EWSR1-induced circNEIL3 promotes glioma progression and exosome-mediated macrophage immunosuppressive polarization via stabilizing IGF2BP3

Exploring the roles and clinical potential of exosome-derived non-coding RNAs in glioma

Non-coding accounts for 98 %-99 % of the human genome and performs many essential regulatory functions in eukaryotes, involved in cancer development and development. Non-coding RNAs are abundantly enriched in exosomes, which play a biological role as vectors. Some biofunctional non-coding RNAs are specifically designed as exosomes for the treatment of cancers such as glioma. Glioma is one of the most common primary tumors within the skull and has varying degrees of malignancy and histologic subtypes of grades I-IV. Gliomas are characterized by high malignancy and an abundant blood supply due to rapid cell proliferation and vascularization, often with a poor prognosis. Exosomal non-coding RNAs can be involved in the tumorigenesis process of glioma from multiple directions, such as angiogenesis, tumor proliferation, metastatic invasion, immune evasion, apoptosis, and autophagy. Therefore, non-coding RNAs in exosomes are suitable as markers or therapeutic targets for early diagnosis of diseases and for predicting the prognosis of a variety of diseases. Regulating exosome production and the level of exosomal non-coding RNA expression may be a new approach to prevent or eliminate glioma. In this review, we review the origin and characteristics of exosomal non-coding RNAs, and introduce the functional studies of exosomal non-coding RNAs in glioma and their potential clinical applications, in order to broaden new ideas for the treatment of glioma.

Application of bioinformatics analysis to construct the prognostic model and immune-related gene characteristics of low-grade glioma

BACKGROUND

Low-grade gliomas (LGG) are slow-growing brain tumors with limited treatment options, making prognosis challenging. Recent advancements in molecular profiling offer potential for better understanding of genetic and immune factors involved in LGG progression, guiding more effective treatments and improving patient outcomes.

OBJECTIVES

In this study, the risk of low-grade gliomas (LGG) was analyzed by gene expression profile to provide a reference for clinical treatment and prognosis observation.

METHODS

We employed RNA sequencing information from the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC-US), the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Analysis Portal and Immunology Database provided information on genes relevant to immunity. To find differential expression of prognostic genes and create signatures, multivariate Cox, univariate, and Lasso regression were utilized. Its capability was assessed using the calibration curve and the receiver operating characteristic. The relationship between the score of risk and the quantity of tumor-invasive immune cells was evaluated using TIMER and CIBERSORTx. The expression of HPSE2 in brain glioma cells was verified by Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The growth and metastatic ability of glioma cells after down-regulation of HPSE2 was detected by biological function assay.

RESULTS

We identified 37 differential genes associated with LGG prognosis. Thirteen prognostic genes were determined to be risk factors. Prognostic characteristics showed comparable accuracy for overall survival at three and five years in both external (ICGC-US) and internal (TCGA) verification lines. The scores of StromalScore, ImmuneScore, and ESTIMATEScore in the high-risk group were higher than those in the low-risk group. Macrophages M0, memory resting of T cells CD4, memory activated of T cells CD4, B cells naive, the memory of B cells, the level of Macrophages M1 is higher than the group of low-risk. In contrast, T cell CD8, T cells regulatory (Tregs), Monocytes, Mast cells activated levels are lower than the group of low-risk. HPSE 2 was highly expressed in glioma by qRT-PCR, and the growth and metastasis of glioma cells were inhibited by means of HPSE 2 downregulation.

CONCLUSIONS

Our research constructs a novel prognostic characteristic for LGG that assesses prognosis and is connected to immune infiltration. Downregulation of HPSE 2 inhibited the metastasis and growth of glioma cells.

Harnessing engineered extracellular vesicles for enhanced therapeutic efficacy: advancements in cancer immunotherapy

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly engineered variants, have emerged as promising tools in cancer immunotherapy due to their inherent ability to modulate immune responses and deliver therapeutic agents with high specificity and minimal toxicity. These nanometer-sized vesicles, which include exosomes (Exos) and other subtypes, naturally participate in intercellular communication and are capable of carrying a diverse range of bioactive molecules, including proteins, lipids, RNAs, and metabolites. Recent advancements in the biogenesis of engineered EVs, such as strategies to modify their surface characteristics and cargo, have significantly expanded their potential as effective vehicles for targeted cancer therapies. Tailoring the contents of EVs, such as incorporating immunomodulatory molecules or gene-editing tools (GETs), has shown promising outcomes in enhancing anti-tumor immunity and overcoming the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Moreover, optimizing delivery mechanisms, through both passive and active targeting strategies, is crucial for improving the clinical efficacy of EV-based therapies. This review provides an overview of recent developments in the engineering of EVs for cancer immunotherapy, focusing on their biogenesis, methods of content customization, and innovations in cargo delivery. Additionally, the review addresses the challenges associated with the clinical translation of EV-based therapies, such as issues related to scalability, safety, and targeted delivery. By offering insights into the current state of the field and identifying key areas for future research, this review aims to advance the application of engineered EVs in cancer treatment.

Circular RNA CDYL facilitates hepatocellular carcinoma stemness and PD-L1+ exosomes-mediated immunotherapy resistance via stabilizing hornerin protein by blocking synoviolin 1-mediated ubiquitination

Despite the revolutionary progress in cancer immunotherapy, only a minority of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). In this study, we found that the oncogenic circular RNA Circ-CDYL in HCC influences the efficacy of immunotherapy and the stemness characteristics of HCC cells by interacting with the hornerin (HRNR) protein. The degraded anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy responses induced by Circ-CDYL and HRNR were confirmed by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) killing assays in HCC cells, patient-derived organoids, and humanized immune system mouse models. Furthermore, Circ-CDYL interference reversed the cytotoxicity and proliferation of CD8+ T cells, resulting in ameliorated immune evasion in tumor spheroids upon anti-PD-L1 treatment. Mechanistically, Circ-CDYL upregulated HRNR expression by stabilizing the HRNR protein through the prevention of its degradation by the E3 ubiquitin ligase synoviolin 1 (SYVN1), which in sequence promoted the phosphorylation of the mTORC1 and p70S6K substrate. The abnormally activated mTORC1-p70S6K signaling increases the stemness of HCC cells and upregulates PD-L1 expression, which may attenuate anti-PD-L1 therapy efficacy via PD-L1+ exosomes. Our study revealed the mechanism by which Circ-CDYL and HRNR regulate the sensitivity of HCC to anti-PD-L1 therapy, and the findings have potential implications for patient stratification and clinical decision-making in HCC immunotherapy.

The predictive value of a prognostic risk model constructed for three aging-associated genes in glioma

BackgroundGliomas are malignant brain tumors with poor prognosis, and aging is believed to play a role in their malignant transformation. However, the relationship between aging and glioma prognosis remains unclear.ObjectiveThis study aims to construct and validate a prognostic risk model based on aging-related differential expression genes (ARDEGs) to understand their role in glioma prognosis and tumorigenesis, with a particular focus on immune responses.MethodsARDEGs were identified between LGG and HGG through LASSO regression and Cox regression. A prognostic risk model was developed and validated. GSEA and KEGG pathway analyses were performed to explore tumorigenic mechanisms in high- and low-risk groups. The correlation between the model genes and immune cell infiltration, as well as immune checkpoint molecules, was also analyzed. The protein expression of NOG was evaluated in glioma cells using WB and IHC.ResultsThree aging-related genes-IGFBP2, AGTR1, and NOG-were identified, and a prognostic model was established. KEGG and GSEA analysis revealed that the high-risk group enriched pathways related to inflammation and immune responses, while the low-risk group showed enrichment in oxidative phosphorylation and metabolism pathways. IGFBP2 and AGTR1 expression correlated positively with immunosuppressive cells and immune checkpoint molecules, whereas NOG showed an opposite trend. NOG protein expression was reduced in glioma cells and lower in high-grade gliomas compared to low-grade gliomas.ConclusionsThe prognostic risk model based on aging-related genes shows strong predictive power for glioma prognosis, highlighting the potential role of immune-related pathways and NOG in tumor progression.

Glioblastoma-associated macrophages in glioblastoma: from their function and mechanism to therapeutic advances

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor in adults and has high mortality rates worldwide. GBM progression, treatment, and prognosis are influenced by the tumor microenvironment (TME), which includes immune, stromal, and tumor cells. Among them, glioblastoma-associated macrophages (GAMs) act as key regulators of GBM pathobiology. GAMs exhibit remarkable plasticity, as they can exhibit both protumor and antitumor effects. However, their function is determined by polarization and the TME. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the biology of GAMs in GBM, including their origins, phenotypic diversity, and functional roles. We discuss the intricate crosstalk between GAMs and tumor cells, as well as other immune and stromal components, and highlight the mechanisms underlying GAM-mediated tumor progression, invasion, angiogenesis, and immune system evasion. Furthermore, we explore the therapeutic implications of targeting GAMs in GBM and discuss emerging strategies aimed at reprogramming GAMs toward an antitumorigenic phenotype or selectively depleting protumorigenic subsets. The final aim is to develop innovative therapeutic approaches that disrupt GBMs. By leveraging our increased understanding of GAM biology, we lay the foundation for transformative advances in GBM treatment to improve patient prognosis.

Emerging roles of exosomal circRNAs in non-small cell lung cancer

Despite the prevalence of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is high, the limited early detection and management of these tumors are restricted since there is an absence of reliable and precise diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Exosomes transport functional molecules for facilitating intercellular communication, especially in the tumor microenvironment, indicating their potential as cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Circular RNA (circRNA), a type of non-coding RNA possessing a covalently closed loop structure, substantial abundance, and tissue-specific expression patterns, is stably enriched in exosomes. In recent years, significant breakthroughs have been made in research on exosomal circRNA in NSCLC. This review briefly introduces the biogenesis, characterizations, and functions of circRNAs and exosomes, and systematically describes the biological functions and mechanisms of exosomal circRNAs in NSCLC. In addition, this study summarizes their role in the progression of NSCLC and discusses their clinical significance as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for NSCLC.

Current Understanding of the Exosomes and Their Associated Biomolecules in the Glioblastoma Biology, Clinical Treatment, and Diagnosis

Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive brain tumor with a low survival rate. Due to its heterogeneous composition, high invasiveness, and frequent recurrence after surgery, treatment success has been limited. In addition, due to the brain's unique immune status and the suppressor tumor microenvironment (TME), glioblastoma treatment has faced more challenges. Exosomes play a critical role in cancer metastasis by regulating cell-cell interactions that promote tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, treatment resistance, and immunological regulation in the tumor microenvironment. This review explores the pivotal role of exosomes in the development of glioblastoma, with a focus on their potential as non-invasive biomarkers for prognosis, early detection and real-time monitoring of disease progression. Notably, exosome-based drug delivery methods hold promise for overcoming the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and developing targeted therapies for glioblastoma. Despite challenges in clinical translation, the potential for personalized exosome = -054321`therapies and the capacity to enhance therapeutic responses in glioblastoma, present intriguing opportunities for improving patient outcomes. It seems that getting a good and current grasp of the role of exosomes in the fight against glioblastoma would properly serve the scientific community to further their understanding of the related potentials of these biological moieties.

Old players and new insights: unraveling the role of RNA-binding proteins in brain tumors

The human genome harbors >1,600 evolutionarily conserved RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), with extensive multi-omics investigations documenting their pervasive dysregulation in malignancies ranging from glioblastoma to melanoma. These RBPs are integral to the complex regulatory networks governing hallmark cancer processes. Recent studies have investigated the multifaceted contributions of RBPs to tumorigenesis, tumor metabolism, the tumor-immune microenvironment, and resistance to therapy. This complexity is further compounded by the intricate regulation of RNA function at various levels by RBPs, as well as the post-translational modifications of RBPs, which improve their functional capacity. Moreover, numerous RBP-based therapeutics have emerged, each underpinned by distinct molecular mechanisms that extend from genomic analysis to the interference of RBPs' function. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent progress in the meticulous roles of RBPs in brain tumors and to explore potential therapeutic interventions targeting these RBPs, complemented by a discussion of innovative techniques emerging in this research field. Advances in deciphering RNA-RBP interactomes and refining targeted therapeutic strategies are revealing the transformative potential of RBP-centric approaches in brain tumor treatment, establishing them as pivotal agents for overcoming current clinical challenges.

Inhalable liposomal delivery of osimertinib and DNA for treating primary and metastasis lung cancer

Lung cancer remains one of the most common malignancies, and its brain metastases significantly worsen the prognosis for patients. Current treatments for lung cancer face many challenges, including poor drug accumulation and the inability to simultaneously control primary and metastatic tumors. Here, we show that the mRNA-binding protein insulin-like growth factor 3 is crucial for non-small cell lung cancer progression and metastasis. We construct an inhalable nanoliposome system to co-deliver osimertinib and DNA plasmid for gene knockdown. Upon inhalation, these nanoparticles efficiently penetrate pulmonary barriers and accumulate in lungs by mimicking natural lung surfactants. Within tumor cells, released osimertinib inhibits tumor growth, while the DNA triggers the production of engineered exosomes that can travel to the brain to suppress tumors. This strategy effectively inhibits both primary and metastatic tumors while enhancing antitumor immune responses. This work suggests that this inhalable nanomedicine offers a safe and versatile strategy for cancer therapy.

Circular RNAs in neurological conditions - computational identification, functional validation, and potential clinical applications

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have gained significant attention in recent years due to advancements in biotechnology, particularly high-throughput total RNA sequencing. These developments have led to new understandings of non-coding biology, revealing that approximately 80% of non-coding regions in the genome possesses biochemical functionality. Among ncRNAs, circular RNAs (circRNAs), first identified in 1976, have emerged as a prominent research field. CircRNAs are abundant in most human cell types, evolutionary conserved, highly stable, and formed by back-splicing events which generate covalently closed ends. Notably, circRNAs exhibit high expression levels in neural tissue and perform diverse biochemical functions, including acting as molecular sponges for microRNAs, interacting with RNA-binding proteins to regulate their availability and activity, modulating transcription and splicing, and even translating into functional peptides in some cases. Recent advancements in computational and experimental methods have enhanced our ability to identify and validate circRNAs, providing valuable insights into their biological roles. This review focuses on recent developments in circRNA research as they related to neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative conditions. We also explore their potential applications in clinical diagnostics, therapeutics, and future research directions. CircRNAs remain a relatively underexplored area of non-coding biology, particularly in the context of neurological disorders. However, emerging evidence supports their role as critical players in the etiology and molecular mechanisms of conditions such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. These findings suggest that circRNAs may provide a novel framework contributing to the molecular dysfunctions underpinning these complex neurological conditions.

Global Co-regulatory Cross Talk Between m6A and m5C RNA Methylation Systems Coordinate Cellular Responses and Brain Disease Pathways

N6 adenosine and C5 cytosine modification of mRNAs, tRNAs and rRNAs are regulated by the behaviour of distinct sets of writer, reader and eraser effector proteins which are conventionally considered to function independently. Here, we provide evidence of global cross-regulatory and functional interaction between the m6A and m5C RNA methylation systems. We first show that m6A and m5C effector protein transcripts are subject to reciprocal base modification supporting the existence of co-regulatory post-transcriptional feedback loops. Using global mass spectrometry proteomic data generated after biological perturbation to identify proteins which change in abundance with effector proteins, we found novel co-regulatory cellular response relationships between m6A and m5C proteins such as between the m6A eraser, ALKBH5, and the m5C writer, NSUN4. Gene ontology analysis of co-regulated proteins indicated that m6A and m5C RNA cross-system control varies across cellular processes, e.g. proteasome and mitochondrial mechanisms, and post-translational modification processes such as SUMOylation and phosphorylation. We also uncovered novel relationships between effector protein networks including contributing to intellectual disability pathways. Finally, we provided in vitro confirmation of colocalisation between m6A-RNAs and the m5C reader protein, ALYREF, after synaptic NMDA activation. These findings have important implications for understanding control of RNA metabolism, cellular proteomic responses, and brain disease mechanisms.

CircSATB1 Promotes Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis through Facilitating FKBP8 Degradation via RNF25-Mediated Ubiquitination

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide and liver metastasis is the leading reason for its mortality. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are conclusively associated with the progression of various cancers, rendering the exploration of its specific mechanisms in colorectal cancer liver metastasis(CRLM) highly valuable. Combined with GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus) databases and clinical data in our center, we found that high expression of circSATB1 is closely related to the progression of CRLM. Functionally, circSATB1 could significantly promote the metastatic ability of CRC cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, circSATB1 facilitated the RNF25-mediated ubiquitylation and degradation of FKBP8, releasing its inhibitory effects on mTOR signaling. In this process, circSATB1 acted as a scaffold for RNF25-FKBP8 complexes. Additionally, circSATB1 could be packaged in exosomes and secreted from the CRC primary tumors into plasma. In conclusion, this study uncovered a new circSATB1 that acts as a potent promoter of CRLM and offers novel insights into the precision therapeutic strategies for CRLM.

CircHOMER1 promotes silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis by binding to HuR and stabilizing NOX4 mRNA

BACKGROUND

Silicosis, one of the serious occupational diseases, is mainly manifested by pulmonary fibrosis induced by long-term exposure to silica particles in workplace. Evidence demonstrates that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are interesting regulators of pulmonary fibrosis process. So, further elucidation of the role of circRNAs may provide a new perspective into mechanisms driving pulmonary fibrosis and silicosis.

METHODS

The characteristics of circRNA homer scaffold protein 1 (hsa_circ_0006916, circHOMER1) was assessed using Actinomycin D, RNase R, and nucleoplasmic separation assay. The histopathological examination and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to confirm circHOMER1 function in mouse lung tissues under silica particle exposure. The expression of circHOMER1, human antigen R (HuR) and NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) was identified by western blot or RT-qPCR assay. The RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay and plasmid co-transfection were used to analyze the interaction between circHOMER1, HuR and NOX4.

RESULTS

We confirmed an upregulated circHOMER1 in silicosis fibrosis. Functional assays showed that the knockdown of circHOMER1 suppressed the viability of fibroblasts and the production of fibrotic molecules and alleviated the histology fibrotic changes in lung tissues from mouse exposed to silica particles. Mechanistically, we found that circHOMER1 directly bound to HuR and promoted its protein expression in fibroblasts. And, circHOMER1 further regulated HuR/NOX4 signaling axis through HuR to stabilize NOX4 mRNA, which enhanced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby promoting the silicosis fibrosis process.

CONCLUSION

This study revealed the role of circHOMER1 in silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis, suggesting that the inhibition of circHOMER1 may be a potential therapeutic approach to relieve the pathological process of silicosis.

Colorectal cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles trigger macrophage production of IL6 through activating STING signaling to drive metastasis

Emerging evidence shows that extracellular vesicles (EVs)-mediated cargo shuttling between different kinds of cells constantly occurs in the tumor microenvironment, leading to the progression of a variety of cancers, but the biological role of DNA enriched in EVs has not been fully elucidated. Here, nuclear chromatin-originated DNA fragments were identified in human serum-derived EVs and exhibited a mild increase in the colorectal cancer patient group, unveiling their potential as a biomarker for cancer diagnosis. Molecular experiments showed that chromatin and mitochondrial DNA fragments adhered to the outer membrane of EVs were released from colorectal cancer cells and transported into macrophages where they stimulated STING signaling cascades, resulting in enhanced STAT1 phosphorylation and IL6 production. Further experiments revealed that STAT1 functioned as a potential IL6 transcription regulator through directly locating at its promoter regions to facilitate IL6 expression in macrophages. In the tumor microenvironment, the accumulated IL6 released by macrophages, in turn, provoked colorectal cancer cell epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) through activating IL6R/STAT3 signaling. Our findings highlighted the importance of DNA carried by EVs in shaping the tumor environment and revealed their potential as a clinical diagnostic biomarker for colorectal cancer.

CircNF1 modulates the progression and immune evasion of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through dual regulation of PD-L1

BACKGROUND

Tumor immune escape is a pivotal gateway for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) development. Immune checkpoint-blocking therapies, represented by programmed cell death receptor-1/ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) inhibitors, have achieved remarkable breakthroughs in ESCC treatment. However, not all patients with ESCC receive satisfactory clinical benefit. Therefore, identifying novel biomarkers for predicting the efficacy of immunotherapy in ESCC is of great importance.

METHODS

CircNF1 was screened from the circRNAs microarray, and its expression was measured by droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays in ESCC tissues and serum. Functional experiments were conducted to demonstrate the role of circNF1 in ESCC proliferation, metastasis, and tumor evasion. High-throughput RNA sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP), and chromatin isolation by RNA purification-mass spectrometry (ChIRP-MS) were performed to clarify the underlying mechanisms of circNF1-mediated tumor progression.

RESULTS

The upregulation of circNF1 was closely associated with the response of anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy. Functionally, circNF1 promoted ESCC cell malignant phenotypes and regulated CD8+ T-cell-mediated antitumor immunity. Mechanistically, circNF1 drove the IL-6-induced oncogenic activation of the JAK-STAT3 pathway, which stimulated p-STAT3 binding of the promoter regions of PD-L1. Furthermore, circNF1 physically interacted with annexin A1 (ANXA1), blocking the ANXA1 deubiquitination induced by ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7), resulting in increased interaction between USP7 and PD-L1 and augmented PD-L1 stability.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings provide novel insights into the specific regulatory mechanism of PD-L1 in ESCC cells, which offer a new strategy for synergizing with anti-PD-L1 therapy.

The Application of Non-Coding RNAs as Biomarkers, Therapies, and Novel Vaccines in Diseases

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a class of RNAs that largely lack the capacity to encode proteins. They have garnered significant attention due to their central regulatory functions across numerous cellular and physiological processes at transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translational levels. Over the past decade, ncRNA-based therapies have gained considerable attention in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases, and many studies have revealed a significant relationship between ncRNAs and diseases. At the same time, due to their tissue specificity, an increasing number of projects have focused on the application of ncRNAs as biomarkers in diseases, as well as the design and development of novel ncRNA-based vaccines and therapies for clinical use. These ncRNAs may also drive research into the potential molecular mechanisms and complex pathogenesis of related diseases. However, new biomarkers need to be validated for their clinical effectiveness. Additionally, to produce safe and stable RNA products, factors such as purity, precise dosage, and effective delivery methods must be ensured to achieve optimal bioactivity. These challenges remain key issues in the clinical application of ncRNAs. This review summarizes the prospects of ncRNAs as potential biomarkers, as well as the current research status and clinical applications of ncRNAs in therapies and vaccines, and discusses the challenges and expectations of ncRNAs in disease diagnosis and drug therapy.

The m6A reader HNRNPC is a key regulator in DSS-induced colitis by modulating macrophage phenotype

m6A regulators were demonstrated to modulate the functions of intestinal epithelial and immune cells in the ulcerative colitis. This study aimed to elucidate whether and how the m6A reader heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C (HNRNPC) regulates macrophage function in the colitis. We observed elevated HNRNPC in the inflammatory Raw264.7 cells and macrophages in the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Knocking down HNRNPC can mitigate LPS-induced activation of macrophages in vitro. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of macrophages with HNRNPC knockdown significantly alleviated colitis compared to those transfected with negative control siRNA. Additionally, RNA sequencing illuminated that HNRNPC regulated functions of macrophages by inhibiting alternative mRNA slicing, involving adjusting acute inflammatory response, and promoting cell chemotaxis and migration. Besides, HNRNPC can govern the stability of Itgb7, and Itgb7 might be an effective target for HNRNPC in macrophages. Our findings highlight the crucial role and therapeutic potential of HNRNPC inhibition in macrophages in alleviating colitis.

Unlocking the therapeutic potential of tumor-derived EVs in ischemia-reperfusion: a breakthrough perspective from glioma and stroke

Clinical studies have revealed a bidirectional relationship between glioma and ischemic stroke, with evidence of spatial overlap between the two conditions. This connection arises from significant similarities in their pathological processes, including the regulation of cellular metabolism, inflammation, coagulation, hypoxia, angiogenesis, and neural repair, all of which involve common biological factors. A significant shared feature of both diseases is the crucial role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in mediating intercellular communication. Extracellular vesicles, with their characteristic bilayer structure, encapsulate proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, shielding them from enzymatic degradation by ribonucleases, deoxyribonucleases, and proteases. This structural protection facilitates long-distance intercellular communication in multicellular organisms. In gliomas, EVs are pivotal in intracranial signaling and shaping the tumor microenvironment. Importantly, the cargos carried by glioma-derived EVs closely align with the biological factors involved in ischemic stroke, underscoring the substantial impact of glioma on stroke pathology, particularly through the crucial roles of EVs as key mediators in this interaction. This review explores the pathological interplay between glioma and ischemic stroke, addressing clinical manifestations and pathophysiological processes across the stages of hypoxia, stroke onset, progression, and recovery, with a particular focus on the crucial role of EVs and their cargos in these interactions.

Blocking ITGA5 potentiates the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy on glioblastoma by remodeling tumor-associated macrophages

BACKGROUND

Glioblastoma (GBM) is largely refractory to antibodies against programmed cell death 1 (anti-PD-1) therapy. Fully understanding the cellular heterogeneity and immune adaptations in response to anti-PD-1 therapy is necessary to design more effective immunotherapies for GBM. This study aimed to dissect the molecular mechanisms of specific immunosuppressive subpopulations to drive anti-PD-1 resistance in GBM.

METHODS

We systematically analysed single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics data from GBM tissues receiving anti-PD-1 therapy to characterize the microenvironment alterations. The biological functions of a novel circular RNA (circRNA) were validated both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanically, co-immunoprecipitation, RNA immunoprecipitation and pull-down assays were conducted.

RESULTS

Mesenchymal GBM (MES-GBM) cells, which were associated with a poor prognosis, and secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1)+ myeloid-derived macrophages (SPP1+ MDMs), a unique subpopulation of MDMs with complex functions, preferentially accumulated in non-responders to anti-PD-1 therapy, indicating that MES-GBM cells and SPP1+ MDMs were the main anti-PD-1-resistant cell subpopulations. Functionally, we determined that circular RNA succinate dehydrogenase complex assembly factor 2 (circSDHAF2), which was positively associated with the abundance of these two anti-PD-1-resistant cell subpopulations, facilitated the formation of a regional MES-GBM and SPP1+ MDM cell interaction loop, resulting in a spatially specific adaptive immunosuppressive microenvironment. Mechanically, we found that circSDHAF2 promoted MES-GBM cell formation by stabilizing the integrin alpha 5 (ITGA5) protein through N-glycosylation. Meanwhile, the N-glycosylation of the ITGA5 protein facilitated its translocation into exosomes and subsequent delivery to MDMs to induce the formation of SPP1+ MDMs, which in turn maintained the MES-GBM cell status and induced T-cell dysfunction via the SPP1-ITGA5 pathway, ultimately promoting GBM immune escape. Importantly, our findings demonstrated that antibody-mediated ITGA5 blockade enhanced anti-PD-1-mediated antitumor immunity.

CONCLUSIONS

This work elucidated the potential tissue adaptation mechanism of intratumoral dynamic interactions between MES-GBM cells, MDMs and T cells in anti-PD-1 non-responders and identified the therapeutic potential of targeting ITGA5 to reduce anti-PD-1 resistance in GBM.

The involvement of circRNAs in molecular processes and their potential use in therapy and diagnostics for glioblastoma

Glioblastoma, a type of brain tumor, is well-known for its aggressive nature and can affect individuals of all ages. Glioblastoma continues to be a difficult cancer to manage because of various resistance mechanisms. The blood-brain barrier restricts the delivery of drugs, and the heterogeneity of tumors, along with overlapping signaling pathways, complicates its effective treatment. Patients diagnosed with glioblastoma typically survive for no more than 2 years. Innovative therapies and early diagnostic tools for glioblastoma are essential. Circular RNAs have emerged as significant contributors to glioblastoma, and influence cancer mechanisms such as cell growth, death, invasion, and resistance to treatment. The circRNAs presence makes them essential candidates for treatment and practical diagnostic tools for glioblastoma. This review highlights the therapeutic approaches and diagnostic potential of circRNAs and explores their role in the molecular mechanisms underlying glioblastoma.

The m6A reader IGF2BP3 promotes HCC progression by enhancing MCM10 stability

Abnormal N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications were associated with the occurrence, development, and metastasis of cancer. However, the functions and mechanisms of m6A regulators in cancer remained largely elusive and should be explored. Here, we identified that insulin like growth Factor 2 mRNA binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3) was specifically overexpressed and associated with poor prognosis in liver hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Importantly, IGF2BP3 promoted HCC cells progression in an m6A-dependent manner, IGF2BP3 silencing significantly inhibited proliferation and migratory ability of tumor cells in vitro and in in vivo. Mechanistically, IGF2BP3 interacted with minichromosomal maintenance complex component (MCM10) mRNAs to prolong stability of m6A-modified RNA. Therefore, our findings indicated that m6A reader IGF2BP3 contributed to tumorigenesis and poor prognosis, providing a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for HCC.

Effect of Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Tumor Cells on Immune Evasion

The crosstalk between immunity and cancer in the regulation of tumor growth is considered a hallmark of cancer. Antitumor immunity refers to the innate and adaptive immune responses that regulate cancer development and proliferation. Tumor immune evasion represents a major hindrance to effective anticancer treatment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized and lipid-bilayer-enclosed particles that are secreted to the extracellular space by all cell types. They are critically involved in numerous biological functions including intercellular communication. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEVs) can transport a variety of cargo to modulate immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). This review provides the latest update about how tumor cells evade immune surveillance by exploiting TEVs. First, the biogenesis of EVs and the cargo-sorting machinery are discussed. Second, how tumor cells modulate immune cell differentiation, activation, and function via TEVs to evade immune surveillance is illustrated. Last but not least, the novel antitumor strategies that can reverse immune escape are summarized.

Recent Advances in the Mutual Regulation of m6A Modification and Non-Coding RNAs in Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis, a progressive inflammatory disease of the arteries, remains a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recent years have witnessed the pivotal role of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation in regulating various biological processes, including those implicated in atherosclerosis. Current evidence suggested that m6A regulators (writers, erasers, and readers) participated in the modification of multiple non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), thereby affecting their metabolism and functions. Meanwhile, ncRNAs have also emerged as key modulator of m6A regulators expression in turn. Therefore, understanding the mutual regulation between m6A modifications and ncRNAs is of great significance to identify novel therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis and has great clinical application prospects. This review aims to summarize the recent advances in the reciprocal regulation and provide insights into the interaction between m6A modification and ncRNAs in the context of atherosclerosis.

Targeting stromal cells in tumor microenvironment as a novel treatment strategy for glioma

Glioma is the most common primary malignant tumor of the central nervous system in adults, characterized by high mortality, low cure rate and high recurrence rate. Among gliomas, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant subtype. Currently, the standard treatment for patients with GBM is maximum surgical excision combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. But only a small percentage of patients benefit from this standard treatment. The tumor microenvironment plays an important role in the occurrence and development of most tumors. It is primarily composed of tumor cells, peripheral blood vessels, extracellular matrix, signaling molecules, stromal cells, and immune cells. The role of stromal cells in GBM has emerged as the focus of current research. The interaction among tumor, stromal, and immune cells within the tumor microenvironment can influence tumor development. Traditional research and drug therapy in glioma mainly focus on the tumor cells themselves, but recent studies have found that targeting stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment can also modulate tumor progression in GBM. Here, we review the influence of stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment of GBM on tumor cells and its related mechanism, as well as related molecular targets and signaling pathways, providing new ideas for the treatment and prognosis of GBM.

Intratumoral microbiome: implications for immune modulation and innovative therapeutic strategies in cancer

Recent advancements have revealed the presence of a microbiome within tumor tissues, underscoring the crucial role of the tumor microbiome in the tumor ecosystem. This review delves into the characteristics of the intratumoral microbiome, underscoring its dual role in modulating immune responses and its potential to both suppress and promote tumor growth. We examine state-of-the-art techniques for detecting and analyzing intratumoral bacteria, with a particular focus on their interactions with the immune system and the resulting implications for cancer prognosis and treatment. By elucidating the intricate crosstalk between the intratumoral microbiome and the host immune system, we aim to uncover novel therapeutic strategies that enhance the efficacy of cancer treatments. Additionally, this review addresses the existing challenges and future prospects within this burgeoning field, advocating for the integration of microbiome research into comprehensive cancer therapy frameworks.

Immunoregulatory role of exosomal circRNAs in the tumor microenvironment

As cancer incidence and mortality rates rise, there is an urgent need to develop effective immunotherapy strategies. Circular RNA (circRNA), a newly identified type of non-coding RNA, is abundant within cells and can be released via exosomes, facilitating communication between cells. Studies have demonstrated that exosomal circRNAs can alter the tumor microenvironment and modulate immune responses by influencing the functions of T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and macrophages, thereby enabling tumors to evade the immune system. Moreover, exosomal circRNAs show potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cancer. This review summarizes the regulatory roles of exosomal circRNAs in immune cells and their potential applications in cancer progression and treatment, highlighting their promise in improving cancer immunotherapy. Future research should concentrate on understanding the mechanisms of key exosomal circRNAs and developing targeted immunotherapy methods.

CircPRMT5, a Potential Salivary Biomarker, Facilitates the Progression of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma via the IGF2BP3-SERPINE1 Pathway

Purpose

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are associated with the progression of tumors and hold promise as potential biomarkers for liquid biopsy. Among these, the role of circPRMT5 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains to be elucidated. This study aims to examine the role and underlying mechanisms of circPRMT5 in the progression of HNSCC and to assess its potential diagnostic value in saliva exosomes.

Methods

The expression of circPRMT5 and its clinical significance in HNSCC were investigated. Both in vitro and in vivo studies were performed to elucidate the biological role of circPRMT5 in HNSCC. RNA sequencing was utilized to identify downstream mechanisms. To evaluate and validate these mechanisms, Western blotting, RNA-FISH, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, RIP, and rescue experiments were employed. Finally, salivary exosomes were isolated, and the expression levels of circPRMT5 were assessed using qRT-PCR.

Results

The upregulation of circPRMT5 in HNSCC tissues was identified to be correlated with cervical lymph node metastasis and advanced clinical T stage. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments manifested that circPRMT5 promoted the proliferation and metastasis of HNSCC. Mechanistically, circPRMT5 was demonstrated to directly bind to and stabilize the insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3), which, subsequently, binds to and stabilizes the serpin family E member 1 (SERPINE1) mRNA, thereby enhancing SERPINE1 expression. Furthermore, rescue experiments indicated that the proliferative, invasive, and migratory effects of circPRMT5 in HNSCC were dependent on the involvement of IGF2BP3 and SERPINE1. Notably, circPRMT5 levels were significantly elevated in the saliva exosomes of HNSCC patients, exhibiting substantial diagnostic value.

Conclusion

CircPRMT5 exhibits significant diagnostic utility through salivary exosomes and plays a crucial role in promoting the progression of HNSCC via the IGF2BP3-SERPINE1 pathway. These findings highlight the potential of circPRMT5 as a noninvasive diagnostic biomarker and a therapeutic target for patients with HNSCC.

Brain-targeting drug delivery systems: The state of the art in treatment of glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent primary malignant brain tumor, characterized by a high mortality rate and a poor prognosis. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-tumor barrier (BTB) present significant obstacles to the efficacy of tumor-targeted pharmacotherapy, thereby impeding the therapeutic potential of numerous candidate drugs. Targeting delivery of adequate doses of drug across the BBB to treat GBM has become a prominent research area in recent years. This emphasis has driven the exploration and evaluation of diverse technologies for GBM pharmacotherapy, with some already undergoing clinical trials. This review provides a thorough overview of recent advancements and challenges in targeted drug delivery for GBM treatment. It specifically emphasizes systemic drug administration strategies to assess their potential and limitations in GBM treatment. Furthermore, this review highlights promising future research directions in the development of intelligent drug delivery systems aimed at overcoming current challenges and enhancing therapeutic efficacy against GBM. These advancements not only support foundational research on targeted drug delivery systems for GBM but also offer methodological approaches for future clinical applications.

The role of exosomal non-coding RNAs in the breast cancer tumor microenvironment

The leading form of cancer affecting females globally is breast cancer, characterized by an unregulated growth of cells within the breast. Therefore, examining breast tissue is crucial in accurately identifying and treating this disease. Exosomes are very small enclosures bounded by a layer of cells and produced by a variety of cells present in the cancerous tissue surroundings. They play a crucial role in several biological functions in cancerous tumors. These exosomes carry non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and are discharged into the TME, where they are instrumental in the development and advancement of tumors. Additionally, the ncRNAs enclosed in exosomes act as significant mediators of communication within cells. Consequently, there is limited comprehension regarding the precise roles and targets of exosomal RNA in regulation, as research in this area is still in its preliminary phases. This piece provides a comprehensive overview of the latest studies on exosomes, delving into their impact on the behavior of cancer cells and immune cells. Moreover, it presents a compilation of the diverse forms of non-coding RNA molecules found in exosomes released by both cancerous and supportive cells, including circular RNAs, microRNAs, and long non-coding RNAs. Current research has proven the noteworthy influence that non-coding RNA molecules have on the progression, proliferation, drug resistance, and immune responses of breast cancer cells.

Single-cell sequencing uncovers the mechanistic role of DAPK1 in glioma and its diagnostic and prognostic implications

Background

We conducted an investigation into the characteristics of single-cell differentiation data in gliomas, with a focus on developing DAPK1-based prognostic markers to predict patient outcomes. Dysregulated expression of DAPK1 has been associated with the invasive behavior of various malignancies, including gliomas. However, the precise role and underlying mechanisms of DAPK1 in gliomas remain inadequately understood.

Methods

We performed analyses on RNA-seq and microarray datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), in addition to single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from glioma patients available in GEO. Utilizing the Seurat R package, we identified gene clusters associated with survival from the scRNA-seq data. Prognostic models were developed using LASSO and stepwise regression algorithms. Furthermore, we assessed the predictive potential of these genes within the immune microenvironment and their relevance in immunotherapy contexts.

Results

Our scRNA-seq data analysis revealed 32 distinct cell clusters corresponding to 10 cell types. Through dimensionality reduction and clustering, we identified three glial cell subpopulations based on their differentiation trajectories. DAPK1, serving as a marker gene for the terminal subpopulation, exhibited an association with poor prognosis.

Conclusions

DAPK1-based prognostic models show promise for accurately predicting outcomes in glioblastoma and glioma. An in-depth examination of DAPK1's specific mechanisms in glioblastoma could elucidate its role in immunotherapy response. Targeting the DAPK1 gene may offer therapeutic benefits for glioma patients.

Circular RNAs in glioblastoma

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant and common form of brain cancer in adults. The molecular mechanisms underlying GBM progression and resistance are complex and poorly understood. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a new class of non-coding RNAsformed by covalently closed loopstructures with no free ends. Their circular structure makes them more stable than linear RNA and resistant to exonuclease degradation. In recent years, they have received significant attention due to their diverse functions in gene regulation and their association with various diseases, including cancer. Therefore, understanding the functions and applications of circRNAs is critical to developing targeted therapeutic interventions and advancing the field of glioblastoma cancer research. In this review, we summarized the main functions of circRNAs and their potential applications in the diagnosis, prognosis and targeted therapy of GBM.

Relationship between CTF1 gene expression and prognosis and tumor immune microenvironment in glioma

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to evaluate CTF1 expression in glioma, its relationship to patient prognosis and the tumor immune microenvironment, and effects on glioma phenotypes to identify a new therapeutic target for treating glioma precisely.

METHODS

We initially assessed the expression of CTF1, a member of the IL-6 family, in glioma, using bioinformatics tools and publicly available databases. Furthermore, we examined the correlation between CTF1 expression and tumor prognosis, DNA methylation patterns, m6A-related genes, potential biological functions, the immune microenvironment, and genes associated with immune checkpoints. We also explored potential associations with drug sensitivity. To assess the impact on glioma cell proliferation and apoptosis, we employed various assays, including the Cell Counting Kit-8, colony formation assay, and flow cytometry.

RESULTS

CTF1 gene and protein expression were significantly elevated in glioma tissues, and correlated with malignancy and poor prognosis. CTF1 was an independent prognostic factor and negatively associated with DNA methylation. The involvement of CTF1 in m6A modifications contributed to glioma progression. Enrichment analysis revealed immune response pathways linked with CTF1 in glioma, including natural killer cell cytotoxicity, NOD-like receptor signaling, Toll-like receptor signaling, antigen processing, chemokine signaling, and cytokine receptor interactions. CTF1 expression correlated positively with pathways related to apoptosis, inflammation, proliferation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling. Additionally, CTF1 expression was positively associated with macrophage, eosinophil, and neutrophil contents and immune checkpoint-related genes, but negatively associated with sensitivity to 14 drugs. In vitro experiments confirmed that CTF1 knockdown inhibited glioma cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis.

CONCLUSION

This study identifies CTF1 as a significant independent prognostic factor that is closely associated with the tumor immune microenvironment in glioma. Additionally, reduced expression of CTF1 suppresses the proliferation and induces apoptosis of glioma cells in vitro. Consequently, CTF1 is a potentially promising novel therapeutic target for glioma treatment.

Novel insights into the interaction between IGF2BPs and ncRNAs in cancers

Insulin-like growth factor II mRNA-binding proteins (IGF2BPs), a family of RNA-binding proteins, are pivotal in regulating RNA dynamics, encompassing processes such as localization, metabolism, stability, and translation through the formation of ribonucleoprotein complexes. First identified in 1999 for their affinity to insulin-like growth factor II mRNA, IGF2BPs have been implicated in promoting tumor malignancy behaviors, including proliferation, metastasis, and the maintenance of stemness, which are associated with unfavorable outcomes in various cancers. Additionally, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), particularly long non-coding RNAs, circular RNAs, and microRNAs, play critical roles in cancer progression through intricate protein-RNA interactions. Recent studies, predominantly from 2018 onward, indicate that IGF2BPs can recognize and modulate ncRNAs via N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications, enriching the regulatory landscape of RNA-protein interactions in the context of cancer. This review explores the latest insights into the interplay between IGF2BPs and ncRNAs, emphasizing their potential influence on cancer biology.

Exosome-delivered NR2F1-AS1 and NR2F1 drive phenotypic transition from dormancy to proliferation in treatment-resistant prostate cancer via stabilizing hormonal receptors

Cancer cells acquire the ability to reprogram their phenotype in response to targeted therapies, yet the transition from dormancy to proliferation in drug-resistant cancers remains poorly understood. In prostate cancer, we utilized high-plasticity mouse models and enzalutamide-resistant (ENZ-R) cellular models to elucidate NR2F1 as a key factor in lineage transition and ENZ resistance. Depletion of NR2F1 drives ENZ-R cells into a relative dormancy state, characterized by reduced proliferation and heightened drug resistance, while NR2F1 overexpression yields contrasting outcomes. Transcriptional sequencing analysis of NR2F1-silenced prostate cancer cells and tissues from the Cancer Genome Atlas-prostate cancer and SU2C cohorts indicated exosomes as the most enriched cell component, with pathways implicated in steroid hormone biosynthesis and drug metabolism. Moreover, NR2F1-AS1 forms a complex with SRSF1 to upregulate NR2F1 expression, facilitating its binding with ESR1 to sustain hormonal receptor expression and enhance proliferation in ENZ-R cells. Furthermore, HnRNPA2B1 interacts with NR2F1 and NR2F1-AS1, assisting their packaging into exosomes, wherein exosomal NR2F1 and NR2F1-AS1 promote the proliferation of dormant ENZ-R cells. Our works offer novel insights into the reawaking of dormant drug-resistant cancer cells governed by NR2F1 upregulation triggered by exosome-derived NR2F1-AS1 and NR2F1, suggesting therapeutic potential for phenotype reversal.

Exosomal circular RNAs in tumor microenvironment: An emphasis on signaling pathways and clinical opportunities

Exosomes can regulate the malignant progression of tumors by carrying a variety of genetic information and transmitting it to target cells. Recent studies indicate that exosomal circular RNAs (circRNAs) regulate multiple biological processes in carcinogenesis, such as tumor growth, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, drug resistance, autophagy, metabolism, angiogenesis, and immune escape. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), exosomal circRNAs can be transferred among tumor cells, endothelial cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, immune cells, and microbiota, affecting tumor initiation and progression. Due to the high stability and widespread presence of exosomal circRNAs, they hold promise as biomarkers for tumor diagnosis and prognosis prediction in blood and urine. In addition, designing nanoparticles targeting exosomal circRNAs and utilizing exosomal circRNAs derived from immune cells or stem cells provide new strategies for cancer therapy. In this review, we examined the crucial role of exosomal circRNAs in regulating tumor-related signaling pathways and summarized the transmission of exosomal circRNAs between various types of cells and their impact on the TME. Finally, our review highlights the potential of exosomal circRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic prediction biomarkers, as well as suggesting new strategies for clinical therapy.

Glioblastoma-associated macrophages: A key target in overcoming glioblastoma therapeutic resistance

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is recognized as the most aggressive and malignant form of brain cancer, characterized by a highly heterogeneous phenotype, poor prognosis, and a median survival time of less than 16 months. Recent studies have highlighted the critical role of glioblastoma-associated macrophages (GAMs) in promoting tumor progression and resistance not only to immunotherapy but also to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. GAMs actively suppress immune responses, promote angiogenesis, facilitate tumor metastasis, and induce therapy resistance, through various mechanisms such as cytokines production, signaling pathways regulation, and angiogenesis. In this context, understanding these regulatory mechanisms is essential for developing efficient therapies. Preclinical studies have investigated diverse approaches to target these cells, both as monotherapies or in combination with other treatments. While these approaches have shown promise in strengthening antitumor immune responses in animal models, their clinical success remains to be fully determined. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of GAMs's role in GBM therapeutic resistance and summarizes existing approaches to target GAMs in overcoming tumor resistance.

The landscape of circRNAs in gliomas temozolomide resistance: Insights into molecular pathways

As the deadliest type of primary brain tumor, gliomas represent a significant worldwide health concern. Circular RNA (circRNA), a unique non-coding RNA molecule, seems to be one of the most alluring target molecules involved in the pathophysiology of many kinds of cancers. CircRNAs have been identified as prospective targets and biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of numerous disorders, particularly malignancies. Recent research has established a clinical link between temozolomide (TMZ) resistance and certain circRNA dysregulations in glioma tumors. CircRNAs may play a therapeutic role in controlling or overcoming TMZ resistance in gliomas and may provide guidance for a novel kind of individualized glioma therapy. To address the biological characteristics of circRNAs and their potential to induce resistance to TMZ, this review has highlighted and summarized the possible roles that circRNAs may play in molecular pathways of drug resistance, including the Ras/Raf/ERK PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and metabolic processes in gliomas.

Recent advances in biomimetic strategies for the immunotherapy of glioblastoma

Immunotherapy is regarded as one of the most promising approaches for treating tumors, with a multitude of immunotherapeutic thoughts currently under consideration for the lethal glioblastoma (GBM). However, issues with immunotherapeutic agents, such as limited in vivo stability, poor blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration, insufficient GBM targeting, and represented monotherapy, have hindered the success of immunotherapeutic interventions. Moreover, even with the aid of conventional drug delivery systems, outcomes remain suboptimal. Biomimetic strategies seek to overcome these formidable drug delivery challenges by emulating nature's intelligent structures and functions. Leveraging the variety of biological structures and functions, biomimetic drug delivery systems afford a versatile platform with enhanced biocompatibility for the co-delivery of diverse immunotherapeutic agents. Moreover, their inherent capacity to traverse the BBB and home in on GBM holds promise for augmenting the efficacy of GBM immunotherapy. Thus, this review begins by revisiting the various thoughts and agents on immunotherapy for GBM. Then, the barriers to successful GBM immunotherapy are analyzed, and the corresponding biomimetic strategies are explored from the perspective of function and structure. Finally, the clinical translation's current state and prospects of biomimetic strategy are addressed. This review aspires to provide fresh perspectives on the advancement of immunotherapy for GBM.

The potential of circular RNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for gastric cancer: A comprehensive review

BACKGROUND

Gastric cancer (GC) is a global health concern, contributing significantly to cancer-related mortality rates. Early detection is vital for improving patient outcomes. Recently, circular RNAs (circRNAs) have emerged as crucial players in the development and progression of various cancers, including GC.

AIM

This comprehensive review underscores the promising potential of circRNAs as innovative biomarkers for the early diagnosis of GC, as well as their possible utility as therapeutic targets for this life-threatening disease. Specifically, the review focuses on recent findings, mechanistic insights, and clinical applications of circRNAs in GC.

KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW

Dysregulation of circRNAs has been consistently observed in GC tissues, offering potential diagnostic value due to their stability in bodily fluids such as blood and urine. For instance, circPTPN22 and hsa_circ_000200. Furthermore, the expression levels of circRNAs such as circCUL2, hsa_circ_0000705 and circSHKBP1 have shown strong associations with critical clinical features of GC, including diagnosis, prognosis, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage, and treatment response. Additionally, circRNAs such as circBGN, circLMO7, and circMAP7D1 have shown interactions with specific microRNAs (miRNAs), proteins, and other molecules that play key roles in development and progression of GC. This further highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets. Despite their potential, several challenges need to be addressed to effectively apply circRNAs as GC biomarkers. These include standardizing detection methods, establishing cutoff values for diagnostic accuracy, and validating findings in larger patient cohorts. Moreover, the functional mechanisms by which circRNAs contribute to GC pathogenesis and therapeutic resistance warrant further investigation. Advances in circRNAs research could provide valuable insights into the early detection and targeted treatment of GC, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

BMSC-derived exosomes promote osteoporosis alleviation via M2 macrophage polarization

Osteoporosis is characterized by reduced bone mass due to imbalanced bone metabolism. Exosomes derived from bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have been shown to play roles in various diseases. This study aimed to clarify the regulatory function and molecular mechanism of BMSCs-derived exosomes in osteogenic differentiation and their potential therapeutic effects on osteoporosis. Exosomes were extracted from BMSCs. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were cultured and internalized with BMSCs-derived exosomes. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect the expression of macrophage surface markers and tripartite motif (TRIM) family genes. BMDMs were co-cultured with human osteoblasts to assess osteogenic differentiation. Western blot was performed to analyze the ubiquitination of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell 1 (TREM1) mediated by TRIM25. An ovariectomized mice model was established to evaluate the role of TRIM25 and exosomes in osteoporosis. Exosomes were successfully isolated from BMSCs. BMSCs-derived exosomes upregulated TRIM25 expression, promoting M2 macrophage polarization and osteogenic differentiation. TRIM25 facilitated the ubiquitination and degradation of TREM1. Overexpression of TREM1 reversed the enhanced M2 macrophage polarization and osteogenic differentiation caused by TRIM25 overexpression. TRIM25 enhanced the protective effect of BMSCs-derived exosomes against bone loss in mice. These findings suggested that BMSCs-derived exosomes promoted osteogenic differentiation by regulating M2 macrophage polarization through TRIM25-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of TREM1. This mechanism might provide a novel approach for treating osteoporosis.

FUS/circZEB1/miR-128-3p/LBH feedback loop contributes to the malignant phenotype of GSCs via TNF-α-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal and common primary tumor of central nervous system with a poor prognosis. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are particularly significant in GBM proliferation, invasion, self-renewal and recurrence. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play important roles in various physiological and pathological processes, including regulating the biological behavior of GBM. Therefore, discovering novel circRNAs related to GSCs may contribute to a promising approach for treatment of GBM. Herein, we find out a novel circRNA termed circZEB1 with a high expression in glioma. Limb-bud and heart (LBH) is a transcription cofactor and promotes glioma stem cell tumorigenicity in our study. Mechanistically, circZEB1 can upregulate the expression of transcription cofactor LBH via sponging miR-128-3p in GSCs. LBH can facilitate the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), thus activating the NF-κB signaling pathway to promote the glioma progression. Meanwhile, LBH can also upregulate the RNA binding protein Fused in Sarcoma (FUS) expression, which can bind to and maintain the stability of circZEB1. A positive feedback loop is formed among FUS, circZEB1, miR-128-3p and LBH in GSCs. Our study uncovers a critical role of circZEB1 and provides a novel biomarker for treating GBM.

The role and clinical applications of exosomes in cancer drug resistance

Tumor-secreted exosomes are heterogeneous multi-signal messengers that support cancer growth and dissemination by mediating intercellular crosstalk and activating signaling pathways. Distinct from previous reviews, we focus intently on exosome-therapeutic resistance dynamics and summarize the new findings about the regulation of cancer treatment resistance by exosomes, shedding light on the complex processes via which these nanovesicles facilitate therapeutic refractoriness across various malignancies. Future research in exosome biology can potentially transform diagnostic paradigms and therapeutic interventions for cancer management. This review synthesizes recent insights into the exosome-driven regulation of cancer drug resistance, illuminates the sophisticated mechanisms by which these nanovesicles facilitate therapeutic refractoriness across various malignancies, and summarizes some strategies to overcome drug resistance.

Construction of a Prognostic Model for Mitochondria and Macrophage Polarization Correlation in Glioma Based on Single-Cell and Transcriptome Sequencing

BACKGROUND

Numerous diseases are associated with the interplay of mitochondrial and macrophage polarization. However, the correlation of mitochondria-related genes (MRGs) and macrophage polarization-related genes (MPRGs) with the prognosis of glioma remains unclear. This study aimed to examine this relationship based on bioinformatic analysis.

METHODS

Glioma-related datasets (TCGA-GBMLGG, mRNA-seq-325, mRNA-seq-693, GSE16011, GSE4290, and GSE138794) were included in this study. The intersection genes were obtained by overlapping differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from differential expression analysis in GSE16011, key module genes from WGCNA, and MRGs. Subsequently, the intersection genes were further screened to obtain prognostic genes. Following this, a risk model was developed and verified. After that, independent prognostic factors were identified, followed by the construction of a nomogram and subsequent evaluation of its predictive ability. Furthermore, immune microenvironment analysis and expression validation were implemented. The GSE138794 dataset was utilized to evaluate the expression of prognostic genes at a cellular level, followed by conducting an analysis on cell-to-cell communication. Finally, the results were validated in different datasets and tissue samples from patients.

RESULTS

ECI2, MCCC2, OXCT1, SUCLG2, and CPT2 were identified as prognostic genes for glioma. The risk model constructed based on these genes in TCGA-GBMLGG demonstrated certain accuracy in predicting the occurrence of glioma. Additionally, the nomogram constructed based on risk score and grade exhibited strong performance in predicting patient survival. Significant differences were observed in the proportion of 27 immune cell types (e.g., activated B cells and macrophages) and the expression of 32 immune checkpoints (e.g., CD70, CD200, and CD48) between the two risk groups. Single-cell RNA sequencing showed that CPT2, ECI2, and SUCLG2 were highly expressed in oligodendrocytes, neural progenitor cells, and BMDMs, respectively. The results of cell-cell communication analysis revealed that both oligodendrocytes and BMDMs exhibited a substantial number of interactions with high strength.

CONCLUSION

This study revealed five genes associated with the prognosis of glioma (ECI2, MCCC2, OXCT1, SUCLG2, and CPT2), providing novel insights into individualized treatment and prognosis.

Protein ubiquitination in ovarian cancer immunotherapy: The progress and therapeutic strategy

Ovarian cancer is a common cancer for females, and the incidence and mortality rates are on the rise. Many treatment strategies have been developed for ovarian cancer, including chemotherapy and immunotherapy, but they are often ineffective and prone to drug resistance. Protein ubiquitination is an important class of post-translation modifications that have been found to be associated with various human diseases and cancer development. Recent studies have revealed that protein ubiquitination is involved in the progression of ovarian cancer and plays an important role in the tumor immune process. Moreover, the combination of ubiquitinase/deubiquitinase inhibitors and cancer immunotherapy approaches can effectively reduce treatment resistance and improve treatment efficacy, which provides new ideas for cancer treatment. Herein, we review the role of protein ubiquitination in relation to ovarian cancer immunotherapy and recent advances in the use of ubiquitinase/deubiquitinase inhibitors in combination with cancer immunotherapy.

Exploring the roles and molecular mechanisms of RNA binding proteins in the sorting of noncoding RNAs into exosomes during tumor progression

BACKGROUND

RNA binding proteins (RBPs) play a role in sorting non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) into exosomes. These ncRNAs, carried by exosomes, are involved in regulating various aspects of tumor progression, including metastasis, angiogenesis, control of the tumor microenvironment, and drug resistance. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of the RBP-ncRNA-exosome mechanism in tumor regulation.

AIM OF REVIEW

This comprehensive review aims to explore the RBP-ncRNA-exosome mechanism and its influence on tumor development. By understanding this intricate mechanism provides novel insights into tumor regulation and may lead to innovative treatment strategies in the future.

KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW

The review discusses the formation of exosomes and the complex relationships among RBPs, ncRNAs, and exosomes. The RBP-ncRNA-exosome mechanism is shown to affect various aspects of tumor biology, including metastasis, multidrug resistance, angiogenesis, the immunosuppressive microenvironment, and tumor progression. Tumor development relies on the transmission of information between cells, with RBPs selectively mediating sorting of ncRNAs into exosomes through various mechanisms, which in turn carry ncRNAs to regulate RBPs. The review also provides an overview of potential therapeutic strategies, such as targeted drug discovery and genetic engineering for modifying therapeutic exosomes, which hold great promise for improving cancer treatment.

m6A-modified exosome-derived circHIF1α binding to KH domain of IGF2BP3 mediates DNA damage and arrests G1/S transition phase to resists bacterial infection in bacteremia

BACKGROUND

Animal and human health are seriously threatened by bacterial infections, which can lead to bacteremia and extremely high rates of morbidity and mortality. Recently, there have been reports indicating the involvement of exosomal circular RNAs (circRNAs) in a range of human disorders and tumor types. However, the role of exosomal circRNAs in bacterial infection remains elusive.

METHODS

We extracted and identified exosomes from the culture medium of PIEC cells infected with or without Glaesserella parasuis. RNA sequencing analysis was performed on the exosomes to screen and identify circRNAs (circHIF1α) associated with Glaesserella parasuis infection. PIEC cells were infected with Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus suis 2 to further determine whether exosome-derived circHIF1α was the crucial circHIF1α associated with bacterial infections. The transmission process of exosomes and their circHIF1α between cells was clarified via exosome tracing and co-culture assay. Moreover, the mechanism of circHIF1α being packaged into exosomes was explored, and the effects of exosomes and their circHIF1α on cell proliferation, DNA damage and cell cycle were analyzed. In addition, the binding mode and site of interacting proteins with circHIF1α were further determined. In vivo and in vitro, the role of exosomes and their circHIF1α in host resistance to bacterial infection was confirmed.

RESULTS

We first discovered a new circHIF1α that was very stable and detectable, encapsulated into exosomes by hnRNPA2B1, and whose expression in exosomes of bacterially infected PIEC cells significantly decreased. Additionally, exosomal circHIF1α reduced bacterial infection both in vitro and in vivo and suppressed the growth of reception cells. Mechanistically, the circHIF1α interacted with the KH domain of IGF2BP3 in an m6A-modified manner, which mediated DNA damage to arrest the cells at the G1/S phase through the interaction between the regulator of Chromosome Condensation 2 (RCC2) and γ-H2AX protein. Exosomal circHIF1α is a unique therapeutic target for bacterial infection since this work highlights its critical function in fighting bacterial infection.

Deciphering the IGF2BP3-mediated control of ferroptosis: mechanistic insights and therapeutic prospects

The rapid expansion of the oncology field has revealed new insights into cell death processes, with a particular emphasis on the role of ferroptosis. Characterized by iron dependency and the accumulation of lipid peroxides and iron within cells, ferroptosis stands out as a unique form of programmed cell demise. This in-depth analysis delves into the pivotal role of IGF2BP3, an RNA-binding protein, in the complex regulatory network of ferroptosis in cancerous cells. By exerting post-transcriptional control over genes associated with iron equilibrium, IGF2BP3 is demonstrated to manage cellular iron concentrations and reactive oxygen species (ROS) equilibrium, thus affecting the destiny of the cell. The correlation between aberrant IGF2BP3 expression and increased aggressiveness, metastatic capacity, and poor prognosis in various cancers is further clarified. The potential of IGF2BP3 as a biomarker for prognosis and a therapeutic agent to enhance cancer cells' vulnerability to ferroptosis is also examined, heralding new strategies in cancer treatment.

A novel protein SPECC1-415aa encoded by N6-methyladenosine modified circSPECC1 regulates the sensitivity of glioblastoma to TMZ

BACKGROUND

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) can influence a variety of biological functions and act as a significant role in the progression and recurrence of glioblastoma (GBM). However, few coding circRNAs have been discovered in cancer, and their role in GBM is still unknown. The aim of this study was to identify coding circRNAs and explore their potential roles in the progression and recurrence of GBM.

METHODS

CircSPECC1 was screened via circRNAs microarray of primary and recurrent GBM samples. To ascertain the characteristics and coding ability of circSPECC1, we conducted a number of experiments. Afterward, through in vivo and in vitro experiments, we investigated the biological functions of circSPECC1 and its encoded novel protein (SPECC1-415aa) in GBM, as well as their effects on TMZ sensitivity.

RESULTS

By analyzing primary and recurrent GBM samples via circRNAs microarray, circSPECC1 was found to be a downregulated circRNA with coding potential in recurrent GBM compared with primary GBM. CircSPECC1 suppressed the proliferation, migration, invasion, and colony formation abilities of GBM cells by encoding a new protein known as SPECC1-415aa. CircSPECC1 restored TMZ sensitivity in TMZ-resistant GBM cells by encoding the new protein SPECC1-415aa. The m6A reader protein IGF2BP1 can bind to circSPECC1 to promote its expression and stability. Mechanistically, SPECC1-415aa can bind to ANXA2 and competitively inhibit the binding of ANXA2 to EGFR, thus resulting in the inhibition of the phosphorylation of EGFR (Tyr845) and its downstream pathway protein AKT (Ser473). In vivo experiments showed that the overexpression of circSPECC1 could combine with TMZ to treat TMZ-resistant GBM, thereby restoring the sensitivity of TMZ-resistant GBM to TMZ.

CONCLUSIONS

CircSPECC1 was downregulated in recurrent GBM compared with primary GBM. The m6A reader protein IGF2BP1 could promote the expression and stability of circSPECC1. The sequence of SPECC1-415aa, which is encoded by circSPECC1, can inhibit the binding of ANXA2 to EGFR by competitively binding to ANXA2 and inhibiting the phosphorylation of EGFR and AKT, thereby restoring the sensitivity of TMZ-resistant GBM cells to TMZ.

Machine learning algorithms for predicting glioma patient prognosis based on CD163+FPR3+ macrophage signature

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a vital role in glioma progression and are associated with poor outcomes in glioma patients. However, the specific roles of different subpopulations of TAMs remain poorly understood. Two distinct cell types, glioma and myeloid cells, were identified through single-cell sequencing analysis in gliomas. Within the TAMs-associated weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) module, FPR3 emerged as a hub gene and was found to be expressed on CD163+ macrophages, while also being associated with clinical outcomes. Subsequently, a comprehensive assessment was undertaken to investigate the correlation between FPR3 expression and immune characteristics, revealing that FPR3 potentially plays a role in reshaping the glioma microenvironment. We identified a macrophage subset with the nonzero expression of CD163 and FPR3 (CD163+FPR3+). Using the expression profiles of CD163+FPR3+ macrophage-related signature, we employed ten machine learning algorithms to construct a prognostic model across six glioma cohorts. Subsequently, we employed an optimal algorithm to generate an artificial intelligence-driven prognostic signature specifically for CD163+FPR3+ macrophages. The development of this model was based on the average C-index observed in the aforementioned six cohorts. The risk score of this model consistently and effectively predicted overall survival, surpassing the accuracy of conventional clinical factors and 100 previously published signatures. Consequently, the CD163+FPR3+ macrophage-related score shows potential as a prognostic biomarker for glioma patients.