Autophagy and inflammation

SLC38A9 is directly involved in Tat-induced endolysosome dysfunction and senescence in astrocytes

Cellular senescence contributes to accelerated aging and the development of various neurodegeneration disorders including HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. The development of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders is attributed, at least in part, to the CNS persistence of HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat), an essential protein for viral transcription that is actively secreted from HIV-1-infected cells. Secreted Tat enters cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis and induces endolysosome dysfunction and cellular senescence in CNS cells. Given that endolysosome dysfunction represents an early step in exogenous Tat-induced cellular senescence, we tested the hypothesis that Tat induces cellular senescence via an endolysosome-dependent mechanism in human astrocytes. We demonstrated that internalized Tat interacts with an endolysosome-resident arginine sensor SLC38A9 via the arginine-rich basic domain. Such an interaction between Tat and SLC38A9 leads to endolysosome dysfunction, enhanced HIV-1 LTR transactivation, and cellular senescence. These findings suggest that endolysosome dysfunction drives the development of senescence and highlight the novel role of SLC38A9 in Tat-induced endolysosome dysfunction and astrocyte senescence.

Host immunity and intracellular bacteria evasion mechanisms: Enhancing host-directed therapies with drug delivery systems

Host-directed therapies (HDTs) have been investigated as a potential solution to combat intracellular and drug-resistant bacteria. HDTs stem from extensive research on the intricate interactions between the host and intracellular bacteria, leading to a treatment approach that relies on immunoregulation. To improve the bioavailability and safety of HDTs, researchers have utilized diverse drug delivery systems (DDS) to encapsulate and transport therapeutic agents to target cells. In this review, we first introduce the three mechanisms of bactericidal action and intracellular bacterial evasion: autophagy, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inflammatory cytokines, with a particular focus on autophagy. Special attention is given to the detailed mechanism of xenophagy in clearing intracellular bacteria, a crucial selective autophagy process that specifically targets and degrades intracellular pathogens. Following this, we present the application of DDS to modulate these regulatory methods for intracellular bacteria elimination. By integrating insights from immunology and nanomedicine, this review highlights the emerging role of DDS in advancing HDTs for intracellular bacterial infections and paving the way for innovative therapeutic interventions.

SIRT3 mitigates dry eye disease through the activation of autophagy by deacetylation of FOXO1

Dry eye disease (DED) is a complex ocular condition characterized by oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. An increasing number of studies suggest that Sirtuin3 (SIRT3), a mitochondrial deacetylase, may offer protection against related pathologies. Despite these indications, the precise function and underlying mechanisms of SIRT3 in the context of DED have not been fully elucidated. Here, we observed a decline in SIRT3 expression in human corneal epithelial cells (HCE-Ts) and the corneal conjunctiva of mice as the disease advanced. Overexpression of SIRT3 in HCE-Ts reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammatory cytokines, and the rate of apoptosis, while its inhibition had the opposite effect. Importantly, the function of SIRT3 was exerted through the enhancement of autophagic flux. Further studies have shown that chloroquine-induced inhibition of autophagy neutralized the beneficial effects of SIRT3. In our in vivo experiments, the application of eye drops containing a SIRT3 agonist ameliorated the symptoms of DED and increased corneal autophagy in mice. Mechanistically, our study identified that the deacetylation and nuclear translocation of FOXO1 (Forkhead box O1) are pivotal for the SIRT3-mediated enhancement of autophagic flux. These findings posit that SIRT3 as an encouraging therapeutic target for DED, offering new insights into the disease's underlying mechanisms.

Genome-wide association study and transcriptomic analysis reveal the crucial role of sting1 in resistance to visceral white-nodules disease in Larimichthys polyactis

Introduction

Larimichthys polyactis is a promising marine fishery species, but visceral white-nodules disease (VWND) caused by Pseudomonas plecoglossicida causes significant losses. However, genetic resistance mechanisms to VWND remain elusive in this species.

Methods

This study combined genome-wide association study (GWAS) and transcriptome analysis to unravel resistance loci and transcriptional regulation in L. polyactis.

Results

As a result, GWAS on 946 infected fish genotyped by 100 K lipid chips identified 22 suggestive significantly associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), annotated 60 candidate genes, where DNA-sensing pathway were enriched. RNA-seq on liver tissues of resistant, sensitive, and control groups found immune-related pathways enriched in the comparisons of RL vs CL and RL vs SL, and autophagy-related pathways enriched in the comparisons of SL vs CL and RL vs SL. Then, the integration of GWAS and transcriptome analysis identified seven key genes associated with resistance to VWND. Among the genes, the expression levels of mRNA for genes related to the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway, as well as the protein levels of STING1, were significantly upregulated in RL. Collectively, integrating KEGG pathway analysis, gene and protein expression analysis revealed that the importance of STING1 for VWND resistance.

Discussion

These findings deepen the available knowledge on molecular mechanisms of host genetic resistance to VWND and provide an important foundation for the selection and breeding of VWND-resistant L. polyactis.

Lactobacillus plantarum-Derived Inorganic Polyphosphate Regulates Immune Function via Inhibiting M1 Polarization and Resisting Oxidative Stress in Macrophages

Inorganic polyphosphate (PolyP) is a high-molecular-weight polymer that plays multiple roles in regulating immune responses. However, the specific anti-inflammatory mechanisms of bacteria-derived PolyP are unclear. In the present study, PolyP was extracted from Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum), and the chain length was estimated to be approximately 250 Pi residues. The immune regulatory functions of PolyP were investigated using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cell oxidative stress model, and dexamethasone was used as a positive control. The result revealed that both dexamethasone and PolyP were protective against oxidative stress by inhibiting macrophage M1 polarization and the production of several markers, such as nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. In addition, PolyP suppressed inflammation progression by regulating the production of several cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, interferon (INF)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-6, and inhibited the expressions of inhibitory κB kinase (IKK) α, IKKβ, and extracellular regulated protein kinases 2 (ERK2). Conclusively, PolyP derived from L. plantarum has the ability to protect cells from oxidative stress damage by inhibiting M1 polarization in macrophages. These findings provide insights into the function of PolyP and offer support for the potential application of PolyP in immune-related diseases.

Investigation of anti-inflammatory effect of essential oil extracted from Achillea alpina L. through multi-omics analysis in zebrafish tail fin amputation model

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Achillea alpina L. is a traditional herbal medicine with a long history, which is often used to detoxify and relieve pain. Achillea alpina L. essential oil (AHO) is extracted from the aboveground part of the Achillea alpina L. The role of AHO on the in vivo anti-inflammatory effects remains unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To explore the anti-inflammatory effect and interaction mechanism of AHO in zebrafish tail fin model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The chemical components of AHO were first identified utilizing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A zebrafish tail fin model was employed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of AHO by observing the numbers of neutrophils and the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The combined application of transcriptomics and metabolomics helped us to explore the potential anti-inflammatory mechanism of AHO, and the expression of core gene was verified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

RESULTS

The principal constituents of the AHO included bicyclo sesquiphellandrene (11.99%), α-thujene (6.19%), 1-methyl-7-isopropyl naphthalene (5.90%), and β-elemene (5.58%). AHO exhibited potent anti-inflammatory properties by dramatically inhibiting the migration of neutrophils to the tail fin amputation site, along with autophagy linked to inflammation. Moreover, AHO had an excellent regulatory influence on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6, and interleukin 1β. Furthermore, transcriptome and metabolomic analyses identified a crucial gene and fourteen significant metabolites influenced by AHO in relation to inflammation. The investigation demonstrated that AHO modulated the inflammatory response via influencing amino acid and glucose metabolism.

CONCLUSION

In this study, AHO has excellent anti-inflammatory effects and shown remarkable regulatory effects on the expression of immune cells and pro-inflammatory factors in vivo, which is highlighting the necessity for more research and development as a potential anti-inflammatory drug.

Pyrrolidine Dithiocarbamate Ameliorates Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy by Inhibiting Autophagy and Inflammation in the Brain

Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is common and has poor clinical outcome. Sepsis increases autophagy in the brain. This study was designed to determine the role of autophagy on SAE including the brain structures related to learning and memory and the effects of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), an anti-inflammatory agent, on autophagy and SAE. Six- to eight-week old CD-1 male mice were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Some mice received intracerebroventricular injection of the autophagy suppressor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) or intraperitoneal injection of PDTC immediately at the completion of the CLP. ELISA was used to measure interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor α. Autophagy-related protein expression in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus was analyzed by Western blotting. The cognitive functions of mice were analyzed by Barnes maze and fear conditioning tests. CLP increased microtubuleassociated protein light chain 3 II (LC3II) and Beclin 1 and decreased p62 in the brain. CLP also increased proinflammatory cytokines and impaired learning and memory. These effects were inhibited by 3-MA and PDTC. Spine proliferation and maturation were impaired by CLP, which was attenuated by PDTC and 3MA. Abundant autophagic vacuoles were observed by transmission electron microscopy in CLP group. LC3II immunostaining was co-localized with that of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 and microtubule-associated protein-2. The co-staining was attenuated by 3-MA and PDTC. Our results suggest that sepsis increases autophagy in the microglia and neurons. Inhibiting autophagy improves SAE and brain structures related to learning and memory in mice. Autophagy and inflammation in the brain may regulate each other during sepsis.

Transcriptomic profiles of single-cell autophagy-related genes (ATGs) in lung diseases

Autophagy related genes (ATGs) play essential roles in maintaining cellular functions, although biological and pathological alterations of ATG phenotypes remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we utilized the single-cell sequencing technology to elucidate the transcriptomic atlas of ATGs in lung diseases, with a focus on lung epithelium and lymphocytes. This study conducted a comprehensive investigation into RNA profiles of ATGs in the lung tissues obtained from healthy subjects and patients with different lung diseases through single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), including COVID-19 related acute lung damage, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), systemic sclerosis (SSC), and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Our findings revealed significant variations of ATGs expression across lung epithelial cell subsets, e.g., over-expression of MAPK8 in basal cells, ATG10 in club cells, and BCL2 in a goblet cell subset. The changes of autophagy-related pathways varied between lung epithelial and lymphocyte subsets. We identified the disease-associated changes in ATG expression, including significant alterations in BCL2, BCL2L1, PRKCD, and PRKCQ in inflammatory lung diseases (COPD and IPF), and MAP2K7, MAPK3, and RHEB in lung cancer (LUAD), as compared to normal lung tissues. Key ligand-receptor pairs (e.g., CD6-ALCAM, CD99-CD99) and signaling pathways (e.g., APP, CD74) might serve as biomarkers for lung diseases. To evaluate ATGs responses to external challenges, we examined ATGs expression in different epithelial cell lines exposed to cigarette smoking extract (CSE), lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and cholesterol at various doses and durations. Notable changes were observed in CFLAR, EIF2S1, PPP2CA, and PPP2CB in A549 and H1299 against CSE and LPS. The heterogeneity of ATGs expression was dependent on cell subsets, pathologic conditions, and challenges, as well as varied among cellular phenotypes, functions, and behaviors, and the severity of lung diseases. In conclusion, our data might provide new insights into the roles of ATGs in epithelial biology and pulmonary disease pathogenesis, with implications for disease progression and prognosis.

Autophagy is involved in the toxicity of the biocontrol agent GC16 against Tetranychus pueraricola (Acari: Tetranychidae) based on transcriptomic and proteomic analyses

BACKGROUND

GC16 is a novel pesticide with acaricidal properties against the spider mite Tetranychus pueraricola (Ehara & Gotoh). Its physiological mechanisms have been described previously, but its molecular mechanisms of action remain unclear. Thus, we aimed to explore the acaricidal mechanisms of GC16 through transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. The results were verified using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), immunofluorescence assay, and western blotting.

RESULTS

Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses revealed 2717 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 374 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between the GC16-treated and control mites. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis indicated that the DEGs and DEPs were enriched in the autophagy pathway. TEM showed that the number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes was higher in the GC16-treated mites than in the control mites. Immunofluorescence assay and western blot results consistently indicated that GC16 treatment significantly enhanced the relative expression of the autophagy protein LC3 in insect Sf9 cells. The intracellular calcium concentration in the GC16-treated Sf9 cells was 2.30 times higher than that in the control cells, suggesting that GC16 disrupted calcium homeostasis and potentially acted as a calcium-driven nerve agent.

CONCLUSIONS

Autophagy is involved in the toxicity of GC16 against T. pueraricola and may be activated by elevated Ca2+ levels. This study reveals the molecular insecticidal mechanisms of GC16 and provides rationale for the field application of GC16 to control pest mites.

Inflammatory signalling during the perinatal period: Implications for short- and long-term disease risk

During pregnancy and the postpartum, there are dynamic fluctuations in steroid and peptide hormone levels as well as inflammatory signalling. These changes are required for a healthy pregnancy and can persist well beyond the postpartum. Many of the same hormone and inflammatory signalling changes observed during the perinatal period also play a role in symptoms related to autoimmune disorders, psychiatric disorders, and perhaps neurodegenerative disease later in life. In this review, we outline hormonal and immunological shifts linked to pregnancy and the postpartum and discuss the possible role of these shifts in increasing psychiatric, neurodegenerative disease risk and autoimmune symptoms during and following pregnancy. Furthermore, we discuss how key variables such as the number of births (parity) and sex of the fetus can influence inflammatory signalling, and possibly future disease risk, but are not often studied. We conclude by discussing the importance of studying female experiences such as pregnancy and parenting on physiology and disease.

Histone demethylases in autophagy and inflammation

Autophagy dysfunction is associated with changes in autophagy-related genes. Various factors are connected to autophagy, and the mechanism regulating autophagy is highly complicated. Epigenetic changes, such as aberrant expression of histone demethylase, are actively associated not only with oncogenesis but also with inflammatory responses. Among post-translational modifications, histone lysine methylation holds significant importance. There are over 30 members of histone lysine demethylases (KDMs), which act as epigenetic regulators in physiological processes and diseases. Importantly, KDMs are abnormally expressed in the regulation of cellular autophagy and inflammation, representing a crucial mechanism affecting inflammation-related diseases. This article reviewed the function of KDMs proteins in autophagy and inflammation. Specifically, It focused on the specific regulatory mechanisms underlying the activation or inhibition of autophagy, as well as their abnormal expression in inflammatory responses. By analyzing each KDM in epigenetic modification, this review provides a reliable theoretical basis for clinical decision marking regarding autophagy abnormalities and inflammatory diseases.

Autophagy inhibits nuclear factor kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inflammatory signaling pathways and modulates cytokine release in murine microglia following Streptococcus suis serotype 2 infection

Autophagy within macrophages serves as a vital mechanism for modulating inflammatory responses to central nervous system infections caused by Streptococcus suis in both humans and swine. However, the mechanism by which autophagy regulates inflammation during S. suis infection is unclear. This study investigated the mechanism by which autophagy serves as a defense against S. suis infection in mouse microglial cells (BV2). Initially, we examined how S. suis infection triggers the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/ mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) autophagic cascade and the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inflammatory signaling pathways using western blot within BV2 cells. We then demonstrated that treatment with autophagy inhibitors, inducers, and siRNA of autophagy genes changed the levels of C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL3, CCL5, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and p-p65, p-p38, p- c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p-Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity within BV2 cells. We found that S. suis infection induced AMPK/mTOR autophagy pathway, NF-κB and MAPK pathway in BV2 cells. Further, Autophagy inhibits S. suis infection-induced NF-κB and MAPK signaling and subsequent inflammatory factors CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, and TNF-α. Collectively, these findings suggest that AMPK/mTOR-regulated autophagy has an inhibitory effect on pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by regulating the NF-κB and MAPK pathways during S. suis infection.

Inactivation of ATG13 stimulates chronic demyelinating pathologies in muscle-serving nerves and spinal cord

Chronic muscle fatigue is a condition characterized by debilitating muscle weakness and pain. Based on our recent finding to study the potential effect of mTOR on ATG13 inactivation in chronic muscle fatigue, we report that biweekly oral administration with MHY1485, a potent inducer of mTOR, develops chronic illness in mice resulting in severe muscle weakness. As a mechanism, we observed that MHY1485 feeding impaired ATG13-dependent autophagy, caused the infiltration of inflammatory M1 macrophages (Mφ), upregulated IL6 and RANTES by STAT3 activation, and augmented demyelination in muscle-serving nerve fibers. Interestingly, these mice displayed worsened muscle fatigue during 2-day post-treadmill exercise, suggesting the critical role of chronic mTOR activation in potential PEM pathogenesis. Interestingly, ATG13-repressor mice exhibited enhanced infiltration of M1Mφ cells, STAT3 activation, demyelination of nerve fibers, and PEM-like symptoms, suggesting the potential role of ATG13 impairment in post-exertional fatigue. HIGHLIGHTS: The potential role of mTOR activation in post-exertional fatigue is highlighted. As a molecular mechanism, mTOR activation augments autophagy impairment via ATG13 inactivation. Autophagy impairment induces IL-6 and RANTES via STAT3, demyelinates nerves in the muscle and spinal cord. ATG13 repressor mice (Tg-ATG13) displayed inflammatory demyelination and post-treadmill fatigue.

Rosmarinic acid attenuated inflammation and apoptosis in folic acid-induced renal injury: Role of FoxO3/ NFκB pathway

Objectives

Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a herbal compound with various antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to explore the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties of RA in folic acid-induced renal injury.

Materials and Methods

Thirty-six male C57/BL6 mice were randomly divided into six groups (N=6): Control (received normal saline), NaHCO3 (received NaHCO3 as folic acid solvent), FA (received folic acid (FA)(IP) to induce renal injury), RA (received 100 mg/kg RA), RA50-FA (received 50 mg/kg RA solution after folic acid injection), and RA100-FA (received 100 mg/kg RA after folic acid injection). For ten days, the treatment groups received RA by gavage. The effects of RA were assessed using H & E staining, biochemical tests, western blotting, and ELISA in the kidney tissues of the mice. Real-time RT-PCR was also performed to evaluate the expression changes of renal genes.

Results

Our data showed that treatment by RA led to the over-expression of FoxO3 (P<0.05) and decrease in NFκB levels (P<0.01 and P<0.05) and expression of TNFα (P<0.05) and IL6 (P<0.001 and P<0.01). Other evaluations showed a decrease in p53 (P<0.01 and P<0.001), Bax/Bcl-2 ratio expression (P<0.01 and P<0.05), and Caspase-3 level (P<0.01 and P<0.05) compared to the folic acid group. Histological and biochemical results also confirmed the attenuation of tissue damage.

Conclusion

This study revealed that RA's positive effects on folic acid-induced renal injury might result from the involvement of the FoxO3/NFκB pathway, thereby suppressing inflammation and apoptosis.

High glucose promotes macrophage switching to the M1 phenotype via the downregulation of STAT-3 mediated autophagy

AIM

Imbalanced M1/M2 macrophage phenotype activation is a key point in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Macrophages mainly exhibit the M1 phenotype, which contributes to inflammation and fibrosis in DKD. Studies have indicated that autophagy plays an important role in M1/M2 activation. However, the mechanism by which autophagy regulates the macrophage M1/M2 phenotype in DKD is unknown. Thus, the aim of the present study was to explore whether high glucose-induced macrophages switch to the M1 phenotype via the downregulation of STAT-3-mediated autophagy.

METHODS

DKD model rats were established in vivo via the intraperitoneal injection of streptozocin (STZ). The rats were sacrificed at 18 weeks for histological and molecular analysis. RAW264.7 cells were cultured in vitro with 30 mM glucose in the presence or absence of a STAT-3 activator (colivelin) and an autophagy activator (rapamycin). Moreover, M1 and M2 macrophage activation models were established as a control group. Immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses were used to detect the expression of autophagy-related proteins (LC3 and Beclin-1), M1 markers (iNOS and CD11c) and M2 markers (MR and CD206).

RESULTS

In DKD, macrophages exhibit an M1 phenotype. Under high-glucose conditions, RAW264.7 macrophages switched to the M1 phenotype. Autophagy was downregulated in high glucose-induced M1 macrophages. Both the STAT-3 activator and the autophagy activator promoted the transition of glucose-induced M1 macrophages to M2 macrophages. Moreover, STAT-3 activation increased the expression of autophagy markers (LC3 and Beclin-1). However, the autophagy activator had no effect on STAT-3 phosphorylation.

CONCLUSION

High glucose promotes macrophage switching to the M1 phenotype via the downregulation of STAT-3-mediated autophagy.

Triolein alleviates ischemic stroke brain injury by regulating autophagy and inflammation through the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Triolein, a symmetric triglyceride exhibiting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, has demonstrated potential in mitigating cellular damage. However, its therapeutic efficacy in ischemic stroke (IS) and underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Given the critical roles of inflammation and autophagy in IS pathogenesis, this study aimed to elucidate the effects of triolein in IS and investigate its mechanism of action.

METHODS

We evaluated the impact of triolein using both in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) and in vivo middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO/R) models. Neurological function and cerebral infarct volume were assessed 72 h post-reperfusion. Autophagy was quantified through monodansyl cadaverine (MDC) labeling of autophagic vesicles and Western blot analysis of autophagy-related proteins. Microglial activation was visualized via immunofluorescence, while inflammatory cytokine expression was quantified using RT-qPCR. The cytoprotective effect of triolein on OGD/R-induced HT22 cells was evaluated using Cell Counting Kit-8 and lactate dehydrogenase release assays. The involvement of the Protein kinase B/Mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (AKT/mTOR) pathway was assessed through Western blot analysis.

RESULTS

Triolein administration significantly reduced infarct volume, enhanced neurological recovery, and attenuated M1 microglial activation and inflammation in MCAO/R-induced mice. Western blot analysis and MDC labeling revealed that triolein exerted an inhibitory effect on post-IS autophagy. Notably, in the BV2-induced OGD/R model, triolein demonstrated an autophagy-dependent suppression of the inflammatory response. Furthermore, triolein inhibited the activation of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, consequently attenuating autophagy and mitigating the post-IS inflammatory response.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides novel evidence that triolein exerts neuroprotective effects by inhibiting post-stroke inflammation through an autophagy-dependent mechanism. Moreover, the modulation of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway appears to be integral to the neuroprotective efficacy of triolein. These findings elucidate potential therapeutic strategies for IS management and warrant further investigation.

The dichotomic role of cytokines in aging

The chronic inflammation present in aged individuals is generally depicted as a detrimental player for longevity. Here, it is discussed several beneficial effects associated with the cytokines that are chronically elevated in inflammaging. These cytokines, such as IL-1β, type I interferons, IL-6 and TNF positively regulate macroautophagy, mitochondrial function, anti-tumor immune responses and skeletal muscle biogenesis, possibly contributing to longevity. On the other side, the detrimental and antagonistic role of these cytokines including the induction of sarcopenia, tissue damage and promotion of tumorigenesis are also discussed, underscoring the dichotomy associated with inflammaging and its players. In addition, it is discussed the role of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and other cytokines that affect aging in a more linear way, such as IL-11, which promotes senescence, and IL-4 and IL-15, which promotes longevity. It is also discussed more specific regulators of aging that are downstream cytokines-mediated signaling.

A review of bacterial and osteoclast differentiation in bone infection

Bone infections are characterized by bacterial invasion of the bone microenvironment and subsequent bone structure deterioration. This holds significance because osteoclasts, which are the only cells responsible for bone resorption, are abnormally stimulated during bone infections. Multiple communication factors secreted by bone stromal cells regulate the membrane of osteoclast progenitor cells, thereby maintaining bone homeostasis through the expression of many types of receptors. During infection, the immunoinflammatory response triggered by bacterial invasion and multiple virulence factors of bacterial origin can disrupt osteoclast homeostasis. Therefore, clarifying the pathways through which bacteria affect osteoclasts can offer a theoretical basis for preventing and treating bone infections. This review summarizes studies investigating bone destruction caused by different bacterial infections. In conclusion, bacteria can affect osteoclast metabolic activity through multiple pathways, including direct contact, release of virulence factors, induction of immunoinflammatory responses, influence on bone stromal cell metabolism, and intracellular infections.

A review focuses on a neglected and controversial component of SCI: myelin debris

Myelin sheath, as the multilayer dense structure enclosing axons in humans and other higher organisms, may rupture due to various injury factors after spinal cord injury, thus producing myelin debris. The myelin debris contains a variety of myelin-associated inhibitors (MAIs) and lipid, all inhibiting the repair after spinal cord injury. Through summary and analysis, the present authors found that the inhibition of myelin debris can be mainly divided into two categories: firstly, the direct inhibition mediated by MAIs; secondly, the indirect inhibition mediated by lipid such as cholesterol. It is worth noting that phagocytes are required in the latter indirect inhibition, such as professional phagocytes (macrophages et al.) and non-professional phagocytes (astrocytes et al.). Moreover, complement and the immune system also participate in the phagocytosis of myelin debris, working together with phagocytes to aggravate spinal cord injury. In conclusion, this paper focuses on the direct and indirect effects of myelin debris on spinal cord injury, aiming to provide new inspiration and reflection for the basic research of spinal cord injury and the conception of related treatment.

Temporal Dynamics of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most common lung complication of prematurity. Despite extensive research, our understanding of its pathophysiology remains limited, as reflected by the stable prevalence of BPD. Prematurity is the primary risk factor for BPD, with oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation playing significant roles and being closely linked to premature birth. Understanding the interplay and temporal relationship between OS and inflammation is crucial for developing new treatments for BPD. Animal studies suggest that OS and inflammation can exacerbate each other. Clinical trials focusing solely on antioxidants or anti-inflammatory therapies have been unsuccessful. In contrast, vitamin A and caffeine, with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, have shown some efficacy, reducing BPD by about 10%. However, more than one-third of very preterm infants still suffer from BPD. New therapeutic agents are needed. A novel tripeptide, N-acetyl-lysyltyrosylcysteine amide (KYC), is a reversible myeloperoxidase inhibitor and a systems pharmacology agent. It reduces BPD severity by inhibiting MPO, enhancing antioxidative proteins, and alleviating endoplasmic reticulum stress and cellular senescence in a hyperoxia rat model. KYC represents a promising new approach to BPD treatment.

MicroRNAs: pioneering regulators in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy

This article delves into Alzheimer's disease (AD), a prevalent neurodegenerative condition primarily affecting the elderly. It is characterized by progressive memory and cognitive impairments, severely disrupting daily life. Recent research highlights the potential involvement of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of AD. MicroRNAs (MiRNAs), short non-coding RNAs comprising 20-24 nucleotides, significantly influence gene regulation by hindering translation or promoting degradation of target genes. This review explores the role of specific miRNAs in AD progression, focusing on their impact on β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide accumulation, intracellular aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and the expression of the APOE4 gene. Our insights contribute to understanding AD's pathology, offering new avenues for identifying diagnostic markers and developing novel therapeutic targets.

Novel Therapeutic Mechanisms and Strategies for Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Focusing on Exosomes

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a primary, non-traumatic cerebral event associated with substantial mortality and disability. Despite advancements in understanding its etiology and refining diagnostic techniques, a validated treatment to significantly improve ICH prognosis remains elusive. Exosomes, a subtype of extracellular vesicles, encapsulate bioactive components, predominantly microRNAs (miRNAs), facilitating and regulating intercellular communication. Currently, exosomes have garnered considerable interests in clinical transformation for their nanostructure, minimal immunogenicity, low toxicity, inherent stability, and the ability to traverse the blood-brain barrier. A wealth of studies has demonstrated that exosomes can improve the prognosis of ICH through anti-apoptosis, neurogenesis, angiogenesis, anti-inflammation, immunomodulation, and autophagy, primarily via the transportation or overexpression of selected miRNAs. More importantly, exosomes can be easily customized with specific miRNAs or bioactive compounds to establish delivery systems, broadening their potential applications. This review focuses on the therapeutic potential of exosomes in ICH, reviewing the mechanisms of molecular biology mediated by certain miRNAs, discussing the benefits, challenges, and future prospects in ICH treatment. We hope comprehensive understanding of exosomes based on miRNAs will provide new insights into the treatment of ICH and guide the translation of exosome's research from laboratory to clinical practice.

Green Late-Stage Functionalization of Tryptamines

An efficient and rapid protocol for the oxidative halogenation of tryptamines with 10 % aqueous NaClO has been developed. This reaction is featured by its operational simplicity, metal-free conditions, no purification, and high yield. Notably, the resulting key intermediates are suitable for further functionalization with various nucleophiles, including amines, N-aromatic heterocycles, indoles and phenols. The overall transformation exhibits broad functional-group tolerance and is applicable to the late-stage functionalization of complex biorelevant molecules.

Synergistic Treatment of Breast Cancer by Combining the Antimicrobial Peptide Piscidin with a Modified Glycolipid

Piscidin 3 (P3), a peptide produced by fish, and a hexyl ester-modified sophorolipid (SL-HE), have individually shown promise as antimicrobial and anticancer drugs. A recent report by our team revealed that combining P3 with SL-HE in a 1:8 molar ratio resulted in an 8-fold enhancement in peptide activity, while SL-HE improved by 25-fold its antimicrobial activity against the Gram-positive microorganism Bacillus cereus. Extending these findings, the same P3/SL-HE combination was assessed on two breast cancer cell lines: BT-474, a hormonally positive cell line, and MDA-MB-231, an aggressive triple-negative cell line. The results demonstrated that the 1:8 molar ratio of P3/SL-HE synergistically enhances the anticancer effects against both tumorigenic breast cell lines. Mechanistic studies indicate the activation of an intrinsic apoptotic cell death mechanism through an increase in reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction and a secondary programmed necrotic pathway that involves pore formation in the plasma membrane. When a fibroblast cell line, CCD1065SK HDF, was utilized to determine selectivity, the synergistic SL-HE/P3 combination exhibited a protective property compared to the use of SL-HE alone and therefore afforded vastly improved selectivity indices. Given the promising results reported herein, the synergistic combination of P3/SL-HE constitutes a novel strategy that merits further study for the treatment of breast cancer.

The effect of novel paraprobiotic cocktail on dextran sodium sulfate induced acute colitis control focusing on autophagy signaling pathway

PURPOSE

Paraprobiotics are a non-viable form of probiotics that are reported to provide significant health benefits. Nevertheless, little is known about the beneficial effects of paraprobiotics on inflammatory bowel disease. Although probiotics show potential as therapeutic agents for a range of diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), there are certain risks associated with their use. These risks include toxin production, hemolytic potential, antibiotic resistance, and the need to analyze metabolic activities. Hence Using paraprobiotic with the lower aforementioned risk would therefore be the preferable option. Here, we conducted an in vivo study to evaluate the preventive effect of our native paraprobiotic cocktail against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced murine colitis by affecting the autophagy signaling pathway.

METHODS

Four-week-old male C57Bl/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups after a two-week acclimation period with normal standard laboratory food diet. Mice were administered PBS (PBS group as control), PBS along with DSS (DSS group, as a control), and a cocktail of paraprobiotics along with DSS (Para group). The severity of colitis, length and histopathology of the colon were evaluated. In addition, the expression of autophagy was assessed using real-time PCR.

RESULTS

The results showed that administration of the paraprobiotic cocktail to DSS-treated mice inhibited the severity of colitis symptoms, as evidenced by the inhibition of weight loss and DAI, as well as histopathological scores in the study colon, as well as shortening of colon length caused by DSS. In contrast to the DSS group, the cocktail was able to modulate inflammation through upregulation of autophagy-related genes (becline 1, atg5, atg7, atg12, and atg13).

CONCLUSION

Although there are some limitations in our investigation, such as the dosage and duration of treatments, our native paraprobiotic blend effectively prevented the advancement of colitis. This suggests that it plays a vital role in regulating inflammation and preventing colitis by promoting the autophagy mechanism in cases where the consumption of probiotics may have negative consequences.

Long non-coding RNAs as pathophysiological regulators, therapeutic targets and novel extracellular vesicle biomarkers for the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing disease of the gastrointestinal (GI) system that includes two groups, Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). To cope with these two classes of IBD, the investigation of pathogenic mechanisms and the discovery of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are crucial. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) which are non-coding RNAs with a length of longer than 200 nucleotides have indicated significant association with the pathology of IBD and strong potential to be used as accurate biomarkers in diagnosing and predicting responses to the IBD treatment. In the current review, we aim to investigate the role of lncRNAs in the pathology and development of IBD. We first describe recent advances in research on dysregulated lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of IBD from the perspective of epithelial barrier function, intestinal immunity, mitochondrial function, and intestinal autophagy. Then, we highlight the possible translational role of lncRNAs as therapeutic targets, diagnostic biomarkers, and predictors of therapeutic response in colon tissues and plasma samples. Finally, we discuss the potential of extracellular vesicles and their lncRNA cargo in the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of IBD.

Curcumin and its anti-colorectal cancer potential: From mechanisms of action to autophagy

Colorectal cancer (CRC) development and progression, one of the most common cancers globally, is supported by specific mechanisms to escape cell death despite chemotherapy, including cellular autophagy. Autophagy is an evolutionarily highly conserved degradation pathway involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and clearance of foreign bodies, and its imbalance is associated with many diseases. However, the role of autophagy in CRC progression remains controversial, as it has a dual function, affecting either cell death or survival, and is associated with cellular senescence in tumor therapy. Indeed, numerous data have been presented that autophagy in cancers serves as an alternative to cell apoptosis when the latter is ineffective or in apoptosis-resistant cells, which is why it is also referred to as programmed cell death type II. Curcumin, one of the active constituents of Curcuma longa, has great potential to combat CRC by influencing various cellular signaling pathways and epigenetic regulation in a safe and cost-effective approach. This review discusses the efficacy of curcumin against CRC in vitro and in vivo, particularly its modulation of autophagy and apoptosis in various cellular pathways. While clinical studies have assessed the potential of curcumin in cancer prevention and treatment, none have specifically examined its role in autophagy. Nonetheless, we offer an overview of potential correlations to support the use of this polyphenol as a prophylactic or co-therapeutic agent in CRC.

New insights into the interplay between autophagy, gut microbiota and insulin resistance in metabolic syndrome

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a widespread and multifactorial disorder, and the study of its pathogenesis and treatment remains challenging. Autophagy, an intracellular degradation system that maintains cellular renewal and homeostasis, is essential for maintaining antimicrobial defense, preserving epithelial barrier integrity, promoting mucosal immune response, maintaining intestinal homeostasis, and regulating gut microbiota and microbial metabolites. Dysfunctional autophagy is implicated in the pathological mechanisms of MetS, involving insulin resistance (IR), chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, with IR being a predominant feature. The study of autophagy represents a valuable field of research with significant clinical implications for identifying autophagy-related signals, pathways, mechanisms, and treatment options for MetS. Given the multifactorial etiology and various potential risk factors, it is imperative to explore the interplay between autophagy and gut microbiota in MetS more thoroughly. This will facilitate the elucidation of new mechanisms underlying the crosstalk among autophagy, gut microbiota, and MetS, thereby providing new insights into the diagnosis and treatment of MetS.

Role of Inositol-Requiring Enzyme 1 and Autophagy in the Pro-Fibrotic Mechanism Underlying Graves' Orbitopathy

PURPOSE

Orbital fibroblasts play key roles in the pathogenesis of Graves' orbitopathy (GO), and previous findings have shown that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy also contribute to GO. In this study, we investigated the presently unclear roles of inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) and related autophagy processes in the pro-fibrotic mechanism of GO.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Orbital adipose/connective tissues were obtained from eight GO patients and six normal individuals during surgery. GO fibroblasts were transfected with IRE1 small-interfering RNA and treated with bafilomycin A1 (Baf-A1) to evaluate the inhibitory effects of ER stress and autophagy, and protein-expression levels were analyzed through western blotting after stimulation with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β.

RESULTS

TGF-β stimulation upregulated IRE1 in GO orbital fibroblasts, whereas silencing IRE1 suppressed fibrosis and autophagy responses. Similarly, Baf-A1, an inhibitor of late-phase autophagy, decreased the expression of pro-fibrotic proteins.

CONCLUSION

IRE1 mediates autophagy and the pro-fibrotic mechanism of GO, which provides a more comprehensive interpretation of GO pathogenesis and suggests potential therapeutic targets.

Autophagy and inflammation an intricate affair in the management of obesity and metabolic disorders: evidence for novel pharmacological strategies?

Unhealthy lifestyle habits including a sedentary life, the lack of physical activity, and wrong dietary habits are the major ones responsible for the constant increase of obesity and metabolic disorders prevalence worldwide; therefore, the scientific community pays significant attention to the pharmacotherapy of such diseases, beyond lifestyle interventions, the use of medical devices, and surgical approaches. The intricate interplay between autophagy and inflammation appears crucial to orchestrate fundamental aspects of cellular and organismal responses to challenging stimuli, including metabolic insults; hence, when these two processes are dysregulated (enhanced or suppressed) they produce pathologic effects. The present review summarizes the existing literature reporting the intricate affair between autophagy and inflammation in the context of metabolic disorders, including obesity, diabetes, and liver metabolic diseases (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)). The evidence collected so far suggests that an alteration of autophagy might lead to maladaptive metabolic and inflammatory responses thus exacerbating the severity of the disease, and the most prominent conclusion underlies that autophagy might exert a protective function by contributing to balance inflammation. However, the complex nature of obesity and metabolic disorders might represent a limit of the studies; indeed, although many pharmacological treatments, producing positive metabolic effects, are also able to modulate autophagic flux and inflammation, it is not clear if the final beneficial effect might occur only by their mechanism of action, rather than because of additionally involved pathways. Finally, although future studies are needed, the observation that anti-obesity and antidiabetic drugs already on the market, including incretin mimetic agents, facilitate autophagy by dampening inflammation, strongly contributes to the idea that autophagy might represent a druggable system for the development of novel pharmacological tools that might represent an attractive strategy for the treatment of obesity and metabolic disorders.

Autophagy in Its (Proper) Context: Molecular Basis, Biological Relevance, Pharmacological Modulation, and Lifestyle Medicine

Autophagy plays a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and responding to various stress conditions by the degradation of intracellular components. In this narrative review, we provide a comprehensive overview of autophagy's cellular and molecular basis, biological significance, pharmacological modulation, and its relevance in lifestyle medicine. We delve into the intricate molecular mechanisms that govern autophagy, including macroautophagy, microautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy. Moreover, we highlight the biological significance of autophagy in aging, immunity, metabolism, apoptosis, tissue differentiation and systemic diseases, such as neurodegenerative or cardiovascular diseases and cancer. We also discuss the latest advancements in pharmacological modulation of autophagy and their potential implications in clinical settings. Finally, we explore the intimate connection between lifestyle factors and autophagy, emphasizing how nutrition, exercise, sleep patterns and environmental factors can significantly impact the autophagic process. The integration of lifestyle medicine into autophagy research opens new avenues for promoting health and longevity through personalized interventions.

CKLF induces microglial activation via triggering defective mitophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction

Although microglial activation is induced by an increase in chemokines, the role of mitophagy in this process remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the role of microglial mitophagy in CKLF/CKLF1 (chemokine-like factor 1)-induced microglial activation and neuroinflammation, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms following CKLF treatment. This study determined that CKLF, an inducible chemokine in the brain, leads to an increase in mitophagy markers, such as DNM1L, PINK1 (PTEN induced putative kinase 1), PRKN, and OPTN, along with a simultaneous increase in autophagosome formation, as evidenced by elevated levels of BECN1 and MAP1LC3B (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta)-II. However, SQSTM1, a substrate of autophagy, was also accumulated by CKLF treatment, suggesting that mitophagy flux was reduced and mitophagosomes accumulated. These findings were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and confocal microscopy. The defective mitophagy observed in our study was caused by impaired lysosomal function, including mitophagosome-lysosome fusion, lysosome generation, and acidification, resulting in the accumulation of damaged mitochondria in microglial cells. Further analysis revealed that pharmacological blocking or gene-silencing of mitophagy inhibited CKLF-mediated microglial activation, as evidenced by the expression of the microglial marker AIF1 (allograft inflammatory factor 1) and the mRNA of proinflammatory cytokines (Tnf and Il6). Ultimately, defective mitophagy induced by CKLF results in microglial activation, as observed in the brains of adult mice. In summary, CKLF induces defective mitophagy, microglial activation, and inflammation, providing a potential approach for treating neuroinflammatory diseases.Abbreviation: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; AIF1: allograft inflammatory factor 1; ANOVA: analysis of variance; BAF: bafilomycin A1; BSA: bovine serum albumin; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone; cGAMP: cyclic GMP-AMP; CGAS: cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; CKLF/CKLF1: chemokine-like factor 1; CNS: central nervous system; DMEM: Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium; DNM1L: dynamin 1 like; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GFP: green fluorescence protein; IRF3: interferon regulatory factor 3; IgG: immunoglobulin G; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; LAPTM4A: lysosomal-associated protein transmembrane 4A; MAP1LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; Mdivi-1: mitochondrial division inhibitor 1; mRFP: monomeric red fluorescent protein; mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA; MTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 1; OPTN: optineurin; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; PINK1: PTEN induced putative kinase 1; PLL: poly-L-lysine; PRKN: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; qPCR: quantitative polymerase chain reaction; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; TBK1: TANK-binding kinase 1; TFEB: transcription factor EB; VDAC: voltage-dependent anion channel.

Retinoic acid alleviates rotavirus-induced intestinal damage by regulating redox homeostasis and autophagic flux in piglets

Rotaviruses (RV) are a major cause of severe gastroenteritis, particularly in neonatal piglets. Despite the availability of effective vaccines, the development of antiviral therapies for RV remains an ongoing challenge. Retinoic acid (RA), a metabolite of vitamin A, has been shown to have anti-oxidative and antiviral properties. However, the mechanism by which RA exerts its intestinal-protective and antiviral effects on RV infection is not fully understood. The study investigates the effects of RA supplementation in Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire (DLY) piglets challenged with RV. Thirty-six DLY piglets were assigned into six treatments, including a control group, RA treatment group with two concentration gradients (5 and 15 mg/d), RV treatment group, and RV treatment group with the addition of different concentration gradients of RA (5 and 15 mg/d). Our study revealed that RV infection led to extensive intestinal architecture damage, which was mitigated by RA treatment at lower concentrations by increasing the villus height and villus height/crypt depth ratio (P < 0.05), enhancing intestinal stem cell signaling and promoting intestinal barrier functions. In addition, 15 mg/d RA supplementation significantly increased NRF2 and HO-1 protein expression (P < 0.05) and GSH content (P < 0.05), indicating that RA supplementation can enhance anti-oxidative signaling and redox homeostasis after RV challenge. Additionally, the research demonstrated that RA exerts a dual impact on the regulation of autophagy, both stimulating the initiation of autophagy and hindering the flow of autophagic flux. Through the modulation of autophagic flux, RA influence the progression of RV infection. These findings provide new insights into the regulation of redox hemostasis and autophagy by RA and its potential therapeutic application in RV infection.

Blood Level of Nitric Oxide Metabolites and Expression of Genes Regulating NO Synthesis in Early Forms of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

The levels of NO metabolites in the plasma and mRNA of the NOS3, ATG9B, and NOS2 genes in peripheral blood leukocytes of healthy people and patients with early forms of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (steatosis and weak activity non-alcoholic steatohepatitis) were studied. In patients with steatohepatitis, the concentration of NO metabolites in the blood and the level of mRNA of the NOS2 gene were higher than in patients with steatosis and healthy people. These differences can be of diagnostic value for distinguishing between steatosis and weak activity steatohepatitis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. A correlation between the levels of NO metabolites and the expression of the NOS2 gene in weak activity steatohepatitis was established, which indicates activation of NO synthesis in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis due to the expression of the inducible NO synthase gene. The level of the NOS2 gene mRNA in peripheral blood leukocytes of patients with weak activity steatohepatitis correlated with the level of TNFα and IL-6 cytokines. An increase in the level of NO in the blood in weak activity steatohepatitis correlated with the level of MDA, an indicator of oxidative stress.

Real-time visualization the pH fluctuations of living cells with a ratiometric near-infrared fluorescent probe

In situ real-time quantitative monitoring pH fluctuation in complex living systems is vitally significant. In the current work, a ratiometric near-infrared (NIR) probe (MCyOH) was developed to confront this challenge. MCyOH exhibited good sensitivity, photostability, reversibility, and an ideal pKa (pKa = 6.65). Ratiometric character of MCyOH is beneficial to accuracy detect the pH fluctuations in living cells under different stimulation. The observations showed that intracellular pH was decreased when HepG2 cells under oxidative stress or starvation conditions. In particular, HepG2 cells was acidulated after addition of ethanol, however, the acidification phenomenon was attenuated or disappeared when HepG2 cells preincubated with disulfiram or fomepizole. Finally, MCyOH was successfully applied to observe the increasement of intracellular pH when HepG2 cells treated with fomepizole individually. Overall, MCyOH would be a practical candidate to explore pH-associated physiological and pathological varieties.

Plant Monoterpenes and Essential Oils as Potential Anti-Ageing Agents: Insights from Preclinical Data

Ageing is a natural process characterized by a time-dependent decline of physiological integrity that compromises functionality and inevitably leads to death. This decline is also quite relevant in major human pathologies, being a primary risk factor in neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases and musculoskeletal disorders. Bearing this in mind, it is not surprising that research aiming at improving human health during this process has burst in the last decades. Importantly, major hallmarks of the ageing process and phenotype have been identified, this knowledge being quite relevant for future studies towards the identification of putative pharmaceutical targets, enabling the development of preventive/therapeutic strategies to improve health and longevity. In this context, aromatic plants have emerged as a source of potential bioactive volatile molecules, mainly monoterpenes, with many studies referring to their anti-ageing potential. Nevertheless, an integrated review on the current knowledge is lacking, with several research approaches studying isolated ageing hallmarks or referring to an overall anti-ageing effect, without depicting possible mechanisms of action. Herein, we aim to provide an updated systematization of the bioactive potential of volatile monoterpenes on recently proposed ageing hallmarks, and highlight the main mechanisms of action already identified, as well as possible chemical entity-activity relations. By gathering and categorizing the available scattered information, we also aim to identify important research gaps that could help pave the way for future research in the field.

High mobility group box 1 promotes endometriosis under hypoxia by regulating inflammation and autophagy in vitro and in vivo

BACKGROUND

Endometriosis is a chronic disease. Our previous study identified a positive correlation between high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and endometriosis, and HMGB1 and inflammation. However, the precise roles of HMGB1 in endometriosis are not fully elucidated.

METHODS

We overexpressed HMGB1 in human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs). The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and autophagy-related markers were detected by Western blot and ELISA. We generated HMGB1 deficient mice and established the murine model of endometriosis. The development of endometriosis was evaluated. The expression of cytokines and markers of autophagy in implant lesions and mouse endometrial stromal cells was measured.

RESULTS

Overexpression of HMGB1 in HESCs promoted the pro-inflammatory cytokines production and expression of autophagy-related markers. HMGB1 deficient mice had less implant lesions, decreased inflammatory cytokines level and down-regulated autophagy-related markers in implant lesions and mouse endometrial stromal cells.

CONCLUSION

HMGB1 promotes endometriosis by regulating inflammation and autophagy.

TDP-43 pathology links innate and adaptive immunity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is the most common fatal motor neuron disease. Approximately 90% of ALS patients exhibit pathology of the master RNA regulator, Transactive Response DNA Binding protein (TDP-43). Despite the prevalence TDP-43 pathology in ALS motor neurons, recent findings suggest immune dysfunction is a determinant of disease progression in patients. Whether TDP-43 pathology elicits disease-modifying immune responses in ALS remains underexplored. In this study, we demonstrate that TDP-43 pathology is internalized by antigen presenting cells, causes vesicle rupture, and leads to innate and adaptive immune cell activation. Using a multiplex imaging platform, we observed interactions between innate and adaptive immune cells near TDP-43 pathological lesions in ALS brain. We used a mass cytometry-based whole-blood stimulation assay to provide evidence that ALS patient peripheral immune cells exhibit responses to TDP-43 aggregates. Taken together, this study provides a novel link between TDP-43 pathology and ALS immune dysfunction, and further highlights the translational and diagnostic implications of monitoring and manipulating the ALS immune response.

The intensity-dependent effects of exercise and superimposing environmental heat stress on autophagy in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from older men

Autophagy is a vital cellular process, essential to maintaining cellular function during acute physiological stressors including exercise and heat stress. We previously showed that autophagy occurs during exercise in an intensity-dependent manner in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from young men, with elevated responses in the heat. However, given autophagy declines with age, it is unclear whether a similar pattern of response occurs in older adults. Therefore, we evaluated autophagy and the cellular stress response [i.e., apoptosis, inflammation, and the heat shock response (HSR)] in PBMCs from 10 healthy older men [mean (SD): aged 70 yr (5)] in response to 30 min of semirecumbent cycling at low, moderate, and vigorous intensities [40, 55, and 70% maximal oxygen consumption (V̇o2max), respectively] in a temperate (25°C) environment, with an additional vigorous-intensity bout (70% of V̇o2max) performed in a hot environment (40°C). Responses were evaluated before and after exercise, as well as throughout a 6-h seated recovery period performed in the same environmental conditions as the respective exercise bout. Proteins were assessed via Western blot. Although we observed elevations in mean body temperature with each increase in exercise intensity, autophagy was only stimulated during vigorous-intensity exercise, where we observed elevations in LC3-II (P < 0.05). However, when the same exercise was performed in the heat, the LC3-II response was attenuated, which was accompanied by significant p62 accumulation (P < 0.05). Altogether, our findings demonstrate that older adults exhibit autophagic impairments when the same vigorous-intensity exercise is performed in hot environments, potentially underlying heat-induced cellular vulnerability in older men.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that autophagic stimulation occurs in response to short-duration (30-min) vigorous-intensity exercise in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from older adults; however, no changes in autophagy occur during low- or moderate-intensity exercise. Moreover, older adults exhibit autophagic impairments when the same vigorous-intensity exercise is performed in hot ambient conditions. When paired with an attenuated heat shock response, as well as elevated apoptotic responses, older men may exhibit greater cellular vulnerability to exertional heat stress.

The Common Denominators of Parkinson's Disease Pathogenesis and Methamphetamine Abuse

The pervasiveness and mortality associated with methamphetamine abuse have doubled during the past decade, suggesting a possible worldwide substance use crisis. Epitomizing the pathophysiology and toxicology of methamphetamine abuse proclaims severe signs and symptoms of neurotoxic and neurobehavioral manifestations in both humans and animals. Most importantly, chronic use of this drug enhances the probability of developing neurodegenerative diseases manifolds. Parkinson's disease is one such neurological disorder, which significantly and evidently not only shares a number of toxic pathogenic mechanisms induced by methamphetamine exposure but is also interlinked both structurally and genetically. Methamphetamine-induced neurodegeneration involves altered dopamine homeostasis that promotes the aggregation of α-synuclein protofibrils in the dopaminergic neurons and drives these neurons to make them more vulnerable to degeneration, as recognized in Parkinson's disease. Moreover, the pathologic mechanisms such as mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and decreased neurogenesis detected in methamphetamine abusers dramatically resemble to what is observed in Parkinson's disease cases. Therefore, the present review comprehensively cumulates a holistic illustration of various genetic and molecular mechanisms putting across the notion of how methamphetamine administration and intoxication might lead to Parkinson's disease-like pathology and Parkinsonism.

FGF21 Improves Glycolipid Metabolism in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fed a High-Carbohydrate Diet by Inhibiting Inflammatory Responses and Activating Autophagy

In this study, the coding region of rainbow trout fgf21 was cloned and sequenced to synthesize a recombinant protein (rFGF21) and investigate its potential role in improving glycolipid metabolism. Acute injection of rFGF21 into rainbow trout effectively reduced serum glucose levels. To investigate the effect of rFGF21 on high-carbohydrate diet (HCD)-induced metabolic disorders in rainbow trout, a 31-day feeding experiment was conducted. At the end of the third week, fish were injected with either PBS or rFGF21. The results showed that the final body weight (FBW) significantly increased in rainbow trout on an HCD (P < 0.05), but there were potential risks including disturbances in glycolipid metabolism and increased inflammatory responses. However, these effects were altered by rFGF21 treatment. In addition, rFGF21 promotes glucose uptake by increasing the phosphorylation levels of AKT (protein kinase B) and GSK3β (glycogen synthase kinase 3β), increasing hepatic glycogen, thereby lowering serum glucose. Notably, the rFGF21 did not exacerbate the inflammatory response but downregulated the expression of inflammatory factors. Interestingly, the activation of autophagy and the AMPK pathway may contribute to the positive effect of rFGF21, where rFGF21 injection significantly increased the levels of LC3I/II protein and phosphorylate AMPKα (P < 0.05).

Moringa oleifera and Autophagy: Evidence from In Vitro Studies on Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy in HepG2 Cancer Cells

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most prevalent primary liver cancer in Sub-Saharan African countries, including South Africa (SA). Given the limitations in current HCC therapeutics, there is an increasing need for alternative adjuvant therapeutic options. As such, several cell survival mechanisms, such as autophagy, have been identified as potential adjuvant therapeutic targets in HCC treatment. Of the three most established autophagic pathways, the upregulation of chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) has been extensively described in various cancer cells, including HCC cells. CMA promotes tumor growth and chemotherapeutic drug resistance, thus contributing to HCC tumorigenesis. Therefore, the modulation of CMA serves as a promising adjuvant target for current HCC therapeutic strategies. Phytochemical extracts found in the medicinal plant, Moringa oleifera (MO), have been shown to induce apoptosis in numerous cancer cells, including HCC. MO leaves have the greatest abundance of phytochemicals displaying anticancer potential. However, the potential interaction between the pro-apoptotic effects of MO aqueous leaf extract and the survival-promoting role of CMA in an in vitro model of HCC remains unclear. This review aims to summarize the latest findings on the role of CMA, and MO in the progression of HCC.

Cytological Study of Topical Effect of Azelastine Hydrochloride on the Nasal Mucous Membrane Cells in Various Nasal Rhinitis Types

Previous reports on the benefits of using local therapy with azelastine in rhinitis focus on the assessment of clinical symptoms and the analysis of nasal lavage for the presence of inflammatory cells and the expression of adhesion molecules. Little attention has been paid to studies assessing the effect of azelastine on individual cytotypes of the nasal mucosa, especially epithelial cells, also in the context of inducing morphological changes. The aim of this study was the cytological analysis of swabs taken from the surface of the nasal mucosa of patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) and nonallergic/vasomotor rhinitis (NAR/VMR) who were subjected to 4 weeks of therapy with azelastine and then comparing the obtained results with the pre-treatment condition. The technique of obtaining materials for cytoanalysis included sampling, staining of smears, microscopic analysis, and preparation of cytograms. Our studies confirmed the therapeutic benefits of azelastine in both study groups. Significant changes were demonstrated, confirming the regeneration of ciliated cells and the induction of autophagy and apoptosis in epithelial cells. Such changes indicate new mechanisms of action of azelastine, which play a significant role in restoring homeostasis in the nasal mucosa. The presented research also results in a detailed description of cytological changes in both studied rhinitis types, which complements the knowledge regarding prognostic indicators.

Astaxanthin enhances autophagy, amyloid beta clearance and exerts anti-inflammatory effects in in vitro models of Alzheimer's disease-related blood brain barrier dysfunction and inflammation

Defective degradation and clearance of amyloid-β as well as inflammation per se are crucial players in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). A defective transport across the blood-brain barrier is causative for amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation in the brain, provoking amyloid plaque formation. Using primary porcine brain capillary endothelial cells and murine organotypic hippocampal slice cultures as in vitro models of AD, we investigated the effects of the antioxidant astaxanthin (ASX) on Aβ clearance and neuroinflammation. We report that ASX enhanced the clearance of misfolded proteins in primary porcine brain capillary endothelial cells by inducing autophagy and altered the Aβ processing pathway. We observed a reduction in the expression levels of intracellular and secreted amyloid precursor protein/Aβ accompanied by an increase in ABC transporters ABCA1, ABCG1 as well as low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 mRNA levels. Furthermore, ASX treatment increased autophagic flux as evidenced by increased lipidation of LC3B-II as well as reduced protein expression of phosphorylated S6 ribosomal protein and mTOR. In LPS-stimulated brain slices, ASX exerted anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the secretion of inflammatory cytokines while shifting microglia polarization from M1 to M2 phenotype. Our data suggest ASX as potential therapeutic compound ameliorating AD-related blood brain barrier impairment and inflammation.

NLRP3 inflammasome in cognitive impairment and pharmacological properties of its inhibitors

Cognitive impairment is a multifactorial and multi-step pathological process that places a heavy burden on patients and the society. Neuroinflammation is one of the main factors leading to cognitive impairment. The inflammasomes are multi-protein complexes that respond to various microorganisms and endogenous danger signals, helping to initiate innate protective responses in inflammatory diseases. NLRP3 inflammasomes produce proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin IL-1β and IL-18) by activating caspase-1. In this review, we comprehensively describe the structure and functions of the NLRP3 inflammasome. We also explore the intrinsic relationship between the NLRP3 inflammasome and cognitive impairment, which involves immune cell activation, cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, mitochondrial autophagy, and neuroinflammation. Finally, we describe NLRP3 inflammasome antagonists as targeted therapies to improve cognitive impairment.

Electroacupuncture alleviates intrauterine adhesion through regulating autophagy in rats

Autophagy is a well-conserved metabolic system that maintains homeostasis by relying on lysosomal breakdown. The endometrium of patients with intrauterine adhesion (IUA) and an animal model exhibits impaired autophagy. Autophagy is negatively correlated with inflammation. Activation of autophagy can inhibit the inflammatory response, while defects in autophagy will activate the inflammatory response. Here, we studied whether electroacupuncture (EA) inhibits inflammation and promotes endometrial injury repair by activating endometrial autophagy. The IUA animal model was established by mechanical injury plus lipopolysaccharide infection. EA stimulation was applied to the acupoints Guanyuan (CV4), bilateral Sanyinjiao (SP6), and Zusanli (ST36). The results indicated that EA could improve endometrial morphology, attenuate endometrial fibers, and enhance endometrial receptivity in the rat. EA could increase the autophagosomes of endometrial epithelial cells, increase the levels of LC3 and Beclin1, and decrease the level of p62. Additionally, EA may also suppress the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway and reduce the release of inflammatory factors. Additionally, the effect of EA was comparable to that of the autophagy agonist rapamycin, and the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine reversed the therapeutic effect of EA. Therefore, we assume that EA may facilitate endometrial healing by activating autophagy and reducing NF-κB signal pathway-mediated inflammation.

Anti-inflammation is an important way that Qingre-Huazhuo-Jiangsuan recipe treats acute gouty arthritis

Background: Acute gouty arthritis (AGA) significantly impairs patients' quality of life. Currently, existing therapeutic agents exhibit definite efficacy but also lead to serious adverse reactions. Therefore, it is essential to develop highly efficient therapeutic agents with minimal adverse reactions, especially within traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Additionally, food polyphenols have shown potential in treating various inflammatory diseases. The Qingre-Huazhuo-Jiangsuan-Recipe (QHJR), a modification of Si-Miao-San (SMS), has emerged as a TCM remedy for AGA with no reported side effects. Recent research has also highlighted a strong genetic link to gout. Methods: The TCM System Pharmacology (TCMSP) database was used to collect the main chemical components of QHJR and AGA-related targets for predicting the metabolites in QHJR. HPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS was employed to identify the ingredients of QHJR. The collected metabolites were then used to construct a Drugs-Targets Network in Cytoscape software, ranked based on their "Degree" of significance. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database using GEO2R online analysis. Subsequently, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed. The DEGs were utilized to construct a Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) Network via the STRING database. In vivo experimental validation was conducted using colchicine, QHJR, rapamycin (RAPA), and 3-methyladenine (3-MA) as controls to observe QHJR's efficacy in AGA. Synovial tissues from rats were collected, and qRT-PCR and Western blot assays were employed to investigate Ampk-related factors (Ampk, mTOR, ULK1), autophagy-related factors (Atg5, Atg7, LC3, p62), and inflammatory-related factors (NLRP3). ELISA assays were performed to measure inflammatory-related factor levels (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α), and H&E staining was used to examine tissue histology. Results: Network analysis screened out a total of 94 metabolites in QHJR for AGA. HPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS analysis identified 27 of these metabolites. Notably, five metabolites (Neochlorogenic acid, Caffeic acid, Berberine, Isoliquiritigenin, Formononetin) were not associated with any individual herbal component of QHJR in TCMSP database, while six metabolites (quercetin, luteolin, formononetin, naringenin, taxifolin, diosgenin) overlapped with the predicted results from the previous network analysis. Further network analysis highlighted key components, such as Caffeic acid, cis-resveratrol, Apigenin, and Isoliquiritigenin. Other studies have found that their treatment of AGA is achieved through reducing inflammation, consistent with this study, laying the foundation for the mechanism study of QHJR against AGA. PPI analysis identified TNF, IL-6, and IL-1β as hub genes. GO and KEGG analyses indicated that anti-inflammation was a key mechanism in AGA treatment. All methods demonstrated that inflammatory expression increased in the Model group but was reversed by QHJR. Additionally, autophagy-related expression increased following QHJR treatment. The study suggested that AMPKα and p-AMPKα1 proteins were insensitive to 3 MA and RAPA, implying that AMPK may not activate autophagy directly but through ULK1 and mTOR. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study confirms the effectiveness of QHJR, a modified formulation of SMS (a classic traditional Chinese medicine prescription for treating gout), against AGA. QHJR, as a TCM formula, offers advantages such as minimal safety concerns and potential long-term use. The study suggests that the mechanism by which QHJR treats AGA may involve the activation of the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 pathway, thereby regulating autophagy levels, reducing inflammation, and alleviating AGA. These findings provide new therapeutic approaches and ideas for the clinical treatment of AGA.

Tranexamic acid improves psoriasis-like skin inflammation: Evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies

The chronic disease psoriasis is associated with severe inflammation and abnormal keratinocyte propagation in the skin. Tranexamic acid (TXA), a plasmin inhibitor, is used to cure serious bleeding. We investigated whether TXA ointment mitigated Imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like inflammation. Furthermore, this study investigated the effect of noncytotoxic concentrations of TXA on IL-17-induced human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells to determine the status of proliferative psoriatic keratinocytes. We found that TXA reduced IMQ-induced psoriasis-like erythema, thickness, scaling, and cumulative scores (erythema plus thickness plus scaling) on the back skin of BALB/c mice. Additionally, TXA decreased ear thickness and suppressed hyperkeratosis, hyperplasia, and inflammation of the ear epidermis in IMQ-induced BALB/c mice. Furthermore, TXA inhibited IMQ-induced splenomegaly in BALB/c mouse models. In IL-17-induced HaCaT cells, TXA inhibited ROS production and IL-8 secretion. Interestingly, TXA suppressed the IL-17-induced NFκB signaling pathway via IKK-mediated IκB degradation. TXA inhibited IL-17-induced activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome through caspase-1 and IL1β expression. TXA inhibited IL-17-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation by enhancing autophagy, as indicated by LC3-II accumulation, p62/SQSTM1 expression, ATG4B inhibition, and Beclin-1/Bcl-2 dysregulation. Notably, TXA suppressed IL-17-induced Nrf2-mediated keratin 17 expression. N-acetylcysteine pretreatment reversed the effects of TXA on NFκB, NLRP3 inflammasomes, and the Nrf2-mediated keratin 17 pathway in IL-17-induced HaCaT cells. Results further confirmed that in the ear skin of IMQ-induced mice, psoriasis biomarkers such as NLRP3, IL1β, Nrf2, and keratin 17 expression were downregulated by TXA treatment. TXA improves IMQ-induced psoriasis-like inflammation in vivo and psoriatic keratinocytes in vitro. Tranexamic acid is a promising future treatment for psoriasis.

Mechanisms underlying the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in the placental injury and fetal growth restriction in an ovine gestation model

BACKGROUND

Exposure to bisphenol A (BPA), an environmental pollutant known for its endocrine-disrupting properties, during gestation has been reported to increase the risk of fetal growth restriction (FGR) in an ovine model of pregnancy. We hypothesized that the FGR results from the BPA-induced insufficiency and barrier dysfunction of the placenta, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). However, precise mechanisms underlying the BPA-induced placental dysfunction, and subsequently, FGR, as well as the potential involvement of placental ERS in these complications, remain to be investigated.

METHODS

In vivo experiment, 16 twin-pregnant (from d 40 to 130 of gestation) Hu ewes were randomly distributed into two groups (8 ewes each). One group served as a control and received corn oil once a day, whereas the other group received BPA (5 mg/kg/d as a subcutaneous injection). In vitro study, ovine trophoblast cells (OTCs) were exposed to 4 treatments, 6 replicates each. The OTCs were treated with 400 μmol/L BPA, 400 μmol/L BPA + 0.5 μg/mL tunicamycin (Tm; ERS activator), 400 μmol/L BPA + 1 μmol/L 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA; ERS antagonist) and DMEM/F12 complete medium (control), for 24 h.

RESULTS

In vivo experiments, pregnant Hu ewes receiving the BPA from 40 to 130 days of pregnancy experienced a decrease in placental efficiency, progesterone (P4) level and fetal weight, and an increase in placental estrogen (E2) level, together with barrier dysfunctions, OS, inflammatory responses, autophagy and ERS in type A cotyledons. In vitro experiment, the OTCs exposed to BPA for 24 h showed an increase in the E2 level and related protein and gene expressions of autophagy, ERS, pro-apoptosis and inflammatory response, and a decrease in the P4 level and the related protein and gene expressions of antioxidant, anti-apoptosis and barrier function. Moreover, treating the OTCs with Tm aggravated BPA-induced dysfunction of barrier and endocrine (the increased E2 level and decreased P4 level), OS, inflammatory responses, autophagy, and ERS. However, treating the OTCs with 4-PBA reversed the counteracted effects of Tm mentioned above.

CONCLUSIONS

In general, the results reveal that BPA exposure can cause ERS in the ovine placenta and OTCs, and ERS induction might aggravate BPA-induced dysfunction of the placental barrier and endocrine, OS, inflammatory responses, and autophagy. These data offer novel mechanistic insights into whether ERS is involved in BPA-mediated placental dysfunction and fetal development.

Pharmacotherapy developments in autophagy inhibitors for bladder cancer

INTRODUCTION

Autophagy is an intracellular process that plays a key role in the cellular homeostasis. Recently, it has been described as a potential therapeutic target in oncology, whether by activating or inhibiting its different cascades. Autophagy inhibitors interact with different molecular processes of the hallmarks of cancer.

AREAS COVERED

Multiple proteins of the autophagy cascade could be aimed by specific inhibitors in many tumors, notably bladder cancer. In fact, bladder cancer has been increasing in prevalence over the last decade, and resistance to conventional treatment has been extensively reported in the literature. Autophagy inhibitors in bladder cancer have been described in preclinical studies to increase the sensitivity of the tumor to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This paper is a review of the literature, which selected randomized trials, cohort studies, and case-control studies documenting the relationship between autophagy inhibitors and bladder cancer treatment.

EXPERT OPINION

Autophagy is a promising pathway for cancer cell targeting that opens the horizons for a potential new therapeutic area in particular the multidisciplinary management of bladder cancer.