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Chen CY, Oliver SV. The effect of larval exposure to acids and detergents on the life history of the major malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38801202 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles arabiensis, a highly adaptable member of the Anopheles gambiae complex, poses a challenge for control efforts due to its outdoor biting and resting behaviour. Consequently, indoor insecticide-based control methods are ineffective against An. arabiensis. Furthermore, An. arabiensis are adapting to breeding in polluted waters, and may be contributing to residual malaria and malaria in urban areas. There have been some advances in understanding the effect of rural pollutants on Anopheles mosquitoes, but the effect of urban pollutants is poorly understood. Thus, in this study, the effect of acidic pollutants [nitric acid (HNO3) and hydrochloric acid (HCl)] and alkaline pollutants (phosphate-free and phosphate-containing detergent) on two laboratory-reared An. arabiensis strains - an insecticide susceptible strain (SENN) and an insecticide-resistant strain selected from SENN (SENN-DDT) - were determined. RESULTS The median lethal concentration (LC50) and larval exposure on larval development, adult longevity and insecticide tolerance were evaluated. Nitric acid and phosphate-containing detergent were found to be more toxic than HCl and phosphate-free detergent in terms of LC50 values. Detergent exposure (both phosphate-containing and phosphate-free) increased adult longevity of both strains. Nitric acid reduced larval development time in both SENN and SENN-DDT, whereas HCl reduced larval development time in SENN only. By contrast, both phosphate-containing and phosphate-free detergents increased larval development time of both strains. Furthermore, HNO3 and phosphate-containing detergent increased insecticide tolerance the most. CONCLUSION The two An. arabiensis strains responded to urban pollutants differently. Thus, this study provides insight into the adaptation of An. arabiensis to acidic and alkaline urban pollutants. © 2024 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Chen
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shüné V Oliver
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Hamdan M, Kamalanathan T, Iqbal A, Gnanaprakasam AR, Shajahan S, Alsadeq MH, Ali AS, Al-Deeb MA. kdr mutations and deltamethrin resistance in house flies in Abu Dhabi, UAE. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:47. [PMID: 38302967 PMCID: PMC10832251 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06128-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The house fly, Musca domestica, is a significant carrier of diseases that can impact public health. Repeated use of pyrethroid insecticides may act as a selection pressure for mutations and amino acid substitutions in the house fly voltage-sensitive sodium channel (VSSC), which ultimately confers resistance. The objectives of this study were to determine the presence of knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations using molecular tools and to set up a CDC bottle bioassay specific for house flies in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) to screen for deltamethrin resistance. METHODS Adult flies were collected from 19 locations in Abu Dhabi, UAE, and DNA was extracted, followed by PCR amplification of specific alleles (PASA) and conventional PCR using several primers to amplify regions of the VSSC gene. Sanger sequencing was performed on PCR products. We also designed primers that detect four kdr mutations using complementary DNA (cDNA) in reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR followed by Sanger sequencing. Additionally, a CDC bottle bioassay was set up for detecting deltamethrin resistance in adult house flies. RESULTS In PASA, the primers successfully amplified the target bands (480, 280 and 200 bp). The kdr allele was found in flies collected from 18 of the 19 locations, at the highest and lowest prevalence of 46.9% and 9.4%, respectively. Resistant homozygous (RR) insects constituted 5.0% of the tested populations, and heterozygous (RS) insects accounted for 36.5%. The RR genotype was prevalent in house flies collected at 10 of 19 sampling locations. House fly populations were mostly in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, except in three locations. In addition to verifying the presence of the previously identified kdr mutation L1014F, in this study we detected two kdr mutations, L1014H and T929I, that have not previously been reported in the UAE. Also, for the first time in the UAE, a CDC bottle bioassay for deltamethrin resistance was used, which found that 60 min and 4.5 µg/ml were the diagnostic time and dose, respectively. Using this assay, we detected deltamethrin resistance in house flies from two of 16 locations, with a resistance level of 12.5%. CONCLUSIONS Using DNA sequencing, we confirmed the presence of a known kdr mutation and uncovered two new kdr mutations in house flies from Abu Dhabi. Additionally, we detected deltamethrin resistance in these flies using a CDC bottle bioassay. Further research is recommended to comprehensively identify more kdr mutations in UAE house fly populations and assess their impacts on control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Hamdan
- Biology Department, UAE University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, UAE
| | | | - Asim Iqbal
- Abu Dhabi Waste Management Centre (Tadweer), Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | | | - Sabu Shajahan
- Abu Dhabi Waste Management Centre (Tadweer), Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | | | - Amgd Sayed Ali
- Biology Department, UAE University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, UAE
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Syahrani L, Asih PBS, Bowolaksono A, Dwiranti A, Zubaidah S, Rozi IE, Permana DH, Bøgh C, Bangs MJ, Grieco JP, Achee NL, Lobo NF, Syafruddin D. Impact of a spatial repellent intervention on Anopheles kdr insecticide resistance allele in Sumba, Indonesia. Malar J 2024; 23:31. [PMID: 38254131 PMCID: PMC10802001 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04841-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of insecticide resistance and outdoor transmission in malaria-endemic areas underlines the urgent need to develop innovative tools, such as spatial repellents (SR), that may circumvent this residual transmission. With limited options for effective insecticides, regular resistance monitoring is warranted for selecting and using appropriate tools. This study evaluates the pyrethroid knockdown resistance (kdr) allele before and after implementing a transfluthrin-based spatial repellent (SR) intervention in placebo-treated clusters. METHODS This study looks at the frequency distribution of the kdr allele in Sumba Island from June 2015 to August 2018. Insecticide susceptibility tests were carried out on female Anopheles sp. aged 3-5 days against permethrin 21.5 μg/ml, deltamethrin 12.5 μg/ml, and transfluthrin 10 μg/ml using CDC bottle assay. PCR sequencing of representative samples from adult mosquito collections and insecticide tests revealed the presence of kdr mutations (L1014F and L1014S) in the VGSC gene. RESULTS A total of 12 Anopheles species, Anopheles tesselatus, Anopheles. aconitus, Anopheles barbirostris, Anopheles kochi, Anopheles annularis, Anopheles maculatus, Anopheles sundaicus, Anopheles flavirostris, Anopheles balabacensis, Anopheles indefinitus, Anopheles subpictus, and Anopheles vagus were analysed. Anopheles vagus and An. sundaicus predominated in the larval populations. Susceptibility assays for all insecticides identified fully susceptible phenotypes in all species examined. Anopheles increasing frequency of kdr mutant alleles during the 3 year SR deployment was observed in both SR-treated and placebo areas, a statistically significant increase occurred in each arm. However, it is unclear how significant SR is in causing the increase in mutant alleles. The L1014S, knockdown resistance east type (kdr-e) allele was detected for the first time among the mosquito samples in this study. The L1014F, knockdown resistance west type (kdr-w) allele and heteroduplex form (wild-type-mutant) were found in almost all Anopheles species examined, including An. vagus, An. aconitus, An. subpictus, An. tesselatus, An. annularis, An. flavirostris and An. sundaicus. CONCLUSION The presence of fully susceptible phenotypes over time, along with an increase in the frequency distribution of the L1014F/S mutations post-intervention, suggest drivers of resistance external to the study, including pyrethroid use in agriculture and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). However, this does not negate possible SR impacts that support resistance. More studies that enable the comprehension of possible SR-based drivers of resistance in mosquitoes need to be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lepa Syahrani
- Doctoral Program, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Puji B S Asih
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia.
| | - Anom Bowolaksono
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Astari Dwiranti
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Siti Zubaidah
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Ismail E Rozi
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
- Doctoral Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Dendi H Permana
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
- Doctoral Program of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Claus Bøgh
- The Sumba Foundation, Public Health and Malaria Control, Sumba, Indonesia
| | - Michael J Bangs
- Public Health and Malaria Control, PT Freeport Indonesia, International SOS, Mimika, Indonesia
| | - John P Grieco
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Nicole L Achee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Din Syafruddin
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
- Hasanuddin University Medical Research Center (HUMRC), Makassar, Indonesia
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Hong H, Eom TH, Trinh TTT, Tuan BD, Park H, Yeo SJ. Identification of breeding habitats and kdr mutations in Anopheles spp. in South Korea. Malar J 2023; 22:381. [PMID: 38104158 PMCID: PMC10724954 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04821-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is still endemic in South Korea. However, limited information is available on the current Anopheles breeding sites and the occurrence of insecticide resistance-associated genetic mutations and their distribution needed to control the malaria vector efficiently. METHODS This study explored breeding sites of Anopheline adults in Gimpo-si, near the demilitarized zone (DMZ) in Gyeonggi-do province, South Korea, from 2022 to 2023. Genetic diversity was investigated based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS2), cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), and knockdown resistance (kdr) genes of Anopheles mosquitoes. A natural environment associated with the seasonal abundance of Anopheles larvae was characterized. RESULTS Two breeding sites of Anopheles larvae and adults were found at a stream margin or shallow freshwater near the forest in Wolgot-myeon in Gimpo-si without cattle shed within 1 km and in Naega-myeon in Ganghwa-gun with cow shed within 100 m in 2022 and 2023, respectively. Both sites were located between the newly cultivated lands and the forest. Besides, both breeding sites were in the valley at a slight elevation of 60-70 m from ground lands and maintained the shadow all day. Overall, the Wolgot-myeon breeding site showed various Anopheles spp. larvae, including Anopheles sinensis. Naega-myeon, an additional breeding site found in 2023, had Anopheles sineroides larvae, and approximately 59.7% (89/149) of An. sinensis adults inhabited within a 100-m distance. The total collection, including larvae and adults, revealed that An. sinensis, Anopheles pullus, Anopheles kleini, An. sineroides, Anopheles belenrae, and Anopheles lindesayi accounted for 44.2% (118/267), 0.7% (2/267), 0.7% (2/267), 22.1% (59/267), 1.9% (5/267), and 30.3% (81/267), respectively. Furthermore, various kdr mutant genotypes (F/F, C/C, L/F, L/C and F/C) in An. sinensis, and the first kdr allele mutant (L/F1014) in An. belenrae were identified in South Korea. CONCLUSIONS Two breeding sites of Anopheles larvae were studied in Wolgot-myeon and Naega-myeon. Various Anopheles spp. larvae were detected in both habitats, but overall, An. sinensis was the most prevalent adults in both study sites. The occurrence of kdr allele mutant of An. belenrae in South Korea was reported. Rigorous larvae monitoring of Anopheles spp., continuously updating information on Anopheles breeding sites, and understanding the environmental conditions of Anopheles habitats are required to develop an effective malaria control programme in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyelee Hong
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hui Eom
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Thuy-Tien Thi Trinh
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Medical Research Center, Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Bao Duong Tuan
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksan-Daero, Iksan, 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Park
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksan-Daero, Iksan, 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Ju Yeo
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Medical Research Center, Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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Gong Y, Li T, Xiu X, Desneux N, Hou M. Lack of Known Target-Site Mutations in Field Populations of Ostrinia furnacalis in China from 2019 to 2021. TOXICS 2023; 11:332. [PMID: 37112559 PMCID: PMC10146737 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae), is one of the most destructive insect pests of corn, for which chemical insecticides have been the primary method of control, especially during outbreaks. Little information is currently available on the status of insecticide resistance and associated mechanisms in O. furnacalis field populations. Invasions and outbreaks of Spodoptera frugiperda in China in recent years have increased chemical application in corn fields, which adds to the selection pressure on O. furnacalis. This study was conducted to estimate the risk of insecticide resistance by investigating the frequency of insecticide resistant alleles associated with target site insensitivity in field populations of O. furnacalis. Using the individual-PCR genotype sequencing analysis, none of the six target-site insecticide resistant mutations were detected in O. furnacalis field populations collected from 2019 to 2021 in China. These investigated insecticide resistance alleles are common in resistant Lepidoptra pests and are responsible for resistance to pyrethroids, organophosphorus, carbamates, diamide, and Cry1Ab. Our results support the low insecticide resistance status in field O. furnacalis populations and betokens the unlikely development of high resistance mediated by the common target-site resistance alleles. Additionally, the findings would serve as references for further efforts toward the sustainable management of O. furnacalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhui Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
| | - Xiaojian Xiu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRAE, CNRS, UMR ISA, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Maolin Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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N'Dri BP, Wipf NC, Saric J, Fodjo BK, Raso G, Utzinger J, Müller P, Mouhamadou CS. Species composition and insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in Ellibou, southern Côte d'Ivoire and first finding of Anopheles arabiensis in Côte d'Ivoire. Malar J 2023; 22:93. [PMID: 36915098 PMCID: PMC10010045 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04456-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowing the species composition and insecticide resistance status of the target vector population is important to guide malaria vector control. The aim of this study was to characterize the malaria vector population in terms of species composition, insecticide susceptibility status and potential underlying resistance mechanisms in Ellibou, southern Côte d'Ivoire. METHODS A 1-year longitudinal entomological survey was conducted using light traps and pyrethroid spray catches to sample adult mosquitoes in combination with larval sampling. The susceptibility status of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) to bendiocarb, deltamethrin, DDT and malathion was assessed using the World Health Organization insecticide susceptibility test. Additionally, An. gambiae specimens were screened for knockdown (kdr) and acetylcholineesterase (ace1) target site resistance alleles, and the expression levels of eight metabolic resistance genes, including seven cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) and one glutathione S-transferase (GST), measured with reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). RESULTS Overall, 2383 adult mosquitoes from 12 different taxa were collected with Culex quinquefasciatus and An. gambiae being the predominant taxa. Molecular identification of An. gambiae s.l. revealed the presence of Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles coluzzii, An. gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) and Anopheles coluzzii/An. gambiae s.s. hybrids. Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes were resistant to all insecticides except malathion. PCR diagnostics revealed the presence of ace1-G280S and the kdr L995F, L995S and N1570Y target-site mutations. Additionally, several genes were upregulated, including five P450s (i.e., CYP6P3, CYP6M2, CYP9K1, CYP6Z1, CYP6P1) and GSTE2. CONCLUSION This is the first documented presence of An. arabiensis in Côte d'Ivoire. Its detection - together with a recent finding further north of the country - confirms its existence in the country, which is an early warning sign, as An. arabiensis shows a different biology than the currently documented malaria vectors. Because the local An. gambiae population was still susceptible to malathion, upregulation of P450s, conferring insecticide resistance to pyrethroids, together with the presence of ace1, suggest negative cross-resistance. Therefore, organophosphates could be an alternative insecticide class for indoor residual spraying in the Ellibou area, while additional tools against the outdoor biting An. arabiensis will have to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bédjou P N'Dri
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire. .,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, 4001, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Nadja C Wipf
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland.,University of Basel, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jasmina Saric
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland.,University of Basel, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Behi K Fodjo
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Giovanna Raso
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland.,University of Basel, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland.,University of Basel, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pie Müller
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland.,University of Basel, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chouaïbou S Mouhamadou
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire.,North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7508, USA
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Campos M, Phelan J, Spadar A, Collins E, Gonçalves A, Pelloquin B, Vaselli NM, Meiwald A, Clark E, Stica C, Orsborne J, Sylla M, Edi C, Camara D, Mohammed AR, Afrane YA, Kristan M, Walker T, Gomez LF, Messenger LA, Clark TG, Campino S. High-throughput barcoding method for the genetic surveillance of insecticide resistance and species identification in Anopheles gambiae complex malaria vectors. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13893. [PMID: 35974073 PMCID: PMC9381500 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17822-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Surveillance of malaria vector species and the monitoring of insecticide resistance are essential to inform malaria control strategies and support the reduction of infections and disease. Genetic barcoding of mosquitoes is a useful tool to assist the high-throughput surveillance of insecticide resistance, discriminate between sibling species and to detect the presence of Plasmodium infections. In this study, we combined multiplex PCR, custom designed dual indexing, and Illumina next generation sequencing for high throughput single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-profiling of four species from the Anopheles (An.) gambiae complex (An. gambiae sensu stricto, An. coluzzii, An. arabiensis and An. melas). By amplifying and sequencing only 14 genetic fragments (500 bp each), we were able to simultaneously detect Plasmodium infection; insecticide resistance-conferring SNPs in ace1, gste2, vgsc and rdl genes; the partial sequences of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and intergenic spacers (IGS), Short INterspersed Elements (SINE), as well as mitochondrial genes (cox1 and nd4) for species identification and genetic diversity. Using this amplicon sequencing approach with the four selected An. gambiae complex species, we identified a total of 15 non-synonymous mutations in the insecticide target genes, including previously described mutations associated with resistance and two new mutations (F1525L in vgsc and D148E in gste2). Overall, we present a reliable and cost-effective high-throughput panel for surveillance of An. gambiae complex mosquitoes in malaria endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Campos
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jody Phelan
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Anton Spadar
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Emma Collins
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Adéritow Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Pública, Praia, 719, Cabo Verde
| | - Bethanie Pelloquin
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Natasha Marcella Vaselli
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Anne Meiwald
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Emma Clark
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Caleb Stica
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - James Orsborne
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Moussa Sylla
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Constant Edi
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Cote d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Denka Camara
- Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Ministère de la Santé, BP. 595, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Abdul Rahim Mohammed
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yaw Asare Afrane
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Mojca Kristan
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Thomas Walker
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Louisa A Messenger
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Taane G Clark
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Susana Campino
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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