever illnesses occur annually worldwide, accounting for 0.12-0.16 million deaths. Salmonella infection can spread to healthy individuals by the consumption of contaminated food and water. Typhoid fever in humans sometimes is accompanied by several other critical extraintestinal complications related to the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, pulmonary system, and hepatobiliary system. Salmonella Pathogenicity Island-1 and Salmonella Pathogenicity Island-2 are the two genomic segments containing genes encoding virulent factors that regulate its invasion and systemic pathogenesis. This Review aims to shed light on a comparative analysis of the virulence and pathogenesis of the typhoidal and nontyphoidal serovars of S. enterica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Chatterjee
- Department
of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Atish Roy Chowdhury
- Department
of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Debapriya Mukherjee
- Department
of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department
of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
- Centre
for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
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15
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Bloomfield SJ, Janecko N, Palau R, Alikhan NF, Mather AE. Genomic diversity and epidemiological significance of non-typhoidal Salmonella found in retail food collected in Norfolk, UK. Microb Genom 2023; 9:mgen001075. [PMID: 37523225 PMCID: PMC10438825 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a major cause of bacterial gastroenteritis. Although many countries have implemented whole genome sequencing (WGS) of NTS, there is limited knowledge on NTS diversity on food and its contribution to human disease. In this study, the aim was to characterise the NTS genomes from retail foods in a particular region of the UK and assess the contribution to human NTS infections. Raw food samples were collected at retail in a repeated cross-sectional design in Norfolk, UK, including chicken (n=311), leafy green (n=311), pork (n=311), prawn (n=279) and salmon (n=157) samples. Up to eight presumptive NTS isolates per positive sample underwent WGS and were compared to publicly available NTS genomes from UK human cases. NTS was isolated from chicken (9.6 %), prawn (2.9 %) and pork (1.3 %) samples and included 14 serovars, of which Salmonella Infantis and Salmonella Enteritidis were the most common. The S. Enteritidis isolates were only isolated from imported chicken. No antimicrobial resistance determinants were found in prawn isolates, whilst 5.1 % of chicken and 0.64 % of pork samples contained multi-drug resistant NTS. The maximum number of pairwise core non-recombinant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) amongst isolates from the same sample was used to measure diversity and most samples had a median of two SNPs (range: 0-251). NTS isolates that were within five SNPs to clinical UK isolates belonged to specific serovars: S. Enteritidis and S. Infantis (chicken), and S. I 4,[5],12:i- (pork and chicken). Most NTS isolates that were closely related to human-derived isolates were obtained from imported chicken, but further epidemiological data are required to assess definitively the probable source of the human cases. Continued WGS surveillance of Salmonella on retail food involving multiple isolates from each sample is necessary to capture the diversity of Salmonella and determine the relative importance of different sources of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicol Janecko
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Raphaёlle Palau
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Alison E. Mather
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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16
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Cuypers WL, Meysman P, Weill FX, Hendriksen RS, Beyene G, Wain J, Nair S, Chattaway MA, Perez-Sepulveda BM, Ceyssens PJ, de Block T, Lee WWY, Pardos de la Gandara M, Kornschober C, Moran-Gilad J, Veldman KT, Cormican M, Torpdahl M, Fields PI, Černý T, Hardy L, Tack B, Mellor KC, Thomson N, Dougan G, Deborggraeve S, Jacobs J, Laukens K, Van Puyvelde S. A global genomic analysis of Salmonella Concord reveals lineages with high antimicrobial resistance in Ethiopia. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3517. [PMID: 37316492 PMCID: PMC10267216 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38902-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Concord (S. Concord) is known to cause severe gastrointestinal and bloodstream infections in patients from Ethiopia and Ethiopian adoptees, and occasional records exist of S. Concord linked to other countries. The evolution and geographical distribution of S. Concord remained unclear. Here, we provide a genomic overview of the population structure and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of S. Concord by analysing genomes from 284 historical and contemporary isolates obtained between 1944 and 2022 across the globe. We demonstrate that S. Concord is a polyphyletic serovar distributed among three Salmonella super-lineages. Super-lineage A is composed of eight S. Concord lineages, of which four are associated with multiple countries and low levels of AMR. Other lineages are restricted to Ethiopia and horizontally acquired resistance to most antimicrobials used for treating invasive Salmonella infections in low- and middle-income countries. By reconstructing complete genomes for 10 representative strains, we demonstrate the presence of AMR markers integrated in structurally diverse IncHI2 and IncA/C2 plasmids, and/or the chromosome. Molecular surveillance of pathogens such as S. Concord supports the understanding of AMR and the multi-sector response to the global AMR threat. This study provides a comprehensive baseline data set essential for future molecular surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim L Cuypers
- Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Unit of Tropical Bacteriology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Pieter Meysman
- Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - François-Xavier Weill
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité des bactéries pathogènes entériques, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Rene S Hendriksen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute (DTU-Food), Research Group of Global Capacity Building, Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Getenet Beyene
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - John Wain
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Satheesh Nair
- Gastrointestinal Bacterial Reference Unit, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Colindale, London, UK
| | - Marie A Chattaway
- Gastrointestinal Bacterial Reference Unit, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Colindale, London, UK
| | - Blanca M Perez-Sepulveda
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Tessa de Block
- Clinical Reference Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Winnie W Y Lee
- Gastrointestinal Bacterial Reference Unit, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Colindale, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Pardos de la Gandara
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité des bactéries pathogènes entériques, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Christian Kornschober
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Jacob Moran-Gilad
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Kees T Veldman
- Department of Bacteriology, Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Cormican
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Ecology Group, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Mia Torpdahl
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology & Parasitology, Statens Serum Institut, 5 Artillerivej, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Patricia I Fields
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tomáš Černý
- National Reference Laboratory for salmonella, State Veterinary Institute Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Liselotte Hardy
- Unit of Tropical Bacteriology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bieke Tack
- Unit of Tropical Bacteriology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kate C Mellor
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Bloomsbury, London, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Thomson
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Bloomsbury, London, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID),Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, United Kingdom
| | - Stijn Deborggraeve
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan Jacobs
- Unit of Tropical Bacteriology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kris Laukens
- Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Puyvelde
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID),Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, United Kingdom.
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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17
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Ehrhardt K, Becker AL, Grassl GA. Determinants of persistent Salmonella infections. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 82:102306. [PMID: 36989589 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Persistent bacterial infections constitute an enormous challenge for public health. Amongst infections with other bacteria, infections with typhoidal and nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica serovars can result in long-term infections of the human and animal host. Persistent infections that are asymptomatic are difficult to identify and thus can serve as a silent reservoir for transmission. Symptomatic persistent infections are often difficult to treat as they harbor a combination of antibiotic-tolerant and antibiotic-resistant bacteria and boost the spread of genetic antibiotic resistance. In the last couple of years, the field has made some major progress in understanding the role of persisters, their reservoirs as well as their interplay with host factors in persistent Salmonella infections.
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18
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Uzairue LI, Shittu OB, Ojo OE, Obuotor TM, Olanipekun G, Ajose T, Arogbonlo R, Medugu N, Ebruke B, Obaro SK. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes of invasive Salmonella enterica from children with bacteremia in north-central Nigeria. SAGE Open Med 2023; 11:20503121231175322. [PMID: 37223673 PMCID: PMC10201152 DOI: 10.1177/20503121231175322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Bacteremia due to invasive Salmonella enterica has been reported earlier in children in Nigeria. This study aimed to detect the virulence and antibiotic resistance genes of invasive Salmonella enterica from children with bacteremia in north-central Nigeria. Method From June 2015 to June 2018, 4163 blood cultures yielded 83 Salmonella isolates. This is a secondary cross-sectional analysis of the Salmonella isolates. The Salmonella enterica were isolated and identified using standard bacteriology protocol. Biochemical identifications of the Salmonella enterica were made by Phoenix MD 50 identification system. Further identification and confirmation were done with polyvalent antisera O and invA gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done following clinical and laboratory standard institute guidelines. Resistant genes and virulence genes were determined using a real-time polymerase chain reaction. Result Salmonella typhi 51 (61.4%) was the most prevalent serovar, followed by Salmonella species 13 (15.7%), choleraesuis 8 (9.6%), enteritidis 6 (7.2%), and typhimurium 5 (6.1%). Fifty-one (61.4%) of 83 Salmonella enterica were typhoidal, while 32 (38.6%) were not. Sixty-five (78.3%) of the 83 Salmonella enterica isolates were resistant to ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, followed by chloramphenicol 39 (46.7%), tetracycline 41 (41.4%), piperacillin 33 (33.9%), amoxicillin-clavulanate, and streptomycin 21 (25.3%), while cephalothin was 19 (22.9%). Thirty-nine (46.9%) of the 83 Salmonella enterica isolates were multi-drug resistant, and none were extensive drug resistant or pan-drug resistant. A blaTEM 42 (50.6%), floR 32 (38.6%), qnrA 24 (28.9%), tetB 20 (20.1%), tetA 10 (10.0%), and tetG 5 (6.0%) were the antibiotic resistance genes detected. There were perfect agreement between phenotypic and genotypic detection of antimicrobial resistance in tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol, while beta-lactam showed κ = 0.60 agreement. All of the Salmonella enterica isolates had the virulence genes invA, sopB, mgtC, and sip4D, while 33 (39.8%), 45 (51.8%), and 2 (2.4%) had ssaQ, spvC, and ljsGI-1, respectively. Conclusion Our findings showed multi-drug resistant Salmonella enterica in children with bacteremia in northern Nigeria. In addition, significant virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes were found in invasive Salmonella enterica in northern Nigeria. Thus, our study emphasizes the need to monitor antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica from invasive sources in Nigeria and supports antibiotic prudence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard I Uzairue
- Department of Microbiology, Federal
University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
- International Foundation Against
Infectious Disease in Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
- Department of Medical Laboratory
Sciences, Federal University Oye Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Olufunke B Shittu
- Department of Microbiology, Federal
University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Olufemi E Ojo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology
and Parasitology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Tolulope M Obuotor
- Department of Microbiology, Federal
University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Grace Olanipekun
- International Foundation Against
Infectious Disease in Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Theresa Ajose
- International Foundation Against
Infectious Disease in Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Ronke Arogbonlo
- International Foundation Against
Infectious Disease in Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Nubwa Medugu
- International Foundation Against
Infectious Disease in Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
- Department of Microbiology and
Parasitology, National Hospital, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria
| | - Bernard Ebruke
- International Foundation Against
Infectious Disease in Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Stephen K Obaro
- International Foundation Against
Infectious Disease in Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
- Pediatric Infectious Division, the
University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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19
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Hong YP, Chen YT, Wang YW, Chen BH, Teng RH, Chen YS, Chiou CS. Integrative and Conjugative Element-Mediated Azithromycin Resistance in Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Albany. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 65:AAC.02634-20. [PMID: 33685895 PMCID: PMC8092877 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02634-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified an erm42-carrying integrative and conjugative element, ICE_erm42, in 26.4% of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Albany isolates recovered from human salmonellosis between 2014 and 2019 in Taiwan. ICE_erm42-carrying strains displayed high-level resistance to azithromycin and the element could move into the phylogenetically distant Vibrio cholerae via conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Hong
- Centers for Disease Control, Taichung, Taiwan
- National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Bo-Han Chen
- Centers for Disease Control, Taichung, Taiwan
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20
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Crump JA, Nyirenda TS, Kalonji LM, Phoba MF, Tack B, Platts-Mills JA, Gordon MA, Kariuki SM. Nontyphoidal Salmonella Invasive Disease: Challenges and Solutions. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:S32-S37. [PMID: 37274526 PMCID: PMC10236517 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella are a leading cause of community-onset bacteremia and other serious infections in sub-Saharan African countries where large studies indicate that they are an uncommon cause of moderate-to-severe diarrhea. Approximately 535 000 nontyphoidal Salmonella invasive disease illnesses and 77 500 deaths were estimated to occur in 2017; 422 000 (78.9%) illnesses and 66 500 (85.9%) deaths in countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Lineages of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium sequence type (ST) 313 and lineages of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis ST11 dominate as causes of invasive disease. A major reservoir for these specific strains outside of humans has not been identified to date. Human fecal shedding of such strains is common in areas where nontyphoidal Salmonella invasive disease incidence is high. The case-fatality ratio of nontyphoidal Salmonella invasive disease is approximately 15%. Early diagnosis and treatment are needed to avert fatal outcomes. Antimicrobial resistance, including multiple drug resistance, decreased fluoroquinolone susceptibility, and resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, is increasing in prevalence and is likely to further compromise patient outcomes. Naturally acquired immunity against invasive disease develops in children aged >3 years in endemic areas, likely mediated in part by the sequential acquisition of T-cell immunity, followed by antigen-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies. Vaccines in preclinical or clinical development include live-attenuated S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, nontyphoidal S. enterica core and O-polysaccharide glycoconjugates, multiple antigen-presenting system complexes, and generalized modules for membrane antigens vaccines. The latter are in phase I trials in Europe and Africa. Both vaccine use, and other effective, evidence-based nonvaccine interventions, are needed to prevent and control nontyphoidal Salmonella invasive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Crump
- Correspondence: John A. Crump, MB ChB, MD, DTM&H, Professor of Medicine, Pathology, and Global Health, Centre for International Health, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand (). Samuel M. Kariuki, BVM, MSc, PhD, Professor, Director of Research and Development and Acting Director, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 54840 00200, Nairobi, Kenya ()
| | - Tonney S Nyirenda
- Department of Pathology, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Lisette Mbuyi Kalonji
- Department of Medical Biology, University Hospital of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Department of Microbiology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Marie-France Phoba
- Department of Medical Biology, University Hospital of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Department of Microbiology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Bieke Tack
- Department of Clinical Science, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - James A Platts-Mills
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Melita A Gordon
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel M Kariuki
- Correspondence: John A. Crump, MB ChB, MD, DTM&H, Professor of Medicine, Pathology, and Global Health, Centre for International Health, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand (). Samuel M. Kariuki, BVM, MSc, PhD, Professor, Director of Research and Development and Acting Director, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 54840 00200, Nairobi, Kenya ()
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21
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MacLennan CA, Stanaway J, Grow S, Vannice K, Steele AD. Salmonella Combination Vaccines: Moving Beyond Typhoid. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:S58-S66. [PMID: 37274529 PMCID: PMC10236507 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is now a robust pipeline of licensed and World Health Organization (WHO)-prequalified typhoid conjugate vaccines with a steady progression of national introductions. However, typhoid fever is responsible for less than half the total global burden of Salmonella disease, and even less among children aged <5 years. Invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease is the dominant clinical presentation of Salmonella in Africa, and over a quarter of enteric fever in Asia is due to paratyphoid A. In this article, we explore the case for combination Salmonella vaccines, review the current pipeline of these vaccines, and discuss key considerations for their development, including geographies of use, age of administration, and pathways to licensure. While a trivalent typhoid/nontyphoidal Salmonella vaccine is attractive for Africa, and a bivalent enteric fever vaccine for Asia, a quadrivalent vaccine covering the 4 main disease-causing serovars of Salmonella enterica would provide a single vaccine option for global Salmonella coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calman A MacLennan
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey Stanaway
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephanie Grow
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kirsten Vannice
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - A Duncan Steele
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
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22
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Teklemariam AD, Al-Hindi RR, Albiheyri RS, Alharbi MG, Alghamdi MA, Filimban AAR, Al Mutiri AS, Al-Alyani AM, Alseghayer MS, Almaneea AM, Albar AH, Khormi MA, Bhunia AK. Human Salmonellosis: A Continuous Global Threat in the Farm-to-Fork Food Safety Continuum. Foods 2023; 12:foods12091756. [PMID: 37174295 PMCID: PMC10178548 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most common zoonotic foodborne pathogens and a worldwide public health threat. Salmonella enterica is the most pathogenic among Salmonella species, comprising over 2500 serovars. It causes typhoid fever and gastroenteritis, and the serovars responsible for the later disease are known as non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS). Salmonella transmission to humans happens along the farm-to-fork continuum via contaminated animal- and plant-derived foods, including poultry, eggs, fish, pork, beef, vegetables, fruits, nuts, and flour. Several virulence factors have been recognized to play a vital role in attaching, invading, and evading the host defense system. These factors include capsule, adhesion proteins, flagella, plasmids, and type III secretion systems that are encoded on the Salmonella pathogenicity islands. The increased global prevalence of NTS serovars in recent years indicates that the control approaches centered on alleviating the food animals' contamination along the food chain have been unsuccessful. Moreover, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella variants suggests a potential food safety crisis. This review summarizes the current state of the knowledge on the nomenclature, microbiological features, virulence factors, and the mechanism of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella. Furthermore, it provides insights into the pathogenesis and epidemiology of Salmonella infections. The recent outbreaks of salmonellosis reported in different clinical settings and geographical regions, including Africa, the Middle East and North Africa, Latin America, Europe, and the USA in the farm-to-fork continuum, are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addisu D Teklemariam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashad R Al-Hindi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raed S Albiheyri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona G Alharbi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashail A Alghamdi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani A R Filimban
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S Al Mutiri
- Laboratory Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 12843, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Al-Alyani
- Laboratory Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Jeddah 22311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazen S Alseghayer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Monitoring and Risk Assessment Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 13513, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz M Almaneea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Monitoring and Risk Assessment Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 13513, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulgader H Albar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Jeddah University, Jeddah 23218, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohsen A Khormi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 82817, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arun K Bhunia
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue University Interdisciplinary Life Science Program (PULSe), West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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23
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Chiou CS, Hong YP, Wang YW, Chen BH, Teng RH, Song HY, Liao YS. Antimicrobial Resistance and Mechanisms of Azithromycin Resistance in Nontyphoidal Salmonella Isolates in Taiwan, 2017 to 2018. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0336422. [PMID: 36688703 PMCID: PMC9927516 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03364-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance was investigated in 2,341 nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) isolates recovered from humans in Taiwan from 2017 to 2018 using antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Azithromycin resistance determinants were detected in 175 selected isolates using PCR and confirmed in 81 selected isolates using whole-genome sequencing. Multidrug resistance was found in 47.3% of total isolates and 96.2% of Salmonella enterica serovar Anatum and 81.7% of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium isolates. Resistance to the conventional first-line drugs (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and cotrimoxazole), cefotaxime and ceftazidime, and ciprofloxacin was found in 32.5 to 49.0%, 20.3 to 20.4%, and 3.2% of isolates, respectively. A total of 76 (3.1%) isolates were resistant to azithromycin, which was associated with mph(A), erm(42), erm(B), and possibly the enhanced expression of efflux pump(s) due to ramAp or defective ramR. mph(A) was found in 53% of the 76 azithromycin-resistant isolates from 11 serovars and located in an IS26-mph(A)-mrx(A)-mphR(A)-IS6100 unit in various incompatibility plasmids and the chromosomes. erm(42) in S. enterica serovar Albany was carried by an integrative and conjugative element, ICE_erm42, and in S. enterica serovar Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium was located in IS26 composite transposons in the chromosomes. erm(B) was carried by IncI1-I(α) plasmids in S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium. ramAp was a plasmid-borne ramA, a regulatory activator of efflux pump(s), found in only S. enterica serovar Goldcoast. Since the azithromycin resistance determinants are primarily carried on mobile genetic elements, they could easily be disseminated among human bacterial pathogens. The ramAp-carrying S. Goldcoast isolates displayed azithromycin MICs of 16 to 32 mg/L. Thus, the epidemiological cutoff value of ≤16 mg/L of azithromycin proposed for wild-type NTS should be reconsidered. IMPORTANCE Antimicrobial resistance in NTS isolates is a major public health concern in Taiwan, and the mechanisms of azithromycin resistance are rarely investigated. Azithromycin and carbapenems are the last resort for the treatment of invasive salmonellosis caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant Salmonella strains. Our study reports the epidemiological trend of resistance in NTS in Taiwan and the genetic determinants involved in azithromycin resistance. We point out that nearly half of NTS isolates from 2017 to 2018 are MDR, and 20% are resistant to third-generation cephalosporins. The azithromycin resistance rate (3.1%) for the NTS isolates from Taiwan is much higher than those for the NTS isolates from the United States and Europe. Our study also indicates that azithromycin resistance is primarily mediated by mph(A), erm(42), erm(B), and ramAp, which are frequently carried on mobile genetic elements. Thus, the azithromycin resistance determinants could be expected to be disseminated among diverse bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Shun Chiou
- Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ping Hong
- Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - You-Wun Wang
- Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Han Chen
- Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Hsiou Teng
- Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Yung Song
- Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Shu Liao
- Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
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Prasertsee T, Pascoe B, Patchanee P. Colistin resistance and resistance determinants are mobile among Salmonella enterica isolates from diseased and healthy pigs in Thailand. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.31.526471. [PMID: 36778303 PMCID: PMC9915662 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.31.526471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is an important enteric pathogen that poses a threat to human and livestock animal health, with emerging multidrug resistance (MDR) a major public health issue globally. We investigated the prevalence of Salmonella in healthy and diseased pigs from Thai pig farms and determined their phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles. A total of 150 fecal samples were collected from pigs housed in pens from four separate pig farms in southern Thailand and tested for the presence of Salmonella. Confirmed Salmonella isolates were tested for their susceptibility to 11 antimicrobials, and PCR used to detect known antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Salmonella isolates were cultured from 69% (103/150) of all fecal samples, with higher prevalence in disease pigs (12/15; 80%), compared with healthy pigs (91/135; 67%). Serotype Rissen was the most frequently identified serotype among the Salmonella isolates. Resistance to ampicillin (AMP) (97%), sulfonamide-trimethoprim (SXT) (97%), and tetracycline (TET) (94%) were the most common phenotypes observed. The most common ARGs identified were blaTEM gene (99.%), tetA (87%), sul1 (77%), and dfrA1 (74%), and more than 95% of the Salmonella isolates tested were MDR - based on resistance to three or more antimicrobial classes. The most common antimicrobial resistance pattern exhibited was AMP-TET-SXT (76%), and resistance to colistin (via the mcr-1 gene) was observed in both healthy and diseased pigs. The clonal groups of PFGE analysis in serotype Typhimurium revealed the genetic relationship among Salmonella isolated from healthy and diseased pigs from different pig farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teerarat Prasertsee
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Ben Pascoe
- Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Ineos Oxford Institute of Antimicrobial Research, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Integrative Research Center for Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Prapas Patchanee
- Integrative Research Center for Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Dias TS, Figueira AA, Costa GA, Machado SCA, da Cunha NC, Abreu DLC, Pereira VLA, de Aquino MHC. High frequency of non-susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in nontyphoid Salmonella recovered from Brazilian broiler chicken. Br Poult Sci 2023; 64:137-141. [PMID: 36129037 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2022.2126931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
1. This study evaluated the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ciprofloxacin and the presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) mechanisms in 97 nontyphoidal Salmonella spp. isolated from broilers and carcases from three different regions in Brazil. The presence of mutations in quinolone resistance determination regions (QRDRS) was investigated in the ciprofloxacin-resistant strain by DNA sequencing.2. Most of the Salmonella spp. (85.6%) had intermediate resistance to ciprofloxacin and only one isolate was resistant. MIC breakpoints ranged from ≤0.03 to 1 µg/ml and 67.0% of the strains had a MIC of 0.25 µg/ml (n=65). Thirteen strains (13.4%) were susceptible to ciprofloxacin with MIC ≤0.06 µg/ml. The qnrB gene was detected in eight isolates with intermediate resistance and in two susceptible strains. The other PMQR genes, qnrA, qnrC, qnrD, qnrS, qnrVC, aac(6')-Ib, qepA, oqxAB and mutations in QRDR were not detected in any strain.3. There was a high frequency of ciprofloxacin intermediate resistant Salmonella from broiler and broiler carcases from Brazil. The presence of these strains in poultry and derived products poses a risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Dias
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Veterinary Hygiene and Processing Technology of Animal Products), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - A A Figueira
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Veterinary Hygiene and Processing Technology of Animal Products), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - G A Costa
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Veterinary Hygiene and Processing Technology of Animal Products), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - S C A Machado
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - N C da Cunha
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - D L C Abreu
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Veterinary Hygiene and Processing Technology of Animal Products), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - V L A Pereira
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Veterinary Hygiene and Processing Technology of Animal Products), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - M H C de Aquino
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Veterinary Hygiene and Processing Technology of Animal Products), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
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Multicenter Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance among Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Bloodstream Infections in Ghana. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020255. [PMID: 36830166 PMCID: PMC9951917 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Gram-negative bacteria-causing bloodstream infections (BSIs), such as Klebsiella pneumoniae and non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS), is a major public health concern. Nonetheless, AMR surveillance remains scarce in sub-Saharan Africa, where BSI treatment is largely empirical. The aim of the study was to determine the distribution and AMR patterns of BSI-causing NTS, K. pneumoniae, and other Gram-negative bacteria in Ghana. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted between April and December 2021 at eleven sentinel health facilities across Ghana as part of a pilot study on the feasibility and implementation of the human sector AMR surveillance harmonized protocol in sub-Saharan Africa. Gram-negative bacteria recovered from blood specimens of febrile patients were identified using MALDI-TOF and evaluated for antimicrobial resistance using the BD Phoenix M50 analyzer and Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion. The Department of Medical Microbiology at the University of Ghana served as the reference laboratory. RESULTS Out of 334 Gram-negative blood isolates, there were 18 (5.4%) NTS, 85 (25.5%) K. pneumoniae, 88 (26.4%) Escherichia coli, 40 (12.0%) Acinetobacter baumannii, 25 (7.5%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 77 (23.1%) other Gram-negative bacteria. As a composite, the isolates displayed high resistance to the antibiotics tested-amoxicillin (89.3%), tetracycline (76.1%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (71.5%), and chloramphenicol (59.7%). Resistance to third-generation cephalosporins [ceftriaxone (73.7%), cefotaxime (77.8%), and ceftazidime (56.3%)] and fluoroquinolones [ciprofloxacin (55.3%)] was also high; 88% of the isolates were multidrug resistant, and the rate of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production was 44.6%. Antibiotic resistance in K. pneumoniae followed the pattern of all Gram-negative isolates. Antibiotic resistance was lower in NTS blood isolates, ranging between 16.7-38.9% resistance to the tested antibiotics. Resistance rates of 38.9%, 22.2%, and 27.8% were found for cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and ceftazidime, respectively, and 27.8% and 23.8% for ciprofloxacin and azithromycin, respectively, which are used in the treatment of invasive NTS. The prevalence of multidrug resistance in NTS isolates was 38.9%. CONCLUSIONS Multicenter AMR surveillance of Gram-negative blood isolates from febrile patients was well-received in Ghana, and the implementation of a harmonized protocol was feasible. High resistance and multidrug resistance to first- or second-choice antibiotics, including penicillins, third-generation cephalosporins, and fluoroquinolones, were found, implying that these antibiotics might have limited effectiveness in BSI treatment in the country. Continuation of AMR surveillance in Gram-negative blood isolates is essential for a better understanding of the extent of AMR in these pathogens and to guide clinical practice and policymaking.
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Fakorede CO, Amisu KO, Saki M, Akinyemi KO. Co-existence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases bla CTX-M-9 and bla CTX-M-15 genes in Salmonella species isolated from febrile and diarrhoeagenic patients in Lagos, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:3. [PMID: 36593500 PMCID: PMC9806906 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00960-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance to different antimicrobial classes by Salmonella species has generated a global public health concern. The spread of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) blaCTX gene variants is also increasing. This study aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance and the carriage of blaCTX-M-9 and blaCTX-M-15 as well as the quinolone resistance gene (qnrB19) among Salmonella species from hospitalised patients in Lagos, Nigeria. METHODS In this cross-sectional study from April 2021 to August 2021, a total of 508 samples were collected from hospitalised patients. The samples were subjected to standard microbiological investigation. All the isolates were identified using API 20E kits and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The in vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) was investigated using the disk diffusion method. Detection of antibiotic resistance and virulence gene makers was conducted using RT-PCR. RESULTS In total, 24 Salmonella species were identified. All the isolates were non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates. None of the isolates screened was S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi. Most of the isolates were susceptible to imipenem, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and gentamycin, while a high level of resistance to all cephalosporins, penicillin, and some carbapenems was observed. In total, 79.2% (19/24) of the Salmonella isolates harboured the blaCTX-M variant including 54.2% (13/24) blaCTX-M-9 and 12.5% (3/24) blaCTX-M-15, while co-habitation of blaCTX-M-9 and blaCTX-M-15 was observed in 12.5% (3/24) of the isolates, respectively. None of the isolates harboured quinolone-resistant qnrB19 gene and virulence gene stn. However, invA gene was present in 66.7% (16/24) of all isolates. CONCLUSIONS This study is considered the first report of blaCTX-M-9 and blaCTX-M-15 variants in Salmonella species in Nigeria. The continued existence of cefotaximase (CTX-M)-producing Salmonella within our environment calls for the prudent use of cephalosporins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher O. Fakorede
- grid.411276.70000 0001 0725 8811Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Lagos State University, Lasu Post Office, Ojo, P.O. Box 0001, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Kehinde O. Amisu
- grid.411276.70000 0001 0725 8811Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Lagos State University, Lasu Post Office, Ojo, P.O. Box 0001, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Morteza Saki
- grid.411230.50000 0000 9296 6873Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran ,grid.411230.50000 0000 9296 6873Infectious Ophthalmologic Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital Clinical Research Development Unit, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kabiru O. Akinyemi
- grid.411276.70000 0001 0725 8811Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Lagos State University, Lasu Post Office, Ojo, P.O. Box 0001, Lagos, Nigeria
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Development and Characterization of a Luminescence-Based High-Throughput Serum Bactericidal Assay (L-SBA) to Assess Bactericidal Activity of Human Sera against Nontyphoidal Salmonella. Methods Protoc 2022; 5:mps5060100. [PMID: 36548142 PMCID: PMC9783057 DOI: 10.3390/mps5060100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis are leading causative agents of invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease, which represents one of the major causes of death and morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa, still partially underestimated. Large sero-epidemiological studies are necessary to unravel the burden of disease and guide the introduction of vaccines that are not yet available. Even if no correlate of protection has been determined so far for iNTS, the evaluation of complement-mediated functionality of antibodies generated towards natural infection or elicited upon vaccination may represent a big step towards this achievement. Here we present the setup and the intra-laboratory characterization in terms of repeatability, intermediate precision, linearity, and specificity of a high-throughput luminescence-based serum bactericidal assay (L-SBA). This method could be useful to perform sero-epidemiological studies across iNTS endemic countries and for evaluation of antibodies raised against iNTS vaccine candidates in upcoming clinical trials.
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Facile synthesis of silver-zinc oxide nanocomposites using Curcuma longa extract and its in vitro antimicrobial efficacy against multi-drug resistant pathogens of public health importance. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.110356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Souza SSR, Turcotte MR, Li J, Zhang X, Wolfe KL, Gao F, Benton CS, Andam CP. Population analysis of heavy metal and biocide resistance genes in Salmonella enterica from human clinical cases in New Hampshire, United States. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:983083. [PMID: 36338064 PMCID: PMC9626534 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.983083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes frequently encounter heavy metals and other toxic compounds generated from natural biogeochemical processes and anthropogenic activities. Here, we analyzed the prevalence and association of genes conferring resistance to heavy metals, biocides, and antimicrobial compounds in 394 genome sequences of clinical human-derived S. enterica from New Hampshire, USA. The most prevalent was the gold operon (gesABC-golTSB), which was present in 99.2% of the genomes. In contrast, the other five heavy metal operons (arsenic, copper, mercury, silver, tellurite) were present in 0.76% (3/394)–5.58% (22/394) of the total population. The heavy metal operons and three biocide resistance genes were differentially distributed across 15 sequence types (STs) and 16 serotypes. The number of heavy metal operons and biocide resistance genes per genome was significantly associated with high number of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes per genome. Notable is the mercury operon which exhibited significant association with genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, diaminopyrimidine, sulfonamide, and fosfomycin. The mercury operon was co-located with the AMR genes aac(3)-IV, ant(3”)-IIa, aph(3’)-Ia, and aph(4)-Ia, CTX-M-65, dfrA14, sul1, and fosA3 genes within the same plasmid types. Lastly, we found evidence for negative selection of individual genes of each heavy metal operon and the biocide resistance genes (dN/dS < 1). Our study highlights the need for continued surveillance of S. enterica serotypes that carry those genes that confer resistance to heavy metals and biocides that are often associated with mobile AMR genes. The selective pressures imposed by heavy metals and biocides on S. enterica may contribute to the co-selection and spread of AMR in human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S. R. Souza
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Stephanie S. R. Souza, ; orcid.org/0000-0002-4207-8231
| | - Madison R. Turcotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Jinfeng Li
- New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH, United States
| | - Xinglu Zhang
- New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH, United States
| | - Kristin L. Wolfe
- New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH, United States
| | - Fengxiang Gao
- New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH, United States
| | | | - Cheryl P. Andam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
- Cheryl P. Andam, ; orcid.org/0000-0003-4428-0924
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Clinical Features, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Serogroups of Nontyphoidal Salmonella Isolated From Infants Less Than 3 Months Old in the Recent Decade. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2022; 41:813-818. [PMID: 35939611 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic treatment is indicated for infants with nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) enterocolitis. However, whether antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a problem among young infants is unknown. This study investigated the characteristics of NTS infections in young infants. METHODS Infants less than 3 months old with NTS infections were enrolled and grouped into 2 cohorts (diagnosed 2010-2015 or 2016-2021). Salmonella isolated from blood or cerebrospinal fluid was defined as invasive NTS (iNTS). The clinical features, AMR and serogroups were compared between cohorts. RESULTS In total, 102 young infants had NTS infections, 6.9% of which were iNTS. Infants with iNTS infections were younger, hospitalized longer, and received longer antibiotic courses. More than half of cases of iNTS were resistant to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone and greater than or equal to 3 antibiotics. iNTS was mainly observed in Salmonella groups C2 and E. Over the past decade, group B (44%), group E (26%) and group C2 (16%) have been the most common serogroups. NTS significantly increased AMR to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and greater than or equal to 3 antibiotics. Both multidrug resistance and extensive drug resistance in NTS also significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS The serogroups varied with time, and the main causes of iNTS, groups C2 and E, increased over the past decade. The prevalence of AMR also increased, especially for iNTS. Given the low iNTS rate and high AMR, routine antibiotic use among infants with NTS infections between 1 and 3 months old should be reconsidered. Further large-scale research is required to formulate therapeutic strategies.
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Yang C, Chen K, Ye L, Heng H, Chan EWC, Chen S. Genetic and drug susceptibility profiles of mcr-1-bearing foodborne Salmonella strains collected in Shenzhen, China during the period 2014-2017. Microbiol Res 2022; 265:127211. [PMID: 36191468 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Colistin resistance mediated by mcr-1-bearing plasmids poses a new challenge to treatment of Salmonella infections. To probe the scale of the problem that colistin resistance mediated by mcr-1 plasmids among Salmonella, the prevalence of mcr-1 in foodborne Salmonella recovered from 2014 to 2017 in Shenzhen, China and genetic profile of mcr-1 positive isolates were investigated. All mcr-1 positives Salmonella strains were collected from food products, characterized by PCR and MALDI-TOF, and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, whole-genome sequencing, bioinformatics analysis, and conjugation. Twenty-eight mcr-1-positive Salmonella strains were recovered from pork. The rate of recovery displayed an increasing trend and was often accompanied by multidrug resistance. Salmonella Typhimurium was the most prevalent serotypes. Comparative genomic analysis indicated that the mcr-1 gene was located on the transferable IncX4 plasmids, as well as the IncHI2 plasmids, in which the gene was associated with ISApl1. All two types of plasmids were often detected in zoonotic pathogen. Transferable 251K mcr-1-bearing IncHI2 type plasmids were frequently reported in human and food-producing animals, but this is first time to detect a certain number in food. These findings show that dissemination of these two types of plasmids is responsible for the increase in the prevalence of colistin resistance in Salmonella strains in recent years, leading to rapid emergence of MDR Salmonella upon acquisition of these two mcr-1-bearing plasmids. Transmission of IncX4 and IncHI2 plasmids in Salmonella would cause huge public health concerns in controlling foodborne infections caused by Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kaichao Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lianwei Ye
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Heng Heng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Edward Wai Chi Chan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; State Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Falay D, Hardy L, Tanzito J, Lunguya O, Bonebe E, Peeters M, Mattheus W, Van Geet C, Verheyen E, Akaibe D, Katuala P, Ngbonda D, Weill FX, Pardos de la Gandara M, Jacobs J. Urban rats as carriers of invasive Salmonella Typhimurium sequence type 313, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010740. [PMID: 36067238 PMCID: PMC9481155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS–mainly serotypes Enteritidis and Typhimurium) are major causes of bloodstream infections in children in sub-Saharan Africa, but their reservoir remains unknown. We assessed iNTS carriage in rats in an urban setting endemic for iNTS carriage and compared genetic profiles of iNTS from rats with those isolated from humans. Methodology/Principal findings From April 2016 to December 2018, rats were trapped in five marketplaces and a slaughterhouse in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo. After euthanasia, blood, liver, spleen, and rectal content were cultured for Salmonella. Genetic relatedness between iNTS from rats and humans—obtained from blood cultures at Kisangani University Hospital—was assessed with multilocus variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA), multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and core-genome MLST (cgMLST). 1650 live-capture traps yielded 566 (34.3%) rats (95.6% Rattus norvegicus, 4.4% Rattus rattus); 46 (8.1%) of them carried Salmonella, of which 13 had more than one serotype. The most common serotypes were II.42:r:- (n = 18 rats), Kapemba (n = 12), Weltevreden and Typhimurium (n = 10, each), and Dublin (n = 8). Salmonella Typhimurium belonged to MLST ST19 (n = 7 rats) and the invasive ST313 (n = 3, isolated from deep organs but not from rectal content). Sixteen human S. Typhimurium isolates (all ST313) were available for comparison: MLVA and cgMLST revealed two distinct rat-human clusters involving both six human isolates, respectively, i.e. in total 12/16 human ST313 isolates. All ST313 Typhimurium isolates from rats and humans clustered with the ST313 Lineage 2 isolates and most were multidrug resistant; the remaining isolates from rats including S. Typhimurium ST19 were pan-susceptible. Conclusion The present study provides evidence of urban rats as potential reservoirs of S. Typhimurium ST313 in an iNTS endemic area in sub-Saharan Africa. Dadi (°1974, DR Congo) is a Medical Doctor (Kisangani University 2005) with a master in pediatrics (Kisangani University 2015) with special interest in infectious diseases and tropical medicine. He has 11 years of field research experience. He was team member of scientific expedition “Boyekoli Ebale Congo” in 2010 as medical support for the researchers. He conducted work field in a multidisciplinary framework with biologists from faculty of sciences (university of Kisangani) exploring zoonotic diseases in several places in the Congo. Currently, he is doing his PhD research at KU Leuven and Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp (ITM), Belgium. Passionate about transmissible diseases, Dadi is exploring the potential reservoirs of non-typhoidal Salmonella in Kisangani, DR Congo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dadi Falay
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Kisangani, Kisangani, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Liselotte Hardy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Jacques Tanzito
- Biodiversity Monitoring Center (Centre de Surveillance de la Biodiversité, CSB), Faculty of Science, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Octavie Lunguya
- Department of Medical Biology, National Institute for Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Department of Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Edmonde Bonebe
- Department of Medical Biology, National Institute for Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Marjan Peeters
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wesley Mattheus
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Humans, Bacterial Diseases, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chris Van Geet
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and Pediatrics, KU Leuven and University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik Verheyen
- OD Taxonomy & Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
- Evolutionary Ecology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dudu Akaibe
- Biodiversity Monitoring Center (Centre de Surveillance de la Biodiversité, CSB), Faculty of Science, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Pionus Katuala
- Biodiversity Monitoring Center (Centre de Surveillance de la Biodiversité, CSB), Faculty of Science, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Dauly Ngbonda
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Kisangani, Kisangani, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - François-Xavier Weill
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité des bactéries pathogènes entériques, Paris, France
| | | | - Jan Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Mattock J, Smith AM, Keddy KH, Manners EJ, Duze ST, Smouse S, Tau N, Baker D, Chattaway MA, Mather AE, Wain J, Langridge GC. Genetic characterization of Salmonella Infantis from South Africa, 2004-2016. Access Microbiol 2022; 4:acmi000371. [PMID: 36003217 PMCID: PMC9394735 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Infantis is presenting an increasing risk to public health. Of particular concern are the reports of pESI, a multidrug resistance (MDR) encoding megaplasmid, in isolates from multiple countries, but little is known about its presence or diversity in South Africa. Whole genome sequences of 387 S. Infantis isolates from South Africa (2004-2020) were analysed for genetic phylogeny, recombination frequency, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants, plasmid presence and overall gene content. The population structure of South African S. Infantis was substantially different to S. Infantis reported elsewhere; only two thirds of isolates belonged to eBG31, while the remainder were identified as eBG297, a much rarer group globally. Significantly higher levels of recombination were observed in the eBG297 isolates, which was associated with the presence of prophages. The majority of isolates were putatively susceptible to antimicrobials (335/387) and lacked any plasmids (311/387); the megaplasmid pESI was present in just one isolate. A larger proportion of eBG31 isolates, 19% (49/263), contained at least one AMR determinant, compared to eBG297 at 2% (3/124). Comparison of the pan-genomes of isolates from either eBG identified 943 genes significantly associated with eBG, with 43 found exclusively in eBG31 isolates and 34 in eBG297 isolates. This, along with the single nucleotide polymorphism distance and difference in resistance profiles, suggests that eBG31 and eBG297 isolates occupy different niches within South Africa. If antibiotic-resistant S. Infantis emerges in South Africa, probably through the spread of the pESI plasmid, treatment of this infection would be compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Mattock
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,Present address: The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anthony M Smith
- Centre for Enteric Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Emma J Manners
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,Present address: European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, UK
| | - Sanelisiwe T Duze
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shannon Smouse
- Centre for Enteric Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nomsa Tau
- Centre for Enteric Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - David Baker
- Microbes in the Food Chain, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - Marie Anne Chattaway
- Gastrointestinal Bacteriology Reference Unit, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Alison E Mather
- Microbes in the Food Chain, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - John Wain
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,Microbes in the Food Chain, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - Gemma C Langridge
- Microbes in the Food Chain, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
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Genetic and Structural Variation in the O-Antigen of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Isolates Causing Bloodstream Infections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. mBio 2022; 13:e0037422. [PMID: 35862803 PMCID: PMC9426603 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00374-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium causes a devastating burden of invasive disease in sub-Saharan Africa with high levels of antimicrobial resistance. No licensed vaccine is available, but O-antigen-based candidates are in development, as the O-antigen moiety of lipopolysaccharides is the principal target of protective immunity. The vaccines under development are designed based on isolates with O-antigen O-acetylated at position C-2 of abequose, giving the O:5 antigen. Serotyping data on recent Salmonella Typhimurium clinical isolates from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), however, indicate increasing levels of isolates without O:5. The importance and distribution of this loss of O:5 antigen in the population as well as the genetic mechanism responsible for the loss and chemical characteristics of the O-antigen are poorly understood. In this study, we Illumina whole-genome sequenced 354 Salmonella Typhimurium isolates from the DRC, which were isolated between 2002 and 2017. We used genomics and phylogenetics combined with chemical approaches (1H nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR], high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection [HPAEC-PAD], high-performance liquid chromatography–PAD [HPLC-PAD], and HPLC-size exclusion chromatography [HPLC-SEC]) to characterize the O-antigen features within the bacterial population. We observed convergent evolution toward the loss of the O:5 epitope predominantly caused by recombination events in a single gene, the O-acetyltransferase gene oafA. In addition, we observe further O-antigen variations, including O-acetylation of the rhamnose residue, different levels of glucosylation, and the absence of O-antigen repeating units. Large recombination events underlying O-antigen variation were resolved using long-read MinION sequencing. Our study suggests evolutionary pressure toward O-antigen variants in a region where invasive disease by Salmonella Typhimurium is highly endemic. This needs to be taken into account when developing O-antigen-based vaccines, as it might impact the breadth of coverage in such regions.
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Ji HJ, Jang AY, Song JY, Ahn KB, Han SH, Bang SJ, Jung HK, Hur J, Seo HS. Development of Live Attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium Vaccine Strain Using Radiation Mutation Enhancement Technology (R-MET). Front Immunol 2022; 13:931052. [PMID: 35898510 PMCID: PMC9310569 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.931052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a leading cause of food-borne diseases in humans worldwide, resulting in severe morbidity and mortality. They are carried asymptomatically in the intestine or gallbladder of livestock, and are transmitted predominantly from animals to humans via the fecal-oral route. Thus, the best preventive strategy is to preemptively prevent transmission to humans by vaccinating livestock. Live attenuated vaccines have been mostly favored because they elicit both cellular and humoral immunity and provide long-term protective immunity. However, developing these vaccines is a laborious and time-consuming process. Therefore, most live attenuated vaccines have been mainly used for phenotypic screening using the auxotrophic replica plate method, and new types of vaccines have not been sufficiently explored. In this study, we used Radiation-Mutation Enhancement Technology (R-MET) to introduce a wide variety of mutations and attenuate the virulence of Salmonella spp. to develop live vaccine strains. The Salmonella Typhimurium, ST454 strain (ST WT) was irradiated with Cobalt60 gamma-irradiator at 1.5 kGy for 1 h to maximize the mutation rate, and attenuated daughter colonies were screened using in vitro macrophage replication capacity and in vivo mouse infection assays. Among 30 candidates, ATOMSal-L6, with 9,961-fold lower virulence than the parent strain (ST454) in the mouse LD50 model, was chosen. This vaccine candidate was mutated at 71 sites, and in particular, lost one bacteriophage. As a vaccine, ATOMSal-L6 induced a Salmonella-specific IgG response to provide effective protective immunity upon intramuscular vaccination of mice. Furthermore, when mice and sows were orally immunized with ATOMSal-L6, we found a strong protective immune response, including multifunctional cellular immunity. These results indicate that ATOMSal-L6 is the first live vaccine candidate to be developed using R-MET, to the best of our knowledge. R-MET can be used as a fast and effective live vaccine development technology that can be used to develop vaccine strains against emerging or serotype-shifting pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Ji
- Research Division for Radiation Science, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, South Korea
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute (DRI), School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - A-Yeung Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joon Young Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki Bum Ahn
- Research Division for Radiation Science, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute (DRI), School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seok Jin Bang
- Research and Development Center, HONGCHEON CTCVAC Co., Ltd., Hongcheon, South Korea
| | - Ho Kyoung Jung
- Research and Development Center, HONGCHEON CTCVAC Co., Ltd., Hongcheon, South Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jin Hur, ; Ho Seong Seo,
| | - Ho Seong Seo
- Research Division for Radiation Science, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, South Korea
- Department of Radiation Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jin Hur, ; Ho Seong Seo,
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Almohayya T, Alhabshan H, Alhouri L, Al Hennawi H, Alshehri A. The Uncommons: A Case of Pancreatitis and Hepatitis Complicating Salmonella Infection. Cureus 2022; 14:e26422. [PMID: 35911340 PMCID: PMC9336206 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.26422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella typhi infection can be associated with serious complications, ranging from self-limited to fulminant organ damage. In particular, liver and pancreatic damage may complicate the course of infection resulting in devastating outcomes. Enteric fever encompasses a tropical disease caused by Salmonellaspecies and can be associated with high morbidity and mortality. Invasive infection rarely presents with acute hepatitis and pancreatitis. Early recognition of associated clinical conundrums can improve prognosis in affected patients. Here, we present a case of acute hepatitis and pancreatitis in an otherwise healthy child.
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Tack B, Phoba MF, Thong P, Lompo P, Hupko C, Desmet S, Martiny D, Mattheus W, De La Gandara MP, Mbuyi-Kalonji L, Kuijpers L, Prevost B, Barbé B, Vandenberg O, Lunguya O, Ruiz J, Jacobs J, Hardy L. Epidemiological cut-off value and antibiotic susceptibility test methods for azithromycin in a collection of multi-country invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella. Clin Microbiol Infect 2022; 28:1615-1623. [PMID: 35738320 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Azithromycin is an alternative to treat invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) infections. We determined its epidemiological cut-off (ECOFF) and compared azithromycin susceptibility testing methods for iNTS. METHODS We used EUCAST ECOFFinder to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC; obtained by broth microdilution) ECOFF and corresponding disk zone diameters of 515 iNTS from blood cultures in DR Congo, Burkina Faso, Rwanda, and Cambodia. Transferable resistance mechanisms were determined by polymerase chain reaction. We compared azithromycin susceptibility testing by semi-automated broth microdilution (customized Sensititre panel; reference), agar dilution, gradient tests (bioMérieux, Liofilchem, HiMedia; read at 80% (MIC80%) and 100% inhibition (MIC100%)) and disk diffusion (Rosco, Oxoid, BD, Liofilchem) for 161 wild and 198 non-wild type iNTS. RESULTS Azithromycin MIC ECOFF was 16 mg/l corresponding to a 12mm zone diameter; mphA was detected in 192/197 non-wild and 0/47 wild type iNTS. Categorical agreement was excellent (≥98%) for all methods. Essential agreement was very good for agar dilution (>90%), but moderate for gradient tests (MIC80%: 52 - 71% and MIC100%: 72 - 91%). Repeatability was good for all methods/brands. Interreader agreement was high for broth microdilution and agar dilution (all ≤1 twofold dilution difference) and disk diffusion (>96% ≤3mm difference), but lower for gradient tests (MIC80% & MIC100%: 83 - 94% ≤1 twofold dilution difference). CONCLUSIONS Azithromycin ECOFF of iNTS was 16 mg/l, i.e. equal to Salmonella Typhi. Disk diffusion is an accurate, precise, and user-friendly alternatives for agar dilution and broth microdilution. Reading gradient tests at 100% instead of 80% inhibition improved accuracy and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bieke Tack
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine - Antwerp Belgium; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven - Leuven Belgium.
| | - Marie-France Phoba
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute for Biomedical Research - Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo; Department of Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital of Kinshasa - Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Phe Thong
- Sihanouk Hospital Center of Hope - Phnom Penh Cambodia
| | | | | | - Stefanie Desmet
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven - Leuven Belgium; Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven - Leuven Belgium
| | - Delphine Martiny
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratoire des Hôpitaux Universitaires de Bruxelles - Universitaire Laboratorium Brussel (LHUB-ULB) - Bruxelles Belgium; Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, Université de Mons (UMONS), Mons, Belgium
| | - Wesley Mattheus
- Division of Human Bacterial Diseases, Sciensano - Uccle Belgium
| | - Maria Pardos De La Gandara
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Unité des Bactéries pathogènes entériques, Centre National de Référence des E. coli,Shigella et Salmonella - Paris France
| | - Lisette Mbuyi-Kalonji
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute for Biomedical Research - Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo; Department of Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital of Kinshasa - Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Laura Kuijpers
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center - Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Benoit Prevost
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratoire des Hôpitaux Universitaires de Bruxelles - Universitaire Laboratorium Brussel (LHUB-ULB) - Bruxelles Belgium
| | - Barbara Barbé
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine - Antwerp Belgium
| | - Olivier Vandenberg
- Center for Environmental Health and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles - Brussels Belgium; Innovation and Business Development Unit, Laboratoire des Hôpitaux Universitaires de Bruxelles - Universitaire Laboratorium Brussel (LHUB-ULB) - Bruxelles Belgium; Division of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London - London United Kingdom
| | - Octavie Lunguya
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute for Biomedical Research - Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo; Department of Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital of Kinshasa - Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Joaquim Ruiz
- Grupo de Investigación en Dinámicas y Epidemiología de la Resistencia a Antimicrobianos - "One Health", Universidad Cientifica del Sur - Lima Peru
| | - Jan Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine - Antwerp Belgium; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven - Leuven Belgium
| | - Liselotte Hardy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine - Antwerp Belgium
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Bashar S, Das A, Erdem S, Hafeez W, Ismail R. Severe Gastroenteritis From Giardia lamblia and Salmonella Saintpaul Co-Infection Causing Acute Renal Failure. Cureus 2022; 14:e25288. [PMID: 35755560 PMCID: PMC9221781 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.25288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Unni V, Abishad P, Prasastha Ram V, Niveditha P, Yasur J, John L, Prejit N, Juliet S, Latha C, Vergis J, Kurkure NV, Barbuddhe SB, Rawool DB. Green synthesis, and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Piper longum catkin extract and its in vitro antimicrobial activity against multi-drug-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. INORG NANO-MET CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/24701556.2022.2078356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Unni
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, India
| | - Padikkamannil Abishad
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, India
| | | | | | | | - Lijo John
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, India
| | - Nambiar Prejit
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, India
| | - Sanis Juliet
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, India
| | - C. Latha
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, India
| | - Jess Vergis
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, India
| | - Nitin Vasantrao Kurkure
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur, India
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Marchello CS, Birkhold M, Crump JA, Martin LB, Ansah MO, Breghi G, Canals R, Fiorino F, Gordon MA, Kim JH, Hamaluba M, Hanumunthadu B, Jacobs J, Kariuki S, Malvolti S, Mantel C, Marks F, Medaglini D, Mogasale V, Msefula CL, Muthumbi E, Niyrenda TS, Onsare R, Owusu-Dabo E, Pettini E, Ramasamy MN, Soura BA, Spadafina T, Tack B. Complications and mortality of non-typhoidal salmonella invasive disease: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. THE LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 22:692-705. [PMID: 35114140 PMCID: PMC9021030 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00615-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Wilson CN, Chunga A, Masesa C, Denis B, Silungwe N, Bilima S, Galloway H, Gordon M, Feasey NA. Incidence of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella in Blantyre, Malawi between January 2011-December 2019. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 7:143. [PMID: 37153453 PMCID: PMC10160792 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17754.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (MLW) has undertaken sentinel surveillance of bloodstream infection and meningitis at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (QECH), Blantyre, Malawi for 20 years. Previously, three epidemics of Salmonella bloodstream infection have been identified. Here we provide updated surveillance data on invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella disease from 2011 – 2019. Methods: Surveillance data describing trends in invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella disease and associated antimicrobial susceptibility profiles are presented for the period January 2011 – December 2019. Results: Between January 2011-December 2019, 128,588 blood cultures and 40,769 cerebrospinal fluid cultures were processed at MLW. Overall, 1.00% of these were positive for S. Typhimurium, 0.10% for S. Enteritidis, and 0.05% positive for other Salmonella species. Estimated minimum incidence of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease decreased from 21/100,000 per year in 2011 to 7/100,000 per year in 2019. Over this period, 26 confirmed cases of Salmonella meningitis were recorded (88.5% S. Typhimurium). Between 2011-2019 there was a substantial decrease in proportion of S. Typhimurium (78.5% to 27.7%) and S. Enteritidis (31.8% in 2011 to 0%) that were multidrug-resistant. Resistance to fluoroquinolones and third-generation generation cephalosporins (3GC) remained uncommon, however 3GC increased amongst Salmonella spp. and S. Typhimurium in the latter part of the period. Conclusions: The total number of iNTS bloodstream infections decreased between 2011-2019. Although the number multidrug resistance (MDR) S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis isolates has fallen, the number of MDR isolates of other Salmonella spp. has increased, including 3GC isolates.
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One Health Perspective of Salmonella Serovars in South Africa Using Pooled Prevalence: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Microbiol 2022; 2022:8952669. [PMID: 35498396 PMCID: PMC9046003 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8952669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a bacterium that is commonly associated with food-borne infections and is regarded as one of the most important pathogens in public health. Salmonella serovars, particularly Typhimurium and Enteritidis, which are widely distributed globally, mainly result in outbreaks commonly linked to the consumption of animal products. This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting the prevalence of Salmonella serovars from one health perspective that included human, environmental, and animal samples in South Africa. PubMed, ScienceDirect, African Journals Online, and Scopus databases were used to conduct extensive searches of articles which were ultimately included or excluded following the Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. According to the data obtained in this review, the overall pooled prevalence estimates (PPE) of Salmonella serovars detection were 79.6%, 61.6%, 56.5%, and 43.2% for human, environment, animal, and environment/animal samples in South Africa, respectively. The majority of the studies (50%) used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique for the detection of Salmonella serovars, followed by culture methods (26.7%), while 20% used serotyping. The PPE for nontyphoidal Salmonellae (NTS) was 65.6% and 34.4% for Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis, respectively. Our data further shows that 3 serovars, namely, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Enteriditis, and Salmonella Hadar, have been isolated from animals, humans, and the environment in South Africa. Our results highlight the ongoing spread of Salmonella spp. especially on animals which might end up infecting humans via direct contact with infected animals or eating infected animal products. This calls for deliberate “One Health” epidemiological studies in order to document information on the transmission between humans, animals, and the environment. This will ultimately result in the formulation of a consolidated salmonellosis control policy by the environmental, human, and veterinary health sectors.
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Taliha MD, Balti E, Maillart E, Leemans S, Taghavi M, Carausu SA, Sanoussi S, Mahadeb B, Clevenbergh P. Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella infection complicated by metastatic infections: report of three cases. IDCases 2022; 28:e01498. [PMID: 35479107 PMCID: PMC9036139 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2022.e01498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) disease is usually a self-limiting infection presenting with digestive symptoms. However, disseminated presentation with involvement of secondary infectious sites is observed. We report diagnostic specificities and challenges related to the management of three patients with invasive NTS (iNTS) and secondary infectious locations. Among the seven patients (age range 46 – 83 years), four (two with extra-digestive infectious sites) had at least one immune debilitating condition. Two patients were incidentally discovered with iNTS and deceased after developing a septic shock despite antimicrobial treatment. Two individuals recovered under medical treatment without complications. Three other patients presented with secondary infectious sites. Case 1 suffered from urinary tract infection and dorsolumbar spondylodiscitis that responded well to antimicrobials and surgery. Abdominal prosthetic aortic aneurysm was diagnosed in case 2 and medical treatment only was applied. After four years of follow-up, he remains under antimicrobial treatment. Case 3 presented with conjoint thoracic aortic aneurysm and cutaneous abscesses managed with antimicrobials and surgery. Atherosclerosis and previous vascular intervention were the predisposing events for vascular involvement. iNTS is a serious disease carrying a high risk of mortality or secondary locations. Secondary locations can be managed by long duration antimicrobial therapy combined with surgery. Spine and aortitis are the most frequent secondary locations. Multi-drug resistant NTS represent an additional risk of mortality. Public health measures should be implemented to limit the spread of NTS to humans and the emergence of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Dumitru Taliha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Brugmann University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eric Balti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brugmann University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
- Corresponding author.
| | - Evelyne Maillart
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Unit, Brugmann University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sophie Leemans
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Unit, Brugmann University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maxime Taghavi
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Unit, Brugmann University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sergiu-Andrei Carausu
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Saint-Luc University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Said Sanoussi
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Brugmann, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bhavna Mahadeb
- Department of Microbiology, Universitair Laboratorium Brussel (LHUB-ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Clevenbergh
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Unit, Brugmann University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
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Holohan N, Wallat M, Hai Yen Luu T, Clark E, Truong DTQ, Xuan SD, Vu HTK, Van Truong D, Tran Huy H, Nguyen-Viet H, Unger F, Thi Thanh Dang S, Stabler RA. Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance in Non-typhoidal Salmonella Collected From Pork Retail Outlets and Slaughterhouses in Vietnam Using Whole Genome Sequencing. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:816279. [PMID: 35425826 PMCID: PMC9002014 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.816279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal salmonella (TS) remains a significant health burden worldwide. In Vietnam, pork accounts for 70% of the total meat consumed, and contamination with Salmonella is high. High levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) have emerged among porcine NTS and of particular concern is the emergence of colistin resistance, a “last defense” antibioic against multi-drug resistant (MDR) Gram-negative pathogens. This study aimed to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility of 69 NTS isolates collected from the pork retail outlets and slaughterhouses in Vietnam during 2014 a nd 2018/19. Phenotypic testing and whole genome sequencing was used to assess the serotype and AMR gene profiles of the 69 NTS isolates. Seventeen different serotypes were identified, of which S. enterica subsp enterica serotype Typhimurium was the most common followed by S. ser. Rissen, S. ser. London, S. ser. Anatum, and S. ser. Derby. Phenotype AMR was common with 41 (59.4%) isolates deemed MDR. MDR strains were most common in slaughterhouses (83%) and supermarkets (75%) and lowest in traditional markets (38%) and convenience stores (40%). Colistin resistance was identified in 18 strains (15 resistant, three intermediate) with mcr-1 identified in seven isolates (S. ser. Meleagridis, S. Rissen, S. Derby) and mcr-3 in two isolates (S. Typhimurium). This includes the first mcr positive S. Meleagridis to our knowledge. Surprisingly, boutique stores had high levels (60%) of MDR isolates including 5/20 isolates with mcr-1. This study demonstrates that pork from modern retail stores classed as supermarkets or boutique (with pork claiming to be high quality, traceable, environmentally friendly marketed toward higher income consumers) still contained NTS with high levels of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Holohan
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maximilian Wallat
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thi Hai Yen Luu
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Veterinary Research (NIVR), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Eleanor Clark
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Duong Thi Quy Truong
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Veterinary Research (NIVR), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Sinh Dang Xuan
- International Livestock Research Institute, Regional Office for East and Southeast Asia, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hue Thi Kim Vu
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, National Institute of Veterinary Research (NIVR), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dung Van Truong
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, National Institute of Veterinary Research (NIVR), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Tran Huy
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hung Nguyen-Viet
- International Livestock Research Institute, Regional Office for East and Southeast Asia, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Fred Unger
- International Livestock Research Institute, Regional Office for East and Southeast Asia, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Son Thi Thanh Dang
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, National Institute of Veterinary Research (NIVR), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Richard A. Stabler
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Richard A. Stabler
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Hengkrawit K, Tangjade C. Prevalence and Trends in Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Multi-Drug-Resistance Non-Typhoidal Salmonella in Central Thailand, 2012–2019. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:1305-1315. [PMID: 35378891 PMCID: PMC8976529 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s355213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Multi-drug resistance of non-typhoidal Salmonella (MDR-NTS) is an increasing threat worldwide. In Thailand, data for the past decade is limited. This research is to determine the prevalence and trends of nonsusceptibility patterns of the bacteria, especially to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Methods This retrospective study was extracted data of patients who had non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection, from 10 hospitals between June 2011 and June 2020. Demographic data, culture reports, and antimicrobial susceptibility were included in the analysis. Results A total of 433 patients were identified. The most common age group was less than 15 years old (53.6%), with a median age of 12 years (IQR 57–4). Of these people, 61.1% had gastroenteritis and 36.7% had bacteremia. The most prevalent serogroups was C (28.6%). MDR-NTS rate was 52.8% (95% CI 39–44). The resistant rates were 43%, 32.8%, 22.8%, 6.7%, 4%, 0.45%, 0.45% for sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefotaxime, ampicillin/sulbactam, piperacillin/tazobactam, imipenem and meropenem retrospectively. Resistant rates have been increasing, especially for ciprofloxacin (30%), which rose from 16.6% in 2011–2015 to 39.5% in 2016–2020 (prevalence rate ratio (PRR) 2.4,95% CI 1.51–3.72) and for ceftriaxone 25.4% which rose from 16.1% to 32% (PRR 2 95% CI 1.24–3.16). Ampicillin, norfloxacin, tetracycline, amikacin, gentamicin, and ceftazidime remained static at 62.3%, 49.5%, 33.2%, 15.2%, 8.8%, 2.8%, respectively. Conclusion The prevalence of MDR-NTS has been increasing over the past decade, particularly those strains which demonstrate resistance to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Finding successful treatment requires a comprehensive selection of proper antimicrobials as well as close monitoring, especially in cases with severe infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitchawan Hengkrawit
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Panyananthaphikkhu Chonprathan Medical Center, Srinakarinwirot University, Nonthaburi, Thailand
- Correspondence: Kitchawan Hengkrawit, Pediatric Infectious Disease unit, Department of Pediatrics, Panyananthaphikkhu Chonprathan Medical Center, Srinakarinwirot University, P.O.Box: 222 Moo 1, Tiwanon Road, Pak Kret, Nonthaburi, 11120, Thailand, Tel +66 2 502 2345, Fax +662 502-2305, Email
| | - Chidchanok Tangjade
- Pediatrics Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Panyananthaphikkhu Chonprathan Medical Center, Srinakarinwirot University, Nonthaburi, Thailand
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Walusansa A, Asiimwe S, Nakavuma JL, Ssenku JE, Katuura E, Kafeero HM, Aruhomukama D, Nabatanzi A, Anywar G, Tugume AK, Kakudidi EK. Antibiotic-resistance in medically important bacteria isolated from commercial herbal medicines in Africa from 2000 to 2021: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2022; 11:11. [PMID: 35063036 PMCID: PMC8781441 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-022-01054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial resistance is swiftly increasing all over the world. In Africa, it manifests more in pathogenic bacteria in form of antibiotic resistance (ABR). On this continent, bacterial contamination of commonly used herbal medicine (HM) is on the increase, but information about antimicrobial resistance in these contaminants is limited due to fragmented studies. Here, we analyzed research that characterized ABR in pathogenic bacteria isolated from HM in Africa since 2000; to generate a comprehensive understanding of the drug-resistant bacterial contamination burden in this region. Methods The study was conducted according to standards of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA). We searched for articles from 12 databases. These were: PubMed, Science Direct, Scifinder scholar, Google scholar, HerbMed, Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau Abstracts, African Journal Online, and Biological Abstracts. Prevalence and ABR traits of bacterial isolates, Cochran’s Q test, and the I2 statistic for heterogeneity were evaluated using MedCalcs software. A random-effects model was used to determine the pooled prevalence of ABR traits. The potential sources of heterogeneity were examined through sensitivity analysis, subgroup analysis, and meta-regression at a 95% level of significance. Findings Eighteen studies met our inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of bacterial resistance to at least one conventional drug was 86.51% (95% CI = 61.247–99.357%). The studies were highly heterogeneous (I2 = 99.17%; p < 0.0001), with no evidence of publication bias. The most prevalent multidrug-resistant species was Escherichia coli (24.0%). The most highly resisted drug was Ceftazidime with a pooled prevalence of 95.10% (95% CI = 78.51–99.87%), while the drug-class was 3rd generation cephalosporins; 91.64% (95% CI = 78.64–96.73%). None of the eligible studies tested isolates for Carbapenem resistance. Extended Spectrum β-lactamase genes were detected in 89 (37.2%) isolates, mostly Salmonella spp., Proteus vulgaris, and K. pneumonia. Resistance plasmids were found in 6 (5.8%) isolates; the heaviest plasmid weighed 23,130 Kilobases, and Proteus vulgaris harbored the majority (n = 5; 83.3%). Conclusions Herbal medicines in Africa harbor bacterial contaminants which are highly resistant to conventional medicines. This points to a potential treatment failure when these contaminants are involved in diseases causation. More research on this subject is recommended, to fill the evidence gaps and support the formation of collaborative quality control mechanisms for the herbal medicine industry in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Walusansa
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. .,Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Islamic University in Uganda, P. O. Box 2555, Kampala, Uganda. .,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Busitema University, Mbale, Uganda.
| | - Savina Asiimwe
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jesca L Nakavuma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jamilu E Ssenku
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Esther Katuura
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hussein M Kafeero
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Islamic University in Uganda, P. O. Box 2555, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dickson Aruhomukama
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alice Nabatanzi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Godwin Anywar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Arthur K Tugume
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Esezah K Kakudidi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Tiew WT, Janapatla RP, Chang YJ, Chen YC, Yang HP, Su LH, Chen CL, Chiu CH. Emergence and spread in Taiwan of multidrug-resistant serotypes of nontyphoidal Salmonella. Infection 2022; 50:475-482. [PMID: 35018587 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-021-01736-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Antimicrobial resistance of nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a threat to public health worldwide. METHODS A study on longitudinally collected NTS isolates from a medical center in Taiwan from 2011 to 2019 was undertaken. The multidrug resistance (MDR) and extensively drug resistance (XDR) phenotypes were determined according to internationally used definitions. Molecular serotyping was performed on the resistant NTS. RESULTS Notably 16.1% (870/5412) of the isolates were MDR, while XDR accounted for 2.1% (111/5412). Both MDR and XDR NTS have increased significantly from 2011 to 2019, especially from 2015 to 2017 (MDR from 9.6% in 2015 to 23.1% 2017; XDR from 1.4% in 2016 to 4.7% in 2017). S. Anatum was the commonest NTS serotype expressing MDR and XDR, in 256/559 (45.8%) and 81/111 (73.0%) of the isolates, respectively, followed by S. Typhimurium and S. Goldcoast. Children < 18 years old contributed to 69.0% of all MDR cases and 64.0% of all XDR cases; majority of them aged less than 5 years. CONCLUSIONS Increasing MDR and XDR NTS is a threat to public health. MDR and XDR NTS usually caused gastroenteritis in children < 5 years old. Multiple NTS serotypes expressing MDR and XDR indicate multiple food vehicles involved in the transmission. Proper food hygiene practice should never be over-reinforced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wah-Tin Tiew
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyüan, Taiwan.,Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Rajendra P Janapatla
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyüan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jung Chang
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyüan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Chen
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyüan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ping Yang
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyüan, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Hui Su
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyüan, Taiwan
| | - Chyi-Liang Chen
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyüan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyüan, Taiwan. .,Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyüan, Taiwan.
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Li C, Tyson GH, Hsu CH, Harrison L, Strain E, Tran TT, Tillman GE, Dessai U, McDermott PF, Zhao S. Long-Read Sequencing Reveals Evolution and Acquisition of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Genes in Salmonella enterica. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:777817. [PMID: 34867920 PMCID: PMC8640207 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.777817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a significant and phylogenetically diverse zoonotic pathogen. To understand its genomic heterogeneity and antimicrobial resistance, we performed long-read sequencing on Salmonella isolated from retail meats and food animals. A collection of 134 multidrug-resistant isolates belonging to 33 serotypes were subjected to PacBio sequencing. One major locus of diversity among these isolates was the presence and orientation of Salmonella pathogenic islands (SPI), which varied across different serotypes but were largely conserved within individual serotypes. We also identified insertion of an IncQ resistance plasmid into the chromosome of fourteen strains of serotype I 4,[5],12:i:- and the Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI-1) in five serotypes. The presence of various SPIs, SGI-1 and integrated plasmids contributed significantly to the genomic variability and resulted in chromosomal resistance in 55.2% (74/134) of the study isolates. A total of 93.3% (125/134) of isolates carried at least one plasmid, with isolates carrying up to seven plasmids. We closed 233 plasmid sequences of thirteen replicon types, along with twelve hybrid plasmids. Some associations between Salmonella isolate source, serotype, and plasmid type were seen. For instance, IncX plasmids were more common in serotype Kentucky from retail chicken. Plasmids IncC and IncHI had on average more than five antimicrobial resistance genes, whereas in IncX, it was less than one per plasmid. Overall, 60% of multidrug resistance (MDR) strains that carried >3 AMR genes also carried >3 heavy metal resistance genes, raising the possibility of co-selection of antimicrobial resistance in the presence of heavy metals. We also found nine isolates representing four serotypes that carried virulence plasmids with the spv operon. Together, these data demonstrate the power of long-read sequencing to reveal genomic arrangements and integrated plasmids with a high level of resolution for tracking and comparing resistant strains from different sources. Additionally, the findings from this study will help expand the reference set of closed Salmonella genomes that can be used to improve genome assembly from short-read data commonly used in One Health antimicrobial resistance surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Li
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Gregory H Tyson
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Chih-Hao Hsu
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Lucas Harrison
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Errol Strain
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Thu-Thuy Tran
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Glenn E Tillman
- Food Safety and Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Uday Dessai
- Food Safety and Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Patrick F McDermott
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Shaohua Zhao
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
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50
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Tack B, Vita D, Phoba MF, Mbuyi-Kalonji L, Hardy L, Barbé B, Jacobs J, Lunguya O, Jacobs L. Direct association between rainfall and non-typhoidal Salmonella bloodstream infections in hospital-admitted children in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21617. [PMID: 34732799 PMCID: PMC8566593 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) ranks first among causes of bloodstream infection in children under five years old in the Democratic Republic of Congo and has a case fatality rate of 15%. Main host-associated risk factors are Plasmodium falciparum malaria, anemia and malnutrition. NTS transmission in sub-Saharan Africa is poorly understood. NTS bloodstream infections mostly occur during the rainy season, which may reflect seasonal variation in either environmental transmission or host susceptibility. We hypothesized that environment- and host-associated factors contribute independently to the seasonal variation in NTS bloodstream infections in children under five years old admitted to Kisantu referral hospital in 2013-2019. We used remotely sensed rainfall and temperature data as proxies for environmental factors and hospital data for host-associated factors. We used principal component analysis to disentangle the interrelated environment- and host-associated factors. With timeseries regression, we demonstrated a direct association between rainfall and NTS variation, independent of host-associated factors. While the latter explained 17.5% of NTS variation, rainfall explained an additional 9%. The direct association with rainfall points to environmental NTS transmission, which should be explored by environmental sampling studies. Environmental and climate change may increase NTS transmission directly or via host susceptibility, which highlights the importance of preventive public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bieke Tack
- grid.11505.300000 0001 2153 5088Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium ,grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniel Vita
- Saint Luc Hôpital Général de Référence Kisantu, Kisantu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Marie-France Phoba
- grid.452637.10000 0004 0580 7727Department of Microbiology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo ,Department of Medical Biology, University Teaching Hospital of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Lisette Mbuyi-Kalonji
- grid.452637.10000 0004 0580 7727Department of Microbiology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo ,Department of Medical Biology, University Teaching Hospital of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Liselotte Hardy
- grid.11505.300000 0001 2153 5088Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Barbara Barbé
- grid.11505.300000 0001 2153 5088Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan Jacobs
- grid.11505.300000 0001 2153 5088Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium ,grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Octavie Lunguya
- grid.452637.10000 0004 0580 7727Department of Microbiology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo ,Department of Medical Biology, University Teaching Hospital of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Liesbet Jacobs
- grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium ,grid.7177.60000000084992262Ecosystem & Landscape Dynamics, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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