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Saldanha I, Lea R, Manangwa O, Garrod G, Haines LR, Acosta-Serrano Á, Auty H, Betson M, Lord JS, Morrison LJ, Mramba F, Torr SJ, Cunningham LJ. Caught in a trap: DNA contamination in tsetse xenomonitoring can lead to over-estimates of Trypanosoma brucei infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012095. [PMID: 39133740 PMCID: PMC11341098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tsetse flies (Glossina sp.) are vectors of Trypanosoma brucei subspecies that cause human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). Capturing and screening tsetse is critical for HAT surveillance. Classically, tsetse have been microscopically analysed to identify trypanosomes, but this is increasingly replaced with molecular xenomonitoring. Nonetheless, sensitive T. brucei-detection assays, such as TBR-PCR, are vulnerable to DNA cross-contamination. This may occur at capture, when often multiple live tsetse are retained temporarily in the cage of a trap. This study set out to determine whether infected tsetse can contaminate naïve tsetse with T. brucei DNA via faeces when co-housed. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPLE FINDINGS Insectary-reared teneral G. morsitans morsitans were fed an infectious T. b. brucei-spiked bloodmeal. At 19 days post-infection, infected and naïve tsetse were caged together in the following ratios: (T1) 9:3, (T2) 6:6 (T3) 1:11 and a control (C0) 0:12 in triplicate. Following 24-hour incubation, DNA was extracted from each fly and screened for parasite DNA presence using PCR and qPCR. All insectary-reared infected flies were positive for T. brucei DNA using TBR-qPCR. However, naïve tsetse also tested positive. Even at a ratio of 1 infected to 11 naïve flies, 91% of naïve tsetse gave positive TBR-qPCR results. Furthermore, the quantity of T. brucei DNA detected in naïve tsetse was significantly correlated with cage infection ratio. With evidence of cross-contamination, field-caught tsetse from Tanzania were then assessed using the same screening protocol. End-point TBR-PCR predicted a sample population prevalence of 24.8%. Using qPCR and Cq cut-offs optimised on insectary-reared flies, we estimated that prevalence was 0.5% (95% confidence interval [0.36, 0.73]). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results show that infected tsetse can contaminate naïve flies with T. brucei DNA when co-caged, and that the level of contamination can be extensive. Whilst simple PCR may overestimate infection prevalence, quantitative PCR offers a means of eliminating false positives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Saldanha
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Lea
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Manangwa
- Vector and Vector-borne Diseases Research Institute, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Gala Garrod
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lee R. Haines
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Álvaro Acosta-Serrano
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Harriet Auty
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Martha Betson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer S. Lord
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J. Morrison
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Furaha Mramba
- Vector and Vector-borne Diseases Research Institute, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Stephen J. Torr
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas J. Cunningham
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Ilboudo K, Boulangé A, Hounyèmè RE, Gimonneau G, Kaboré J, Belem AGM, Desquesnes M, Lejon V, Koffi M, Jamonneau V, Thévenon S. Performance of diagnostic tests for Trypanosoma brucei brucei in experimentally infected pigs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011730. [PMID: 37943881 PMCID: PMC10662723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal African trypanosomosis is an important vector-borne disease of livestock in sub-Saharan Africa. Pigs seem relatively tolerant to trypanosome infection and could act as a reservoir of trypanosomes affecting animals and humans. Our ability to reliably detect trypanosome infection in pigs depends on the performance of diagnostic tools, which is not well known. In pigs experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei, we evaluated the performance of parasitological Buffy Coat Technique (BCT), two molecular (TBR and 5.8S PCR) and four serological tests (CATT, HAT Sero-K-Set rapid diagnostic test-RDT, indirect ELISA, immune trypanolysis). Most diagnostic tests showed high specificity, estimated at 100% (95% CI = 74-100%) with the exception of CATT and RDT whose specificity varied between 100% (95% CI = 74-100%) to 50% (95% CI = 7-93%) during the experiment. The sensitivity of each test fluctuated over the course of the infection. The percentage of positive BCT over the infection (30%) was lower than of positive PCR (56% and 62%, depending on primers). Among the serological tests, the percentage of positive tests was 97%, 96%, 86% and 84% for RDT, ELISA, immune trypanolysis and CATT, respectively. Fair agreement was observed between both molecular tests (κ = 0.36). Among the serological tests, the agreement between the ELISA and the RDT was substantial (κ = 0.65). Our results on the T.b. brucei infection model suggest that serological techniques are efficient in detecting the chronic phase of infection, PCR is able to detect positive samples several months after parasites inoculation while BCT becomes negative. BCT examination and RDT are useful to get a quick information in the field, and BCT can be used for treatment decision. ELISA appears most suited for epidemiological studies. The selection of diagnostic tests for trypanosomosis in pigs depends on the context, the objectives and the available resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadidiata Ilboudo
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies à Vecteurs et Biodiversité, Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Alain Boulangé
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies à Vecteurs et Biodiversité, Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, France
- INTERTRYP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Robert Eustache Hounyèmè
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies à Vecteurs et Biodiversité, Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Geoffrey Gimonneau
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, France
- INTERTRYP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire National d’Élevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Service de Bio-Écologie et Pathologies Parasitaires, Dakar—Hann, Sénégal
| | - Jacques Kaboré
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies à Vecteurs et Biodiversité, Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Marc Desquesnes
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, France
- INTERTRYP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
- National Veterinary School of Toulouse (ENVT), Toulouse, France
| | - Veerle Lejon
- INTERTRYP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Mathurin Koffi
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Gestion des Ecosystèmes Tropicaux, Unité de Recherche en Génétique et Épidémiologie Moléculaire, UFR Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Vincent Jamonneau
- Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- INTERTRYP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Thévenon
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, France
- INTERTRYP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
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Hong Y, Suganuma K, Ohari Y, Kayano M, Nakazaki K, Fukumoto S, Kawazu SI, Inoue N. Seasonal Variation and Factors Affecting Trypanosoma theileri Infection in Wild Sika Deer (Ezo Sika Deer Cervus nippon yesoensis) in Eastern Hokkaido. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101707. [PMID: 37238137 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) spp. are isolated from domestic and wild ruminants, including deer, worldwide. The prevalence of trypanosomes in mammals is influenced by a number of factors such as host age and vector abundance. However, the seasonal variation of and factors affecting trypanosome infection in the wild deer population remain elusive. In this study, we analyzed the seasonal variation in trypanosome prevalence and the factors that affect Trypanosoma theileri Laveran, 1902, infection in wild sika deer (Ezo sika deer) Cervus nippon yesoensis (Heude, 1884) in Eastern Hokkaido through a two-year survey. Seasonal variation in the prevalence of trypanosome infection in the deer population ranged from 0 to 41% as per hematocrit concentration and 17 to 89% as per PCR results. In general, the prevalence of T. theileri by PCR in 2020 was higher than that in 2019. Moreover, the prevalence was significantly higher in the aged population than among the younger population. These findings may explain why individual conditions and sampling season were associated with trypanosome prevalence. This is the first study to investigate the seasonal variation in and risk factors affecting trypanosome infection in wild deer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujon Hong
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuma Ohari
- Division of Risk Analysis and Management, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20 Jyo Nishi 10, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Kayano
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kenji Nakazaki
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shinya Fukumoto
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Kawazu
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Noboru Inoue
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
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Okello I, Mafie E, Eastwood G, Nzalawahe J, Mboera LEG. African Animal Trypanosomiasis: A Systematic Review on Prevalence, Risk Factors and Drug Resistance in Sub-Saharan Africa. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:1099-1143. [PMID: 35579072 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) a parasitic disease of livestock in sub-Saharan Africa causing tremendous loses. Sub-Saharan continental estimation of mean prevalence in both large and small domestic animals, risk factors, tsetse and non-tsetse prevalence and drug resistance is lacking. A review and meta-analysis was done to better comprehend changes in AAT prevalence and drug resistance. Publish/Perish software was used to search and extract peer-reviewed articles in Google scholar, PubMed and CrossRef. In addition, ResearchGate and African Journals Online (AJOL) were used. Screening and selection of articles from 2000-2021 was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Articles 304 were retrieved; on domestic animals 192, tsetse and non-tsetse vectors 44, risk factors 49 and trypanocidal drug resistance 30. Prevalence varied by, host animals in different countries, diagnostic methods and species of Trypanosoma. Cattle had the highest prevalence with Ethiopia and Nigeria leading, T. congolense (11.80-13.40%) and T. vivax (10.50-18.80%) being detected most. This was followed by camels and pigs. Common diagnostic method used was buffy coat microscopy. However; polymerase chain reaction (PCR), CATT and ELISA had higher detection rates. G. pallidipes caused most infections in Eastern regions while G. palpalis followed by G. mortisans in Western Africa. Eastern Africa reported more non-tsetse biting flies with Stomoxys leading. Common risk factors were, body conditions, breed type, age, sex and seasons. Ethiopia and Nigeria had the highest trypanocidal resistance 30.00-35.00% and highest AAT prevalence. Isometamidium and diminazene showed more resistance with T. congolense being most resistant species 11.00-83.00%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Okello
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals in East and Southern Africa, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Eliakunda Mafie
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Gillian Eastwood
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jahashi Nzalawahe
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Leonard E G Mboera
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals in East and Southern Africa, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Obi CF, Ezeh IO, Okpala MI, Agina O, Umeakuana PU, Essuman GAA, Gwira TM, Ezeokonkwo RC. Prevalence and Molecular Identification of Trypanosomes in Dogs in Enugu North Senatorial Zone, South East Nigeria. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:391-402. [PMID: 34625859 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00475-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dogs are of immense social, psychological and economic importance in Nigeria and are severely affected by African trypanosomosis. However, the prevalence of canine African trypanosomosis (CAT) in Nigeria is underreported and the identification of the parasites relies mostly on basic morphological characteristics under the microscope, which could be misleading. The present study was carried out to determine the prevalence and characterize trypanosomes isolated from dogs in South east Nigeria. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was carried out to determine the prevalence and molecular identification of trypanosomes in dogs in Enugu North Senatorial Zone (ENSZ), South east Nigeria. Dogs (n = 450) were randomly sampled, their blood collected and some characteristics such as sex, breed, sampling location, season and age duly noted. The blood samples were screened for trypanosomosis using standard trypanosome detection techniques. Trypanosome-positive blood samples were spotted on FTA® cards for molecular identification using nested Tubulin-PCR, ITS-PCR, TgsGP-PCR, and DNA sequencing. Some hematological parameters of the dogs such as packed cell volume (PCV), total leucocyte count (TLC), red blood cell count (RBC) were also determined. RESULTS Of the 450 dogs sampled, 51 dogs were positive for trypanosomes with a prevalence rate of 11.3% (95% CI = 0.087-0.146). Trypanosoma brucei was the predominant trypanosome species infecting dogs in the study area. T. congolense, T. evansi, and T. vivax were also identified. The prevalence of canine trypanosomosis was significantly associated with season (χ2 = 13.821, df = 1, P = 0.0001) and the sampling location (χ2 = 6.900, df = 2, P = 0.032) while sex, breed, and age were not. The PCV and RBC of the infected dogs were significantly lower (p < 0.0001) than those of the uninfected dogs. CONCLUSIONS CAT due to T. brucei is very prevalent in Enugu North Senatorial Zone, South east Nigeria and is associated with hematological changes. Our study also detected T. vivax in dogs in South east Nigeria which appears to be the first report of T. vivax in a dog in Nigeria.
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Dieng MM, Dera KSM, Moyaba P, Ouedraogo GMS, Demirbas-Uzel G, Gstöttenmayer F, Mulandane FC, Neves L, Mdluli S, Rayaisse JB, Belem AMG, Pagabeleguem S, de Beer CJ, Parker AG, Van Den Abbeele J, Mach RL, Vreysen MJB, Abd-Alla AMM. Prevalence of Trypanosoma and Sodalis in wild populations of tsetse flies and their impact on sterile insect technique programmes for tsetse eradication. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3322. [PMID: 35228552 PMCID: PMC8885713 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06699-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The sterile insect technique (SIT) is an environment friendly and sustainable method to manage insect pests of economic importance through successive releases of sterile irradiated males of the targeted species to a defined area. A mating of a sterile male with a virgin wild female will result in no offspring, and ultimately lead to the suppression or eradication of the targeted population. Tsetse flies, vectors of African Trypanosoma, have a highly regulated and defined microbial fauna composed of three bacterial symbionts that may have a role to play in the establishment of Trypanosoma infections in the flies and hence, may influence the vectorial competence of the released sterile males. Sodalis bacteria seem to interact with Trypanosoma infection in tsetse flies. Field-caught tsetse flies of ten different taxa and from 15 countries were screened using PCR to detect the presence of Sodalis and Trypanosoma species and analyse their interaction. The results indicate that the prevalence of Sodalis and Trypanosoma varied with country and tsetse species. Trypanosome prevalence was higher in east, central and southern African countries than in west African countries. Tsetse fly infection rates with Trypanosoma vivax and T. brucei sspp were higher in west African countries, whereas tsetse infection with T. congolense and T. simiae, T. simiae (tsavo) and T. godfreyi were higher in east, central and south African countries. Sodalis prevalence was high in Glossina morsitans morsitans and G. pallidipes but absent in G. tachinoides. Double and triple infections with Trypanosoma taxa and coinfection of Sodalis and Trypanosoma were rarely observed but it occurs in some taxa and locations. A significant Chi square value (< 0.05) seems to suggest that Sodalis and Trypanosoma infection correlate in G. palpalis gambiensis, G. pallidipes and G. medicorum. Trypanosoma infection seemed significantly associated with an increased density of Sodalis in wild G. m. morsitans and G. pallidipes flies, however, there was no significant impact of Sodalis infection on trypanosome density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouhamadou M Dieng
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kiswend-Sida M Dera
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, 1400, Vienna, Austria.,Insectarium de Bobo Dioulasso-Campagne d'Eradication de la mouche tsetse et de la Trypanosomose (IBD-CETT), 01 BP 1087, Bobo Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Percy Moyaba
- Epidemiology, Vectors and Parasites, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Gisele M S Ouedraogo
- Insectarium de Bobo Dioulasso-Campagne d'Eradication de la mouche tsetse et de la Trypanosomose (IBD-CETT), 01 BP 1087, Bobo Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Guler Demirbas-Uzel
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabian Gstöttenmayer
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fernando C Mulandane
- University Eduardo Mondlane, Centro de Biotecnologia, Av. de Moçambique Km 1.5, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Luis Neves
- University Eduardo Mondlane, Centro de Biotecnologia, Av. de Moçambique Km 1.5, Maputo, Mozambique.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Sihle Mdluli
- Epidemiology Unit, Department of Veterinary Services, PO Box 4192, Manzini, Eswatini
| | - Jean-Baptiste Rayaisse
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), 01 BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Soumaïla Pagabeleguem
- Insectarium de Bobo Dioulasso-Campagne d'Eradication de la mouche tsetse et de la Trypanosomose (IBD-CETT), 01 BP 1087, Bobo Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.,University of Dedougou, B.P. 176, Dédougou 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Chantel J de Beer
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, 1400, Vienna, Austria.,Epidemiology, Vectors and Parasites, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | | | - Robert L Mach
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental, and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marc J B Vreysen
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adly M M Abd-Alla
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, 1400, Vienna, Austria.
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Free-ranging pigs identified as a multi-reservoir of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma congolense in the Vavoua area, a historical sleeping sickness focus of Côte d'Ivoire. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0010036. [PMID: 34937054 PMCID: PMC8735613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The existence of an animal reservoir of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (T. b. gambiense), the agent of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), may compromise the interruption of transmission targeted by World Health Organization. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of trypanosomes in pigs and people in the Vavoua HAT historical focus where cases were still diagnosed in the early 2010’s. Methods For the human survey, we used the CATT, mini-anion exchange centrifugation technique and immune trypanolysis tests. For the animal survey, the buffy coat technique was also used as well as the PCR using Trypanosoma species specific, including the T. b. gambiense TgsGP detection using single round and nested PCRs, performed from animal blood samples and from strains isolated from subjects positive for parasitological investigations. Results No HAT cases were detected among 345 people tested. A total of 167 pigs were investigated. Free-ranging pigs appeared significantly more infected than pigs in pen. Over 70% of free-ranging pigs were positive for CATT and parasitological investigations and 27–43% were positive to trypanolysis depending on the antigen used. T. brucei was the most prevalent species (57%) followed by T. congolense (24%). Blood sample extracted DNA of T. brucei positive subjects were negative to single round TgsGP PCR. However, 1/22 and 6/22 isolated strains were positive with single round and nested TgsGP PCRs, respectively. Discussion Free-ranging pigs were identified as a multi-reservoir of T. brucei and/or T. congolense with mixed infections of different strains. This trypanosome diversity hinders the easy and direct detection of T. b. gambiense. We highlight the lack of tools to prove or exclude with certainty the presence of T. b. gambiense. This study once more highlights the need of technical improvements to explore the role of animals in the epidemiology of HAT. Significant efforts to control human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) since the 1990’s have drastically reduced the prevalence of the disease. Its elimination as a public health problem is being achieved. World Health Organization now targets the interruption of transmission for 2030. However, potential animal reservoirs of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (T. b. gambiense), the main agent of HAT, may compromise this ambitious objective. It is the case in the Vavoua historical focus in Côte d’Ivoire where HAT cases were still diagnosed in the early 2010’s. During a study conducted in this area, we scrutinized the trypanosomes circulating in pigs and people sharing the same environment using serological, immunological, parasitological and molecular tools. No HAT cases were detected. We showed that T. brucei s.l. and T. congolense actively circulated in free-ranging pigs. Even if no tools were sensitive and specific enough to unambiguously identify T. b. gambiense directly from biological samples, six isolated strains from pigs positive for trypanosomes were amplified for TgsGP, the only currently accepted T. b. gambiense specific molecular marker. The apparent discrepancies between the presence of T. b. gambiense in pigs despite the absence of human cases is discussed. These results stress the need for an efficient “molecular toolbox” to easily detect and identify T. b. gambiense in any animal it may infect.
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Financial losses estimation of African animal trypanosomosis in Nigeria: field reality-based model. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:159. [PMID: 33569637 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02603-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Theoretical and modelling approaches were undertaken on Nigerian livestock industry to estimate financial losses due to African animal trypanosomosis. METHODS Surveys were conducted between March 2018 and February 2019 to include focus group interactions, in-depth household engagements concerning livestock practices in relation to AAT. Financial losses estimation on livestock were targeted to provide ways to regain cost and maximize household livelihoods. Mathematical equation was developed to project the effects of intervention strategies. Important variables such as mean AAT prevalence, incidence rate, birth rate, morbidity and mortality were estimated and inserted in the model. RESULTS Mean total income per capita was US$ 1.31 / person / day among livestock producers in Nigeria. A total of US$ 518. 9 million were estimated from direct losses, while US$ 58.8 million as indirect losses. Annual estimated losses to AAT from cattle, sheep, goat and pigs in Nigeria is US$ 577.7 million. This is equivalent to 207.98 billion Nigerian naira and represents 6.93% of annual livestock GDP in the country. This could increase to 85% in the next 50 years if there are no proper control interventions. Control efforts could reduce the losses to US$ 16.7 million at the rate of 0.2% during the same period. DISCUSSIONS AAT has severe socioeconomic impact on producer's livelihood and urgent improved control intervention strategies should be instituted to reduce the losses attributed to the disease.
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Karshima SN, Bata SI, Bot C, Kujul NB, Paman ND, Obalisa A, Karshima MN, Dunka HI, Oziegbe SD. Prevalence, seasonal and geographical distribution of parasitic diseases in dogs in Plateau State Nigeria: a 30-year retrospective study (1986-2015). J Parasit Dis 2020; 44:511-520. [PMID: 32801502 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases of dogs are now major economic and public health issues in Nigeria due to indiscriminate reproduction of dogs, lack of appropriate policies on pet ownership and diseases control as well as inadequate veterinary care. In order to understand the prevalence, seasonal variation and distribution of parasitic diseases of dogs in this region of Nigeria, the present study conducted a 30-year retrospective analysis in the referral veterinary centre, Vom, and analysed data using the Chi square test and the factor analysis. Of the 26,844 dogs handled between January 1986 and December 2015, 17,663 (65.8%) had different parasitic diseases. Yearly distribution of parasitic diseases varied significantly (p < 0.0001) and ranged between 52.0 and 85.4%. Age, seasonal and disease specific prevalence rates ranged between 2.8 and 80.5%. Prevalence rates in females 78.2% (95% CI 77.6-78.9) and indigenous breed 70.0% (95% CI 69.2-70.7) were significantly higher (p < 0.0001) from those of the males 47.2% (95% CI 46.2-48.1) and exotic breeds of dogs 60.7% (95% CI 59.8-61.6), respectively. Ancylostomosis was the most prevalent (15.9%) disease while Barkin Ladi recorded the highest regional prevalence. It is pertinent to enact appropriate disease control policies and observe control programmes including vector control and improved hygiene to curtail the economic and public health threats associated with these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon N Karshima
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Jos, PMB 2084, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Shalangwa I Bata
- Department of Animal Health, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, PMB 001, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Christopher Bot
- Department of Animal Health, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, PMB 001, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Nanbol B Kujul
- Department of Animal Health, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, PMB 001, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Nehemiah D Paman
- Department of Animal Health, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, PMB 001, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Adebowale Obalisa
- Department of Animal Health, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, PMB 001, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Magdalene N Karshima
- Department of Parasitology and Entomolgy, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, Adamawa State Nigeria
| | - Hassana I Dunka
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Jos, PMB 2084, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Stanley D Oziegbe
- Department of Theriogenology, University of Jos, PMB 2084, Jos, Nigeria
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de Gier J, Cecchi G, Paone M, Dede P, Zhao W. The continental atlas of tsetse and African animal trypanosomosis in Nigeria. Acta Trop 2020; 204:105328. [PMID: 31904345 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis remains a major animal health problem in Nigeria, in a context where changes in land cover, climate and control interventions are modifying its epidemiological patterns. Evidence-based decision making for the progressive control of the disease requires spatially-explicit information on its occurrence and prevalence, as well as on the distribution and abundance of the tsetse vector. In the framework of the continental Atlas of tsetse and African animal trypanosomosis (AAT), a geo-referenced database was assembled for Nigeria, based on the systematic review of 133 scientific publications (period January 1990 - March 2019). The three main species of trypanosomes responsible for the disease (i.e. Trypanosoma vivax, T. congolense and T. brucei) were found to be widespread, thus posing a national-level problem. Their geographic distribution extends beyond the tsetse-infested belt, owing to the combined effect of animal movement and mechanical transmission by non-tsetse vectors. T. simiae, the major trypanosomal pathogen in pigs, T. godfreyi and the human-infective T. brucei gambiense were also reported. AAT was reported in a number of susceptible host species, including cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, camels, horses, donkeys and dogs, while no study on wildlife was identified. Estimates of prevalence are heavily influenced by the sensitivity of the diagnostic techniques, ranging from an average of 3.5% for blood films to 31.0% for molecular techniques. Two riverine tsetse species (i.e. Glossina palpalis palpalis and G. tachinoides) were found to have the broadest geographical range, as they were detected in all six geopolitical zones of Nigeria. By contrast, the distribution of savannah species (i.e. G. morsitans submorsitans and G. longipalpis) appears to be highly fragmented, and limited to protected areas. Very little information is available for forest species, with one single paper reporting on G. fusca congolensis and G. nigrofusca nigrofusca in the Niger Delta region. The future development of a national Atlas of tsetse and AAT, relying on both published and unpublished information, could improve on the present review and provide further epidemiological evidence for decision making.
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Rodrigues CMF, Garcia HA, Rodrigues AC, Pereira DL, Pereira CL, Viola LB, Neves L, Camargo EP, Gibson W, Teixeira MMG. Expanding our knowledge on African trypanosomes of the subgenus Pycnomonas: A novel Trypanosoma suis-like in tsetse flies, livestock and wild ruminants sympatric with Trypanosoma suis in Mozambique. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 78:104143. [PMID: 31837483 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Among the subgenera of African tsetse-transmitted trypanosomes pathogenic to livestock, the least known is the subgenus Pycnomonas, which contains a single species, Trypanosoma suis (TSU), a pathogen of domestic pigs first reported in 1905 and recently rediscovered in Tanzania and Mozambique. Analysis by Fluorescent Fragment Length Barcoding (FFLB) revealed an infection rate of 20.3% (108 out of 530 tsetse flies) in a recent study in the Gorongosa and Niassa wildlife reserves in Mozambique, and demonstrated two groups of Pycnomonas trypanosomes: one (14.1%, 75 flies) showing an FFLB profile identical to the reference TSU from Tanzania, and the other (6.2%, 33 flies) differing slightly from reference TSU and designated Trypanosoma suis-like (TSU-L). Phylogenetic analyses tightly clustered TSU and TSU-L from Mozambique with TSU from Tanzania forming the clade Pycnomonas positioned between the subgenera Trypanozoon and Nannomonas. Our preliminarily exploration of host ranges of Pycnomonas trypanosomes revealed TSU exclusively in warthogs while TSU-L was identified, for the first time for a member of the subgenus Pycnomonas, in ruminants (antelopes, Cape buffalo, and in domestic cattle and goats). The preferential blood meal sources of tsetse flies harbouring TSU and TSU-L were wild suids, and most of these flies concomitantly harboured the porcine trypanosomes T. simiae, T. simiae Tsavo, and T. godfreyi. Therefore, our findings support the link of TSU with suids while TSU-L remains to be comprehensively investigated in these hosts. Our results greatly expand our knowledge of the diversity, hosts, vectors, and epidemiology of Pycnomonas trypanosomes. Due to shortcomings of available molecular diagnostic methods, a relevant cohort of trypanosomes transmitted by tsetse flies to ungulates, especially suids, has been neglected or most likely misidentified. The method employed in the present study enables an accurate discrimination of trypanosome species and genotypes and, hence, a re-evaluation of the "lost" subgenus Pycnomonas and of porcine trypanosomes in general, the most neglected group of African trypanosomes pathogenic to ungulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla M F Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil; INCT-EpiAmO - Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia na Amazônia Ocidental, Brazil
| | - Herakles A Garcia
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana C Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Lopes Pereira
- National Administration of Conservation Areas (ANAC), Ministry of Land, Environment and Rural Development, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - Luis Neves
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Erney P Camargo
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil; INCT-EpiAmO - Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia na Amazônia Ocidental, Brazil
| | - Wendy Gibson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Marta M G Teixeira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil; INCT-EpiAmO - Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia na Amazônia Ocidental, Brazil.
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Odeniran PO, Macleod ET, Ademola IO, Welburn SC. Endosymbionts interaction with trypanosomes in Palpalis group of Glossina captured in southwest Nigeria. Parasitol Int 2019; 70:64-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Ebhodaghe F, Ohiolei J, Isaac C. A systematic review and meta-analysis of small ruminant and porcine trypanosomiasis prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa (1986 to 2018). Acta Trop 2018; 188:118-131. [PMID: 30179607 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The appraisal of the disease burden of African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) in some livestock at country level could invite a re-evaluation of trypanosomiasis-control strategy. This study thus estimates small ruminant and porcine trypanosomiasis prevalence in sub-Saharan African countries. It also describes Trypanosoma species prevalence in small ruminants and pigs and attempts identification of factors explaining between-study variations in prevalence. Articles reporting animal trypanosomiasis prevalence in sheep, goats, and pigs in countries within sub-Saharan Africa were retrieved from different databases (PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and African Journal Online) and reference lists of relevant literatures. A total of 85 articles from 13 countries published between 1986 and 2018 were included in the analysis. Overall random-effects meta-analytic mean prevalence estimates were: 7.67% (95% CI: 5.22-10.49), 5.84% (95% CI: 3.81-8.23), and 19.46% (95% CI: 14.61-24.80) respectively, for sheep, goats, and pigs with substantial heterogeneity (I2 = >95.00%. p < 0.0001) noted between studies. Ovine, caprine, and porcine prevalence were highest in Tanzania (91.67%. 95% CI: 76.50-99.84), Equatorial Guinea (27%. 95% CI: 0-81.09), and Cameroon (47%. 95% CI: 29.67-66.06), respectively. Trypanosoma brucei s. l., T. vivax, and T. congolense were the most prevalent in the livestock. Trypanosoma brucei subspecies (T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense) occurred in all three livestock being mostly prevalent in pigs. Country of study was a significant predictor of trypanosomiasis prevalence in each livestock in addition to time and sample size for caprine hosts, diagnostic technique for both caprine and ovine hosts, and sample size for porcine hosts. The pattern of animal trypanosomiasis prevalence in the studied livestock reflects their susceptibility to trypanosomal infections and tsetse fly host feeding preferences. In conclusion, sheep, goats, and especially pigs are reservoirs of human infective trypanosomes in sub-Saharan Africa; consequently, their inclusion in sleeping sickness control programmes could enhance the goal of the disease elimination.
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Odeniran PO, Ademola IO. A meta-analysis of the prevalence of African animal trypanosomiasis in Nigeria from 1960 to 2017. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:280. [PMID: 29720251 PMCID: PMC5930763 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African animal trypanosomiasis is an economically significant disease that affects the livestock industry in Nigeria. It is caused by several parasites of the genus Trypanosoma. National estimates of the disease prevalence in livestock and tsetse flies are lacking, therefore a systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to understand the trend of the disease prevalence over the years. METHODS Publications were screened in Web of Science, Ovid MEDLINE, Global Health, EMBASE and PubMed databases. Using four-stage (identification, screening, eligibility and inclusion) process in the PRIMSA checklist, only studies that met the inclusion criteria for AAT and tsetse infections were analysed. Point estimates prevalence and subgroup analyses based on diagnostic techniques in livestock were evaluated at 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS A total of 74 eligible studies published between 1960 and 2017 were selected for meta-analysis. This covers the six geopolitical zones, involving a total of 53,924 animals. The overall prevalence of AAT was 16.1% (95% CI: 12.3-20.3%). Based on diagnostic techniques, the prevalence of AAT in cattle was highest in PCR followed by serology and microscopy while the highest prevalence in pigs was observed with serology. Out of 12,552 tsetse flies examined from 14 eligible studies, an overall prevalence of 17.3% (95% CI: 4.5-36.0%) and subgroup prevalence of 49.7% (95% CI: 30.7-68.8%), 11.5% (95% CI: 6.1-18.5) and 4.5% (95% CI: 1.8-8.8%) in G. morsitans, G. tachinoides and G. palpalis, respectively, were observed using the random effects-model. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of trypanosomes in both vectors and animal hosts was high in Nigeria. Therefore, further research on risk factors, seasonal and transhumance effects, vectoral capacity and competence are warranted for an effective control of AAT in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Olalekan Odeniran
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.,Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Isaiah Oluwafemi Ademola
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
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Odeniran PO, Ademola IO, Macleod ET, Welburn SC. Bovine and small ruminant African animal trypanosomiasis in Nigeria - A review. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2018; 13:5-13. [PMID: 31014888 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive attempts over many decades to control African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) across the tsetse fly belt of Nigeria, AAT persists as major animal health problem causing severe morbidity and mortality in livestock. The large agricultural losses in turn have severe adverse impacts on sustainable agricultural development. Despite this, in the past 50 years there have been no significant national control programs against AAT. This review explores the history of AAT control in Nigeria, examining the successes and failures in measures adopted in Nigeria to control AAT and the changing disease epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Olalekan Odeniran
- University of Ibadan, Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ibadan, Nigeria; The University of Edinburgh, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
| | - Isaiah Oluwafemi Ademola
- University of Ibadan, Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ewan Thomas Macleod
- The University of Edinburgh, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Susan Christina Welburn
- The University of Edinburgh, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK; University of Edinburgh Joint Institute, Zhejiang University, International Campus, 718 East Haizhou Road, Haining 314400, China
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Animal African Trypanosomiasis in Nigeria: A long way from elimination/eradication. Acta Trop 2017; 176:323-331. [PMID: 28870536 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Animal African Trypanosomiasis (AAT) is a disease of livestock that directly hinders livestock production and therefore impedes the socio-economic development of sub-Saharan Africa. The establishment of the Pan-African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) was to enhance the goal of elimination and eradication of tsetse flies and AAT from endemic countries in Africa. In order to achieve AAT eradication, a five-step progressive control pathway (PCP) model has been proposed. The data presented in this report demonstrates that Nigeria is highly endemic of AAT and that it is yet to comprehensively approach the process of eradication as it is at the infancy stage of data gathering and processing. This review is thus presented to serve as a wake-up call to all relevant stakeholders to intensify efforts in approaching the painstaking process of AAT eradication in Nigeria.
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Garcia HA, Rodrigues CMF, Rodrigues AC, Pereira DL, Pereira CL, Camargo EP, Hamilton PB, Teixeira MMG. Remarkable richness of trypanosomes in tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans morsitans and Glossina pallidipes) from the Gorongosa National Park and Niassa National Reserve of Mozambique revealed by fluorescent fragment length barcoding (FFLB). INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 63:370-379. [PMID: 28688979 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomes of African wild ungulates transmitted by tsetse flies can cause human and livestock diseases. However, trypanosome diversity in wild tsetse flies remains greatly underestimated. We employed FFLB (fluorescent fragment length barcoding) for surveys of trypanosomes in tsetse flies (3086) from the Gorongosa National Park (GNP) and Niassa National Reserve (NNR) in Mozambique (MZ), identified as Glossina morsitans morsitans (GNP/NNR=77.6%/90.5%) and Glossina pallidipes (22.4%/9.5%). Trypanosomes were microscopically detected in 8.3% of tsetse guts. FFLB of gut samples revealed (GNP/NNR): Trypanosoma congolense of Savannah (27%/63%), Kilifi (16.7%/29.7%) and Forest (1.0%/0.3%) genetic groups; T. simiae Tsavo (36.5%/6.1%); T. simiae (22.2%/17.7%); T. godfreyi (18.2%/7.0%); subgenus Trypanozoon (20.2%/25.7%); T. vivax/T. vivax-like (1.5%/5.2%); T. suis/T. suis-like (9.4%/11.9%). Tsetse proboscises exhibited similar species composition, but most prevalent species were (GNP/NNR): T. simiae (21.9%/28%), T. b. brucei (19.2%/31.7%), and T. vivax/T. vivax-like (19.2%/28.6%). Flies harboring mixtures of trypanosomes were common (~ 64%), and combinations of more than four trypanosomes were especially abundant in the pristine NNR. The non-pathogenic T. theileri was found in 2.5% while FFLB profiles of unknown species were detected in 19% of flies examined. This is the first report on molecular diversity of tsetse flies and their trypanosomes in MZ; all trypanosomes pathogenic for ungulates were detected, but no human pathogens were detected. Overall, two species of tsetse flies harbor 12 species/genotypes of trypanosomes. This notable species richness was likely uncovered because flies were captured in wildlife reserves and surveyed using the method of FFLB able to identify, with high sensitivity and accuracy, known and novel trypanosomes. Our findings importantly improve the knowledge on trypanosome diversity in tsetse flies, revealed the greatest species richness so far reported in tsetse fly of any African country, and indicate the existence of a hidden trypanosome diversity to be discovered in African wildlife protected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herakles A Garcia
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla M F Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana C Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos L Pereira
- Ministry of Tourism of Mozambique, Wildlife Conservation Society, Mozambique
| | - Erney P Camargo
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - P B Hamilton
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Marta M G Teixeira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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