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Gonçalves M, Rodrigues-Santos P, Januário C, Cosentino M, Pereira FC. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) - Can dendritic cells and monocytes expressing this moonlight enzyme change the phase of Parkinson's Disease? Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 133:112062. [PMID: 38652967 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease where central and peripheral immune dysfunctions have been pointed out as a critical component of susceptibility and progression of this disease. Dendritic cells (DCs) and monocytes are key players in promoting immune response regulation and can induce the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) under pro-inflammatory environments. This enzyme with catalytic and signaling activity supports the axis IDO1-KYN-aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), promoting disease-specific immunomodulatory effects. IDO1 is a rate-limiting enzyme of the kynurenine pathway (KP) that begins tryptophan (Trp) catabolism across this pathway. The immune functions of the pathway, which are extensively described in cancer, have been forgotten so far in neurodegenerative diseases, where a chronic inflammatory environment underlines the progression of the disease. Despite dysfunctions of KP have been described in PD, these are mainly associated with neurotoxic functions. With this review, we aim to focus on the immune properties of IDO1+DCs and IDO1+monocytes as a possible strategy to balance the pro-inflammatory profile described in PD. We also highlight the importance of exploring the role of dopaminergic therapeutics in IDO1 modulation to possibly optimize current PD therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milene Gonçalves
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), Portugal
| | - Paulo Rodrigues-Santos
- Univ Coimbra, Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cristina Januário
- Univ Coimbra, CIBIT - Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Univ Insubria, Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, Varese, Italy
| | - Frederico C Pereira
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal.
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2
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Swain HN, Boyce PD, Bromet BA, Barozinksy K, Hance L, Shields D, Olbricht GR, Semon JA. Mesenchymal stem cells in autoimmune disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of pre-clinical studies. Biochimie 2024; 223:54-73. [PMID: 38657832 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) are of interest in the clinic because of their immunomodulation capabilities, capacity to act upstream of inflammation, and ability to sense metabolic environments. In standard physiologic conditions, they play a role in maintaining the homeostasis of tissues and organs; however, there is evidence that they can contribute to some autoimmune diseases. Gaining a deeper understanding of the factors that transition MSCs from their physiological function to a pathological role in their native environment, and elucidating mechanisms that reduce their therapeutic relevance in regenerative medicine, is essential. We conducted a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of human MSCs in preclinical studies of autoimmune disease, evaluating 60 studies that included 845 patient samples and 571 control samples. MSCs from any tissue source were included, and the study was limited to four autoimmune diseases: multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, and lupus. We developed a novel Risk of Bias tool to determine study quality for in vitro studies. Using the International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy's criteria to define an MSC, most studies reported no difference in morphology, adhesion, cell surface markers, or differentiation into bone, fat, or cartilage when comparing control and autoimmune MSCs. However, there were reported differences in proliferation. Additionally, 308 biomolecules were differentially expressed, and the abilities to migrate, invade, and form capillaries were decreased. The findings from this study could help to explain the pathogenic mechanisms of autoimmune disease and potentially lead to improved MSC-based therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey N Swain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Missouri University of Science and Technology, USA
| | - Parker D Boyce
- Department of Biological Sciences, Missouri University of Science and Technology, USA
| | - Bradley A Bromet
- Department of Biological Sciences, Missouri University of Science and Technology, USA
| | - Kaiden Barozinksy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Missouri University of Science and Technology, USA
| | - Lacy Hance
- Department of Biological Sciences, Missouri University of Science and Technology, USA
| | - Dakota Shields
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Missouri University of Science and Technology, USA
| | - Gayla R Olbricht
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Missouri University of Science and Technology, USA
| | - Julie A Semon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Missouri University of Science and Technology, USA.
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3
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Sheibani M, Shayan M, Khalilzadeh M, Soltani ZE, Jafari-Sabet M, Ghasemi M, Dehpour AR. Kynurenine pathway and its role in neurologic, psychiatric, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:10409-10425. [PMID: 37848760 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08859-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway is of central importance for the immune function. It prevents hyperinflammation and induces long-term immune tolerance. Accumulating evidence also demonstrates cytoprotective and immunomodulatory properties of kynurenine pathway in conditions affecting either central or peripheral nervous system as well as other conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although multilevel association exists between the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and various neurologic (e.g., neurodegenerative) disorders, it is believed that the kynurenine pathway plays a pivotal role in the development of both IBD and neurodegenerative disorders. In this setting, there is strong evidence linking the gut-brain axis with intestinal dysfunctions including IBD which is consistent with the fact that the risk of neurodegenerative diseases is higher in IBD patients. This review aims to highlight the role of kynurenine metabolic pathway in various neurologic and psychiatric diseases as well as relationship between IBD and neurodegenerative disorders in the light of the kynurenine metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sheibani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Razi Drug Research Centre, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Shayan
- Experimental Medicine Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, MS, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Khalilzadeh
- Experimental Medicine Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, MS, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ebrahim Soltani
- Experimental Medicine Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, MS, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Jafari-Sabet
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Razi Drug Research Centre, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ghasemi
- Department of Neurology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, 41 Mall Road, Burlington, MA, 01803, USA.
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, MS, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Cefis M, Chaney R, Wirtz J, Méloux A, Quirié A, Leger C, Prigent-Tessier A, Garnier P. Molecular mechanisms underlying physical exercise-induced brain BDNF overproduction. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1275924. [PMID: 37868812 PMCID: PMC10585026 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1275924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports that physical exercise (EX) is the most effective non-pharmacological strategy to improve brain health. EX prevents cognitive decline associated with age and decreases the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. These positive effects of EX can be attributed to an increase in neurogenesis and neuroplastic processes, leading to learning and memory improvement. At the molecular level, there is a solid consensus to involve the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as the crucial molecule for positive EX effects on the brain. However, even though EX incontestably leads to beneficial processes through BDNF expression, cellular sources and molecular mechanisms underlying EX-induced cerebral BDNF overproduction are still being elucidated. In this context, the present review offers a summary of the different molecular mechanisms involved in brain's response to EX, with a specific focus on BDNF. It aims to provide a cohesive overview of the three main mechanisms leading to EX-induced brain BDNF production: the neuronal-dependent overexpression, the elevation of cerebral blood flow (hemodynamic hypothesis), and the exerkine signaling emanating from peripheral tissues (humoral response). By shedding light on these intricate pathways, this review seeks to contribute to the ongoing elucidation of the relationship between EX and cerebral BDNF expression, offering valuable insights into the potential therapeutic implications for brain health enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Cefis
- Département des Sciences de l’Activité Physique, Faculté des Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université de Bourgogne, UFR des Sciences de Santé, Dijon, France
| | - Remi Chaney
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université de Bourgogne, UFR des Sciences de Santé, Dijon, France
| | - Julien Wirtz
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université de Bourgogne, UFR des Sciences de Santé, Dijon, France
| | - Alexandre Méloux
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université de Bourgogne, UFR des Sciences de Santé, Dijon, France
| | - Aurore Quirié
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université de Bourgogne, UFR des Sciences de Santé, Dijon, France
| | - Clémence Leger
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université de Bourgogne, UFR des Sciences de Santé, Dijon, France
| | - Anne Prigent-Tessier
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université de Bourgogne, UFR des Sciences de Santé, Dijon, France
| | - Philippe Garnier
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université de Bourgogne, UFR des Sciences de Santé, Dijon, France
- Département Génie Biologique, Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Dijon, France
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Gao J, Cui Y, Bao W, Hao Y, Piao X, Gu X. Ubiquitylome study reveals the regulatory effect of α-lipoic acid on ubiquitination of key proteins in tryptophan metabolism pathway of pig liver. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 236:123795. [PMID: 36828089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The decline in antioxidant defenses make it easily for human and animals to suffer from liver damage and diseases induced by oxidative stress, causing enormous losses to human health and livestock production. As one of the canonical protein post-translational modifications (PTMs), ubiquitination is widely involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis and damage/repair response, and is proven to be involved in the ability of mammals to resist oxidative stress. To explore whether α-lipoic acid (LA), a safe and efficient antioxidant, plays a role in regulating liver antioxidant status by PTMs, proteins in livers of pigs fed with LA were analyzed at the level of proteome and ubiquitylome. Based on proteome-wide enrichment of ubiquitination, a total of 7274 proteins were identified and 5326 were quantified, we also identified 1564 ubiquitination sites in 580 ubiquitinated proteins, among which there were 136 differentially ubiquitinated sites in 103 differentially ubiquitinated proteins upon LA. Further bioinformatics analysis showed that these differential proteins were mainly enriched in tryptophan metabolic pathway, and accompanied by significantly improvement of liver antioxidant capacity. We revealed the regulatory effect of LA on ubiquitination of kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) and other key proteins in tryptophan metabolism pathway of pig liver for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanjun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weiguang Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yue Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangshu Piao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xianhong Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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Zhao LP, Wu J, Quan W, Zhou Y, Hong H, Niu GY, Huang SB, Qiao CM, Zhao WJ, Cui C, Shen YQ. DSS-induced acute colitis causes dysregulated tryptophan metabolism in brain: an involvement of gut microbiota. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 115:109282. [PMID: 36758839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease can cause pathological changes of certain organs, including the gut and brain. As the major degradation route of tryptophan (Trp), Kynurenine (Kyn) pathway are involved in multiple pathologies of brain. This study sought to explore the effects of Dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis on serum and brain Trp metabolism (especially the Kyn pathway) and its mechanisms. We induced acute colitis and sub-chronic colitis with 3% DSS and 1% DSS respectively and found more severe intestinal symptoms in acute colitis than sub-chronic colitis. Both of the colitis groups altered Trp-Kyn-Kynurenic acid (Kyna) pathway in serum by regulating the expression of rate-limiting enzyme (IDO-1, KAT2). Interestingly, only 3% DSS group activated Trp-Kyn pathway under the action of metabolic enzymes (IDO-1, TDO-2 and KAT2) in brain. Furthermore, intestinal flora 16S rRNA sequencing showed significantly changes in both DSS-induced colitis groups, including microbial diversity, indicator species, and the abundance of intestinal microflora related to Trp metabolism. The functional pathways of microbiomes involved in inflammation and Trp biosynthesis were elevated after DSS treatment. Moreover, correlation analysis showed a significant association between intestinal flora and Trp metabolism (both in serum and brain). In conclusion, our study suggests that DSS-induced acute colitis causes dysregulation of Trp-Kyn-Kyna pathways of Trp metabolism in serum and brain by affecting rate-limiting enzymes and intestinal flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Zhao
- Neurodegeneration and Injury Laboratory, Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Neurodegeneration and Injury Laboratory, Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Quan
- Neurodegeneration and Injury Laboratory, Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Neurodegeneration and Injury Laboratory, Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Hong
- Neurodegeneration and Injury Laboratory, Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gu-Yu Niu
- Neurodegeneration and Injury Laboratory, Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shu-Bing Huang
- Neurodegeneration and Injury Laboratory, Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen-Meng Qiao
- Neurodegeneration and Injury Laboratory, Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei-Jiang Zhao
- Neurodegeneration and Injury Laboratory, Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun Cui
- Neurodegeneration and Injury Laboratory, Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan-Qin Shen
- Neurodegeneration and Injury Laboratory, Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
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Wu X, Hu R, Jiang S, Di Z, Chen Y, Shi M, Chen B, He K, Qian K, Guo Q, Ma R. Electroacupuncture attenuates LPS-induced depression-like behavior through kynurenine pathway. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 16:1052032. [PMID: 36703718 PMCID: PMC9871460 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1052032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A growing body of evidence suggests that inflammation and changes in glutamate neurotransmission are two pathophysiological mechanisms underlying depression. Electroacupuncture (EA) is a common therapeutic tool for the treatment of depression. However, the potential antidepressant mechanism of EA remains obscure. The change of the kynurenine pathway (KP) is the research priority of antidepressant mechanisms. This study will investigate the role of EA on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depression-like behavior and explore its possible mechanism of action. Methods Lipopolysaccharide was used to induce depression-like behavior, and EA was given at Hegu (L14) and Taichong (LR3) acupoints in C57BL/6J mice. Depression-like behaviors were measured by behavioral tests, including tail suspension test (TST), sucrose preference test (SPT), force swim test (FST), and open field test (OFT). The levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and KP enzyme IDO1 were measured by qPCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed to detect the content of prefrontal cortex and hippocampal as well as serum glutamate, tryptophan (TRP), kynurenic (KYN), and quinolinic acid (QA). Results The results showed that (1) as evidenced by increased spontaneous locomotor activities, decreased immobility duration, and a stronger preference for sucrose in the sucrose preference test, EA reversed LPS-challenged depressive-like behavior. (2) EA at L14 and LR3 decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines, inhibited IDO1, and regulated KP metabolisms, as well as lowered the concentration of glutamate. (3) EA may exert anti-depression effects by acting on the kynurenine pathway. Conclusion This study evaluated the effects of EA on depression-like behaviors induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and its regulation of inflammation and the glutamatergic system. Our results suggest that EA can ameliorate depression-like behaviors, lower the level of inflammation, and reduce the release of glutamate, possibly through the regulation of the kynurenine pathway in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuo Jiang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Di
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengting Shi
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bowen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kelin He
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China,Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kecheng Qian
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qin Guo
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Qin Guo,
| | - Ruijie Ma
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China,Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China,Ruijie Ma,
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Kurniati D, Hirai S, Egashira Y. Effect of apigenin on tryptophan metabolic key enzymes expression in lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial cells and its mechanism. Heliyon 2022; 9:e12743. [PMID: 36685364 PMCID: PMC9852672 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
[Aims] Flavonoid apigenin (API) has a wide range of biological functions, particularly anti-inflammation. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and 2-Amino-3-carboxymuconate-6-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) are important tryptophan metabolic enzymes that play pivotal roles in the production of toxic metabolite quinolinic acid. However, the relationship between inflammation and ACMSD remains unclear. The present study investigated the relationship between inflammation and tryptophan metabolic key enzymes. Similarly, the anti-inflammatory effect of API on important tryptophan metabolic enzymes was examined in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated microglial cells. [Main methods] MG6 cells were exposed to LPS with or without API treatment for 24-48 h. IDO and ACMSD mRNA expression and production of inflammatory mediators were analyzed. Activation of inflammatory signaling pathways, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), was also examined to study the mechanism of API in the inflammatory state. [Key findings] LPS suppressed ACMSD expression and enhanced IDO expression. However, API elevated ACMSD mRNA expression and suppressed IDO mRNA expression in LPS-treated MG6 cells. Furthermore, API suppressed interleukin-6 and nitric oxide production, whereas overproduction of inflammatory mediators enhanced IDO expression and assisted tryptophan degradation. API also inhibited activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) and jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) MAPK, and degradation of IκBα. [Significance] These results indicate alteration of ACMSD expression under inflammatory conditions. Moreover, API recovers expression of tryptophan metabolic key enzymes, which may be mediated by inhibition of proinflammatory mediator production via inactivation of Erk, JNK MAPK, and NF-κB pathways in LPS-stimulated microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Kurniati
- Laboratory of Food and Nutrition, Division of Applied Biochemistry, Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648, Matsudo, Matsudo-shi, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan,Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang KM. 21, Jatinangor, 40600, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Shizuka Hirai
- Laboratory of Food and Nutrition, Division of Applied Biochemistry, Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648, Matsudo, Matsudo-shi, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan
| | - Yukari Egashira
- Laboratory of Food and Nutrition, Division of Applied Biochemistry, Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648, Matsudo, Matsudo-shi, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan,Corresponding author.
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Fathi M, Vakili K, Yaghoobpoor S, Tavasol A, Jazi K, Mohamadkhani A, Klegeris A, McElhinney A, Mafi Z, Hajiesmaeili M, Sayehmiri F. Dynamic changes in kynurenine pathway metabolites in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1013784. [PMID: 36426364 PMCID: PMC9680557 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1013784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by axonal damage, demyelination, and perivascular inflammatory lesions in the white matter of the central nervous system (CNS). Kynurenine pathway (KP), which is the major route of tryptophan (TRP) metabolism, generates a variety of neurotoxic as well as neuroprotective compounds, affecting MS pathology and the severity of impairments. Alterations in KP have been described not only in MS, but also in various psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. The purpose of this systematic review is to investigate the previously reported dysregulation of KP and differences in its metabolites and enzymes in patients with MS compared to healthy control subjects. Method Electronic databases of PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Web of Science were searched to identify studies measuring concentrations of KP metabolites and enzymes in MS patients and control subjects. The following metabolites and enzymes implicated in the KP were investigated: TRP, kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA), quinolinic acid (QUIN), picolinic acid (PIC), hydroxyindoleacetic acid (HIAA), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT), and their related ratios. Result Ten studies were included in our systematic review. Our review demonstrates that IDO expression is reduced in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of MS patients compared to healthy controls. Also, increased levels of QUIN and QUIN/KYNA in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of MS patients is observed. Differences in levels of other metabolites and enzymes of KP are also reported in some of the reviewed studies, however there are discrepancies among the included reports. Conclusion The results of this investigation suggest a possible connection between alterations in the levels of KP metabolite or enzymes and MS. QUIN levels in CSF were higher in MS patients than in healthy controls, suggesting that QUIN may be involved in the pathogenesis of MS. The data indicate that differences in the serum/blood or CSF levels of certain KP metabolites and enzymes could potentially be used to differentiate between MS patients and control subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mobina Fathi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimia Vakili
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Yaghoobpoor
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arian Tavasol
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimia Jazi
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Qom, Qom, Iran
| | - Ashraf Mohamadkhani
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andis Klegeris
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Alyssa McElhinney
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Zahedeh Mafi
- Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Hajiesmaeili
- Critical Care Quality Improvement Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sayehmiri
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Fathi M, Vakili K, Yaghoobpoor S, Tavasol A, Jazi K, Hajibeygi R, Shool S, Sodeifian F, Klegeris A, McElhinney A, Tavirani MR, Sayehmiri F. Dynamic changes in metabolites of the kynurenine pathway in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease: A systematic Review and meta-analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:997240. [PMID: 36263032 PMCID: PMC9574226 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.997240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tryptophan (TRP) is an essential amino acid that must be provided in the diet. The kynurenine pathway (KP) is the main route of TRP catabolism into nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide (NAD+), and metabolites of this pathway may have protective or degenerative effects on the nervous system. Thus, the KP may be involved in neurodegenerative diseases. Objectives The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess the changes in KP metabolites such as TRP, kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA), Anthranilic acid (AA), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HANA) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Huntington’s disease (HD) patients compared to the control group. Methods We conducted a literature search using PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and EMBASE electronic databases to find articles published up to 2022. Studies measuring TRP, KYN, KYNA, AA, 3-HK, 5-HIAA, 3-HANA in AD, PD, or HD patients and controls were identified. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were used to determine the differences in the levels of the KP metabolites between the two groups. Results A total of 30 studies compromising 689 patients and 774 controls were included in our meta-analysis. Our results showed that the blood levels of TRP was significantly lower in the AD (SMD=-0.68, 95% CI=-0.97 to -0.40, p=0.000, I2 = 41.8%, k=8, n=382), PD (SMD=-0.77, 95% CI=-1.24 to -0.30, p=0.001, I2 = 74.9%, k=4, n=352), and HD (SMD=-0.90, 95% CI=-1.71 to -0.10, p=0.028, I2 = 91.0%, k=5, n=369) patients compared to the controls. Moreover, the CSF levels of 3-HK in AD patients (p=0.020) and the blood levels of KYN in HD patients (p=0.020) were lower compared with controls. Conclusion Overall, the findings of this meta-analysis support the hypothesis that the alterations in the KP may be involved in the pathogenesis of AD, PD, and HD. However, additional research is needed to show whether other KP metabolites also vary in AD, PD, and HD patients. So, the metabolites of KP can be used for better diagnosing these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mobina Fathi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimia Vakili
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Yaghoobpoor
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arian Tavasol
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimia Jazi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Qom, Qom, Iran
| | - Ramtin Hajibeygi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Shool
- Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sodeifian
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andis Klegeris
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Alyssa McElhinney
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Mostafa Rezaei Tavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Mostafa Rezaei Tavirani, ; Fatemeh Sayehmiri,
| | - Fatemeh Sayehmiri
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Mostafa Rezaei Tavirani, ; Fatemeh Sayehmiri,
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11
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Zheng H, Teague TK, Yeh FC, Burrows K, Figueroa-Hall LK, Aupperle RL, Khalsa SS, Paulus MP, Savitz J. C-Reactive protein and the kynurenic acid to quinolinic acid ratio are independently associated with white matter integrity in major depressive disorder. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 105:180-189. [PMID: 35853557 PMCID: PMC9983279 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Kynurenic acid (KynA) and quinolinic acid (QA) are neuroactive kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolites that have neuroprotective and neurotoxic properties, respectively. At least partly as a result of immune activation, the ratio of KynA to QA in the blood is reduced in major depressive disorder (MDD) and has been reported to be positively correlated with gray matter volume in depression. This study examined whether the inflammatory mediator, C-reactive protein (CRP) and the putative neuroprotective index, KynA/QA, were associated with white matter integrity in MDD, and secondly, whether any such associations were independent of each other or whether the effect of CRP was mediated by KynA/QA. One hundred and sixty-six participants in the Tulsa 1000 study with a DSM-V diagnosis of MDD completed diffusion tensor imaging and provided a serum sample for the quantification of CRP, KynA, and QA. Correlational tractography was performed using DSI Studio to map the specific white matter pathways that correlated with CRP and KynA/QA. CRP was negatively related to KynA/QA (standardized beta coefficient, SBC = -0.35 with standard error, Std.E = 0.13, p < 0.01) after controlling for nine possible confounders, i.e., age, sex, body mass index (BMI), medication status, lifetime alcohol use, severity of depression, severity of anxiety, length of illness, and smoking status. Higher concentrations of CRP were associated with decreased white matter integrity (fractional anisotropy, FA) of the bilateral cingulum and fornix after controlling for the nine potential confounders (SBC = -0.43, Std.E = 0.13, p = 0.002). Greater serum KynA/QA was associated with increased white matter integrity of the bilateral fornix, bilateral superior thalamic radiations, corpus callosum, and bilateral cingulum bundles after controlling for the same possible confounders (SBC = 0.26, Std.E = 0.09, p = 0.005). The relationship between CRP and FA was not mediated by KynA/QA. Exploratory analyses also showed that KynA/QA but not CRP was associated with self-reported positive affect, attentiveness, and fatigue measured with the PANASX (SBCs = 0.17-0.23). Taken together, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that within a subgroup of MDD patients, a higher level of systemic inflammation alters the balance of KP metabolism but also raise the possibility that CRP and neuroactive KP metabolites represent independent molecular mechanisms underlying white matter alterations in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Zheng
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA
| | - T Kent Teague
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, OK 74135, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, OK 74135, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK 74107, USA
| | - Fang-Cheng Yeh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | | | | | - Robin L Aupperle
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA; Oxley College of Health Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74119, USA
| | - Sahib S Khalsa
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA; Oxley College of Health Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74119, USA
| | - Martin P Paulus
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA; Oxley College of Health Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74119, USA
| | - Jonathan Savitz
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA; Oxley College of Health Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74119, USA.
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12
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Puopolo T, Chang T, Liu C, Li H, Liu X, Wu X, Ma H, Seeram NP. Gram-Scale Preparation of Cannflavin A from Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) and Its Inhibitory Effect on Tryptophan Catabolism Enzyme Kynurenine-3-Monooxygenase. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101416. [PMID: 36290320 PMCID: PMC9598531 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors targeting kynurenine-3-monooxygenase (KMO), an enzyme in the neurotoxic kynurenine pathway (KP), are potential therapeutics for KP metabolites-mediated neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. Although phytochemicals from Cannabis (C. sativa L.) have been reported to show modulating effects on enzymes involved in the KP metabolism, the inhibitory effects of C. sativa compounds, including phytocannabinoids and non-phytocannabinoids (i.e., cannflavin A; CFA), on KMO remain unknown. Herein, CFA (purified from hemp aerial material at a gram-scale) and a series of phytocannabinoids were evaluated for their anti-KMO activity. CFA showed the most active inhibitory effect on KMO, which was comparable to the positive control Ro 61-8048 (IC50 = 29.4 vs. 5.1 μM, respectively). Furthermore, a molecular docking study depicted the molecular interactions between CFA and the KMO protein and a biophysical binding assay with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique revealed that CFA bound to the protein with a binding affinity of 4.1×10−5 M. A competitive SPR binding analysis suggested that CFA and Ro 61-8048 bind to the KMO protein in a competitive manner. Our findings show that C. sativa derived phytochemicals, including CFA, are potential KMO inhibitors, which provides insight into the development of therapeutics targeting the KP and its related pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess Puopolo
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Tanran Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Huifang Li
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Xu Liu
- Yunnan Hempmon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kunming 650032, China
| | - Xian Wu
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Health, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Hang Ma
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
- Correspondence: (H.M.); (N.P.S.)
| | - Navindra P. Seeram
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
- Correspondence: (H.M.); (N.P.S.)
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13
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Melatonin ameliorates disease severity in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis by modulating the kynurenine pathway. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15963. [PMID: 36153399 PMCID: PMC9509376 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20164-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractMelatonin (MT), a neurohormone with immunomodulatory properties, is one of the metabolites produced in the brain from tryptophan (TRP) that has already strong links with the neuropathogenesis of Multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the exact molecular mechanisms behind that are not fully understood. There is some evidence showing that MS and MT are interconnected via different pathways: Relapses of MS has a direct correlation with a low level of MT secretion and a growing body of evidence suggest that MT be therapeutic in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE, a recognise animal model of MS) severity. Previous studies have demonstrated that the kynurenine pathway (KP), the main pathway of TRP catabolism, plays a key role in the pathogenesis of MS in humans and in EAE. The present study aimed to investigate whether MT can improve clinical signs in the EAE model by modulating the KP. C57BL/6 mice were induced with EAE and received different doses of MT. Then the onset and severity of EAE clinical symptoms were recorded. Two biological factors, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and NAD+ which closely interact in the KP were also assessed. The results indicated that MT treatment at all tested doses significantly decrease the EAE clinical scores and the number of demyelinating plaques. Furthermore, MT treatment reduced the mRNA expression of the KP regulatory enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1(IDO-1) and other KP enzymes. We also found that MT treatment reduces the mRNA expression of the AhR and inhibits the enzyme Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase (Nnmt) overexpression leading to an increase in NAD+ levels. Collectively, this study suggests that MT treatment may significantly attenuates the severity of EAE by altering the KP, AhR and NAD+ metabolism.
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14
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Li R, Li H, Yang X, Hu H, Liu P, Liu H. Crosstalk between dendritic cells and regulatory T cells: Protective effect and therapeutic potential in multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:970508. [PMID: 36177043 PMCID: PMC9513370 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.970508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system related to autoimmunity and is characterized by demyelination, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Cell therapies mediated by dendritic cells (DCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) have gradually become accumulating focusing in MS, and the protective crosstalk mechanisms between DCs and Tregs provide the basis for the efficacy of treatment regimens. In MS and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, DCs communicate with Tregs to form immune synapses and complete a variety of complex interactions to counteract the unbalanced immune tolerance. Through different co-stimulatory/inhibitory molecules, cytokines, and metabolic enzymes, DCs regulate the proliferation, differentiation and function of Tregs. On the other hand, Tregs inhibit the mature state and antigen presentation ability of DCs, ultimately improving immune tolerance. In this review, we summarized the pivotal immune targets in the interaction between DCs and Tregs, and elucidated the protective mechanisms of DC-Treg cell crosstalk in MS, finally interpreted the complex cell interplay in the manner of inhibitory feedback loops to explore novel therapeutic directions for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huiru Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peidong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Translational Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Translational Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hongbo Liu,
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15
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Chen Y, Zhang J, Yang Y, Xiang K, Li H, Sun D, Chen L. Kynurenine‐3‐monooxygenase (KMO): From its biological functions to therapeutic effect in diseases progression. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:4339-4355. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structure‐Based Drug Design & Discovery, Wuya College of Innovation, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure‐Based Drug Design & Discovery, Wuya College of Innovation, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
| | - Yueying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure‐Based Drug Design & Discovery, Wuya College of Innovation, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
| | - Ke Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Structure‐Based Drug Design & Discovery, Wuya College of Innovation, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
| | - Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure‐Based Drug Design & Discovery, Wuya College of Innovation, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
- College of Pharmacy Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Fuzhou China
| | - Dejuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure‐Based Drug Design & Discovery, Wuya College of Innovation, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
| | - Lixia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structure‐Based Drug Design & Discovery, Wuya College of Innovation, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
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16
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NAD + metabolism drives astrocyte proinflammatory reprogramming in central nervous system autoimmunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2211310119. [PMID: 35994674 PMCID: PMC9436380 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211310119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells in the CNS, and their dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Recent advances highlight the pivotal role of cellular metabolism in programming immune responses. However, the underlying immunometabolic mechanisms that drive astrocyte pathogenicity remain elusive. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a vital coenzyme involved in cellular redox reactions and a substrate for NAD+-dependent enzymes. Cellular NAD+ levels are dynamically controlled by synthesis and degradation, and dysregulation of this balance has been associated with inflammation and disease. Here, we demonstrate that cell-autonomous generation of NAD+ via the salvage pathway regulates astrocyte immune function. Inhibition of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), a key enzyme in the salvage pathway, results in depletion of NAD+, inhibits oxidative phosphorylation, and limits astrocyte inflammatory potential. We identified CD38 as the main NADase up-regulated in reactive mouse and human astrocytes in models of neuroinflammation and MS. Genetic or pharmacological blockade of astrocyte CD38 activity augmented NAD+ levels, suppressed proinflammatory transcriptional reprogramming, impaired chemotactic potential to inflammatory monocytes, and ameliorated EAE. We found that CD38 activity is mediated via calcineurin/NFAT signaling in mouse and human reactive astrocytes. Thus, NAMPT-NAD+-CD38 circuitry in astrocytes controls their ability to meet their energy demands and drives the expression of proinflammatory transcriptional modules, contributing to CNS pathology in EAE and, potentially, MS. Our results identify candidate therapeutic targets in MS.
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17
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Sundaram G, Bessede A, Gilot D, Staats Pires A, Sherman LS, Brew BJ, Guillemin GJ. Prophylactic and Therapeutic Effect of Kynurenine for Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) Disease. Int J Tryptophan Res 2022; 15:11786469221118657. [PMID: 36004319 PMCID: PMC9393931 DOI: 10.1177/11786469221118657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The essential amino acid, tryptophan, is predominantly metabolised through the kynurenine pathway (KP) to generate kynurenine, an aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pro-ligand that exerts its effects in a ligand-dependent manner. Interaction between kynurenine and the AhR is an effector mechanism of immunosuppression. We previously found that the KP is involved in multiple sclerosis (MS) disease progression. We postulated that AhR activation by kynurenine might be neuroprotective by encouraging differentiation of Tregs. In this study, we assess both the prophylactic and therapeutic efficiency of kynurenine on disease severity and progression in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an MS model. Methods Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein induced EAE mice (n = 6 per group) were treated with 200 mg/kg L-kynurenine once daily for 10 days beginning on either day 1 of EAE induction (prophylactic) or once they demonstrated motor weakness (therapeutic). Clinical disease severity measured by disease score, time on rotarod, and body weight. Results The prophylactic kynurenine treatment significantly (P < .0001) prevented the development of a more severe disease course with mice demonstrating diminished relapse rate and improved clinical and behavioural outcomes. However, therapeutic kynurenine did not significantly (P = .4463) decrease the clinical signs until 36 days following induction of disease; after 36 days, it also significantly (P = .0479) reduced disease relapse. Mean body weight measurements only correlated with time on rotarod (r = -.6410; P = .0007) but not clinical scores (r = .1925; P = .3674). Conclusions Kynurenine ameliorates EAE disease progression prophylactically and reduces relapses therapeutically. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the molecular mechanism explaining the therapeutic role of kynurenine for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Sundaram
- Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - David Gilot
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes I, Rennes, France
| | - Ananda Staats Pires
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Larry S Sherman
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA.,Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Bruce J Brew
- Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neurology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,University of Notre Dame, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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18
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Gargaro M, Scalisi G, Manni G, Briseño CG, Bagadia P, Durai V, Theisen DJ, Kim S, Castelli M, Xu CA, zu Hörste GM, Servillo G, Della Fazia MA, Mencarelli G, Ricciuti D, Padiglioni E, Giacchè N, Colliva C, Pellicciari R, Calvitti M, Zelante T, Fuchs D, Orabona C, Boon L, Bessede A, Colonna M, Puccetti P, Murphy TL, Murphy KM, Fallarino F. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 activation in mature cDC1 promotes tolerogenic education of inflammatory cDC2 via metabolic communication. Immunity 2022; 55:1032-1050.e14. [PMID: 35704993 PMCID: PMC9220322 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), cDC1 and cDC2, act both to initiate immunity and maintain self-tolerance. The tryptophan metabolic enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is used by cDCs in maintaining tolerance, but its role in different subsets remains unclear. At homeostasis, only mature CCR7+ cDC1 expressed IDO1 that was dependent on IRF8. Lipopolysaccharide treatment induced maturation and IDO1-dependent tolerogenic activity in isolated immature cDC1, but not isolated cDC2. However, both human and mouse cDC2 could induce IDO1 and acquire tolerogenic function when co-cultured with mature cDC1 through the action of cDC1-derived l-kynurenine. Accordingly, cDC1-specific inactivation of IDO1 in vivo exacerbated disease in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. This study identifies a previously unrecognized metabolic communication in which IDO1-expressing cDC1 cells extend their immunoregulatory capacity to the cDC2 subset through their production of tryptophan metabolite l-kynurenine. This metabolic axis represents a potential therapeutic target in treating autoimmune demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gargaro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Giulia Scalisi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Manni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carlos G. Briseño
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Prachi Bagadia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vivek Durai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Derek J. Theisen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sunkyung Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Marilena Castelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chenling A. Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Gerd Meyer zu Hörste
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Servillo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy,University research center in functional genomics (c.u.r.ge.f.), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Mencarelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Doriana Ricciuti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Mario Calvitti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Teresa Zelante
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ciriana Orabona
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paolo Puccetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy,University research center in functional genomics (c.u.r.ge.f.), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Theresa L. Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kenneth M. Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Francesca Fallarino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy; University research center in functional genomics (c.u.r.ge.f.), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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19
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de Oliveira JADP, de Athaide MM, Rahman AU, de Mattos Barbosa MG, Jardim MM, Moraes MO, Pinheiro RO. Kynurenines in the Pathogenesis of Peripheral Neuropathy During Leprosy and COVID-19. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:815738. [PMID: 35281455 PMCID: PMC8907883 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.815738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory disorders are associated with the activation of tryptophan (TRYP) catabolism via the kynurenine pathway (KP). Several reports have demonstrated the role of KP in the immunopathophysiology of both leprosy and coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). The nervous system can be affected in infections caused by both Mycobacterium leprae and SARS-CoV-2, but the mechanisms involved in the peripheral neural damage induced by these infectious agents are not fully understood. In recent years KP has received greater attention due the importance of kynurenine metabolites in infectious diseases, immune dysfunction and nervous system disorders. In this review, we discuss how modulation of the KP may aid in controlling the damage to peripheral nerves and the effects of KP activation on neural damage during leprosy or COVID-19 individually and we speculate its role during co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Atta Ur Rahman
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marcia Maria Jardim
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Milton Ozório Moraes
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberta Olmo Pinheiro
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Roberta Olmo Pinheiro,
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20
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Qiao P, Zhang C, Yu J, Shao S, Zhang J, Fang H, Chen J, Luo Y, Zhi D, Li Q, Ma J, Fu M, Dang E, Yin W, Wang G. Quinolinic acid, a tryptophan metabolite of the skin microbiota, negatively regulates the NLRP3 inflammasome through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:2184-2193.e6. [PMID: 35143820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease whose pathogenesis involves skin microbiota dysbiosis. Multiple studies have revealed changes in microbiota abundances between psoriatic lesions and healthy skin. However, the metabolic pathways of skin microbiota (especially tryptophan metabolism, which is closely related to immunosuppression) are far less understood. In this study, we first detected the major microbial metabolites of tryptophan on skin surfaces, finding that the quinolinic acid (QA) were significantly lower in the lesional skin of patients with psoriasis than in that of healthy subjects and correlated negatively with the severity of psoriasis. In vitro and in vivo, applying QA significantly alleviated skin inflammation in an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-dependent manner, resulting in the inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Furthermore, in mice with imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis, topical application of AhR small-interfering RNA substantially exacerbated the disease severity with increased NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Collectively, our data suggest that QA, a skin microbiota-derived metabolite, negatively regulates AhR-NLRP3 inflammasome signaling activation in patients with psoriasis, providing an insight into the correlation between microbiota metabolism and the host skin in individuals with psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Qiao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Department of Transfusion Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinlei Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuai Shao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jieyu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Fang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiaoling Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yixin Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dalong Zhi
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qingyang Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingyi Ma
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meng Fu
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Erle Dang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wen Yin
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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21
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Wang Y, Pleasure D, Deng W, Guo F. Therapeutic Potentials of Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1 (PARP1) Inhibition in Multiple Sclerosis and Animal Models: Concept Revisiting. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2102853. [PMID: 34935305 PMCID: PMC8844485 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) plays a fundamental role in DNA repair and gene expression. Excessive PARP1 hyperactivation, however, has been associated with cell death. PARP1 and/or its activity are dysregulated in the immune and central nervous system of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and animal models. Pharmacological PARP1 inhibition is shown to be protective against immune activation and disease severity in MS animal models while genetic PARP1 deficiency studies reported discrepant results. The inconsistency suggests that the function of PARP1 and PARP1-mediated PARylation may be complex and context-dependent. The article reviews PARP1 functions, discusses experimental findings and possible interpretations of PARP1 in inflammation, neuronal/axonal degeneration, and oligodendrogliopathy, three major pathological components cooperatively determining MS disease course and neurological progression, and points out future research directions. Cell type specific PARP1 manipulations are necessary for revisiting the role of PARP1 in the three pathological components prior to moving PARP1 inhibition into clinical trials for MS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of NeurologySchool of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95817USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative MedicineUC Davis School of Medicine/Shriners Hospitals for ChildrenSacramentoCAUSA
| | - David Pleasure
- Department of NeurologySchool of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95817USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative MedicineUC Davis School of Medicine/Shriners Hospitals for ChildrenSacramentoCAUSA
| | - Wenbin Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Fuzheng Guo
- Department of NeurologySchool of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95817USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative MedicineUC Davis School of Medicine/Shriners Hospitals for ChildrenSacramentoCAUSA
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22
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Huang Y, Zhao M, Chen X, Zhang R, Le A, Hong M, Zhang Y, Jia L, Zang W, Jiang C, Wang J, Fan X, Wang J. Tryptophan Metabolism in Central Nervous System Diseases: Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Strategies. Aging Dis 2022; 14:858-878. [PMID: 37191427 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of L-tryptophan (TRP) regulates homeostasis, immunity, and neuronal function. Altered TRP metabolism has been implicated in the pathophysiology of various diseases of the central nervous system. TRP is metabolized through two main pathways, the kynurenine pathway and the methoxyindole pathway. First, TRP is metabolized to kynurenine, then kynurenic acid, quinolinic acid, anthranilic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine, and finally 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid along the kynurenine pathway. Second, TRP is metabolized to serotonin and melatonin along the methoxyindole pathway. In this review, we summarize the biological properties of key metabolites and their pathogenic functions in 12 disorders of the central nervous system: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease. Furthermore, we summarize preclinical and clinical studies, mainly since 2015, that investigated the metabolic pathway of TRP, focusing on changes in biomarkers of these neurologic disorders, their pathogenic implications, and potential therapeutic strategies targeting this metabolic pathway. This critical, comprehensive, and up-to-date review helps identify promising directions for future preclinical, clinical, and translational research on neuropsychiatric disorders.
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23
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Cannon AS, Nagarkatti PS, Nagarkatti M. Targeting AhR as a Novel Therapeutic Modality against Inflammatory Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:288. [PMID: 35008717 PMCID: PMC8745713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, activation of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) was excluded from consideration as a therapeutic approach due to the potential toxic effects of AhR ligands and the induction of the cytochrome P450 enzyme, Cyp1a1, following AhR activation. However, it is now understood that AhR activation not only serves as an environmental sensor that regulates the effects of environmental toxins, but also as a key immunomodulator where ligands induce a variety of cellular and epigenetic mechanisms to attenuate inflammation. Thus, the emergence of further in-depth research into diverse groups of compounds capable of activating this receptor has prompted reconsideration of its use therapeutically. The aim of this review is to summarize the body of research surrounding AhR and its role in regulating inflammation. Specifically, evidence supporting the potential of targeting this receptor to modulate the immune response in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases will be highlighted. Additionally, the opportunities and challenges of developing AhR-based therapies to suppress inflammation will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA; (A.S.C.); (P.S.N.)
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24
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Recent advances in clinical trials targeting the kynurenine pathway. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 236:108055. [PMID: 34929198 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway (KP) is the major catabolic pathway for the essential amino acid tryptophan leading to the production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. In inflammatory conditions, the activation of the KP leads to the production of several bioactive metabolites including kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, kynurenic acid and quinolinic acid. These metabolites can have redox and immune suppressive activity, be neurotoxic or neuroprotective. While the activity of the pathway is tightly regulated under normal physiological condition, it can be upregulated by immunological activation and inflammation. The dysregulation of the KP has been implicated in wide range of neurological diseases and psychiatric disorders. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms involved in KP-mediated neurotoxicity and immune suppression, and its role in diseases of our expertise including cancer, chronic pain and multiple sclerosis. We also provide updates on the clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of KP inhibitors and/or analogues in each respective disease.
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25
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Luo Y, Möhn N, Skripuletz T, Senel M, Tumani H, Peßler F, Sühs KW, Stangel M. Differentiation of viral and autoimmune central nervous system inflammation by kynurenine pathway. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021; 8:2228-2234. [PMID: 34623755 PMCID: PMC8670317 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine whether the metabolites of Kynurenine pathway (KP) could serve as biomarkers for distinguishing between viral CNS infections and autoimmune neuroinflammatory diseases, especially anti‐N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor encephalitis (NMDARE) and herpes virus encephalitis (HSE). Methods This study enrolled CSF samples from 76 patients with viral CNS infections, autoimmune neuroinflammatory, and non‐inflammatory neurological diseases. We measured cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of tryptophan (Trp) and kynurenine (Kyn) by ELISA. Results Kyn concentrations and Kyn/Trp ratios were highly increased (p < 0.001, viral vs. autoimmune) in viral CNS infections, whereas patients with autoimmune neuroinflammatory and non‐inflammatory diseases exhibited low concentrations. Furthermore, Kyn concentrations and Kyn/Trp ratio turned out to be excellent biomarkers to distinguish between herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) and NMDARE (AUC 0.920 and AUC 0.906), whereas Trp concentrations were similar in all three groups. Interpretation The results suggest that elevated CSF Kyn concentrations and Kyn/Trp ratio may serve as biomarkers for distinguishing viral CNS infections from autoimmune neuroinflammatory diseases. In particular, the distinction between HSE and NMDARE is of great clinical relevance. Further studies are warranted to investigate the potential of CSF Kyn levels and Kyn/Trp ratio as routine parameters in patients with CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Luo
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nora Möhn
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Skripuletz
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Makbule Senel
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Frank Peßler
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kurt-Wolfram Sühs
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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26
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Tan LSY, Francis HM, Lim CK. Exploring the roles of tryptophan metabolism in MS beyond neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration: A paradigm shift to neuropsychiatric symptoms. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 12:100201. [PMID: 34589733 PMCID: PMC8474511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of tryptophan through the kynurenine pathway (KP) has been increasingly recognised in contributing to disease progression in the autoimmune and inflammatory disease multiple sclerosis (MS). In this review, the roles of inflammation and the KP are recontextualised to better understand the aetiology of the neuropsychiatric symptoms (depression, postpartum depression, suicidality, fatigue and cognitive dysfunction) in MS. These symptoms will be discussed in the context of cytokine-induced sickness behaviours, KP activation and levels of neurotoxicity and neuroprotection in MS. In particular, there will be emphasis on how neuropsychiatric symptoms in MS occur against the shared background of inflammation and KP dysregulation. The discourse of this review aims to promote future research in elucidating KP mechanisms in MS that would inevitably lead to more targeted treatment options for neuropsychiatric symptoms and disease progression. Research on tryptophan metabolism and neuroinflammation on neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS) is mounting. This review reframes the roles of neuroinflammation and tryptophan metabolism dysregulation on mental health issues in MS. The impact of neuroinflammation and tryptophan metabolism on depression, suicidality, fatigue, and cognitive impairment in MS are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine S Y Tan
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Heather M Francis
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Chai K Lim
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
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27
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López-Rodríguez JC, Rodríguez-Coira J, Benedé S, Barbas C, Barber D, Villalba MT, Escribese MM, Villaseñor A, Batanero E. Comparative metabolomics analysis of bronchial epithelium during barrier establishment after allergen exposure. Clin Transl Allergy 2021; 11:e12051. [PMID: 34582104 PMCID: PMC9082991 DOI: 10.1002/clt2.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies have shown a correlation between an altered metabolome and respiratory allergies. The epithelial barrier hypothesis proposes that an epithelial barrier dysfunction can result in allergic diseases development. Der p 1 allergen from house dust mite is a renowned epithelial barrier disruptor and allergy initiator due to its cysteine‐protease activity. Here, we compared the metabolic profile of the bronchial epithelium exposed or not to Der p 1 during barrier establishment to understand its active role in allergy development. Methods Calu‐3 cells were cultivated in air‐liquid interface cultures and exposed to either Der p 1 or Ole e 1 allergens during barrier establishment. The comparative metabolomics analysis of apical and basolateral media were performed using liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis both coupled to mass spectrometry. Results We showed that epithelial barrier disruption by Der p 1 was associated with a specific metabolic profile, which was highly dependent on the state of the epithelium at the time of contact. Moreover, an apical‐basolateral distribution of the metabolites was also observed, indicating a compartmentalization of the response with differential metabolic patterns. A number of metabolites were changed by Der p 1, mainly related to amino acids metabolism, such as L‐arginine, L‐kynurenine and L‐methionine. Conclusion This work is the first report on the metabolic response in human bronchial epithelial cells associated with cysteine‐protease Der p 1 activity, which could contribute to allergy development. Moreover, it supports a reformulated epithelial barrier hypothesis that might help to explain allergies and their increasing prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos López-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Rodríguez-Coira
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Benedé
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Domingo Barber
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Villalba
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Marta Escribese
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alma Villaseñor
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Batanero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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28
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Joisten N, Ruas JL, Braidy N, Guillemin GJ, Zimmer P. The kynurenine pathway in chronic diseases: a compensatory mechanism or a driving force? Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:946-954. [PMID: 34373202 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The kynurenine (KYN) pathway (KP) of tryptophan (TRP) metabolism is dysregulated in inflammation-driven pathologies including oncological and brain diseases [e.g., multiple sclerosis (MS), depression] and thus is a promising therapeutic target. Both pathological and compensatory mechanisms underlie disease-associated KP activation. There is growing evidence for bioenergetic roles of certain KP metabolites such as kynurenic acid (KA), or quinolinic acid (QA) as an NAD+ precursor, which may explain its frequently observed 'pathological' overactivation. Disease- and tissue-specific aspects, negative feedback on inflammatory signals, and the balance of downstream metabolites are likely to be decisive factors in the interpretation of an imbalanced KP. Therapeutic strategies should consider the compensatory actions and bioenergetic roles of KP metabolites to successfully design future theragnostic approaches aimed at attenuating disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Joisten
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Jorge L Ruas
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
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29
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Tanaka M, Tóth F, Polyák H, Szabó Á, Mándi Y, Vécsei L. Immune Influencers in Action: Metabolites and Enzymes of the Tryptophan-Kynurenine Metabolic Pathway. Biomedicines 2021; 9:734. [PMID: 34202246 PMCID: PMC8301407 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tryptophan (TRP)-kynurenine (KYN) metabolic pathway is a main player of TRP metabolism through which more than 95% of TRP is catabolized. The pathway is activated by acute and chronic immune responses leading to a wide range of illnesses including cancer, immune diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. The presence of positive feedback loops facilitates amplifying the immune responses vice versa. The TRP-KYN pathway synthesizes multifarious metabolites including oxidants, antioxidants, neurotoxins, neuroprotectants and immunomodulators. The immunomodulators are known to facilitate the immune system towards a tolerogenic state, resulting in chronic low-grade inflammation (LGI) that is commonly present in obesity, poor nutrition, exposer to chemicals or allergens, prodromal stage of various illnesses and chronic diseases. KYN, kynurenic acid, xanthurenic acid and cinnabarinic acid are aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands that serve as immunomodulators. Furthermore, TRP-KYN pathway enzymes are known to be activated by the stress hormone cortisol and inflammatory cytokines, and genotypic variants were observed to contribute to inflammation and thus various diseases. The tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenases and the kynurenine-3-monooxygenase are main enzymes in the pathway. This review article discusses the TRP-KYN pathway with special emphasis on its interaction with the immune system and the tolerogenic shift towards chronic LGI and overviews the major symptoms, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and toxic and protective KYNs to explore the linkage between chronic LGI, KYNs, and major psychiatric disorders, including depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, substance use disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Tanaka
- MTA-SZTE—Neuroscience Research Group, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (M.T.); (F.T.)
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (H.P.); (Á.S.)
| | - Fanni Tóth
- MTA-SZTE—Neuroscience Research Group, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (M.T.); (F.T.)
| | - Helga Polyák
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (H.P.); (Á.S.)
| | - Ágnes Szabó
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (H.P.); (Á.S.)
| | - Yvette Mándi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - László Vécsei
- MTA-SZTE—Neuroscience Research Group, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (M.T.); (F.T.)
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (H.P.); (Á.S.)
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Sandi D, Fricska-Nagy Z, Bencsik K, Vécsei L. Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis: Symptoms of Silent Progression, Biomarkers and Neuroprotective Therapy-Kynurenines Are Important Players. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113423. [PMID: 34198750 PMCID: PMC8201043 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is one of the driving forces behind the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Progression without activity, pathopsychological disturbances (cognitive impairment, depression, fatigue) and even optic neuropathy seems to be mainly routed in this mechanism. In this article, we aim to give a comprehensive review of the clinical aspects and symptomology, radiological and molecular markers and potential therapeutic targets of neurodegeneration in connection with MS. As the kynurenine pathway (KP) was evidenced to play an important role in the pathogenesis of other neurodegenerative conditions (even implied to have a causative role in some of these diseases) and more and more recent evidence suggest the same central role in the neurodegenerative processes of MS as well, we pay special attention to the KP. Metabolites of the pathway are researched as biomarkers of the disease and new, promising data arising from clinical evaluations show the possible therapeutic capability of KP metabolites as neuroprotective drugs in MS. Our conclusion is that the kynurenine pathway is a highly important route of research both for diagnostic and for therapeutic values and is expected to yield concrete results for everyday medicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Sandi
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (D.S.); (Z.F.-N.); (K.B.)
| | - Zsanett Fricska-Nagy
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (D.S.); (Z.F.-N.); (K.B.)
| | - Krisztina Bencsik
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (D.S.); (Z.F.-N.); (K.B.)
| | - László Vécsei
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (D.S.); (Z.F.-N.); (K.B.)
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-62-545-384; Fax: +36-62-545-597
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31
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Collier ME, Zhang S, Scrutton NS, Giorgini F. Inflammation control and improvement of cognitive function in COVID-19 infections: is there a role for kynurenine 3-monooxygenase inhibition? Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1473-1481. [PMID: 33609782 PMCID: PMC7889466 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The novel respiratory virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged during late 2019 and spread rapidly across the world. It is now recognised that the nervous system can be affected in COVID-19, with several studies reporting long-term cognitive problems in patients. The metabolic pathway of tryptophan degradation, known as the kynurenine pathway (KP), is significantly activated in patients with COVID-19. KP metabolites have roles in regulating both inflammatory/immune responses and neurological functions. In this review, we speculate on the effects of KP activation in patients with COVID-19, and how modulation of this pathway might impact inflammation and reduce neurological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ew Collier
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Shaowei Zhang
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Flaviano Giorgini
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
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Pukoli D, Polyák H, Rajda C, Vécsei L. Kynurenines and Neurofilament Light Chain in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:658202. [PMID: 34113231 PMCID: PMC8185147 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.658202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. In recent years, it has been proven that the kynurenine system plays a significant role in the development of several nervous system disorders, including multiple sclerosis. Kynurenine pathway metabolites have both neurotoxic and neuroprotective effects. Moreover, the enzymes of the kynurenine pathway play an important role in immunomodulation processes, among others, as well as interacting with neuronal energy balance and various redox reactions. Dysregulation of many of the enzymatic steps in kynurenine pathway and upregulated levels of these metabolites locally in the central nervous system, contribute to the progression of multiple sclerosis pathology. This process can initiate a pathogenic cascade, including microglia activation, glutamate excitotoxicity, chronic oxidative stress or accumulated mitochondrial damage in the axons, that finally disrupt the homeostasis of neurons, leads to destabilization of neuronal cell cytoskeleton, contributes to neuro-axonal damage and neurodegeneration. Neurofilaments are good biomarkers of the neuro-axonal damage and their level reliably indicates the severity of multiple sclerosis and the treatment response. There is increasing evidence that connections exist between the molecules generated in the kynurenine metabolic pathway and the change in neurofilament concentrations. Thus the alterations in the kynurenine pathway may be an important biomarker of the course of multiple sclerosis. In our present review, we report the possible relationship and connection between neurofilaments and the kynurenine system in multiple sclerosis based on the available evidences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Pukoli
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Neurology, Vaszary Kolos Hospital, Esztergom, Hungary
| | - Helga Polyák
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Cecilia Rajda
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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33
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Navarro MN, Gómez de Las Heras MM, Mittelbrunn M. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism in the immune response, autoimmunity and inflammageing. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:1839-1856. [PMID: 33817782 PMCID: PMC9292562 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolism is dynamically regulated to accompany immune cell function, and altered immunometabolism can result in impaired immune responses. Concomitantly, the pharmacological manipulation of metabolic processes offers an opportunity for therapeutic intervention in inflammatory disorders. The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a critical metabolic intermediate that serves as enzyme cofactor in redox reactions, and is also used as a co‐substrate by many enzymes such as sirtuins, adenosine diphosphate ribose transferases and synthases. Through these activities, NAD+ metabolism regulates a broad spectrum of cellular functions such as energy metabolism, DNA repair, regulation of the epigenetic landscape and inflammation. Thus, the manipulation of NAD+ availability using pharmacological compounds such as NAD+ precursors can have immune‐modulatory properties in inflammation. Here, we discuss how the NAD+ metabolism contributes to the immune response and inflammatory conditions, with a special focus on multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel diseases and inflammageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria N Navarro
- Interactions With The Environment Program, Immune System Development and Function Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel M Gómez de Las Heras
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Mittelbrunn
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
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34
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Tryptophan Metabolism and Gut-Brain Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062973. [PMID: 33804088 PMCID: PMC8000752 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid critical for protein synthesis in humans that has emerged as a key player in the microbiota-gut-brain axis. It is the only precursor for the neurotransmitter serotonin, which is vital for the processing of emotional regulation, hunger, sleep, and pain, as well as colonic motility and secretory activity in the gut. Tryptophan catabolites from the kynurenine degradation pathway also modulate neural activity and are active in the systemic inflammatory cascade. Additionally, tryptophan and its metabolites support the development of the central and enteric nervous systems. Accordingly, dysregulation of tryptophan metabolites plays a central role in the pathogenesis of many neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Gut microbes influence tryptophan metabolism directly and indirectly, with corresponding changes in behavior and cognition. The gut microbiome has thus garnered much attention as a therapeutic target for both neurologic and psychiatric disorders where tryptophan and its metabolites play a prominent role. In this review, we will touch upon some of these features and their involvement in health and disease.
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Polyák H, Cseh EK, Bohár Z, Rajda C, Zádori D, Klivényi P, Toldi J, Vécsei L. Cuprizone markedly decreases kynurenic acid levels in the rodent brain tissue and plasma. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06124. [PMID: 33553777 PMCID: PMC7856478 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The kynurenine (KYN) pathway (KP) of the tryptophan (TRP) metabolism seems to play a role in the pathomechanism of multiple sclerosis (MS). Cuprizone (CPZ) treated animals develop both demyelination (DEM) and remyelination (REM) in lack of peripheral immune response, such as the lesion pattern type III and IV in MS, representing primary oligodendrogliopathy. Objective To measure the metabolites of the KP in the CPZ treated animals, including TRP, KYN and kynurenic acid (KYNA). We proposed that KYNA levels might be decreased in the CPZ-induced demyelinating phase of the animal model of MS, which model represents the progressive phase of the disease. Methods A total of 64 C57Bl/6J animals were used for the study. Immunohistochemical (IHC) measurements were performed to prove the effect of CPZ, whereas high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to quantify the metabolites of the KP (n = 10/4 groups; DEM, CO1, REM, CO2). Results IHC measurements proved the detrimental effects of CPZ. HPLC measurements demonstrated a decrease of KYNA in the hippocampus (p < 0.05), somatosensory cortex (p < 0.01) and in plasma (p < 0.001). Conclusion This is the first evidence of marked reduction in KYNA levels in a non-immune mediated model of MS. Our results suggest an involvement of the KP in the pathomechanism of MS, which needs to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Polyák
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Edina Katalin Cseh
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Bohár
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Cecilia Rajda
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dénes Zádori
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Klivényi
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - József Toldi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
- Corresponding author.
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36
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Cao B, Chen Y, Ren Z, Pan Z, McIntyre RS, Wang D. Dysregulation of kynurenine pathway and potential dynamic changes of kynurenine in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 123:203-214. [PMID: 33513412 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The kynurenine (KYN) pathway is postulated to play various roles in immune system dysregulation of schizophrenia (SCZ). We conducted a meta-analysis to explore the association between six key metabolites of KYN pathway (i.e., tryptophan (TRP), KYN, quinolinic acid (QUIN), and kynurenic acid (KYNA)) and SCZ. Priori Bonferroni adjustments were conducted for multiple comparisons. In total, 42 studies that examined the relationship between the metabolites in KYN pathway mentioned above and SCZ in 4217 participants and nine studies that examined alterations of these metabolites after antipsychotic treatments were included. The results demonstrate that (1) subjects with prescribed medication had significantly higher KYN levels when compared to controls; (2) higher KYN levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), lower plasma KYN levels and higher CSF KYNA levels were associated with SCZ; (3) the KYN levels were higher in subjects with SCZ after antipsychotic treatments when compared with baseline. The evidence provides valuable insight of the potential underlying involvement of the KYN pathway in the pathogenesis of SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Faculty of Psychology, Ministry of Education, Southwest University (SWU), Chongqing, 400715, PR China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Southwest University), Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Yan Chen
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College St., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhongyu Ren
- College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Zihang Pan
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dongfang Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
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Zhang S, Collier MEW, Heyes DJ, Giorgini F, Scrutton NS. Advantages of brain penetrating inhibitors of kynurenine-3-monooxygenase for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 697:108702. [PMID: 33275878 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Kynurenine-3-monooxygenase (KMO) is an important therapeutic target for several brain disorders that has been extensively studied in recent years. Potent inhibitors towards KMO have been developed and tested within different disease models, showing great therapeutic potential, especially in models of neurodegenerative disease. The inhibition of KMO reduces the production of downstream toxic kynurenine pathway metabolites and shifts the flux to the formation of the neuroprotectant kynurenic acid. However, the efficacy of KMO inhibitors in neurodegenerative disease has been limited by their poor brain permeability. Combined with virtual screening and prodrug strategies, a novel brain penetrating KMO inhibitor has been developed which dramatically decreases neurotoxic metabolites. This review highlights the importance of KMO as a drug target in neurological disease and the benefits of brain permeable inhibitors in modulating kynurenine pathway metabolites in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Zhang
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Mary E W Collier
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Derren J Heyes
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Flaviano Giorgini
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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Braidy N, Alicajic H, Pow D, Smith J, Jugder BE, Brew BJ, Nicolazzo JA, Guillemin GJ. Potential Mechanism of Cellular Uptake of the Excitotoxin Quinolinic Acid in Primary Human Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:34-54. [PMID: 32894500 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02046-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), excessive amounts of quinolinic acid (QUIN) accumulate within the brain parenchyma and dystrophic neurons. QUIN also regulates glutamate uptake into neurons, which may be due to modulation of Na+-dependent excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs). To determine the biological relationships between QUIN and glutamate dysfunction, we first quantified the functionality and kinetics of [3H]QUIN uptake in primary human neurons using liquid scintillation. We then measured changes in the protein expression of the glutamate transporter EAAT3 and EAAT1b in primary neurons treated with QUIN and the EAAT inhibitor L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid (2,4-PDC) using western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemistry was further used to elucidate intracellular transport of exogenous QUIN and the lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2). Structural insights into the binding between QUIN and EAAT3 were further investigated using molecular docking techniques. We report significant temperature-dependent high-affinity transport leading to neuronal uptake of [3H]QUIN with a Km of 42.2 μM, and a Vmax of 9.492 pmol/2 min/mg protein, comparable with the uptake of glutamate. We also found that QUIN increases expression of the EAAT3 monomer while decreasing the functional trimer. QUIN uptake into primary neurons was shown to involve EAAT3 as uptake was significantly attenuated following EAAT inhibition. We also demonstrated that QUIN increases the expression of aberrant EAAT1b protein in neurons further implicating QUIN-induced glutamate dysfunction. Furthermore, we demonstrated that QUIN is metabolised exclusively in lysosomes. The involvement of EAAT3 as a modulator for QUIN uptake was further confirmed using molecular docking. This study is the first to characterise a mechanism for QUIN uptake into primary human neurons involving EAAT3, opening potential targets to attenuate QUIN-induced excitotoxicity in neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
- School of Medicine, Huzhou University, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Hayden Alicajic
- Neuropharmacology group, MND and Neurodegenerative diseases Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2019, Australia
| | - David Pow
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bat-Erdene Jugder
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bruce J Brew
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Neurology and HIV Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joseph A Nicolazzo
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuropharmacology group, MND and Neurodegenerative diseases Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2019, Australia.
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