1
|
Faivre N, Verollet C, Dumas F. The chemokine receptor CCR5: multi-faceted hook for HIV-1. Retrovirology 2024; 21:2. [PMID: 38263120 PMCID: PMC10807162 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-024-00634-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are cytokines whose primary role is cellular activation and stimulation of leukocyte migration. They perform their various functions by interacting with G protein-coupled cell surface receptors (GPCRs) and are involved in the regulation of many biological processes such as apoptosis, proliferation, angiogenesis, hematopoiesis or organogenesis. They contribute to the maintenance of the homeostasis of lymphocytes and coordinate the function of the immune system. However, chemokines and their receptors are sometimes hijacked by some pathogens to infect the host organism. For a given chemokine receptor, there is a wide structural, organizational and conformational diversity. In this review, we describe the evidence for structural variety reported for the chemokine receptor CCR5, how this variability can be exploited by HIV-1 to infect its target cells and what therapeutic solutions are currently being developed to overcome this problem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Faivre
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
- International Research Laboratory (IRP) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV", Toulouse, France
- International Research Laboratory (IRP) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christel Verollet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
- International Research Laboratory (IRP) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV", Toulouse, France
- International Research Laboratory (IRP) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabrice Dumas
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pérez-Yanes S, Pernas M, Marfil S, Cabrera-Rodríguez R, Ortiz R, Urrea V, Rovirosa C, Estévez-Herrera J, Olivares I, Casado C, Lopez-Galindez C, Blanco J, Valenzuela-Fernández A. The Characteristics of the HIV-1 Env Glycoprotein Are Linked With Viral Pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:763039. [PMID: 35401460 PMCID: PMC8988142 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.763039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of HIV-1 pathogenesis and clinical progression is incomplete due to the variable contribution of host, immune, and viral factors. The involvement of viral factors has been investigated in extreme clinical phenotypes from rapid progressors to long-term non-progressors (LTNPs). Among HIV-1 proteins, the envelope glycoprotein complex (Env) has been concentrated on in many studies for its important role in the immune response and in the first steps of viral replication. In this study, we analyzed the contribution of 41 Envs from 24 patients with different clinical progression rates and viral loads (VLs), LTNP-Elite Controllers (LTNP-ECs); Viremic LTNPs (vLTNPs), and non-controller individuals contemporary to LTNPs or recent, named Old and Modern progressors. We studied the Env expression, the fusion and cell-to-cell transfer capacities, as well as viral infectivity. The sequence and phylogenetic analysis of Envs were also performed. In every functional characteristic, the Envs from subjects with viral control (LTNP-ECs and vLTNPs) showed significant lower performance compared to those from the progressor individuals (Old and Modern). Regarding sequence analysis, the variable loops of the gp120 subunit of the Env (i.e., V2, V4, and mainly V5) of the progressor individuals showed longer and more glycosylated sequences than controller subjects. Therefore, HIV-1 Envs from virus of patients presenting viremic control and the non-progressor clinical phenotype showed poor viral functions and shorter sequences, whereas functional Envs were associated with virus of patients lacking virological control and with progressor clinical phenotypes. These correlations support the role of Env genotypic and phenotypic characteristics in the in vivo HIV-1 infection and pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pérez-Yanes
- Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - María Pernas
- Unidad de Virologia Molecular, Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Marfil
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa, Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Romina Cabrera-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Raquel Ortiz
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa, Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor Urrea
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa, Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Rovirosa
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa, Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Estévez-Herrera
- Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Isabel Olivares
- Unidad de Virologia Molecular, Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Casado
- Unidad de Virologia Molecular, Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Concepción Casado,
| | - Cecilio Lopez-Galindez
- Unidad de Virologia Molecular, Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Cecilio Lopez-Galindez,
| | - Julià Blanco
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa, Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
- Chair of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Barcelona, Spain
- Julià Blanco,
| | - Agustín Valenzuela-Fernández
- Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
- *Correspondence: Agustín Valenzuela-Fernández,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Modeling of CCR5 Recognition by HIV-1 gp120: How the Viral Protein Exploits the Conformational Plasticity of the Coreceptor. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071395. [PMID: 34372601 PMCID: PMC8310383 DOI: 10.3390/v13071395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR5 is a key player in HIV-1 infection. The cryo-EM 3D structure of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) subunit gp120 in complex with CD4 and CCR5 has provided important structural insights into HIV-1/host cell interaction, yet it has not explained the signaling properties of Env nor the fact that CCR5 exists in distinct forms that show distinct Env binding properties. We used classical molecular dynamics and site-directed mutagenesis to characterize the CCR5 conformations stabilized by four gp120s, from laboratory-adapted and primary HIV-1 strains, and which were previously shown to bind differentially to distinct CCR5 forms and to exhibit distinct cellular tropisms. The comparative analysis of the simulated structures reveals that the different gp120s do indeed stabilize CCR5 in different conformational ensembles. They differentially reorient extracellular loops 2 and 3 of CCR5 and thus accessibility to the transmembrane binding cavity. They also reshape this cavity differently and give rise to different positions of intracellular ends of transmembrane helices 5, 6 and 7 of the receptor and of its third intracellular loop, which may in turn influence the G protein binding region differently. These results suggest that the binding of gp120s to CCR5 may have different functional outcomes, which could result in different properties for viruses.
Collapse
|
4
|
Armani-Tourret M, Zhou Z, Gasser R, Staropoli I, Cantaloube-Ferrieu V, Benureau Y, Garcia-Perez J, Pérez-Olmeda M, Lorin V, Puissant-Lubrano B, Assoumou L, Delaugerre C, Lelièvre JD, Lévy Y, Mouquet H, Martin-Blondel G, Alcami J, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Izopet J, Colin P, Lagane B. Mechanisms of HIV-1 evasion to the antiviral activity of chemokine CXCL12 indicate potential links with pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009526. [PMID: 33872329 PMCID: PMC8084328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infects CD4 T lymphocytes (CD4TL) through binding the chemokine receptors CCR5 or CXCR4. CXCR4-using viruses are considered more pathogenic, linked to accelerated depletion of CD4TL and progression to AIDS. However, counterexamples to this paradigm are common, suggesting heterogeneity in the virulence of CXCR4-using viruses. Here, we investigated the role of the CXCR4 chemokine CXCL12 as a driving force behind virus virulence. In vitro, CXCL12 prevents HIV-1 from binding CXCR4 and entering CD4TL, but its role in HIV-1 transmission and propagation remains speculative. Through analysis of thirty envelope glycoproteins (Envs) from patients at different stages of infection, mostly treatment-naïve, we first interrogated whether sensitivity of viruses to inhibition by CXCL12 varies over time in infection. Results show that Envs resistant (RES) to CXCL12 are frequent in patients experiencing low CD4TL levels, most often late in infection, only rarely at the time of primary infection. Sensitivity assays to soluble CD4 or broadly neutralizing antibodies further showed that RES Envs adopt a more closed conformation with distinct antigenicity, compared to CXCL12-sensitive (SENS) Envs. At the level of the host cell, our results suggest that resistance is not due to improved fusion or binding to CD4, but owes to viruses using particular CXCR4 molecules weakly accessible to CXCL12. We finally asked whether the low CD4TL levels in patients are related to increased pathogenicity of RES viruses. Resistance actually provides viruses with an enhanced capacity to enter naive CD4TL when surrounded by CXCL12, which mirrors their situation in lymphoid organs, and to deplete bystander activated effector memory cells. Therefore, RES viruses seem more likely to deregulate CD4TL homeostasis. This work improves our understanding of the pathophysiology and the transmission of HIV-1 and suggests that RES viruses' receptors could represent new therapeutic targets to help prevent CD4TL depletion in HIV+ patients on cART.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhicheng Zhou
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, INSERM U1108, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Romain Gasser
- Infinity, Université Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Staropoli
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, INSERM U1108, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Yann Benureau
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, INSERM U1108, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Mayte Pérez-Olmeda
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Valérie Lorin
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, INSERM U1222, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Lambert Assoumou
- INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), Paris, France
| | | | | | - Yves Lévy
- Vaccine Research Institute, INSERM and APHP, Hôpital H. Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, INSERM U1222, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Martin-Blondel
- Infinity, Université Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
- CHU de Toulouse, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Toulouse, France
| | - Jose Alcami
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jacques Izopet
- Infinity, Université Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
- CHU de Toulouse, Laboratoire de virologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Colin
- Infinity, Université Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Lagane
- Infinity, Université Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
A Founder Effect Led Early SARS-CoV-2 Transmission in Spain. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.01583-20. [PMID: 33127745 PMCID: PMC7925114 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01583-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) whole-genome analysis has identified five large clades worldwide which emerged in 2019 (19A and 19B) and in 2020 (20A, 20B, and 20C). This study aimed to analyze the diffusion of SARS-CoV-2 in Spain using maximum-likelihood phylogenetic and Bayesian phylodynamic analyses. The most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic was estimated to have emerged in Wuhan, China, around 24 November 2019. Phylogenetic analyses of the first 12,511 SARS-CoV-2 whole-genome sequences obtained worldwide, including 290 from 11 different regions of Spain, revealed 62 independent introductions of the virus in the country. Most sequences from Spain were distributed in clades characterized by a D614G substitution in the S gene (20A, 20B, and 20C) and an L84S substitution in ORF8 (19B) with 163 and 118 sequences, respectively, with the remaining sequences branching in 19A. A total of 110 (38%) sequences from Spain grouped in four different monophyletic clusters of clade 20A (20A-Sp1 and 20A-Sp2) and 19B clade (19B-Sp1 and 19B-Sp2) along with sequences from 29 countries worldwide. The MRCAs of clusters 19A-Sp1, 20A-Sp1, 19A-Sp2, and 20A-Sp2 were estimated to have occurred in Spain around 21 and 29 January and 6 and 17 February 2020, respectively. The prevalence of clade 19B in Spain (40%) was by far higher than in any other European country during the first weeks of the epidemic, probably as a result of a founder effect. However, this variant was replaced by G614-bearing viruses in April. In vitro assays showed an enhanced infectivity of pseudotyped virions displaying the G614 substitution compared with those having D614, suggesting a fitness advantage of D614G.IMPORTANCE Multiple SARS-CoV-2 introductions have been detected in Spain, and at least four resulted in the emergence of locally transmitted clusters that originated not later than mid-February, with further dissemination to many other countries around the world, and a few weeks before the explosion of COVID-19 cases detected in Spain during the first week of March. The majority of the earliest variants detected in Spain branched in the clade 19B (D614 viruses), which was the most prevalent clade during the first weeks of March, pointing to a founder effect. However, from mid-March to June 2020, G614-bearing viruses (clades 20A, 20B, and 20C) overcame D614 variants in Spain, probably as a consequence of an evolutionary advantage of this substitution in the spike protein. A higher infectivity of G614-bearing viruses than D614 variants was detected, suggesting that this substitution in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein could be behind the variant shift observed in Spain.
Collapse
|
6
|
Souriant S, Balboa L, Dupont M, Pingris K, Kviatcovsky D, Cougoule C, Lastrucci C, Bah A, Gasser R, Poincloux R, Raynaud-Messina B, Al Saati T, Inwentarz S, Poggi S, Moraña EJ, González-Montaner P, Corti M, Lagane B, Vergne I, Allers C, Kaushal D, Kuroda MJ, Sasiain MDC, Neyrolles O, Maridonneau-Parini I, Lugo-Villarino G, Vérollet C. Tuberculosis Exacerbates HIV-1 Infection through IL-10/STAT3-Dependent Tunneling Nanotube Formation in Macrophages. Cell Rep 2020; 26:3586-3599.e7. [PMID: 30917314 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tuberculosis (TB) bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), and HIV-1 act synergistically; however, the mechanisms by which Mtb exacerbates HIV-1 pathogenesis are not well known. Using in vitro and ex vivo cell culture systems, we show that human M(IL-10) anti-inflammatory macrophages, present in TB-associated microenvironment, produce high levels of HIV-1. In vivo, M(IL-10) macrophages are expanded in lungs of co-infected non-human primates, which correlates with disease severity. Furthermore, HIV-1/Mtb co-infected patients display an accumulation of M(IL-10) macrophage markers (soluble CD163 and MerTK). These M(IL-10) macrophages form direct cell-to-cell bridges, which we identified as tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) involved in viral transfer. TNT formation requires the IL-10/STAT3 signaling pathway, and targeted inhibition of TNTs substantially reduces the enhancement of HIV-1 cell-to-cell transfer and overproduction in M(IL-10) macrophages. Our study reveals that TNTs facilitate viral transfer and amplification, thereby promoting TNT formation as a mechanism to be explored in TB/AIDS potential therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanti Souriant
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France; International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France, and Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Balboa
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France, and Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institute of Experimental Medicine-CONICET, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maeva Dupont
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France; International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France, and Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karine Pingris
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Denise Kviatcovsky
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France, and Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institute of Experimental Medicine-CONICET, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Céline Cougoule
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France; International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France, and Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claire Lastrucci
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France; Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aicha Bah
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Gasser
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM UMR 1043, CNRS UMR 5282, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Renaud Poincloux
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Brigitte Raynaud-Messina
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Talal Al Saati
- INSERM/UPS/ENVT-US006/CREFRE, Service d'Histopathologie, CHU Purpan, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Sandra Inwentarz
- Instituto de Tisioneumonologia "Raúl F. Vaccarezza," Universitad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Susana Poggi
- Instituto de Tisioneumonologia "Raúl F. Vaccarezza," Universitad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Jose Moraña
- Instituto de Tisioneumonologia "Raúl F. Vaccarezza," Universitad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Marcelo Corti
- Division de SIDA, Hospital de Infecciosas Dr. F.J. Muñiz, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bernard Lagane
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM UMR 1043, CNRS UMR 5282, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Vergne
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Carolina Allers
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Marcelo J Kuroda
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Maria Del Carmen Sasiain
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France, and Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institute of Experimental Medicine-CONICET, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Olivier Neyrolles
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France; International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France, and Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Isabelle Maridonneau-Parini
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France; International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France, and Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Geanncarlo Lugo-Villarino
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France; International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France, and Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Christel Vérollet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France; International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France, and Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Matume ND, Tebit DM, Bessong PO. HIV-1 subtype C predicted co-receptor tropism in Africa: an individual sequence level meta-analysis. AIDS Res Ther 2020; 17:5. [PMID: 32033571 PMCID: PMC7006146 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-020-0263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Entry inhibitors, such as Maraviroc, hold promise as components of HIV treatment and/or pre-exposure prophylaxis in Africa. Maraviroc inhibits the interaction between HIV Envelope gp120 V3-loop and CCR5 coreceptor. HIV-1 subtype C (HIV-1-C) is predominant in Southern Africa and preferably uses CCR5 co-receptor. Therefore, a significant proportion of HIV-1-C CXCR4 utilizing viruses (X4) may compromise the effectiveness of Maraviroc. This analysis examined coreceptor preferences in early and chronic HIV-1-C infections across Africa. Methods African HIV-1-C Envelope gp120 V3-loop sequences sampled from 1988 to 2014 were retrieved from Los Alamos HIV Sequence Database. Sequences from early infections (< 186 days post infection) and chronic infections (> 186 days post infection) were analysed for predicted co-receptor preferences using Geno2Pheno [Coreceptor] 10% FPR, Phenoseq-C, and PSSMsinsi web tools. V3-loop diversity was determined, and viral subtype was confirmed by phylogenetic analysis. National treatment guidelines across Africa were reviewed for Maraviroc recommendation. Results Sequences from early (n = 6316) and chronic (n = 7338) HIV-1-C infected individuals from 10 and 15 African countries respectively were available for analyses. Overall, 518/6316 (8.2%; 95% CI 0.7–9.3) of early sequences were X4, with Ethiopia and Malawi having more than 10% each. For chronic infections, 8.3% (95% CI 2.4–16.2) sequences were X4 viruses, with Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe having more than 10% each. For sequences from early chronic infections (< 1 year post infection), the prevalence of X4 viruses was 8.5% (95% CI 2.6–11.2). In late chronic infections (≥ 5 years post infection), X4 viruses were observed in 36% (95% CI − 16.3 to 49.9), with two countries having relatively high X4 viruses: South Africa (43%) and Malawi (24%). The V3-loop amino acid sequence were more variable in X4 viruses in chronic infections compared to acute infections, with South Africa, Ethiopia and Zimbabwe showing the highest levels of V3-loop diversity. All sequences were phylogenetically confirmed as HIV-1-C and clustered according to their co-receptor tropism. In Africa, Maraviroc is registered only in South Africa and Uganda. Conclusions Our analyses illustrate that X4 viruses are present in significantly similar proportions in early and early chronic HIV-1 subtype C infected individuals across Africa. In contrast, in late chronic infections, X4 viruses increase 3–5 folds. We can draw two inferences from our observations: (1) to enhance the utility of Maraviroc in chronic HIV subtype C infections in Africa, prior virus co-receptor determination is needed; (2) on the flip side, research on the efficacy of CXCR4 antagonists for HIV-1-C infections is encouraged. Currently, the use of Maraviroc is very limited in Africa.
Collapse
|
8
|
Miao M, De Clercq E, Li G. Clinical significance of chemokine receptor antagonists. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:11-30. [PMID: 31903790 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1711884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Chemokine receptors are important therapeutic targets for the treatment of many human diseases. This study will provide an overview of approved chemokine receptor antagonists and promising candidates in advanced clinical trials.Areas covered: We will describe clinical aspects of chemokine receptor antagonists regarding their clinical efficacy, mechanisms of action, and re-purposed applications.Expert opinion: Three chemokine antagonists have been approved: (i) plerixafor is a small-molecule CXCR4 antagonist that mobilizes hematopoietic stem cells; (ii) maraviroc is a small-molecule CCR5 antagonist for anti-HIV treatment; and (iii) mogamulizumab is a monoclonal-antibody CCR4 antagonist for the treatment of mycosis fungoides or Sézary syndrome. Moreover, phase 3 trials are ongoing to evaluate many potent candidates, including CCR5 antagonists (e.g. leronlimab), dual CCR2/CCR5 antagonists (e.g. cenicriviroc), and CXCR4 antagonists (e.g. balixafortide, mavorixafor, motixafortide). The success of chemokine receptor antagonists depends on the selective blockage of disease-relevant chemokine receptors which are indispensable for disease progression. Although clinical translation has been slow, antagonists targeting chemokine receptors with multifaced functions offer the potential to treat a broad spectrum of human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Miao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Erik De Clercq
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guangdi Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Al-Darkazly IAA, Hasan SMR. Extra-Low-Frequency Pulse Stimulated Conformational Change in Blood-Cell Proteins and Consequent Immune Activity Transformation. IEEE JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL ENGINEERING IN HEALTH AND MEDICINE 2020; 8:4100113. [PMID: 31998567 PMCID: PMC6984198 DOI: 10.1109/jtehm.2020.2963894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: investigation of the extra-low-frequency (ELF) stimulation effect on blood-cell proteins, that causes variation in its electrostatic-state. A hypothesis that this results in the conformational change in the blood-cell proteins which could enhance immune activity is explored. Since HIV-1 and host-cell engage through charge-charge interactions, an electrical-pulse may cause charge redistribution, hypothetically resulting in host-cell proteins to be isolated from viral access. Methods: Buffy coat samples were exposed to ELF square waveform pulses of 5Hz, 10Hz and 1MHz, for 2-hours, and were then examined using immunofluorescence technique. The expression of glycoprotein CD4, and co-receptor protein CCR5, were investigated. Also, the binding activity of the N-terminal domain of CCR5 and the distribution of the nuclear-pore-complex (NPC) transport factor, FGNup153 were investigated. Comparison with control samples were carried out. Results: Increased CD4 count, which could enhance the immune system. In addition, the inability of N-terminus-specific antibody 3A9 to bind to CCR5 N-terminal, could be due to the interactions with the ELF electric-field, which may also hypothetically inhibit HIV-1 attachment. Furthermore, the electrostatic interactions between the ELF pulse and the FGNup153 induces redistribution in its disorder sequence and possibly causes conformational change. This could possibly prevent large virus particle transport through the NPC. Conclusion: Novel concept of ELF stimulation of blood cellular proteins has been developed leading to transformation of immune activity. Clinical-Impact: The translational aspect is the use of ELF as an avenue of electro-medicine and the results are a possible foundation for the clinical application of ELF stimulation in immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibtisam A. Abbas Al-Darkazly
- Center for Research in Analog and VLSI Microsystems Design (CRAVE), School of Advanced TechnologyMassey UniversityAuckland0632New Zealand
| | - S. M. Rezaul Hasan
- Center for Research in Analog and VLSI Microsystems Design (CRAVE), School of Advanced TechnologyMassey UniversityAuckland0632New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Zhang Y, Chen HF. Allosteric mechanism of an oximino-piperidino-piperidine antagonist for the CCR5 chemokine receptor. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 95:113-123. [PMID: 31571405 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The first step for the HIV-1 virus infecting host cell is bound with the CCR5 chemokine receptor. A set of allosteric inhibitors of oximino-piperidino-piperidine antagonists for CCR5 chemokine receptor was discovered. However, the allosteric mechanism of these inhibitors is still unsolved. Therefore, residue-level dynamics correlation network combining with on molecular dynamics simulation was used to investigate the allosteric mechanism. The dynamics correlation network of bound CCR5 is significantly different from that of free CCR5. The community of the most active complex suggests that the allosteric information can freely transfer from the allosteric site to the effector site of the second extracellular loop, while the information transfers bottleneck for the less active one. Here, a hypothesis was proposed that "binding-induced allosteric mechanism" was used to reveal the allosteric regulation of antagonists and the network perturbation confirmed it. Finally, the shortest path algorithm was used to identify the possible allosteric pathway with Gly173-Lys171-Thr177-Tyr89-LIG which was evaluated by the network perturbation of key residue. Furthermore, the efficiency of allostery for the most active system is the highest among these antagonist complexes. The strategy targeting the allosteric pathway can be used to design novel inhibitors of HIV-1 virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Experimental Teaching Center for Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Experimental Teaching Center for Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Colin P, Zhou Z, Staropoli I, Garcia-Perez J, Gasser R, Armani-Tourret M, Benureau Y, Gonzalez N, Jin J, Connell BJ, Raymond S, Delobel P, Izopet J, Lortat-Jacob H, Alcami J, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Brelot A, Lagane B. CCR5 structural plasticity shapes HIV-1 phenotypic properties. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007432. [PMID: 30521629 PMCID: PMC6283471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
CCR5 plays immune functions and is the coreceptor for R5 HIV-1 strains. It exists in diverse conformations and oligomerization states. We interrogated the significance of the CCR5 structural diversity on HIV-1 infection. We show that envelope glycoproteins (gp120s) from different HIV-1 strains exhibit divergent binding levels to CCR5 on cell lines and primary cells, but not to CD4 or the CD4i monoclonal antibody E51. This owed to differential binding of the gp120s to different CCR5 populations, which exist in varying quantities at the cell surface and are differentially expressed between different cell types. Some, but not all, of these populations are antigenically distinct conformations of the coreceptor. The different binding levels of gp120s also correspond to differences in their capacity to bind CCR5 dimers/oligomers. Mutating the CCR5 dimerization interface changed conformation of the CCR5 homodimers and modulated differentially the binding of distinct gp120s. Env-pseudotyped viruses also use particular CCR5 conformations for entry, which may differ between different viruses and represent a subset of those binding gp120s. In particular, even if gp120s can bind both CCR5 monomers and oligomers, impairment of CCR5 oligomerization improved viral entry, suggesting that HIV-1 prefers monomers for entry. From a functional standpoint, we illustrate that the nature of the CCR5 molecules to which gp120/HIV-1 binds shapes sensitivity to inhibition by CCR5 ligands and cellular tropism. Differences exist in the CCR5 populations between T-cells and macrophages, and this is associated with differential capacity to bind gp120s and to support viral entry. In macrophages, CCR5 structural plasticity is critical for entry of blood-derived R5 isolates, which, in contrast to prototypical M-tropic strains from brain tissues, cannot benefit from enhanced affinity for CD4. Collectively, our results support a role for CCR5 heterogeneity in diversifying the phenotypic properties of HIV-1 isolates and provide new clues for development of CCR5-targeting drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Colin
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM Unit U1108, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, Rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, France
| | - Zhicheng Zhou
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM Unit U1108, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Staropoli
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM Unit U1108, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Romain Gasser
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Armani-Tourret
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Yann Benureau
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM Unit U1108, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nuria Gonzalez
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jun Jin
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM Unit U1108, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Bridgette J. Connell
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphanie Raymond
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
- CHU de Toulouse, Laboratoire de Virologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Delobel
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
- CHU de Toulouse, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
- CHU de Toulouse, Laboratoire de Virologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Hugues Lortat-Jacob
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France
| | - Jose Alcami
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Arenzana-Seisdedos
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM Unit U1108, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Anne Brelot
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM Unit U1108, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Lagane
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM Unit U1108, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jin J, Momboisse F, Boncompain G, Koensgen F, Zhou Z, Cordeiro N, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Perez F, Lagane B, Kellenberger E, Brelot A. CCR5 adopts three homodimeric conformations that control cell surface delivery. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/529/eaal2869. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aal2869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
14
|
Phenotypic co-receptor tropism and Maraviroc sensitivity in HIV-1 subtype C from East Africa. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2363. [PMID: 29403064 PMCID: PMC5799384 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20814-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotypic tropism testing (GTT) for co-receptor usage is a recommended tool for clinical practice before administration of the CCR5-antagonist maraviroc. For some isolates, phenotypic tropism testing (PTT) revealed discordant results with GTT. In this study, we performed a comparative study between GTT and PTT in HIV-1C from East Africa (HIV-1CEA) and compared the data with HIV-1B and 01_AE and described the maraviroc susceptibility in the CCR5-tropic strains. Patient-derived HIV-1 envgp120 region was cloned into a modified pNL4-3 plasmid expressing the luciferase gene. rPhenotyping dissected single clones from 31 HIV-1CEA infected patients and four strains with known phenotype. Additionally, 68 clones from 18 patients (HIV-1B: 5, 01_AE: 7, HIV-1CEA: 6) were used to determine the PTT in GHOST cell line. The respective V3-sequences were used for GTT. R5-tropic strains from HIV-1CEA (n = 20) and non-C (n = 12) were tested for maraviroc sensitivity in TZMbl cell line. The GTT falsely called a higher proportion of X4-tropic strains in HIV-1CET compared to PTT by both rPhenotyping and the GHOST-cell assay. When multiple clones were tested in a subset of patients’ samples, both dual-tropic and R5-tropic strains were identified for HIV-1C. Relatively higher EC50 values were observed in HIV-1C strains than the non-C strains (p = 0.002).
Collapse
|
15
|
Flynn JK, Ellenberg P, Duncan R, Ellett A, Zhou J, Sterjovski J, Cashin K, Borm K, Gray LR, Lewis M, Jubb B, Westby M, Lee B, Lewin SR, Churchill M, Roche M, Gorry PR. Analysis of Clinical HIV-1 Strains with Resistance to Maraviroc Reveals Strain-Specific Resistance Mutations, Variable Degrees of Resistance, and Minimal Cross-Resistance to Other CCR5 Antagonists. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:1220-1235. [PMID: 28797170 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2017.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Maraviroc (MVC) is an allosteric inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry, and is the only CCR5 antagonist licensed for use as an anti-HIV-1 therapeutic. It acts by altering the conformation of the CCR5 extracellular loops, rendering CCR5 unrecognizable by the HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoproteins. This study aimed to understand the mechanisms underlying the development of MVC resistance in HIV-1-infected patients. To do this, we obtained longitudinal plasma samples from eight subjects who experienced treatment failure with phenotypically verified, CCR5-tropic MVC resistance. We then cloned and characterized HIV-1 Envs (n = 77) from plasma of pretreatment (n = 36) and treatment failure (n = 41) samples. Our results showed variation in the magnitude of MVC resistance as measured by reductions in maximal percent inhibition of Env-pseudotyped viruses, which was more pronounced in 293-Affinofile cells compared to other cells with similar levels of CCR5 expression. Amino acid determinants of MVC resistance localized to the V3 Env region and were strain specific. We also observed minimal cross-resistance to other CCR5 antagonists by MVC-resistant strains. We conclude that 293-Affinofile cells are highly sensitive for detecting and measuring MVC resistance through a mechanism that is CCR5-dependent yet independent of CCR5 expression levels. The strain-specific nature of resistance mutations suggests that sequence-based diagnostics and prognostics will need to be more sophisticated than simple position scoring to be useful for managing resistance in subjects taking MVC. Finally, the minimal levels of cross-resistance suggests that recognition of the MVC-modified form of CCR5 does not necessarily lead to recognition of other antagonist-modified forms of CCR5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline K. Flynn
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paula Ellenberg
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Renee Duncan
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anne Ellett
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jingling Zhou
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jasminka Sterjovski
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kieran Cashin
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Katharina Borm
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lachlan R Gray
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marilyn Lewis
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, United Kingdom
| | - Becky Jubb
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Westby
- Centauri Therapeutics, Ltd., Sandwich, United Kingdom
| | - Benhur Lee
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa Churchill
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Roche
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul R. Gorry
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
López-Huertas MR, Jiménez-Tormo L, Madrid-Elena N, Gutiérrez C, Rodríguez-Mora S, Coiras M, Alcamí J, Moreno S. The CCR5-antagonist Maraviroc reverses HIV-1 latency in vitro alone or in combination with the PKC-agonist Bryostatin-1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2385. [PMID: 28539614 PMCID: PMC5443841 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02634-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A potential strategy to cure HIV-1 infection is to use latency reversing agents (LRAs) to eliminate latent reservoirs established in resting CD4+ T (rCD4+) cells. As no drug has been shown to be completely effective, finding new drugs and combinations are of increasing importance. We studied the effect of Maraviroc (MVC), a CCR5 antagonist that activates NF-κB, on HIV-1 replication from latency. HIV-1-latency models based on CCL19 or IL7 treatment, before HIV-1 infection were used. Latently infected primary rCD4+ or central memory T cells were stimulated with MVC alone or in combination with Bryostatin-1, a PKC agonist known to reverse HIV-1 latency. MVC 5 μM and 0.31 μM were chosen for further studies although other concentrations of MVC also increased HIV-1 replication. MVC was as efficient as Bryostatin-1 in reactivating X4 and R5-tropic HIV-1. However, the combination of MVC and Bryostatin-1 was antagonistic, probably because Bryostatin-1 reduced CCR5 expression levels. Although HIV-1 reactivation had the same tendency in both latency models, statistical significance was only achieved in IL7-treated cells. These data suggest that MVC should be regarded as a new LRA with potency similar as Bryostatin-1. Further studies are required to describe the synergistic effect of MVC with other LRAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Rosa López-Huertas
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Alcalá de Henares University, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura Jiménez-Tormo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Alcalá de Henares University, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadia Madrid-Elena
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Alcalá de Henares University, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Gutiérrez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Alcalá de Henares University, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mora
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mayte Coiras
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Alcamí
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Moreno
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Alcalá de Henares University, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
How to win the HIV-1 drug resistance hurdle race: running faster or jumping higher? Biochem J 2017; 474:1559-1577. [PMID: 28446620 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Infections by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the causative agent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), are still totaling an appalling 36.7 millions worldwide, with 1.1 million AIDS deaths/year and a similar number of yearly new infections. All this, in spite of the discovery of HIV-1 as the AIDS etiological agent more than 30 years ago and the introduction of an effective combinatorial antiretroviral therapy (cART), able to control disease progression, more than 20 years ago. Although very effective, current cART is plagued by the emergence of drug-resistant viral variants and most of the efforts in the development of novel direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) against HIV-1 have been devoted toward the fighting of resistance. In this review, rather than providing a detailed listing of all the drugs and the corresponding resistance mutations, we aim, through relevant examples, at presenting to the general reader the conceptual shift in the approaches that are being taken to overcome the viral resistance hurdle. From the classic 'running faster' strategy, based on the development of novel DAAs active against the mutant viruses selected by the previous drugs and/or presenting to the virus a high genetic barrier toward the development of resilience, to a 'jumping higher' approach, which looks at the cell, rather than the virus, as a source of valuable drug targets, in order to make the cellular environment non-permissive toward the replication of both wild-type and mutated viruses.
Collapse
|
18
|
Becerra JC, Bildstein LS, Gach JS. Recent Insights into the HIV/AIDS Pandemic. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2016; 3:451-475. [PMID: 28357381 PMCID: PMC5354571 DOI: 10.15698/mic2016.09.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Etiology, transmission and protection: Transmission of HIV, the causative agent of AIDS, occurs predominantly through bodily fluids. Factors that significantly alter the risk of HIV transmission include male circumcision, condom use, high viral load, and the presence of other sexually transmitted diseases. Pathology/Symptomatology: HIV infects preferentially CD4+ T lymphocytes, and Monocytes. Because of their central role in regulating the immune response, depletion of CD4+ T cells renders the infected individual incapable of adequately responding to microorganisms otherwise inconsequential. Epidemiology, incidence and prevalence: New HIV infections affect predominantly young heterosexual women and homosexual men. While the mortality rates of AIDS related causes have decreased globally in recent years due to the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) treatment, a vaccine remains an elusive goal. Treatment and curability: For those afflicted HIV infection remains a serious illness. Nonetheless, the use of advanced therapeutics have transformed a dire scenario into a chronic condition with near average life spans. When to apply those remedies appears to be as important as the remedies themselves. The high rate of HIV replication and the ability to generate variants are central to the viral survival strategy and major barriers to be overcome. Molecular mechanisms of infection: In this review, we assemble new details on the molecular events from the attachment of the virus, to the assembly and release of the viral progeny. Yet, much remains to be learned as understanding of the molecular mechanisms used in viral replication and the measures engaged in the evasion of immune surveillance will be important to develop effective interventions to address the global HIV pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Becerra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University
of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | - Johannes S. Gach
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University
of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gasser R, Hamoudi M, Pellicciotta M, Zhou Z, Visdeloup C, Colin P, Braibant M, Lagane B, Negroni M. Buffering deleterious polymorphisms in highly constrained parts of HIV-1 envelope by flexible regions. Retrovirology 2016; 13:50. [PMID: 27473399 PMCID: PMC4967302 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0285-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Covariation is an essential process that leads to coevolution of parts of proteins and genomes. In organisms subject to strong selective pressure, coevolution is central to keep the balance between the opposite requirements of antigenic variation and retention of functionality. Being the viral component most exposed to the external environment, the HIV-1 glycoprotein gp120 constitutes the main target of the immune response. Accordingly its more external portions are characterised by extensive sequence heterogeneity fostering constant antigenic variation. Results We report that a single polymorphism, present at the level of the viral population in the conserved internal region C2, was sufficient to totally abolish Env functionality when introduced in an exogenous genetic context. The prominent defect of the non-functional protein is a block occurring after recognition of the co-receptor CCR5, likely due to an interference with the subsequent conformational changes that lead to membrane fusion. We also report that the presence of compensatory polymorphisms at the level of the external and hypervariable region V3 fully restored the functionality of the protein. The functional revertant presents different antigenic profiles and sensitivity to the entry inhibitor TAK 779. Conclusions Our data suggest that variable regions, besides harbouring intrinsic extensive antigenic diversity, can also contribute to sequence diversification in more structurally constrained parts of the gp120 by buffering the deleterious effect of polymorphisms, further increasing the genetic flexibility of the protein and the antigenic repertoire of the viral population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Gasser
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMC, 15 rue René Descartes, 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Meriem Hamoudi
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMC, 15 rue René Descartes, 67084, Strasbourg, France.,U1016, UMR 8104, INSERM-CNRS, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Martina Pellicciotta
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMC, 15 rue René Descartes, 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Zhicheng Zhou
- INSERM U1108, Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Philippe Colin
- INSERM U1108, Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Bernard Lagane
- INSERM U1108, Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Matteo Negroni
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMC, 15 rue René Descartes, 67084, Strasbourg, France.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Benureau Y, Colin P, Staropoli I, Gonzalez N, Garcia-Perez J, Alcami J, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Lagane B. Guidelines for cloning, expression, purification and functional characterization of primary HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins. J Virol Methods 2016; 236:184-195. [PMID: 27451265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The trimeric HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoproteins gp120 and gp41 mediate virus entry into target cells by engaging CD4 and the coreceptors CCR5 or CXCR4 at the cell surface and driving membrane fusion. Receptor/gp120 interactions regulate the virus life cycle, HIV infection transmission and pathogenesis. Env is also the target of neutralizing antibodies. Efforts have thus been made to produce soluble HIV-1 glycoproteins to develop vaccines and study the role and mechanisms of HIV/receptor interactions. However, production and purification of Env glycoproteins and their functional assessment has to cope with multiple obstacles. These include difficulties in amplifying and cloning env sequences and setting up receptor binding assays that are suitable for studies on large collections of glycoproteins, flexible enough to adapt to Env and receptor structural heterogeneities, and allow recapitulating the receptor binding properties of virion-associated Env trimers. Here we identify these difficulties and present protocols to produce primary gp120 and determination of their binding properties to receptors. The receptor binding assays confirmed that the produced glycoproteins are competent for binding CD4 and undergo proper CD4-induced conformational changes required for interaction with CCR5. These assays may help elucidate the role of gp120/receptor interactions in the pathophysiology of HIV infection and develop HIV-1 entry inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yann Benureau
- INSERM U1108, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Philippe Colin
- INSERM U1108, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Isabelle Staropoli
- INSERM U1108, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Nuria Gonzalez
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Garcia-Perez
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jose Alcami
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Fernando Arenzana-Seisdedos
- INSERM U1108, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Bernard Lagane
- INSERM U1108, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Maraviroc and reverse transcriptase inhibitors combinations as potential preexposure prophylaxis candidates. AIDS 2016; 30:1015-25. [PMID: 26854808 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Receptive anal intercourse in both men and women is associated with the highest probability for sexual acquisition of HIV infection. As part of a program to develop an effective prevention strategy, we performed an ex-vivo preclinical evaluation to determine the efficacy of multiple double combinations of maraviroc (MVC) and reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs). DESIGN The entry inhibitor, MVC, a nucleotide RTI, tenofovir and two non-nucleoside RTIs, UC781 and TMC120 (dapivirine, DPV), were used in double, combinations against a panel of CCR5-using clade B and clade C HIV-1 isolates and against MVC-escape variants. A gel-formulated version of MVC-DPV combination was also tested. METHODS Indicator cells, cocultures of immature dendritic cells with CD4T cells, and colorectal tissue explants were used to assess antiviral activity of drug combinations. RESULTS All dual MVC-RTI combinations tested inhibited MVC-sensitive and resistant isolates in cellular and colorectal explants models. All the combinations were positive with no reduction in the activity of MVC. In tissue explants, the combinations against all viral isolates tested produced an increase in the activity of MVC. An initial gel-formulation of MVC-DPV combination showed greater and prolonged antiviral activity of MVC in mucosal tissue explants. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that combinations based on antiretroviral drugs inhibiting HIV transmission at viral entry and reverse transcription have potential as prevention strategies against colorectal transmission of HIV-1 including MVC-resistant isolates. Preclinical evaluation with colorectal tissue explants indicates that a gel-formulation of MVC-DPV is an effective candidate colorectal microbicide.
Collapse
|
22
|
Bermejo M, López-Huertas MR, García-Pérez J, Climent N, Descours B, Ambrosioni J, Mateos E, Rodríguez-Mora S, Rus-Bercial L, Benkirane M, Miró JM, Plana M, Alcamí J, Coiras M. Dasatinib inhibits HIV-1 replication through the interference of SAMHD1 phosphorylation in CD4+ T cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 106:30-45. [PMID: 26851491 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Massive activation of infected CD4+ T cells during acute HIV-1 infection leads to reservoir seeding and T-cell destruction. During T-cell activation, the antiviral effect of the innate factor SAMHD1 is neutralized through phosphorylation at T592, allowing HIV-1 infection. Dasatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor currently used for treating chronic myeloid leukemia, has been described to control HIV-1 replication through its negative effect on T-cell proliferation and viral entry. We demonstrate that Dasatinib can actually interfere with SAMHD1 phosphorylation in human peripheral blood lymphocytes, preserving its antiviral activity against HIV-1. Dasatinib prevented SAMHD1 phosphorylation in vitro and ex vivo, impairing HIV-1 reverse transcription and proviral integration. This was the major mechanism of action because the presence of Vpx, which degrades SAMHD1, in HIV-1 virions impeded the inhibitory effect of Dasatinib on HIV-1 replication. In fact, infection with VSV-pseudotyped HIV-1 virions and fusion of BlaM-Vpr-containing HIV-1 viruses with activated PBMCs in the presence of Dasatinib suggested that Dasatinib was not acting at fusion level. Finally, PBMCs from patients on chronic treatment with Dasatinib showed a lower level of SAMHD1 phosphorylation in response to activating stimuli and low susceptibility to HIV-1 infection ex vivo. Consequently, Dasatinib is a compound currently used in clinic that preserves the antiviral function of SAMHD1. Using Dasatinib as adjuvant of antiretroviral therapy during early primary HIV-1 infection would contribute to reduce viral replication and spread, prevent reservoir seeding, and preserve CD4 counts and CTL responses. These events would create a more favorable virologic and immunologic environment for future interventional studies aiming at HIV-1 eradication.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Dasatinib/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- HIV Infections/drug therapy
- HIV Infections/enzymology
- HIV Infections/genetics
- HIV Infections/virology
- HIV-1/drug effects
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/growth & development
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- SAM Domain and HD Domain-Containing Protein 1
- Signal Transduction
- Vesiculovirus/genetics
- Viral Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Viral Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Virus Internalization/drug effects
- Virus Replication/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Bermejo
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Rosa López-Huertas
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier García-Pérez
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Núria Climent
- Retrovirology and Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, AIDS Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benjamin Descours
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institute of Human Genetics, Montpellier, France
| | - Juan Ambrosioni
- Infectious Diseases Service, AIDS Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Mateos
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mora
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Rus-Bercial
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Monsef Benkirane
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institute of Human Genetics, Montpellier, France
| | - José M Miró
- Infectious Diseases Service, AIDS Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Plana
- Retrovirology and Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, AIDS Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Alcamí
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mayte Coiras
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sobhy H. A Review of Functional Motifs Utilized by Viruses. Proteomes 2016; 4:proteomes4010003. [PMID: 28248213 PMCID: PMC5217368 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes4010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Short linear motifs (SLiM) are short peptides that facilitate protein function and protein-protein interactions. Viruses utilize these motifs to enter into the host, interact with cellular proteins, or egress from host cells. Studying functional motifs may help to predict protein characteristics, interactions, or the putative cellular role of a protein. In virology, it may reveal aspects of the virus tropism and help find antiviral therapeutics. This review highlights the recent understanding of functional motifs utilized by viruses. Special attention was paid to the function of proteins harboring these motifs, and viruses encoding these proteins. The review highlights motifs involved in (i) immune response and post-translational modifications (e.g., ubiquitylation, SUMOylation or ISGylation); (ii) virus-host cell interactions, including virus attachment, entry, fusion, egress and nuclear trafficking; (iii) virulence and antiviral activities; (iv) virion structure; and (v) low-complexity regions (LCRs) or motifs enriched with residues (Xaa-rich motifs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Sobhy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|