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Saldanha I, Betson M, Vrettou C, Paxton E, Nixon J, Tennant P, Ritchie A, Matthews KR, Morrison LJ, Torr SJ, Cunningham LJ. Consistent detection of Trypanosoma brucei but not T. congolense DNA in faeces of experimentally infected cattle. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4158. [PMID: 38378867 PMCID: PMC10879203 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54857-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) is a significant food security and economic burden in sub-Saharan Africa. Current AAT empirical and immunodiagnostic surveillance tools suffer from poor sensitivity and specificity, with blood sampling requiring animal restraint and trained personnel. Faecal sampling could increase sampling accessibility, scale, and species range. Therefore, this study assessed feasibility of detecting Trypanosoma DNA in the faeces of experimentally-infected cattle. Holstein-Friesian calves were inoculated with Trypanosoma brucei brucei AnTat 1.1 (n = 5) or T. congolense Savannah IL3000 (n = 6) in separate studies. Faecal and blood samples were collected concurrently over 10 weeks and screened using species-specific PCR and qPCR assays. T. brucei DNA was detected in 85% of post-inoculation (PI) faecal samples (n = 114/134) by qPCR and 50% by PCR between 4 and 66 days PI. However, T. congolense DNA was detected in just 3.4% (n = 5/145) of PI faecal samples by qPCR, and none by PCR. These results confirm the ability to consistently detect T. brucei DNA, but not T. congolense DNA, in infected cattle faeces. This disparity may derive from the differences in Trypanosoma species tissue distribution and/or extravasation. Therefore, whilst faeces are a promising substrate to screen for T. brucei infection, blood sampling is required to detect T. congolense in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Saldanha
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Martha Betson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | | | - Edith Paxton
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James Nixon
- Large Animal Research and Imaging Facility, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter Tennant
- Large Animal Research and Imaging Facility, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Adrian Ritchie
- Large Animal Research and Imaging Facility, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Keith R Matthews
- Institute of Immunology and Infection, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Stephen J Torr
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lucas J Cunningham
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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2
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Morrison LJ, Steketee PC, Tettey MD, Matthews KR. Pathogenicity and virulence of African trypanosomes: From laboratory models to clinically relevant hosts. Virulence 2023; 14:2150445. [PMID: 36419235 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2150445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomes are vector-borne protozoa, which cause significant human and animal disease across sub-Saharan Africa, and animal disease across Asia and South America. In humans, infection is caused by variants of Trypanosoma brucei, and is characterized by varying rate of progression to neurological disease, caused by parasites exiting the vasculature and entering the brain. Animal disease is caused by multiple species of trypanosome, primarily T. congolense, T. vivax, and T. brucei. These trypanosomes also infect multiple species of mammalian host, and this complexity of trypanosome and host diversity is reflected in the spectrum of severity of disease in animal trypanosomiasis, ranging from hyperacute infections associated with mortality to long-term chronic infections, and is also a main reason why designing interventions for animal trypanosomiasis is so challenging. In this review, we will provide an overview of the current understanding of trypanosome determinants of infection progression and severity, covering laboratory models of disease, as well as human and livestock disease. We will also highlight gaps in knowledge and capabilities, which represent opportunities to both further our fundamental understanding of how trypanosomes cause disease, as well as facilitating the development of the novel interventions that are so badly needed to reduce the burden of disease caused by these important pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Pieter C Steketee
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Mabel D Tettey
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Keith R Matthews
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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3
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Steketee PC, Paxton E, Barrett MP, Pearce MC, Connelley TK, Morrison LJ. Anti-parasitic benzoxaboroles are ineffective against Theileria parva in vitro. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2023; 23:71-77. [PMID: 37866107 PMCID: PMC10623109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
East Coast Fever (ECF) is a disease affecting cattle in sub-Saharan Africa, caused by the tick-borne Apicomplexan pathogen Theileria parva. The disease is a major problem for cattle farmers in affected regions and there are few methods of control, including a complex infection and treatment vaccine, expensive chemotherapy, and the more widespread tick control through acaricides. New intervention strategies are, therefore, sorely needed. Benzoxaboroles are a versatile class of boron-heterocyclic compounds with demonstrable pharmacological activity against a diverse group of pathogens, including those related to T. parva. In this study, the in vitro efficacy of three benzoxaboroles against the intracellular schizont stage of T. parva was investigated using a flow cytometry approach. Of the benzoxaboroles tested, only one showed any potency, albeit only at high concentrations, even though there is high protein sequence similarity in the CPSF3 protein target compared to other protozoan pathogen species. This finding suggests that benzoxaboroles currently of interest for the treatment of African animal trypanosomiasis, toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis and malaria may not be suitable for the treatment of ECF. We conclude that testing of further benzoxaborole compounds is needed to fully determine whether any lead compounds can be identified to target T. parva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter C Steketee
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Edith Paxton
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Michael P Barrett
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Michael C Pearce
- Global Alliance for Livestock Medicines, Doherty Building, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Timothy K Connelley
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Liam J Morrison
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
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4
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Riggio V, Madder M, Labuschagne M, Callaby R, Zhao R, Djikeng A, Fourie J, Prendergast JGD, Morrison LJ. Meta-analysis of heritability estimates and genome-wide association for tick-borne haemoparasites in African cattle. Front Genet 2023; 14:1197160. [PMID: 37576560 PMCID: PMC10417722 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1197160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The control of tick-borne haemoparasites in cattle largely relies on the use of acaricide drugs against the tick vectors, with some vaccination also being used against selected pathogens. These interventions can be difficult in Africa, where accessibility and cost of vaccines can be issues, and the increasing resistance of tick vectors to the widely used acaricides is a complication to disease control. A potential complementary control strategy could be the exploitation of any natural host genetic resistance to the pathogens. However, there are currently very few estimates of the extent of host resistance to tick-borne haemoparasites, and a significant contributing factor to this knowledge gap is likely to be the difficulty of collecting appropriate samples and data in the smallholder systems that predominate livestock production in low- and middle-income countries, particularly at scale. In this study, we have estimated the heritability for the presence/absence of several important haemoparasite species (including Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bigemina, Babesia bovis, and Ehrlichia ruminantium), as well as for relevant traits such as body weight and body condition score (BCS), in 1,694 cattle from four African countries (Burkina Faso, Ghana, Nigeria, and Tanzania). Heritability estimates within countries were mostly not significant, ranging from 0.05 to 0.84 across traits and countries, with standard errors between 0.07 and 0.91. However, the weighted mean of heritability estimates was moderate and significant for body weight and BCS (0.40 and 0.49, respectively), with significant heritabilities also observed for the presence of A. marginale (0.16) and E. ruminantium (0.19). In a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for these traits, two peaks were identified as reaching the suggestive significance threshold (p < 1.91 × 10-7 and p < 1.89 × 10-7, respectively): one on chromosome 24 for BCS and one on chromosome 8 for the E. ruminantium infection status. These findings indicate that there is likely to be a genetic basis that contributes to pathogen presence/absence for tick-borne haemoparasite species, which could potentially be exploited to improve cattle resistance in Africa to the economically important diseases caused by these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Riggio
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Rebecca Callaby
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rongrong Zhao
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Appolinaire Djikeng
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - James G. D. Prendergast
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J. Morrison
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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5
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Ramirez Valdez K, Nzau B, Dorey-Robinson D, Jarman M, Nyagwange J, Schwartz JC, Freimanis G, Steyn AW, Warimwe GM, Morrison LJ, Mwangi W, Charleston B, Bonnet-Di Placido M, Hammond JA. A Customizable Suite of Methods to Sequence and Annotate Cattle Antibodies. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1099. [PMID: 37376488 PMCID: PMC10302312 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11061099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying the antibody response to infection or vaccination is essential for developing more effective vaccines and therapeutics. Advances in high-throughput antibody sequencing technologies and immunoinformatic tools now allow the fast and comprehensive analysis of antibody repertoires at high resolution in any species. Here, we detail a flexible and customizable suite of methods from flow cytometry, single cell sorting, heavy and light chain amplification to antibody sequencing in cattle. These methods were used successfully, including adaptation to the 10x Genomics platform, to isolate native heavy-light chain pairs. When combined with the Ig-Sequence Multi-Species Annotation Tool, this suite represents a powerful toolkit for studying the cattle antibody response with high resolution and precision. Using three workflows, we processed 84, 96, and 8313 cattle B cells from which we sequenced 24, 31, and 4756 antibody heavy-light chain pairs, respectively. Each method has strengths and limitations in terms of the throughput, timeline, specialist equipment, and cost that are each discussed. Moreover, the principles outlined here can be applied to study antibody responses in other mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Nzau
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | | | | | - James Nyagwange
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme CGMRC, Kilifi P.O. Box 230-80108, Kenya
| | | | | | | | - George M Warimwe
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme CGMRC, Kilifi P.O. Box 230-80108, Kenya
| | - Liam J Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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6
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Powell J, Talenti A, Fisch A, Hemmink JD, Paxton E, Toye P, Santos I, Ferreira BR, Connelley TK, Morrison LJ, Prendergast JGD. Profiling the immune epigenome across global cattle breeds. Genome Biol 2023; 24:127. [PMID: 37218021 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-023-02964-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the variation between well and poorly adapted cattle breeds to local environments and pathogens is essential for breeding cattle with improved climate and disease-resistant phenotypes. Although considerable progress has been made towards identifying genetic differences between breeds, variation at the epigenetic and chromatin levels remains poorly characterized. Here, we generate, sequence and analyse over 150 libraries at base-pair resolution to explore the dynamics of DNA methylation and chromatin accessibility of the bovine immune system across three distinct cattle lineages. RESULTS We find extensive epigenetic divergence between the taurine and indicine cattle breeds across immune cell types, which is linked to the levels of local DNA sequence divergence between the two cattle sub-species. The unique cell type profiles enable the deconvolution of complex cellular mixtures using digital cytometry approaches. Finally, we show distinct sub-categories of CpG islands based on their chromatin and methylation profiles that discriminate between classes of distal and gene proximal islands linked to discrete transcriptional states. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a comprehensive resource of DNA methylation, chromatin accessibility and RNA expression profiles of three diverse cattle populations. The findings have important implications, from understanding how genetic editing across breeds, and consequently regulatory backgrounds, may have distinct impacts to designing effective cattle epigenome-wide association studies in non-European breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Powell
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Andrea Talenti
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Andressa Fisch
- Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Johanneke D Hemmink
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
- The International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Edith Paxton
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Philip Toye
- The International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, ILRI Kenya, PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Isabel Santos
- Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Beatriz R Ferreira
- Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Tim K Connelley
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Liam J Morrison
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK.
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - James G D Prendergast
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK.
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK.
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7
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Djikeng A, Argyle DJ, Morrison LJ, de C Bronsvoort BM. The Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health at the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh: improving livestock genetics to enhance animal welfare and production for African smallholder farmers. Am J Vet Res 2022; 84:ajvr.22.11.0199. [PMID: 36534537 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.22.11.0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Appolinaire Djikeng
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK.,Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - David J Argyle
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Liam J Morrison
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK.,Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - B Mark de C Bronsvoort
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK.,Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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8
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Riggio V, Tijjani A, Callaby R, Talenti A, Wragg D, Obishakin ET, Ezeasor C, Jongejan F, Ogo NI, Aboagye-Antwi F, Toure A, Nzalawahej J, Diallo B, Missohou A, Belem AMG, Djikeng A, Juleff N, Fourie J, Labuschagne M, Madder M, Marshall K, Prendergast JGD, Morrison LJ. Assessment of genotyping array performance for genome-wide association studies and imputation in African cattle. Genet Sel Evol 2022; 54:58. [PMID: 36057548 PMCID: PMC9441065 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-022-00751-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In cattle, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have largely focused on European or Asian breeds, using genotyping arrays that were primarily designed for European cattle. Because there is growing interest in performing GWAS in African breeds, we have assessed the performance of 23 commercial bovine genotyping arrays for capturing the diversity across African breeds and performing imputation. We used 409 whole-genome sequences (WGS) spanning global cattle breeds, and a real cohort of 2481 individuals (including African breeds) that were genotyped with the Illumina high-density (HD) array and the GeneSeek bovine 50 k array. RESULTS We found that commercially available arrays were not effective in capturing variants that segregate among African indicine animals. Only 6% of these variants in high linkage disequilibrium (LD) (r2 > 0.8) were on the best performing arrays, which contrasts with the 17% and 25% in African and European taurine cattle, respectively. However, imputation from available HD arrays can successfully capture most variants (accuracies up to 0.93), mainly when using a global, not continent-specific, reference panel, which partially reflects the unusually high levels of admixture on the continent. When considering functional variants, the GGPF250 array performed best for tagging WGS variants and imputation. Finally, we show that imputation from low-density arrays can perform almost as well as HD arrays, if a two-stage imputation approach is adopted, i.e. first imputing to HD and then to WGS, which can potentially reduce the costs of GWAS. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the choice of an array should be based on a balance between the objective of the study and the breed/population considered, with the HD and BOS1 arrays being the best choice for both taurine and indicine breeds when performing GWAS, and the GGPF250 being preferable for fine-mapping studies. Moreover, our results suggest that there is no advantage to using the indicus-specific arrays for indicus breeds, regardless of the objective. Finally, we show that using a reference panel that better represents global bovine diversity improves imputation accuracy, particularly for non-European taurine populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Riggio
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK. .,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Abdulfatai Tijjani
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI Ethiopia, P.O Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Rebecca Callaby
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Andrea Talenti
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - David Wragg
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Emmanuel T Obishakin
- Biotechnology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.,Biomedical Research Centre, Ghent University Global Campus, Songdo, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Chukwunonso Ezeasor
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Frans Jongejan
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Ndudim I Ogo
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Fred Aboagye-Antwi
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Alassane Toure
- Laboratoire National d'Appui Au Dévéloppement Agricole(LANADA)/Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire de Bingerville, Bp: 206, Bingerville, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Jahashi Nzalawahej
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | | | - Ayao Missohou
- Ecole Inter-Etats des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinaires (EISMV) de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Adrien M G Belem
- Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso (UPB), Bobo -Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Appolinaire Djikeng
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Nick Juleff
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Michel Labuschagne
- Clinomics, Uitzich Road, Bainsvlei, Bloemfontein, 9338, South Africa.,Clinvet, Uitzich Road, Bainsvlei, Bloemfontein, 9338, South Africa
| | - Maxime Madder
- Clinglobal, B03/04, The Tamarin Commercial Hub, Jacaranda Avenue, Tamarin, 90903, Mauritius
| | - Karen Marshall
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI Kenya, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.,International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - James G D Prendergast
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Liam J Morrison
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
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9
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Faber MN, Smith D, Price DRG, Steele P, Hildersley KA, Morrison LJ, Mabbott NA, Nisbet AJ, McNeilly TN. Development of Bovine Gastric Organoids as a Novel In Vitro Model to Study Host-Parasite Interactions in Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:904606. [PMID: 35846775 PMCID: PMC9281477 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.904606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastro-intestinal nematode (GIN) parasites are a major cause of production losses in grazing cattle, primarily through reduced growth rates in young animals. Control of these parasites relies heavily on anthelmintic drugs; however, with growing reports of resistance to currently available anthelmintics, alternative methods of control are required. A major hurdle in this work has been the lack of physiologically relevant in vitro infection models that has made studying precise interactions between the host and the GINs difficult. Such mechanistic insights into the infection process will be valuable for the development of novel targets for drugs, vaccines, or other interventions. Here we created bovine gastric epithelial organoids from abomasal gastric tissue and studied their application as in vitro models for understanding host invasion by GIN parasites. Transcriptomic analysis of gastric organoids across multiple passages and the corresponding abomasal tissue showed conserved expression of tissue-specific genes across samples, demonstrating that the organoids are representative of bovine gastric tissue from which they were derived. We also show that self-renewing and self-organising three-dimensional organoids can also be serially passaged, cryopreserved, and resuscitated. Using Ostertagia ostertagi, the most pathogenic gastric parasite in cattle in temperate regions, we show that cattle gastric organoids are biologically relevant models for studying GIN invasion in the bovine abomasum. Within 24 h of exposure, exsheathed larvae rapidly and repeatedly infiltrated the lumen of the organoids. Prior to invasion by the parasites, the abomasal organoids rapidly expanded, developing a ‘ballooning’ phenotype. Ballooning of the organoids could also be induced in response to exposure to parasite excretory/secretory products. In summary, we demonstrate the power of using abomasal organoids as a physiologically relevant in vitro model system to study interactions of O. ostertagi and other GIN with bovine gastrointestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc N. Faber
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Marc N. Faber,
| | - David Smith
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel R. G. Price
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Steele
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Katie A. Hildersley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J. Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A. Mabbott
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair J. Nisbet
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Tom N. McNeilly
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, United Kingdom
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10
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Contreras Garcia M, Walshe E, Steketee PC, Paxton E, Lopez-Vidal J, Pearce MC, Matthews KR, Ezzahra-Akki F, Evans A, Fairlie-Clark K, Matthews JB, Grey F, Morrison LJ. Comparative Sensitivity and Specificity of the 7SL sRNA Diagnostic Test for Animal Trypanosomiasis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:868912. [PMID: 35450136 PMCID: PMC9017285 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.868912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal trypanosomiasis (AT) is a significant livestock disease, affecting millions of animals across Sub-Saharan Africa, Central and South America, and Asia, and is caused by the protozoan parasites Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma vivax, and Trypanosoma congolense, with the largest economic impact in cattle. There is over-reliance on presumptive chemotherapy due to inadequate existing diagnostic tests, highlighting the need for improved AT diagnostics. A small RNA species, the 7SL sRNA, is excreted/secreted by trypanosomes in infected animals, and has been previously shown to reliably diagnose active infection. We sought to explore key properties of 7SL sRNA RT-qPCR assays; namely, assessing the potential for cross-reaction with the widespread and benign Trypanosoma theileri, directly comparing assay performance against currently available diagnostic methods, quantitatively assessing specificity and sensitivity, and assessing the rate of decay of 7SL sRNA post-treatment. Results showed that the 7SL sRNA RT-qPCR assays specific for T. brucei, T. vivax, and T. congolense performed better than microscopy and DNA PCR in detecting infection. The 7SL sRNA signal was undetectable or significantly reduced by 96-h post treatment; at 1 × curative dose there was no detectable signal in 5/5 cattle infected with T. congolense, and in 3/5 cattle infected with T. vivax, with the signal being reduced 14,630-fold in the remaining two T. vivax cattle. Additionally, the assays did not cross-react with T. theileri. Finally, by using a large panel of validated infected and uninfected samples, the species-specific assays are shown to be highly sensitive and specific by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, with 100% sensitivity (95% CI, 96.44-100%) and 100% specificity (95% CI, 96.53-100%), 96.73% (95% CI, 95.54-99.96%) and 99.19% specificity (95% CI, 92.58-99.60%), and 93.42% (95% CI, 85.51-97.16% %) and 82.43% specificity (95% CI, 72.23-89.44% %) for the T brucei, T. congolense and T. vivax assays, respectively, under the conditions used. These findings indicate that the 7SL sRNA has many attributes that would be required for a potential diagnostic marker of AT: no cross-reaction with T. theileri, high specificity and sensitivity, early infection detection, continued signal even in the absence of detectable parasitaemia in blood, and clear discrimination between infected and treated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Contreras Garcia
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Walshe
- Roslin Technologies Limited, Roslin Innovation Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Pieter C Steketee
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Edith Paxton
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Lopez-Vidal
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C Pearce
- Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Keith R Matthews
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Karen Fairlie-Clark
- Roslin Technologies Limited, Roslin Innovation Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline B Matthews
- Roslin Technologies Limited, Roslin Innovation Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Finn Grey
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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11
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Wragg D, Cook EAJ, Latré de Laté P, Sitt T, Hemmink JD, Chepkwony MC, Njeru R, Poole EJ, Powell J, Paxton EA, Callaby R, Talenti A, Miyunga AA, Ndambuki G, Mwaura S, Auty H, Matika O, Hassan M, Marshall K, Connelley T, Morrison LJ, Bronsvoort BMD, Morrison WI, Toye PG, Prendergast JGD. A locus conferring tolerance to Theileria infection in African cattle. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010099. [PMID: 35446841 PMCID: PMC9022807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
East Coast fever, a tick-borne cattle disease caused by the Theileria parva parasite, is among the biggest natural killers of cattle in East Africa, leading to over 1 million deaths annually. Here we report on the genetic analysis of a cohort of Bos indicus (Boran) cattle demonstrating heritable tolerance to infection with T. parva (h2 = 0.65, s.e. 0.57). Through a linkage analysis we identify a 6 Mb genomic region on bovine chromosome 15 that is significantly associated with survival outcome following T. parva exposure. Testing this locus in an independent cohort of animals replicates this association with survival following T. parva infection. A stop gained variant in a paralogue of the FAF1 gene in this region was found to be highly associated with survival across both related and unrelated animals, with only one of the 20 homozygote carriers (T/T) of this change succumbing to the disease in contrast to 44 out of 97 animals homozygote for the reference allele (C/C). Consequently, we present a genetic locus linked to tolerance of one of Africa’s most important cattle diseases, raising the promise of marker-assisted selection for cattle that are less susceptible to infection by T. parva. More than a million cattle die of East Coast fever in Africa each year, the impact of which disproportionately falls onto low-income, smallholder farmers. The lack of a widely accessible vaccine, heavy reliance on chemicals to control the tick vector and inadequate drug treatments means that new approaches for controlling the disease are urgently required. Through a genetic study of an extended pedigree of Boran cattle that are more than three times less likely to succumb to the disease than matched controls, we identify a region on chromosome 15 of the cattle genome associated with a high level of tolerance to the disease. We show that a nonsense variant in a predicted paralogue of FAS-associated factor 1 (FAF1) in this region is also associated with survival in an independent cohort, and is linked to rates of cell expansion during infection. This genetic variant can therefore support marker-assisted selection, allowing farmers to breed tolerant cattle and offers a route to introduce this beneficial DNA to non-native breeds, enabling reduced disease incidence and increased productivity, which would be of benefit to millions of rural smallholder farmers across Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wragg
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A. J. Cook
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
- ILRI Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Perle Latré de Laté
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
- ILRI Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Johanneke D. Hemmink
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
- ILRI Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Regina Njeru
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
- ILRI Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Jessica Powell
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Edith A. Paxton
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Callaby
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EEA) Group, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Talenti
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Antoinette A. Miyunga
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
- ILRI Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gideon Ndambuki
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
- ILRI Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Harriet Auty
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Oswald Matika
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Musa Hassan
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Marshall
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
- ILRI Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Timothy Connelley
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J. Morrison
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - B. Mark deC. Bronsvoort
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - W. Ivan Morrison
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Philip G. Toye
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
- ILRI Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail: (PGT); (JGDP)
| | - James G. D. Prendergast
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (PGT); (JGDP)
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12
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Alfituri OA, Quintana JF, MacLeod A, Garside P, Benson RA, Brewer JM, Mabbott NA, Morrison LJ, Capewell P. Corrigendum: To the Skin and Beyond: The Immune Response to African Trypanosomes as They Enter and Exit the Vertebrate Host. Front Immunol 2021; 12:780758. [PMID: 34777397 PMCID: PMC8579397 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.780758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Omar A Alfituri
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Juan F Quintana
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Annette MacLeod
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Garside
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A Benson
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James M Brewer
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A Mabbott
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Capewell
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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13
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Allan FK, Sindoya E, Adam KE, Byamungu M, Lea RS, Lord JS, Mbata G, Paxton E, Mramba F, Torr SJ, Morrison WI, Handel I, Morrison LJ, Auty HK. A cross-sectional survey to establish Theileria parva prevalence and vector control at the wildlife-livestock interface, Northern Tanzania. Prev Vet Med 2021; 196:105491. [PMID: 34562810 PMCID: PMC8573586 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
East Coast fever (ECF) in cattle is caused by the protozoan parasite Theileria parva, transmitted by Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks. In cattle ECF is often fatal, causing annual losses >$500 million across its range. The African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) is the natural host for T. parva but the transmission dynamics between wild hosts and livestock are poorly understood. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of T. parva in cattle, in a 30 km zone adjacent to the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania where livestock and buffalo co-exist, and to ascertain how livestock keepers controlled ECF and other vector-borne diseases of cattle. A randomised cross-sectional cattle survey and questionnaire of vector control practices were conducted. Blood samples were collected from 770 cattle from 48 herds and analysed by PCR to establish T. parva prevalence. Half body tick counts were recorded on every animal. Farmers were interviewed (n = 120; including the blood sampled herds) using a standardised questionnaire to obtain data on vector control practices. Local workshops were held to discuss findings and validate results. Overall prevalence of T. parva in cattle was 5.07% (CI: 3.70-7.00%), with significantly higher prevalence in older animals. Although all farmers reported seeing ticks on their cattle, tick counts were very low with 78% cattle having none. Questionnaire analysis indicated significant acaricide use with 79% and 41% of farmers reporting spraying or dipping with cypermethrin-based insecticides, respectively. Some farmers reported very frequent spraying, as often as every four days. However, doses per animal were often insufficient. These data indicate high levels of acaricide use, which may be responsible for the low observed tick burdens and low ECF prevalence. This vector control is farmer-led and aimed at both tick- and tsetse-borne diseases of livestock. The levels of acaricide use raise concerns regarding sustainability; resistance development is a risk, particularly in ticks. Integrating vaccination as part of this community-based disease control may alleviate acaricide dependence, but increased understanding of the Theileria strains circulating in wildlife-livestock interface areas is required to establish the potential benefits of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona K Allan
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
| | - Emmanuel Sindoya
- Minstry of Livestock and Fisheries, Serengeti District Livestock Office, Mugumu, Tanzania
| | - Katherine E Adam
- Innogen Institute, Science Technology and Innovation Studies; School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Old Surgeons' Hall, High School Yards, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rachel S Lea
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer S Lord
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Geofrey Mbata
- Vector and Vector-borne Diseases Research Institute, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Edith Paxton
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Furaha Mramba
- Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Stephen J Torr
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - W Ivan Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Handel
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet K Auty
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Previously Epidemiology Research Unit, SRUC, Inverness, United Kingdom)
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14
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Steketee PC, Giordani F, Vincent IM, Crouch K, Achcar F, Dickens NJ, Morrison LJ, MacLeod A, Barrett MP. Transcriptional differentiation of Trypanosoma brucei during in vitro acquisition of resistance to acoziborole. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009939. [PMID: 34752454 PMCID: PMC8648117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Subspecies of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei are the causative agents of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), a debilitating neglected tropical disease prevalent across sub-Saharan Africa. HAT case numbers have steadily decreased since the start of the century, and sustainable elimination of one form of the disease is in sight. However, key to this is the development of novel drugs to combat the disease. Acoziborole is a recently developed benzoxaborole, currently in advanced clinical trials, for treatment of stage 1 and stage 2 HAT. Importantly, acoziborole is orally bioavailable, and curative with one dose. Recent studies have made significant progress in determining the molecular mode of action of acoziborole. However, less is known about the potential mechanisms leading to acoziborole resistance in trypanosomes. In this study, an in vitro-derived acoziborole-resistant cell line was generated and characterised. The AcoR line exhibited significant cross-resistance with the methyltransferase inhibitor sinefungin as well as hypersensitisation to known trypanocides. Interestingly, transcriptomics analysis of AcoR cells indicated the parasites had obtained a procyclic- or stumpy-like transcriptome profile, with upregulation of procyclin surface proteins as well as differential regulation of key metabolic genes known to be expressed in a life cycle-specific manner, even in the absence of major morphological changes. However, no changes were observed in transcripts encoding CPSF3, the recently identified protein target of acoziborole. The results suggest that generation of resistance to this novel compound in vitro can be accompanied by transcriptomic switches resembling a procyclic- or stumpy-type phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter C. Steketee
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Giordani
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel M. Vincent
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Crouch
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Achcar
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Dickens
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J. Morrison
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Annette MacLeod
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P. Barrett
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Glasgow Polyomics, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
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15
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Savage VL, Christley R, Pinchbeck G, Morrison LJ, Hodgkinson J, Peachey LE. Co-infection with Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei is a significant risk factor for cerebral trypanosomosis in the equid population of the Gambia. Prev Vet Med 2021; 197:105507. [PMID: 34673473 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in working equids in The Gambia. Recently, a progressive, severe neurological syndrome characterised by a diffuse lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalitis has been identified and associated with Trypanosoma brucei infection of the central nervous system. The pathogenesis of cerebral trypanosomosis is unclear and the clinical syndrome not well described. This observational cross-sectional study aimed to identify host and parasite related risk factors associated with the development of cerebral trypanosomosis and to describe the neurological syndrome associated with cerebral trypanosomosis. History, signalment, clinical and laboratory parameters were collected from 326 horses and donkeys presented to The Gambia Horse and Donkey Trust. Neurological derangements in affected animals were described. Species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Trypanosoma congolense, Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma brucei was performed. The associations between signalment, clinical and laboratory parameters and PCR results were assessed using multivariable logistic regression. The overall prevalence of trypanosomosis was 50 %, with infections dominated by T. congolense (44.1 %) and a lower intensity of T. brucei (7.4 %) and T. vivax (6.5 %). Overall, 54.8 % of neurological cases were PCR positive for trypanosomosis. Within the neurological sub-population prevalence remained similar to the whole population for T. congolense (48.4 %) and T. vivax (6.5 %); whilst the prevalence increased markedly for T. brucei (32.3 %). Co-infections were identified in 32.3 % of neurological cases. Donkeys typically presented with progressive cerebral dysfunction and cranial nerve deficits, whereas in horses a progressive spinal ataxia was predominant. Mortality in affected animals was high (82.4 %). The final multivariable model identified a significant association between body condition score ≤2 (OR 11.4; 95 % CI 4.6-27.9; P = <0.001), and T. congolense and T. brucei. coinfection (OR 20.6; 95 % CI 1.71-244.1; P = 0.016) with the presence of neurological deficits. This study has provided clinically relevant information confirming the link between T. brucei and neurological disease outbreak in the equid population of The Gambia, and crucially identified co-infection with T. brucei and T. congolense as a major risk factor for the development of neurological trypanosomosis. Further research is required to identify the epidemiology of co-infection in equidae of The Gambia, so that cerebral trypanosomosis can be better prevented in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Savage
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZJ, UK; Bristol Veterinary School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Robert Christley
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK
| | - Liam J Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jane Hodgkinson
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZJ, UK
| | - Laura E Peachey
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZJ, UK; Bristol Veterinary School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, BS40 5DU, UK.
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16
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Steketee PC, Dickie EA, Iremonger J, Crouch K, Paxton E, Jayaraman S, Alfituri OA, Awuah-Mensah G, Ritchie R, Schnaufer A, Rowan T, de Koning HP, Gadelha C, Wickstead B, Barrett MP, Morrison LJ. Divergent metabolism between Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei results in differential sensitivity to metabolic inhibition. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009734. [PMID: 34310651 PMCID: PMC8384185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal African Trypanosomiasis (AAT) is a debilitating livestock disease prevalent across sub-Saharan Africa, a main cause of which is the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma congolense. In comparison to the well-studied T. brucei, there is a major paucity of knowledge regarding the biology of T. congolense. Here, we use a combination of omics technologies and novel genetic tools to characterise core metabolism in T. congolense mammalian-infective bloodstream-form parasites, and test whether metabolic differences compared to T. brucei impact upon sensitivity to metabolic inhibition. Like the bloodstream stage of T. brucei, glycolysis plays a major part in T. congolense energy metabolism. However, the rate of glucose uptake is significantly lower in bloodstream stage T. congolense, with cells remaining viable when cultured in concentrations as low as 2 mM. Instead of pyruvate, the primary glycolytic endpoints are succinate, malate and acetate. Transcriptomics analysis showed higher levels of transcripts associated with the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, acetate generation, and the glycosomal succinate shunt in T. congolense, compared to T. brucei. Stable-isotope labelling of glucose enabled the comparison of carbon usage between T. brucei and T. congolense, highlighting differences in nucleotide and saturated fatty acid metabolism. To validate the metabolic similarities and differences, both species were treated with metabolic inhibitors, confirming that electron transport chain activity is not essential in T. congolense. However, the parasite exhibits increased sensitivity to inhibition of mitochondrial pyruvate import, compared to T. brucei. Strikingly, T. congolense exhibited significant resistance to inhibitors of fatty acid synthesis, including a 780-fold higher EC50 for the lipase and fatty acid synthase inhibitor Orlistat, compared to T. brucei. These data highlight that bloodstream form T. congolense diverges from T. brucei in key areas of metabolism, with several features that are intermediate between bloodstream- and insect-stage T. brucei. These results have implications for drug development, mechanisms of drug resistance and host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter C Steketee
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Emily A Dickie
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James Iremonger
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Crouch
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Edith Paxton
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Siddharth Jayaraman
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Omar A Alfituri
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ryan Ritchie
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Achim Schnaufer
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Rowan
- Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Harry P de Koning
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Catarina Gadelha
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Bill Wickstead
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P Barrett
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Glasgow Polyomics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J Morrison
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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17
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Allan FK, Jayaraman S, Paxton E, Sindoya E, Kibona T, Fyumagwa R, Mramba F, Torr SJ, Hemmink JD, Toye P, Lembo T, Handel I, Auty HK, Morrison WI, Morrison LJ. Antigenic Diversity in Theileria parva Populations From Sympatric Cattle and African Buffalo Analyzed Using Long Read Sequencing. Front Genet 2021; 12:684127. [PMID: 34335691 PMCID: PMC8320539 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.684127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
East Coast fever (ECF) in cattle is caused by the Apicomplexan protozoan parasite Theileria parva, transmitted by the three-host tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. The African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) is the natural host for T. parva but does not suffer disease, whereas ECF is often fatal in cattle. The genetic relationship between T. parva populations circulating in cattle and buffalo is poorly understood, and has not been studied in sympatric buffalo and cattle. This study aimed to determine the genetic diversity of T. parva populations in cattle and buffalo, in an area where livestock co-exist with buffalo adjacent to the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Three T. parva antigens (Tp1, Tp4, and Tp16), known to be recognized by CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in immunized cattle, were used to characterize genetic diversity of T. parva in cattle (n = 126) and buffalo samples (n = 22). Long read (PacBio) sequencing was used to generate full or near-full length allelic sequences. Patterns of diversity were similar across all three antigens, with allelic diversity being significantly greater in buffalo-derived parasites compared to cattle-derived (e.g., for Tp1 median cattle allele count was 9, and 81.5 for buffalo), with very few alleles shared between species (8 of 651 alleles were shared for Tp1). Most alleles were unique to buffalo with a smaller proportion unique to cattle (412 buffalo unique vs. 231 cattle-unique for Tp1). There were indications of population substructuring, with one allelic cluster of Tp1 representing alleles found in both cattle and buffalo (including the TpM reference genome allele), and another containing predominantly only alleles deriving from buffalo. These data illustrate the complex interplay between T. parva populations in buffalo and cattle, revealing the significant genetic diversity in the buffalo T. parva population, the limited sharing of parasite genotypes between the host species, and highlight that a subpopulation of T. parva is maintained by transmission within cattle. The data indicate that fuller understanding of buffalo T. parva population dynamics is needed, as only a comprehensive appreciation of the population genetics of T. parva populations will enable assessment of buffalo-derived infection risk in cattle, and how this may impact upon control measures such as vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona K Allan
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Siddharth Jayaraman
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Edith Paxton
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel Sindoya
- Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Serengeti District Livestock Office, Mugumu, Tanzania
| | - Tito Kibona
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | | | - Furaha Mramba
- Vector and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Institute, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Stephen J Torr
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Johanneke D Hemmink
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Philip Toye
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tiziana Lembo
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Handel
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet K Auty
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - W Ivan Morrison
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J Morrison
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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18
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Richards S, Morrison LJ, Torr SJ, Barrett MP, Manangwa O, Mramba F, Auty H. Pharma to farmer: field challenges of optimizing trypanocide use in African animal trypanosomiasis. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:831-843. [PMID: 33962879 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Trypanocides are a key control component of African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) in tsetse-infested areas of sub-Saharan Africa. While farmers are dependent upon trypanocides, recent research highlights their inappropriate and ineffective use, problems with drug quality, and treatment failure. There are currently gaps in knowledge and investment in inexpensive AAT diagnostics, understanding of drug resistance, and the effective use of trypanocides in the field. Without this important knowledge it is difficult to develop best practice and policy for existing drugs or to inform development and use of new drugs. There needs to be better understanding of the drivers and behavioural practices around trypanocide use so that they can be incorporated into sustainable solutions needed for the development of effective control of AAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna Richards
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Liam J Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Steve J Torr
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael P Barrett
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Inflammation & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Furaha Mramba
- Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Harriet Auty
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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19
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Carruthers LV, Munday JC, Ebiloma GU, Steketee P, Jayaraman S, Campagnaro GD, Ungogo MA, Lemgruber L, Donachie AM, Rowan TG, Peter R, Morrison LJ, Barrett MP, De Koning HP. Diminazene resistance in Trypanosoma congolense is not caused by reduced transport capacity but associated with reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. Mol Microbiol 2021; 116:564-588. [PMID: 33932053 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma congolense is a principal agent causing livestock trypanosomiasis in Africa, costing developing economies billions of dollars and undermining food security. Only the diamidine diminazene and the phenanthridine isometamidium are regularly used, and resistance is widespread but poorly understood. We induced stable diminazene resistance in T. congolense strain IL3000 in vitro. There was no cross-resistance with the phenanthridine drugs, melaminophenyl arsenicals, oxaborole trypanocides, or with diamidine trypanocides, except the close analogs DB829 and DB75. Fluorescence microscopy showed that accumulation of DB75 was inhibited by folate. Uptake of [3 H]-diminazene was slow with low affinity and partly but reciprocally inhibited by folate and by competing diamidines. Expression of T. congolense folate transporters in diminazene-resistant Trypanosoma brucei brucei significantly sensitized the cells to diminazene and DB829, but not to oxaborole AN7973. However, [3 H]-diminazene transport studies, whole-genome sequencing, and RNA-seq found no major changes in diminazene uptake, folate transporter sequence, or expression. Instead, all resistant clones displayed a moderate reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential Ψm. We conclude that diminazene uptake in T. congolense proceed via multiple low affinity mechanisms including folate transporters; while resistance is associated with a reduction in Ψm it is unclear whether this is the primary cause of the resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren V Carruthers
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jane C Munday
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Godwin U Ebiloma
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Pieter Steketee
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Siddharth Jayaraman
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gustavo D Campagnaro
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marzuq A Ungogo
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Leandro Lemgruber
- Glasgow Imaging Facility, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anne-Marie Donachie
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tim G Rowan
- Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicine, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rose Peter
- Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicine, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Liam J Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael P Barrett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Harry P De Koning
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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20
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Makau MC, Powell J, Prendergast J, de Laté PL, Morrison LJ, Fisch A, Gathura P, Kitala P, Connelley T, Toye P. Corrigendum to "Inverted CD4 +/CD8+T cell ratio in Boran (Bos indicus) cattle" [Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 230 110126]. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 235:110219. [PMID: 33743998 PMCID: PMC8085732 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maurine C Makau
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Jessica Powell
- The Roslin Institute and Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - James Prendergast
- The Roslin Institute and Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Perle Latré de Laté
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Liam J Morrison
- The Roslin Institute and Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Andressa Fisch
- Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida dos Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-902 Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Peter Gathura
- The University of Nairobi, Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, P.O Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Phillip Kitala
- The University of Nairobi, Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, P.O Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Timothy Connelley
- The Roslin Institute and Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Toye
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
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21
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Awuah-Mensah G, McDonald J, Steketee PC, Autheman D, Whipple S, D'Archivio S, Brandt C, Clare S, Harcourt K, Wright GJ, Morrison LJ, Gadelha C, Wickstead B. Reliable, scalable functional genetics in bloodstream-form Trypanosoma congolense in vitro and in vivo. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009224. [PMID: 33481935 PMCID: PMC7870057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) is a severe, wasting disease of domestic livestock and diverse wildlife species. The disease in cattle kills millions of animals each year and inflicts a major economic cost on agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa. Cattle AAT is caused predominantly by the protozoan parasites Trypanosoma congolense and T. vivax, but laboratory research on the pathogenic stages of these organisms is severely inhibited by difficulties in making even minor genetic modifications. As a result, many of the important basic questions about the biology of these parasites cannot be addressed. Here we demonstrate that an in vitro culture of the T. congolense genomic reference strain can be modified directly in the bloodstream form reliably and at high efficiency. We describe a parental single marker line that expresses T. congolense-optimized T7 RNA polymerase and Tet repressor and show that minichromosome loci can be used as sites for stable, regulatable transgene expression with low background in non-induced cells. Using these tools, we describe organism-specific constructs for inducible RNA-interference (RNAi) and demonstrate knockdown of multiple essential and non-essential genes. We also show that a minichromosomal site can be exploited to create a stable bloodstream-form line that robustly provides >40,000 independent stable clones per transfection-enabling the production of high-complexity libraries of genome-scale. Finally, we show that modified forms of T. congolense are still infectious, create stable high-bioluminescence lines that can be used in models of AAT, and follow the course of infections in mice by in vivo imaging. These experiments establish a base set of tools to change T. congolense from a technically challenging organism to a routine model for functional genetics and allow us to begin to address some of the fundamental questions about the biology of this important parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer McDonald
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Pieter C. Steketee
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Delphine Autheman
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Whipple
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simon D'Archivio
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Cordelia Brandt
- Pathogen Support Team, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Clare
- Pathogen Support Team, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Harcourt
- Pathogen Support Team, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin J. Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J. Morrison
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Catarina Gadelha
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Bill Wickstead
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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22
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Shaw HJ, Armstrong C, Uttley K, Morrison LJ, Innes EA, Katzer F. Genetic diversity and shedding profiles for Cryptosporidium parvum in adult cattle and their calves. Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases 2021; 1:None. [PMID: 35005687 PMCID: PMC8716336 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2021.100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is an important disease in neonatal calves, causing watery diarrhoea, loss of appetite, and production losses. Dehydration from diarrhoea often results in the calf requiring rehydration or veterinary treatment to prevent calf mortality. Transmission of Cryptosporidium to calves still has some major knowledge gaps, such as the initial source of oocysts ingested by calves and how these oocysts can persist between calving periods. Some studies have examined the role of adult cattle in the transmission of Cryptosporidium oocysts, although these have yielded inconclusive results. In this study, highly sensitive oocyst extraction from faeces and detection techniques, sensitive to 5 oocysts per gram using a 50 g sample, were used to genotype faecal samples from adult cattle and their calves to determine if adult cattle could be a source of Cryptosporidium infection for their calves. On a dairy farm, faecal samples from adult cattle were collected twice per week for 0–3 weeks before calving and from their calves three times per week until they reached 3 weeks of age followed by twice per week until they reached 6 weeks of age. On a beef farm, samples were collected from both adults and calves at a single time point. Faecal samples were examined to compare species and multilocus genotypes of Cryptosporidium parvum. Results show that C. parvum was the most prevalent species on both the dairy and beef farms. The calves within each herd appear to have one predominant single multilocus genotype, whereas adult cattle have multiple distinct genotypes. Adult cattle on the dairy farm, tested before calving, in the majority of cases had a multilocus genotype that is different from that detected in their calves. On the beef farm, where samples were taken at the same time, the majority of adult cattle matched the multilocus genotype of their calves. This study shows that adult cattle display a higher diversity of C. parvum genotypes on both farms compared to the calves. The data also represent a detailed longitudinal prevalence study of the shedding profiles and genotype of Cryptosporidium parasites detected in dairy calves from birth to 6 weeks of age. On a dairy farm, the majority of adult cattle had a multilocus genotype that was different to those in calves. On the beef farm, the majority of adult cattle matched the multilocus genotype of their calves. Calves on the dairy farm sampled longitudinally exhibited intermittent shedding of Cryptosporidium oocysts. Increased C. parvum genotype diversity was observed in the adult cattle compared to the calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Jade Shaw
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK
- Harper Adams University, Edgmond, Newport, TF10 8NB, UK
- Corresponding author. Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Claire Armstrong
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Kirsty Uttley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Liam J. Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Elisabeth A. Innes
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Frank Katzer
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK
- Corresponding author.
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23
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Giordani F, Paape D, Vincent IM, Pountain AW, Fernández-Cortés F, Rico E, Zhang N, Morrison LJ, Freund Y, Witty MJ, Peter R, Edwards DY, Wilkes JM, van der Hooft JJJ, Regnault C, Read KD, Horn D, Field MC, Barrett MP. Veterinary trypanocidal benzoxaboroles are peptidase-activated prodrugs. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008932. [PMID: 33141865 PMCID: PMC7710103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Livestock diseases caused by Trypanosoma congolense, T. vivax and T. brucei, collectively known as nagana, are responsible for billions of dollars in lost food production annually. There is an urgent need for novel therapeutics. Encouragingly, promising antitrypanosomal benzoxaboroles are under veterinary development. Here, we show that the most efficacious subclass of these compounds are prodrugs activated by trypanosome serine carboxypeptidases (CBPs). Drug-resistance to a development candidate, AN11736, emerged readily in T. brucei, due to partial deletion within the locus containing three tandem copies of the CBP genes. T. congolense parasites, which possess a larger array of related CBPs, also developed resistance to AN11736 through deletion within the locus. A genome-scale screen in T. brucei confirmed CBP loss-of-function as the primary mechanism of resistance and CRISPR-Cas9 editing proved that partial deletion within the locus was sufficient to confer resistance. CBP re-expression in either T. brucei or T. congolense AN11736-resistant lines restored drug-susceptibility. CBPs act by cleaving the benzoxaborole AN11736 to a carboxylic acid derivative, revealing a prodrug activation mechanism. Loss of CBP activity results in massive reduction in net uptake of AN11736, indicating that entry is facilitated by the concentration gradient created by prodrug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Giordani
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Paape
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel M. Vincent
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew W. Pountain
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando Fernández-Cortés
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Rico
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ning Zhang
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J. Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Freund
- Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Witty
- Global Alliance for Livestock and Veterinary Medicine, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary Peter
- Global Alliance for Livestock and Veterinary Medicine, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Darren Y. Edwards
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M. Wilkes
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Justin J. J. van der Hooft
- Glasgow Polyomics, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Current address: Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Clément Regnault
- Glasgow Polyomics, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin D. Read
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - David Horn
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Mark C. Field
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michael P. Barrett
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Glasgow Polyomics, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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24
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Makau MC, Powell J, Prendergast J, Latré de Laté P, Morrison LJ, Fisch A, Gathura P, Kitala P, Connelley T, Toye P. Inverted CD4 +/CD8 + T cell ratio in Boran (Bos indicus) cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 230:110126. [PMID: 33080530 PMCID: PMC7700890 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The CD4+/CD8+ ratio is used as a marker of the immune regulation of T cell balance. When the ratio in peripheral blood is less than 1, this is considered an indication of immune suppression in an individual. Previous work on bovine Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) has consistently reported a ratio ≥1 as seen in other mammalian hosts, i.e. higher circulating CD4+ cell numbers than CD8+ cell numbers. However, a consistent inverted CD4+/CD8+ ratio (<1) was observed in Boran cattle, an African Bos indicus breed. The T cell populations were characterized in Boran cattle (n = 52), revealing higher percentages of circulating CD8+ cells (31.9 % average) than CD4+ cells (19.1 % average), thus resulting in the inversion of the expected T cell homeostasis in these animals. The results show that this inversion is not an effect of age or relatedness of the cattle, rather, it was shared by almost all Boran cattle used in this study. Despite this inversion being a feature shared by both males and females, the female cattle had significantly higher CD4+/CD8+ ratios than the male Boran. This paper describes the characteristics of the T cell fractions in the study animals and compares the findings to those of other Boran cattle in Kenya, and four other cattle breeds representing African indicine, African taurine, Brazilian indicine and European taurine cattle. We demonstrate that the consistent observation of inverted CD4+/CD8+ cell ratio was restricted to the Boran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurine C Makau
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Jessica Powell
- The Roslin Institute and Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - James Prendergast
- The Roslin Institute and Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Perle Latré de Laté
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Liam J Morrison
- The Roslin Institute and Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Andressa Fisch
- Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida dos Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-902 Ribeirao Preto Brazil
| | - Peter Gathura
- The University of Nairobi, Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, P.O Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Phillip Kitala
- The University of Nairobi, Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, P.O Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Timothy Connelley
- The Roslin Institute and Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Toye
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
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Chaudhry U, Ali Q, Zheng L, Rashid I, Shabbir MZ, Numan M, Ashraf K, Evans M, Rafiq S, Oneeb M, Morrison LJ, Ivan Morrison W, Sargison ND. Contrasting population genetics of co-endemic cattle- and buffalo- derived Theileria annulata. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 12:101595. [PMID: 33113478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A study was designed to improve understanding of the genetics of Theileria annulata populations in sympatric cattle and Asian buffalo (Bubalus bubalus). The study was undertaken in the Punjab province of Pakistan, where the prevalence of tropical theileriosis is high. Parasite materials were collected from infected animals in defined regions, where cattle and Asian buffalo are kept together. Six satellite DNA markers and a mitochondrial cytochrome b marker were used to explore the multiplicity of T. annulata infection and patterns of emergence and spread of different parasite genotypes. The results show differences in the numbers of unique satellite locus alleles, suggesting that T. annulata is genetically more diverse in cattle- than in buffalo-derived populations. Heterozygosity (He) indices based on satellite and cytochrome b loci data show high levels of genetic diversity among the cattle- and buffalo-derived T. annulata populations. When considered in the context of high parasite transmission rates and frequent animal movements between different regions, the predominance of multiple T. annulata genotypes and multiple introductions of infection may have practical implications for the spread of parasite genetic adaptations; such as those conferring vaccine cross-protection against different strains affecting cattle and Asian buffalo, or resistance to antiprotozoal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umer Chaudhry
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, UK; Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, UK.
| | - Qasim Ali
- Department of Parasitology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Lynn Zheng
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Imran Rashid
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Numan
- Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Livestock and Dairy Department, Okara, Pakistan
| | - Kamran Ashraf
- Department of Parasitology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mike Evans
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Shahzad Rafiq
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Oneeb
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Liam J Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - W Ivan Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil D Sargison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, UK.
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Barroso R, Morrison WI, Morrison LJ. Molecular Dissection of the Antibody Response: Opportunities and Needs for Application in Cattle. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1175. [PMID: 32595642 PMCID: PMC7304342 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving understanding of the bovine adaptive immune response would equip researchers to more efficiently design interventions against pathogens that impact upon food security and animal welfare. There are features of the bovine antibody response that differ substantially from other mammalian species, including the best understood models in the human and mouse. These include the ability to generate a functionally diverse immunoglobulin response despite having a fraction of the germline gene diversity that underpins this process in humans and mice, and the unique structure of a subset of immunoglobulins with "ultralong" HCDR3 domains, which are of significant interest with respect to potential therapeutics, including against human pathogens. However, a more detailed understanding of the B cell response and the production of an effective antibody response in the bovine is currently hampered by the lack of reagents for the B cell lineage. In this article we outline the current state of knowledge and capabilities with regard to B cell and antibody responses in cattle, highlight resource gaps, and summarize recent advances that have the potential to fundamentally advance our understanding of this process in the bovine host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Barroso
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - W Ivan Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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Alfituri OA, Quintana JF, MacLeod A, Garside P, Benson RA, Brewer JM, Mabbott NA, Morrison LJ, Capewell P. To the Skin and Beyond: The Immune Response to African Trypanosomes as They Enter and Exit the Vertebrate Host. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1250. [PMID: 32595652 PMCID: PMC7304505 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomes are single-celled extracellular protozoan parasites transmitted by tsetse fly vectors across sub-Saharan Africa, causing serious disease in both humans and animals. Mammalian infections begin when the tsetse fly penetrates the skin in order to take a blood meal, depositing trypanosomes into the dermal layer. Similarly, onward transmission occurs when differentiated and insect pre-adapted forms are ingested by the fly during a blood meal. Between these transmission steps, trypanosomes access the systemic circulation of the vertebrate host via the skin-draining lymph nodes, disseminating into multiple tissues and organs, and establishing chronic, and long-lasting infections. However, most studies of the immunobiology of African trypanosomes have been conducted under experimental conditions that bypass the skin as a route for systemic dissemination (typically via intraperitoneal or intravenous routes). Therefore, the importance of these initial interactions between trypanosomes and the skin at the site of initial infection, and the implications for these processes in infection establishment, have largely been overlooked. Recent studies have also demonstrated active and complex interactions between the mammalian host and trypanosomes in the skin during initial infection and revealed the skin as an overlooked anatomical reservoir for transmission. This highlights the importance of this organ when investigating the biology of trypanosome infections and the associated immune responses at the initial site of infection. Here, we review the mechanisms involved in establishing African trypanosome infections and potential of the skin as a reservoir, the role of innate immune cells in the skin during initial infection, and the subsequent immune interactions as the parasites migrate from the skin. We suggest that a thorough identification of the mechanisms involved in establishing African trypanosome infections in the skin and their progression through the host is essential for the development of novel approaches to interrupt disease transmission and control these important diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar A. Alfituri
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Juan F. Quintana
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Annette MacLeod
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Garside
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A. Benson
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James M. Brewer
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A. Mabbott
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J. Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Capewell
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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28
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Alfituri OA, Bradford BM, Paxton E, Morrison LJ, Mabbott NA. Influence of the Draining Lymph Nodes and Organized Lymphoid Tissue Microarchitecture on Susceptibility to Intradermal Trypanosoma brucei Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1118. [PMID: 32582198 PMCID: PMC7283954 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of the mammalian host with African trypanosomes begins when the tsetse fly vector injects the parasites into the skin dermis during blood feeding. After injection into the skin, trypanosomes first accumulate in the draining lymph node before disseminating systemically. Whether this early accumulation within the draining lymph node is important for the trypanosomes to establish infection was not known. Lymphotoxin-β-deficient mice (LTβ-/- mice) lack most secondary lymphoid tissues, but retain the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. These mice were used to test the hypothesis that the establishment of infection after intradermal (ID) T. brucei infection would be impeded in the absence of the skin draining lymph nodes. However, LTβ-/- mice revealed greater susceptibility to ID T. brucei infection than wild-type mice, indicating that the early accumulation of the trypanosomes in the draining lymph nodes was not essential to establish systemic infection. Although LTβ-/- mice were able to control the first parasitemia wave as effectively as wild-type mice, they were unable to control subsequent parasitemia waves. LTβ-/- mice also lack organized B cell follicles and germinal centers within their remaining secondary lymphoid tissues. As a consequence, LTβ-/- mice have impaired immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype class-switching responses. When the disturbed microarchitecture of the B cell follicles in the spleens of LTβ-/- mice was restored by reconstitution with wild-type bone marrow, their susceptibility to ID T. brucei infection was similar to that of wild-type control mice. This effect coincided with the ability to produce significant serum levels of Ig isotype class-switched parasite-specific antibodies. Thus, our data suggest that organized splenic microarchitecture and the production of parasite-specific Ig isotype class-switched antibodies are essential for the control of ID African trypanosome infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar A Alfituri
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Barry M Bradford
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Edith Paxton
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J Morrison
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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29
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Shaw HJ, Innes EA, Morrison LJ, Katzer F, Wells B. Long-term production effects of clinical cryptosporidiosis in neonatal calves. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:371-376. [PMID: 32277986 PMCID: PMC7194893 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is a major cause of enteric disease in neonatal calves. Clinically severe cryptosporidiosis in neonatal calves significantly reduces weight gain. The impact of reduced weight gain in calves is seen over a 6 month period.
Cryptosporidiosis can have a devastating effect in neonatal calves, resulting in diarrhoea, dehydration and, in severe cases, death of the animal. The disease is caused by Cryptosporidium spp. and is one of the most common causes of calf enteritis in the UK. The parasite is very difficult to remove from the farm, as the oocysts have a tough outer wall which enables the parasite to survive for several months in moist temperate environmental conditions and it is difficult to kill oocysts with common disinfectants used on a farm. If appropriate management practises are applied, the disease is usually self-limiting and most calves will recover. It has been shown, in studies with children and in lambs, that severe clinical cryptosporidiosis can result in long-term growth and cognitive impairment compared with individuals with no obvious signs of the disease. This study measured the long-term growth rate of beef calves on farm by comparing groups of animals that had suffered differing degrees of clinical severity of cryptosporidiosis as neonates. A group of 27 beef calves were enrolled in the study and monitored from birth to 6 months of age. The calves were scored for severity of cryptosporidiosis and weighed at regular intervals. The average difference in weight gain, at 6 months, between a group of calves that had severe cryptosporidiosis as neonates and a group of calves with no clinical signs of infection was 34 kg. Those calves that had experienced severe cryptosporidiosis as neonates showed a significantly reduced live weight gain compared with those calves showing no clinical signs of infection (P = 0.034). Therefore, the impact of severe cryptosporidiosis in neonatal calves has longer term effects on weight gain and production efficiency, resulting in the parasite having a greater impact on cattle production than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Shaw
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, UK; University Centre Reaseheath, Nantwich, Cheshire CW5 6DF, UK
| | - Elisabeth A Innes
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Liam J Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Frank Katzer
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Beth Wells
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, UK.
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30
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Jayaraman S, Harris C, Paxton E, Donachie AM, Vaikkinen H, McCulloch R, Hall JPJ, Kenny J, Lenzi L, Hertz-Fowler C, Cobbold C, Reeve R, Michoel T, Morrison LJ. Application of long read sequencing to determine expressed antigen diversity in Trypanosoma brucei infections. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007262. [PMID: 30943202 PMCID: PMC6464242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigenic variation is employed by many pathogens to evade the host immune response, and Trypanosoma brucei has evolved a complex system to achieve this phenotype, involving sequential use of variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) genes encoded from a large repertoire of ~2,000 genes. T. brucei express multiple, sometimes closely related, VSGs in a population at any one time, and the ability to resolve and analyse this diversity has been limited. We applied long read sequencing (PacBio) to VSG amplicons generated from blood extracted from batches of mice sacrificed at time points (days 3, 6, 10 and 12) post-infection with T. brucei TREU927. The data showed that long read sequencing is reliable for resolving variant differences between VSGs, and demonstrated that there is significant expressed diversity (449 VSGs detected across 20 mice) and across the timeframe of study there was a clear semi-reproducible pattern of expressed diversity (median of 27 VSGs per sample at day 3 post infection (p.i.), 82 VSGs at day 6 p.i., 187 VSGs at day 10 p.i. and 132 VSGs by day 12 p.i.). There was also consistent detection of one VSG dominating expression across replicates at days 3 and 6, and emergence of a second dominant VSG across replicates by day 12. The innovative application of ecological diversity analysis to VSG reads enabled characterisation of hierarchical VSG expression in the dataset, and resulted in a novel method for analysing such patterns of variation. Additionally, the long read approach allowed detection of mosaic VSG expression from very few reads–the earliest in infection that such events have been detected. Therefore, our results indicate that long read analysis is a reliable tool for resolving diverse gene expression profiles, and provides novel insights into the complexity and nature of VSG expression in trypanosomes, revealing significantly higher diversity than previously shown and the ability to identify mosaic gene formation early during the infection process. Antigenic variation is a system whereby pathogens switch identity of a protein that is exposed to the host adaptive immune response as a way of remaining one step ahead and avoiding being detected. African trypanosomes have evolved a spectacularly elaborate system of antigenic variation, with variants being used from a library of ~2,000 genes. Our ability to understand how this rich repository is used has been hampered by the resolution of available technologies to discriminate between what can be closely related gene variants. We have applied a long read sequencing technology, which generates sequence information for the whole length of the antigen gene variants, thereby avoiding having to try and piece together antigen sequences from lots of small fragments, the pitfall of standard sequencing. Applying this technology to material taken at specific time points from batches of mice infected with trypanosomes reveals that the diversity of variants is much higher than previously suspected, and that there is a clear semi-predictable pattern in the gene expression. Additionally, using this technology we have been able to detect the presence of ‘mosaic’ genes, which are created by stitching together fragments from several donor genes in the library, much earlier in infection than has been shown previously. Therefore, we shed new light on the complexity of antigenic variation and show that long read sequencing will be a very useful tool in analysing and understanding the expression patterns of closely related genes, and how pathogens use them to cause persistent infections and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Jayaraman
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Harris
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Edith Paxton
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Marie Donachie
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Heli Vaikkinen
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Richard McCulloch
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James P. J. Hall
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - John Kenny
- Centre for Genomic Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Lenzi
- Centre for Genomic Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Christiane Hertz-Fowler
- Centre for Genomic Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Cobbold
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Reeve
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Michoel
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J. Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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31
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Chiweshe SM, Steketee PC, Jayaraman S, Paxton E, Neophytou K, Erasmus H, Labuschagne M, Cooper A, MacLeod A, Grey FE, Morrison LJ. Parasite specific 7SL-derived small RNA is an effective target for diagnosis of active trypanosomiasis infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007189. [PMID: 30779758 PMCID: PMC6413958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human and animal African trypanosomiasis (HAT & AAT, respectively) remain a significant health and economic issue across much of sub-Saharan Africa. Effective control of AAT and potential eradication of HAT requires affordable, sensitive and specific diagnostic tests that can be used in the field. Small RNAs in the blood or serum are attractive disease biomarkers due to their stability, accessibility and available technologies for detection. Using RNAseq, we have identified a trypanosome specific small RNA to be present at high levels in the serum of infected cattle. The small RNA is derived from the non-coding 7SL RNA of the peptide signal recognition particle and is detected in the serum of infected cattle at significantly higher levels than in the parasite, suggesting active processing and secretion. We show effective detection of the small RNA in the serum of infected cattle using a custom RT-qPCR assay. Strikingly, the RNA can be detected before microscopy detection of parasitaemia in the blood, and it can also be detected during remission periods of infection when no parasitaemia is detectable by microscopy. However, RNA levels drop following treatment with trypanocides, demonstrating accurate prediction of active infection. While the small RNA sequence is conserved between different species of trypanosome, nucleotide differences within the sequence allow generation of highly specific assays that can distinguish between infections with Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax. Finally, we demonstrate effective detection of the small RNA directly from serum, without the need for pre-processing, with a single step RT-qPCR assay. Our findings identify a species-specific trypanosome small RNA that can be detected at high levels in the serum of cattle with active parasite infections. This provides the basis for the development of a cheap, non-invasive and highly effective diagnostic test for trypanosomiasis. African trypanosomes cause significant disease in humans and animals across sub-Saharan Africa. For both human and animal infections diagnostics that can accurately identify an active infection are lacking–this is particularly the case in animal disease where most diagnosis is based upon clinical signs, which is not a specific or sensitive means of detecting infection. There is therefore a significant unmet need for a pathogen marker of active infection that accurately indicates whether an animal or human is currently infected. Through analysing the blood of cattle infected with trypanosomes, we identified a short sequence of RNA that was present at very high levels. This small RNA derives from the trypanosome genome, and we could identify its presence in the genome of all three species that are responsible for human and animal disease. We were able to design species-specific tests, and showed that in samples from infected animals the assays were more sensitive than the traditional microscope-based detection, importantly the signal disappeared relatively quickly after successful treatment, and when treatment failed, the assay was able to accurately identify when infection persisted. We also demonstrated that the causative agent of human trypanosomiasis secretes the marker at similar levels to that seen in the animal-infective trypanosomes. Therefore, we have discovered a marker of trypanosome infection that is present at high levels in the blood of infected animals, disappears quickly upon successful treatment, but is effective at detecting instances of unsuccessful treatment and persistent infection. This represents a potentially powerful diagnostic tool for human and animal trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Chiweshe
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Pieter C Steketee
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Siddharth Jayaraman
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Edith Paxton
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Kyriaki Neophytou
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Heidi Erasmus
- Clinvet Research Innovation, Uitzich Road, Bainsvlei, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Michel Labuschagne
- Clinvet Research Innovation, Uitzich Road, Bainsvlei, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Anneli Cooper
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Bearsden Road, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Annette MacLeod
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Bearsden Road, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Finn E Grey
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J Morrison
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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Alfituri OA, Ajibola O, Brewer JM, Garside P, Benson RA, Peel T, Morrison LJ, Mabbott NA. Effects of host-derived chemokines on the motility and viability of Trypanosoma brucei. Parasite Immunol 2019; 41:e12609. [PMID: 30525202 PMCID: PMC6767366 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
African trypanosomes (Trypanosoma brucei spp.) are extracellular, hemoflagellate, protozoan parasites. Mammalian infection begins when the tsetse fly vector injects trypanosomes into the skin during blood feeding. The trypanosomes then reach the draining lymph nodes before disseminating systemically. Intravital imaging of the skin post-tsetse fly bite revealed that trypanosomes were observed both extravascularly and intravascularly in the lymphatic vessels. Whether host-derived cues play a role in the attraction of the trypanosomes towards the lymphatic vessels to aid their dissemination from the site of infection is not known. Since chemokines can mediate the attraction of leucocytes towards the lymphatics, in vitro chemotaxis assays were used to determine whether chemokines might also act as chemoattractants for trypanosomes. Although microarray data suggested that the chemokines CCL8, CCL19, CCL21, CCL27 and CXCL12 were highly expressed in mouse skin, they did not stimulate the chemotaxis of T brucei. Certain chemokines also possess potent antimicrobial properties. However, none of the chemokines tested exerted any parasiticidal effects on T brucei. Thus, our data suggest that host-derived chemokines do not act as chemoattractants for T brucei. Identification of the mechanisms used by trypanosomes to establish host infection will aid the development of novel approaches to block disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar A. Alfituri
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Olumide Ajibola
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular ParasitologyInstitute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationCollege of Medicine and Veterinary MedicineGlasgowUK
- Department of MicrobiologyFederal University Birnin KebbiBirnin KebbiNigeria
| | - James M. Brewer
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular ParasitologyInstitute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationCollege of Medicine and Veterinary MedicineGlasgowUK
| | - Paul Garside
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular ParasitologyInstitute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationCollege of Medicine and Veterinary MedicineGlasgowUK
| | - Robert A. Benson
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular ParasitologyInstitute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationCollege of Medicine and Veterinary MedicineGlasgowUK
| | - Tamlyn Peel
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer ImmunologyFaculty of Life SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Liam J. Morrison
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Neil A. Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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Abbas AH, Silva Pereira S, D'Archivio S, Wickstead B, Morrison LJ, Hall N, Hertz-Fowler C, Darby AC, Jackson AP. The Structure of a Conserved Telomeric Region Associated with Variant Antigen Loci in the Blood Parasite Trypanosoma congolense. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:2458-2473. [PMID: 30165630 PMCID: PMC6152948 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomiasis is a vector-borne disease of humans and livestock caused by African trypanosomes (Trypanosoma spp.). Survival in the vertebrate bloodstream depends on antigenic variation of Variant Surface Glycoproteins (VSGs) coating the parasite surface. In T. brucei, a model for antigenic variation, monoallelic VSG expression originates from dedicated VSG expression sites (VES). Trypanosoma brucei VES have a conserved structure consisting of a telomeric VSG locus downstream of unique, repeat sequences, and an independent promoter. Additional protein-coding sequences, known as “Expression Site Associated Genes (ESAGs)”, are also often present and are implicated in diverse, bloodstream-stage functions. Trypanosoma congolense is a related veterinary pathogen, also displaying VSG-mediated antigenic variation. A T. congolense VES has not been described, making it unclear if regulation of VSG expression is conserved between species. Here, we describe a conserved telomeric region associated with VSG loci from long-read DNA sequencing of two T. congolense strains, which consists of a distal repeat, conserved noncoding elements and other genes besides the VSG; although these are not orthologous to T. brucei ESAGs. Most conserved telomeric regions are associated with accessory minichromosomes, but the same structure may also be associated with megabase chromosomes. We propose that this region represents the T. congolense VES, and through comparison with T. brucei, we discuss the parallel evolution of antigenic switching mechanisms, and unique adaptation of the T. brucei VES for developmental regulation of bloodstream-stage genes. Hence, we provide a basis for understanding antigenic switching in T. congolense and the origins of the African trypanosome VES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hadi Abbas
- Centre for Genomic Research, Biosciences Building, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Sara Silva Pereira
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Simon D'Archivio
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Bill Wickstead
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J Morrison
- Department of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Hall
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alistair C Darby
- Centre for Genomic Research, Biosciences Building, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P Jackson
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Hamilton CA, Young R, Jayaraman S, Sehgal A, Paxton E, Thomson S, Katzer F, Hope J, Innes E, Morrison LJ, Mabbott NA. Development of in vitro enteroids derived from bovine small intestinal crypts. Vet Res 2018; 49:54. [PMID: 29970174 PMCID: PMC6029049 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0547-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cattle are an economically important domestic animal species. In vitro 2D cultures of intestinal epithelial cells or epithelial cell lines have been widely used to study cell function and host-pathogen interactions in the bovine intestine. However, these cultures lack the cellular diversity encountered in the intestinal epithelium, and the physiological relevance of monocultures of transformed cell lines is uncertain. Little is also known of the factors that influence cell differentiation and homeostasis in the bovine intestinal epithelium, and few cell-specific markers that can distinguish the different intestinal epithelial cell lineages have been reported. Here we describe a simple and reliable procedure to establish in vitro 3D enteroid, or "mini gut", cultures from bovine small intestinal (ileal) crypts. These enteroids contained a continuous central lumen lined with a single layer of polarized enterocytes, bound by tight junctions with abundant microvilli on their apical surfaces. Histological and transcriptional analyses suggested that the enteroids comprised a mixed population of intestinal epithelial cell lineages including intestinal stem cells, enterocytes, Paneth cells, goblet cells and enteroendocrine cells. We show that bovine enteroids can be successfully maintained long-term through multiple serial passages without observable changes to their growth characteristics, morphology or transcriptome. Furthermore, the bovine enteroids can be cryopreserved and viable cultures recovered from frozen stocks. Our data suggest that these 3D bovine enteroid cultures represent a novel, physiologically-relevant and tractable in vitro system in which epithelial cell differentiation and function, and host-pathogen interactions in the bovine small intestine can be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly A Hamilton
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Rachel Young
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Siddharth Jayaraman
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Anuj Sehgal
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.,College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 5/20 Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Edith Paxton
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Sarah Thomson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Frank Katzer
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Jayne Hope
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Elisabeth Innes
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Liam J Morrison
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
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Lord JS, Torr SJ, Auty HK, Brock PM, Byamungu M, Hargrove JW, Morrison LJ, Mramba F, Vale GA, Stanton MC. Geostatistical models using remotely-sensed data predict savanna tsetse decline across the interface between protected and unprotected areas in Serengeti, Tanzania. J Appl Ecol 2018; 55:1997-2007. [PMID: 30008483 PMCID: PMC6032868 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring abundance is essential for vector management, but it is often only possible in a fraction of managed areas. For vector control programmes, sampling to estimate abundance is usually carried out at a local‐scale (10s km2), while interventions often extend across 100s km2. Geostatistical models have been used to interpolate between points where data are available, but this still requires costly sampling across the entire area of interest. Instead, we used geostatistical models to predict local‐scale spatial variation in the abundance of tsetse—vectors of human and animal African trypanosomes—beyond the spatial extent of data to which models were fitted, in Serengeti, Tanzania. We sampled Glossina swynnertoni and Glossina pallidipes >10 km inside the Serengeti National Park (SNP) and along four transects extending into areas where humans and livestock live. We fitted geostatistical models to data >10 km inside the SNP to produce maps of abundance for the entire region, including unprotected areas. Inside the SNP, the mean number of G. pallidipes caught per trap per day in dense woodland was 166 (± 24 SE), compared to 3 (±1) in grassland. Glossina swynnertoni was more homogenous with respective means of 15 (±3) and 15 (±8). In general, models predicted a decline in abundance from protected to unprotected areas, related to anthropogenic changes to vegetation, which was confirmed during field survey. Synthesis and applications. Our approach allows vector control managers to identify sites predicted to have relatively high tsetse abundance, and therefore to design and implement improved surveillance strategies. In East and Southern Africa, trypanosomiasis is associated with wilderness areas. Our study identified pockets of vegetation which could sustain tsetse populations in farming areas outside the Serengeti National Park. Our method will assist countries in identifying, monitoring and, if necessary, controlling tsetse in trypanosomiasis foci. This has specific application to tsetse, but the approach could also be developed for vectors of other pathogens.
Our approach allows vector control managers to identify sites predicted to have relatively high tsetse abundance, and therefore to design and implement improved surveillance strategies. In East and Southern Africa, trypanosomiasis is associated with wilderness areas. Our study identified pockets of vegetation which could sustain tsetse populations in farming areas outside the Serengeti National Park. Our method will assist countries in identifying, monitoring and, if necessary, controlling tsetse in trypanosomiasis foci. This has specific application to tsetse, but the approach could also be developed for vectors of other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Lord
- Department of Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Liverpool UK
| | - Stephen J Torr
- Department of Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Liverpool UK
| | | | - Paddy M Brock
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | | | | | - Liam J Morrison
- Roslin Institute Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh Midlothian UK
| | - Furaha Mramba
- Vector and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Institute Tanga Tanzania
| | - Glyn A Vale
- SACEMA University of Stellenbosch Stellenbosch South Africa.,Natural Resources Institute University of Greenwich Chatham UK
| | - Michelle C Stanton
- Department of Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Liverpool UK
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McCarroll CS, He W, Foote K, Bradley A, Mcglynn K, Vidler F, Nixon C, Nather K, Fattah C, Riddell A, Bowman P, Elliott EB, Bell M, Hawksby C, MacKenzie SM, Morrison LJ, Terry A, Blyth K, Smith GL, McBride MW, Kubin T, Braun T, Nicklin SA, Cameron ER, Loughrey CM. Runx1 Deficiency Protects Against Adverse Cardiac Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction. Circulation 2018; 137:57-70. [PMID: 29030345 PMCID: PMC5757664 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.028911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of heart failure and death worldwide. Preservation of contractile function and protection against adverse changes in ventricular architecture (cardiac remodeling) are key factors to limiting progression of this condition to heart failure. Consequently, new therapeutic targets are urgently required to achieve this aim. Expression of the Runx1 transcription factor is increased in adult cardiomyocytes after MI; however, the functional role of Runx1 in the heart is unknown. METHODS To address this question, we have generated a novel tamoxifen-inducible cardiomyocyte-specific Runx1-deficient mouse. Mice were subjected to MI by means of coronary artery ligation. Cardiac remodeling and contractile function were assessed extensively at the whole-heart, cardiomyocyte, and molecular levels. RESULTS Runx1-deficient mice were protected against adverse cardiac remodeling after MI, maintaining ventricular wall thickness and contractile function. Furthermore, these mice lacked eccentric hypertrophy, and their cardiomyocytes exhibited markedly improved calcium handling. At the mechanistic level, these effects were achieved through increased phosphorylation of phospholamban by protein kinase A and relief of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase inhibition. Enhanced sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase activity in Runx1-deficient mice increased sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium content and sarcoplasmic reticulum-mediated calcium release, preserving cardiomyocyte contraction after MI. CONCLUSIONS Our data identified Runx1 as a novel therapeutic target with translational potential to counteract the effects of adverse cardiac remodeling, thereby improving survival and quality of life among patients with MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte S McCarroll
- Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Place, UK (C.S.M., W.H., A.B., K.M., F.V., K.N., C.F., A.R., P.B., E.B.E., C.H., S.M.M., G.L.S., M.W.M., S.A.N., C.M.L.)
| | - Weihong He
- Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Place, UK (C.S.M., W.H., A.B., K.M., F.V., K.N., C.F., A.R., P.B., E.B.E., C.H., S.M.M., G.L.S., M.W.M., S.A.N., C.M.L.)
| | - Kirsty Foote
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (K.F.)
| | - Ashley Bradley
- Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Place, UK (C.S.M., W.H., A.B., K.M., F.V., K.N., C.F., A.R., P.B., E.B.E., C.H., S.M.M., G.L.S., M.W.M., S.A.N., C.M.L.)
| | - Karen Mcglynn
- Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Place, UK (C.S.M., W.H., A.B., K.M., F.V., K.N., C.F., A.R., P.B., E.B.E., C.H., S.M.M., G.L.S., M.W.M., S.A.N., C.M.L.)
| | - Francesca Vidler
- Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Place, UK (C.S.M., W.H., A.B., K.M., F.V., K.N., C.F., A.R., P.B., E.B.E., C.H., S.M.M., G.L.S., M.W.M., S.A.N., C.M.L.)
| | - Colin Nixon
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK (C.N., K.B.)
| | - Katrin Nather
- Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Place, UK (C.S.M., W.H., A.B., K.M., F.V., K.N., C.F., A.R., P.B., E.B.E., C.H., S.M.M., G.L.S., M.W.M., S.A.N., C.M.L.)
| | - Caroline Fattah
- Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Place, UK (C.S.M., W.H., A.B., K.M., F.V., K.N., C.F., A.R., P.B., E.B.E., C.H., S.M.M., G.L.S., M.W.M., S.A.N., C.M.L.)
| | - Alexandra Riddell
- Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Place, UK (C.S.M., W.H., A.B., K.M., F.V., K.N., C.F., A.R., P.B., E.B.E., C.H., S.M.M., G.L.S., M.W.M., S.A.N., C.M.L.)
| | - Peter Bowman
- Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Place, UK (C.S.M., W.H., A.B., K.M., F.V., K.N., C.F., A.R., P.B., E.B.E., C.H., S.M.M., G.L.S., M.W.M., S.A.N., C.M.L.)
| | - Elspeth B Elliott
- Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Place, UK (C.S.M., W.H., A.B., K.M., F.V., K.N., C.F., A.R., P.B., E.B.E., C.H., S.M.M., G.L.S., M.W.M., S.A.N., C.M.L.)
| | | | - Catherine Hawksby
- Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Place, UK (C.S.M., W.H., A.B., K.M., F.V., K.N., C.F., A.R., P.B., E.B.E., C.H., S.M.M., G.L.S., M.W.M., S.A.N., C.M.L.)
| | - Scott M MacKenzie
- Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Place, UK (C.S.M., W.H., A.B., K.M., F.V., K.N., C.F., A.R., P.B., E.B.E., C.H., S.M.M., G.L.S., M.W.M., S.A.N., C.M.L.)
| | - Liam J Morrison
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK (L.J.M.)
| | - Anne Terry
- Centre for Virus Research (A.T.), University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, UK
| | - Karen Blyth
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK (C.N., K.B.)
| | - Godfrey L Smith
- Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Place, UK (C.S.M., W.H., A.B., K.M., F.V., K.N., C.F., A.R., P.B., E.B.E., C.H., S.M.M., G.L.S., M.W.M., S.A.N., C.M.L.)
| | - Martin W McBride
- Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Place, UK (C.S.M., W.H., A.B., K.M., F.V., K.N., C.F., A.R., P.B., E.B.E., C.H., S.M.M., G.L.S., M.W.M., S.A.N., C.M.L.)
| | - Thomas Kubin
- Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.K., T.B.)
| | - Thomas Braun
- Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.K., T.B.)
| | - Stuart A Nicklin
- Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Place, UK (C.S.M., W.H., A.B., K.M., F.V., K.N., C.F., A.R., P.B., E.B.E., C.H., S.M.M., G.L.S., M.W.M., S.A.N., C.M.L.)
| | | | - Christopher M Loughrey
- Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Place, UK (C.S.M., W.H., A.B., K.M., F.V., K.N., C.F., A.R., P.B., E.B.E., C.H., S.M.M., G.L.S., M.W.M., S.A.N., C.M.L.)
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Scales DC, Cheskes S, Verbeek PR, Pinto R, Austin D, Brooks SC, Dainty KN, Goncharenko K, Mamdani M, Thorpe KE, Morrison LJ. Prehospital cooling to improve successful targeted temperature management after cardiac arrest: A randomized controlled trial. Resuscitation 2017; 121:187-194. [PMID: 28988962 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Targeted temperature management (TTM) improves survival with good neurological outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), but is delivered inconsistently and often with delay. OBJECTIVE To determine if prehospital cooling by paramedics leads to higher rates of 'successful TTM', defined as achieving a target temperature of 32-34°C within 6h of hospital arrival. METHODS Pragmatic RCT comparing prehospital cooling (surface ice packs, cold saline infusion, wristband reminders) initiated 5min after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) versus usual resuscitation and transport. The primary outcome was rate of 'successful TTM'; secondary outcomes were rates of applying TTM in hospital, survival with good neurological outcome, pulmonary edema in emergency department, and re-arrest during transport. RESULTS 585 patients were randomized to receive prehospital cooling (n=279) or control (n=306). Prehospital cooling did not increase rates of 'successful TTM' (30% vs 25%; RR, 1.17; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.91-1.52; p=0.22), but increased rates of applying TTM in hospital (68% vs 56%; RR, 1.21; 95%CI 1.07-1.37; p=0.003). Survival with good neurological outcome (29% vs 26%; RR, 1.13, 95%CI 0.87-1.47; p=0.37) was similar. Prehospital cooling was not associated with re-arrest during transport (7.5% vs 8.2%; RR, 0.94; 95%CI 0.54-1.63; p=0.83) but was associated with decreased incidence of pulmonary edema in emergency department (12% vs 18%; RR, 0.66; 95%CI 0.44-0.99; p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS Prehospital cooling initiated 5min after ROSC did not increase rates of achieving a target temperature of 32-34°C within 6h of hospital arrival but was safe and increased application of TTM in hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Scales
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Clinical and Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - S Cheskes
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Sunnybrook Centre for Prehospital Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - P R Verbeek
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Sunnybrook Centre for Prehospital Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Pinto
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Austin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Markham Stouffville Hospital, Markham, Ontario, Canada
| | - S C Brooks
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - K N Dainty
- Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - K Goncharenko
- Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Mamdani
- Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - K E Thorpe
- Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - L J Morrison
- Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Thomson S, Hamilton CA, Hope JC, Katzer F, Mabbott NA, Morrison LJ, Innes EA. Bovine cryptosporidiosis: impact, host-parasite interaction and control strategies. Vet Res 2017; 48:42. [PMID: 28800747 PMCID: PMC5553596 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0447-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal disease caused by the apicomplexan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum is one of the most important diseases of young ruminant livestock, particularly neonatal calves. Infected animals may suffer from profuse watery diarrhoea, dehydration and in severe cases death can occur. At present, effective therapeutic and preventative measures are not available and a better understanding of the host-pathogen interactions is required. Cryptosporidium parvum is also an important zoonotic pathogen causing severe disease in people, with young children being particularly vulnerable. Our knowledge of the immune responses induced by Cryptosporidium parasites in clinically relevant hosts is very limited. This review discusses the impact of bovine cryptosporidiosis and describes how a thorough understanding of the host-pathogen interactions may help to identify novel prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Thomson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Carly A Hamilton
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Jayne C Hope
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Frank Katzer
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Liam J Morrison
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Elisabeth A Innes
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK.
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Auty H, Morrison LJ, Torr SJ, Lord J. Transmission Dynamics of Rhodesian Sleeping Sickness at the Interface of Wildlife and Livestock Areas. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:608-621. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Morrison LJ, Vezza L, Rowan T, Hope JC. Animal African Trypanosomiasis: Time to Increase Focus on Clinically Relevant Parasite and Host Species. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:599-607. [PMID: 27167665 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT), caused by Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax, remains one of the most important livestock diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly affecting cattle. Despite this, our detailed knowledge largely stems from the human pathogen Trypanosoma brucei and mouse experimental models. In the postgenomic era, the genotypic and phenotypic differences between the AAT-relevant species of parasite or host and their model organism counterparts are increasingly apparent. Here, we outline the timeliness and advantages of increasing the research focus on both the clinically relevant parasite and host species, given that improved tools and resources for both have been developed in recent years. We propose that this shift of emphasis will improve our ability to efficiently develop tools to combat AAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Laura Vezza
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Tim Rowan
- GALVmed, Doherty Building, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH25 0PZ, UK
| | - Jayne C Hope
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
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Abstract
African trypanosomes are single-celled protozoan parasites that are capable of long-term survival while living extracellularly in the bloodstream and tissues of mammalian hosts. Prolonged infections are possible because trypanosomes undergo antigenic variation-the expression of a large repertoire of antigenically distinct surface coats, which allows the parasite population to evade antibody-mediated elimination. The mechanisms by which antigen genes become activated influence their order of expression, most likely by influencing the frequency of productive antigen switching, which in turn is likely to contribute to infection chronicity. Superimposed upon antigen switching as a contributor to trypanosome infection dynamics is the density-dependent production of cell-cycle arrested parasite transmission stages, which limit the infection while ensuring parasite spread to new hosts via the bite of blood-feeding tsetse flies. Neither antigen switching nor developmental progression to transmission stages is driven by the host. However, the host can contribute to the infection dynamic through the selection of distinct antigen types, the influence of genetic susceptibility or trypanotolerance and the potential influence of host-dependent effects on parasite virulence, development of transmission stages and pathogenicity. In a zoonotic infection cycle where trypanosomes circulate within a range of host animal populations, and in some cases humans, there is considerable scope for a complex interplay between parasite immune evasion, transmission potential and host factors to govern the profile and outcome of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith R Matthews
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Richard McCulloch
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Liam J Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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Chopra AS, Wong N, Ziegler CP, Morrison LJ. Systematic review and meta-analysis of hemodynamic-directed feedback during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2016; 101:102-7. [PMID: 26875990 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2016.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Physiologic monitoring of resuscitative efforts during cardiac arrest is gaining in importance, as it provides a real-time window into the cellular physiology of patients. The aim of this review is to assess the quality of evidence surrounding the use of physiologic monitoring to guide cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and to examine whether the evidence demonstrates an improvement in patient outcome when comparing hemodynamic-directed CPR versus standard CPR. METHODS Studies were obtained through a search of the PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases. Peer-reviewed randomized trials, case-control studies, systematic reviews, and cohort studies that titrated CPR to physiologic measures, compared results to standard CPR, and examined patient outcome were included. RESULTS Six studies met inclusion criteria, with all studies conducted in animal populations. Four studies examined the effects of hemodynamic-directed CPR on survival, with 35/37 (94.6%) animals surviving in the hemodynamic-directed CPR groups and 12/35 (34.3%) surviving in the control groups (p<0.001). Two studies examined the effects of hemodynamic-directed CPR on ROSC, with 22/30 (73.3%) achieving ROSC in the hemodynamic-directed CPR group and 19/30 (63.3%) achieving ROSC in the control group (p=0.344). DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION These results suggest a trend in survival from hemodynamic-directed CPR over standard CPR, however the small sample size and lack of human data make these results of limited value. Future human studies examining hemodynamic-directed CPR versus current CPR standards are needed to enhance our understanding of how to effectively use physiologic measures to improve resuscitation efforts and ultimately incorporate concrete targets into international resuscitation guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Chopra
- Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, 193 Yonge Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B1W8.
| | - N Wong
- Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, 193 Yonge Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B1W8
| | - C P Ziegler
- Health Sciences Library, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B1W8
| | - L J Morrison
- Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, 193 Yonge Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B1W8; Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S1A8
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Auty H, Torr SJ, Michoel T, Jayaraman S, Morrison LJ. Cattle trypanosomosis: the diversity of trypanosomes and implications for disease epidemiology and control. REV SCI TECH OIE 2015; 34:587-98. [PMID: 26601459 DOI: 10.20506/rst.34.2.2382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomosis is one of the most significant infectious threats to cattle in sub-Saharan Africa, and one form has also spread to Asia and South America. The disease is caused by a complex of trypanosome species, and the species and strain of parasite can have a profound influence upon the epidemiology of the host-parasite-vector relationships, the severity and course of infection, and, consequently, the implementation and development of control methods. This review will summarise our current knowledge of the relationship between trypanosome species/genotype and the phenotype of disease in cattle, and the implications that this has for ongoing efforts to develop diagnostics, drugs and vaccines for the control of cattle trypanosomosis.
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Hotchkiss EJ, Gilray JA, Brennan ML, Christley RM, Morrison LJ, Jonsson NN, Innes EA, Katzer F. Development of a framework for genotyping bovine-derived Cryptosporidium parvum, using a multilocus fragment typing tool. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:500. [PMID: 26427625 PMCID: PMC4591062 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a need for an integrated genotyping approach for C. parvum; no sufficiently discriminatory scheme to date has been fully validated or widely adopted by veterinary or public health researchers. Multilocus fragment typing (MLFT) can provide good differentiation and is relatively quick and cheap to perform. A MLFT tool was assessed in terms of its typeability, specificity, precision (repeatability and reproducibility), accuracy and ability to genotypically discriminate bovine-derived Cryptosporidium parvum. Methods With the aim of working towards a consensus, six markers were selected for inclusion based on their successful application in previous studies: MM5, MM18, MM19, TP14, MS1 and MS9. Alleles were assigned according to the fragment sizes of repeat regions amplified, as determined by capillary electrophoresis. In addition, a region of the GP60 gene was amplified and sequenced to determine gp60 subtype and this was added to the allelic profiles of the 6 markers to determine the multilocus genotype (MLG). The MLFT tool was applied to 140 C. parvum samples collected in two cross-sectional studies of UK calves, conducted in Cheshire in 2004 (principally dairy animals) and Aberdeenshire/Caithness in 2011 (beef animals). Results Typeability was 84 %. The primers did not amplify tested non-parvum species frequently detected in cattle. In terms of repeatability, within- and between-run fragment sizes showed little variability. Between laboratories, fragment sizes differed but allele calling was reproducible. The MLFT had good discriminatory ability (Simpson’s Index of Diversity, SID, was 0.92), compared to gp60 sequencing alone (SID 0.44). Some markers were more informative than others, with MS1 and MS9 proving monoallelic in tested samples. Conclusions Further inter-laboratory trials are now warranted with the inclusion of human-derived C. parvum samples, allowing progress towards an integrated, standardised typing scheme to enable source attribution and to determine the role of livestock in future outbreaks of human C. parvum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Hotchkiss
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Janice A Gilray
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Marnie L Brennan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Robert M Christley
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Leahurst Campus CH64 7TE, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK.
| | - Liam J Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Nicholas N Jonsson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Elizabeth A Innes
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Frank Katzer
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK.
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McCarroll CS, Rossor CL, Morrison LR, Morrison LJ, Loughrey CM. A Pre-clinical Animal Model of Trypanosoma brucei Infection Demonstrating Cardiac Dysfunction. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003811. [PMID: 26023927 PMCID: PMC4449042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomiasis (AT), caused by Trypanosoma brucei species, results in both neurological and cardiac dysfunction and can be fatal if untreated. Research on the pathogenesis and treatment of the disease has centred to date on the characteristic neurological symptoms, whereas cardiac dysfunction (e.g. ventricular arrhythmias) in AT remains largely unstudied. Animal models of AT demonstrating cardiac dysfunction similar to that described in field cases of AT are critically required to transform our understanding of AT-induced cardiac pathophysiology and identify future treatment strategies. We have previously shown that T. brucei can interact with heart muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) to induce ventricular arrhythmias in ex vivo adult rat hearts. However, it is unknown whether the arrhythmias observed ex vivo are also present during in vivo infection in experimental animal models. Here we show for the first time the characterisation of ventricular arrhythmias in vivo in two animal models of AT infection using electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring. The first model utilised a commonly used monomorphic laboratory strain, Trypanosoma brucei brucei Lister 427, whilst the second model used a pleomorphic laboratory strain, T. b. brucei TREU 927, which demonstrates a similar chronic infection profile to clinical cases. The frequency of ventricular arrhythmias and heart rate (HR) was significantly increased at the endpoint of infection in the TREU 927 infection model, but not in the Lister 427 infection model. At the end of infection, hearts from both models were isolated and Langendorff perfused ex vivo with increasing concentrations of the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol (ISO). Interestingly, the increased frequency of arrhythmias observed in vivo in the TREU 927 infection model was lost upon isolation of the heart ex vivo, but re-emerged with the addition of ISO. Our results demonstrate that TREU 927 infection modifies the substrate of the myocardium in such a way as to increase the propensity for ventricular arrhythmias in response to a circulating factor in vivo or β-adrenergic stimulation ex vivo. The TREU 927 infection model provides a new opportunity to accelerate our understanding of AT-related cardiac pathophysiology and importantly has the required sensitivity to monitor adverse cardiac-related electrical dysfunction when testing new therapeutic treatments for AT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte S. McCarroll
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte L. Rossor
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Linda R. Morrison
- Easter Bush Pathology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J. Morrison
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M. Loughrey
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Morrison LJ, Chamot-Rooke J, Wysocki VH. IR action spectroscopy shows competitive oxazolone and diketopiperazine formation in peptides depends on peptide length and identity of terminal residue in the departing fragment. Analyst 2014; 139:2137-43. [PMID: 24618890 PMCID: PMC6467643 DOI: 10.1039/c4an00064a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The interplay between the entropically and enthalpically favored products of peptide fragmentation is probed using a combined experimental and theoretical approach. These b2 ion products can take either an oxazolone or diketopiperazine structure. Cleavage after the second amide bond is often a favorable process because the products are small ring structures that are particularly stable. These structures are structurally characterized by action IRMPD spectroscopy and semi-quantified using gas-phase hydrogen-deuterium exchange. The formation of the oxazolone and diketopiperazine has been thought to be largely governed by the identity of the first two residues at the N-terminus of the peptide. We show here that the length of the precursor peptide and identity of the third residue play a significant role in the formation of the diketopiperazine structure in peptides containing an N-terminal asparagine residue. This is additionally the first instance showing an N-terminal residue with an amide side chain can promote formation of the diketopiperazine b2 ion structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Morrison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 W. 12th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Brooks SC, Worthington H, Gonedalles T, Bobrow B, Morrison LJ. Implementation of the PulsePoint smartphone application for crowd-sourcing bystander resuscitation. Crit Care 2014. [PMCID: PMC4069540 DOI: 10.1186/cc13674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Brooks SC, Scales D, Dainty K, Gray S, Pinto R, Racz E, Gaudio M, Amaral A, Baker A, Chapman M, Crystal E, Dorian P, Fam N, Fowler R, Friedrich J, Madan M, Rubenfeld G, Smith O, Morrison LJ. Post Arrest Consult Team: a knowledge translation strategy for post-cardiac arrest care. Crit Care 2014. [PMCID: PMC4069509 DOI: 10.1186/cc13682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Elliott EB, McCarroll D, Hasumi H, Welsh CE, Panissidi AA, Jones NG, Rossor CL, Tait A, Smith GL, Mottram JC, Morrison LJ, Loughrey CM. Trypanosoma brucei cathepsin-L increases arrhythmogenic sarcoplasmic reticulum-mediated calcium release in rat cardiomyocytes. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 100:325-35. [PMID: 23892734 PMCID: PMC3797627 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims African trypanosomiasis, caused by Trypanosoma brucei species, leads to both neurological and cardiac dysfunction and can be fatal if untreated. While the neurological-related pathogenesis is well studied, the cardiac pathogenesis remains unknown. The current study exposed isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes and adult rat hearts to T. brucei to test whether trypanosomes can alter cardiac function independent of a systemic inflammatory/immune response. Methods and results Using confocal imaging, T. brucei and T. brucei culture media (supernatant) caused an increased frequency of arrhythmogenic spontaneous diastolic sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)-mediated Ca2+ release (Ca2+ waves) in isolated adult rat ventricular cardiomyocytes. Studies utilising inhibitors, recombinant protein and RNAi all demonstrated that this altered SR function was due to T. brucei cathepsin-L (TbCatL). Separate experiments revealed that TbCatL induced a 10–15% increase of SERCA activity but reduced SR Ca2+ content, suggesting a concomitant increased SR-mediated Ca2+ leak. This conclusion was supported by data demonstrating that TbCatL increased Ca2+ wave frequency. These effects were abolished by autocamtide-2-related inhibitory peptide, highlighting a role for CaMKII in the TbCatL action on SR function. Isolated Langendorff perfused whole heart experiments confirmed that supernatant caused an increased number of arrhythmic events. Conclusion These data demonstrate for the first time that African trypanosomes alter cardiac function independent of a systemic immune response, via a mechanism involving extracellular cathepsin-L-mediated changes in SR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elspeth B Elliott
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
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Ali JAM, Tagoe DNA, Munday JC, Donachie A, Morrison LJ, de Koning HP. Pyrimidine biosynthesis is not an essential function for Trypanosoma brucei bloodstream forms. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58034. [PMID: 23505454 PMCID: PMC3591441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background African trypanosomes are capable of both pyrimidine biosynthesis and salvage of preformed pyrimidines from the host, but it is unknown whether either process is essential to the parasite. Methodology/Principal Findings Pyrimidine requirements for growth were investigated using strictly pyrimidine-free media, with or without single added pyrimidine sources. Growth rates of wild-type bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei brucei were unchanged in pyrimidine-free medium. The essentiality of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway was studied by knocking out the PYR6-5 locus that produces a fusion product of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (OPRT) and Orotidine Monophosphate Decarboxylase (OMPDCase). The pyrimidine auxotroph was dependent on a suitable extracellular pyrimidine source. Pyrimidine starvation was rapidly lethal and non-reversible, causing incomplete DNA content in new cells. The phenotype could be rescued by addition of uracil; supplementation with uridine, 2′deoxyuridine, and cytidine allowed a diminished growth rate and density. PYR6-5−/− trypanosomes were more sensitive to pyrimidine antimetabolites and displayed increased uracil transport rates and uridine phosphorylase activity. Pyrimidine auxotrophs were able to infect mice although the infection developed much more slowly than infection with the parental, prototrophic trypanosome line. Conclusions/Significance Pyrimidine salvage was not an essential function for bloodstream T. b. brucei. However, trypanosomes lacking de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis are completely dependent on an extracellular pyrimidine source, strongly preferring uracil, and display reduced infectivity. As T. brucei are able to salvage sufficient pyrimidines from the host environment, the pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway is not a viable drug target, although any interruption of pyrimidine supply was lethal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juma A. M. Ali
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Al Jabal Al Gharbi University, Gharyan, Libya
| | - Daniel N. A. Tagoe
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jane C. Munday
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Donachie
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J. Morrison
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, United Kingdom
| | - Harry P. de Koning
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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