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Gerszon J, Büchse A, Genz B, Pollock Y, Gleeson B, Morris A, Sellars MJ, Moser RJ. The use of oral fluids and sock samples for monitoring key pathogens in pig populations for surveillance purposes. Prev Vet Med 2024; 228:106237. [PMID: 38820832 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Despite the prevalence of co-infections and the association of over 50 viral and 46 bacterial pathogens with pig diseases, little is known about their simultaneous occurrence, particularly in commercial pig farming environments where health programs are in place. To address this knowledge gap, this study aimed to evaluate the pathogen threshold of respiratory and enteric pathogens in pig herds using the Pork MultiPath™ (PMP1 and PMP2, respiratory and enteric respectively) technology, which detects multiple pathogens simultaneously in a single reaction with high sensitivity and specificity. In this study the most prevalent respiratory pathogens, Mycoplasma hyrohinis, Pasteurella multocida, and Haemophilus parasuis detected by PMP1 were effectively controlled during the nursery stage through strategic treatment with tiamulin. Even though the major respiratory incidences were reduced, the recorded coughing and sneezing rates were associated with the levels of H. parasuis and M. hyrohinis, which were set at 1356 and 1275 copies/reaction, respectively. In addition, one of the identified co-infection patterns indicated a strong relationship between the occurrence of H. parasuis and M. hyorhinis at the sample and pen levels, highlighting the high likelihood of detecting these two pathogens together. Testing with enteric panel PMP2 revealed that the most frequently detected virulence factors during the early nursery stage were Escherichia coli genes for toxins - ST1, ST2, and fimbriae - F4 and F18. Moreover, a co-infection with Rotavirus B and C was often observed during the nursery stage, and a strong positive correlation between these two markers has been identified. Additionally, the levels of several markers, namely E. coli F4, F5, F18, LT, ST1, and ST2, have been associated with a higher likelihood of sickness in pig populations. In addition, the onset of Brachyspira pilosicoli during the nursery and grower stages was found to be associated with an increased risk of diarrhoea, with a set threshold at around 500 copies/reaction. Although simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens is not yet widely used in the pig industry, it offers a significant advantage in capturing the diversity and interactions of co-infections. Testing pooled samples with Pork MultiPath™ is cost-effective and practical to regularly monitor the health status of pig populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Gerszon
- Genics Pty Ltd., Level 5, 60 Research Road, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia.
| | - Andreas Büchse
- Statistical Consultant, Über den Bächelwiesen 13, Hochspeyer 67691, Germany
| | - Berit Genz
- Genics Pty Ltd., Level 5, 60 Research Road, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Yvette Pollock
- SunPork Group, Unit 1/6 Eagleview Place, Eagle Farm, QLD 4009, Australia
| | - Bernie Gleeson
- SunPork Group, Unit 1/6 Eagleview Place, Eagle Farm, QLD 4009, Australia
| | - Andrew Morris
- Riverbend Pork Group, Level 1/487-489 Ruthven St, Toowoomba City, QLD 4350, Australia
| | - Melony J Sellars
- Genics Pty Ltd., Level 5, 60 Research Road, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Ralf J Moser
- Genics Pty Ltd., Level 5, 60 Research Road, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
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Stadler J, Zwickl S, Gumbert S, Ritzmann M, Lillie-Jaschniski K, Harder T, Graaf-Rau A, Skampardonis V, Eddicks M. Influenza surveillance in pigs: balancing act between broad diagnostic coverage and specific virus characterization. Porcine Health Manag 2024; 10:19. [PMID: 38764074 PMCID: PMC11104006 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-024-00367-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring of infectious diseases on swine farms requires a high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the test system. Moreover, particularly in cases of swine influenza A virus (swIAV) it is desirable to include characterization of the virus as precisely as possible. This is indispensable for strategies concerning prophylaxis of swIAV and furthermore, to meet the requirements of a purposeful monitoring of newly emerging swIAV strains in terms of vaccine design and public health. Within the present cross-sectional study, we compared the diagnostic value of group samples (wipes of surfaces with direct contact to mouth/nose, dust wipes, udder skin wipes, oral fluids) to individual samples (nasal swabs, tracheobronchial swabs) for both swIAV identification and characterization. Sampling included different stages of pig production on 25 sow farms with attached nursery considered as enzootically infected with swIAV. Firstly, samples were analyzed for IAV genome and subsequently samples with Ct-values < 32 were subtyped by multiplex RT-qPCR. RESULTS Nasal swabs of suckling piglets and nursery pigs resulted in a higher odds to detect swIAV (p < 0.001) and to identify swIAV subtypes by RT-qPCR (p < 0.05) compared to nasal swabs of sows. In suckling piglets, significant higher rates of swIAV detection could be observed for nasal swabs (p = 0.007) and sow udder skin wipes (p = 0.036) compared to contact wipes. In the nursery, group sampling specimens were significantly more often swIAV positive compared to individual samples (p < 0.01), with exception of the comparison between contact wipes and nasal swabs (p = 0.181). However, in general nasal swabs were more likely to have Ct-value < 32 and thus, to be suitable for subtyping by RT-qPCR compared to dust wipes, contact wipes, udder skin wipes and tracheobronchial swabs (p < 0.05). Interestingly, different subtypes were found in different age groups as well as in different specimens in the same holding. CONCLUSION Although population-based specimens are highly effective for swIAV monitoring, nasal swabs are still the preferable sampling material for the surveillance of on-farm circulating strains due to significantly higher virus loads. Remarkably, sampling strategies should incorporate suckling piglets and different age groups within the nursery to cover as many as possible of the on-farm circulating strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Stadler
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleißheim, Germany.
| | - Sophia Zwickl
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Sophie Gumbert
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | | | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Annika Graaf-Rau
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Vassilis Skampardonis
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Economics of Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Matthias Eddicks
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleißheim, Germany
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Goto Y, Fukunari K, Tada S, Ichimura S, Chiba Y, Suzuki T. A multiplex real-time RT-PCR system to simultaneously diagnose 16 pathogens associated with swine respiratory disease. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad263. [PMID: 37951290 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Swine respiratory disease (SRD) is a major disease complex in pigs that causes severe economic losses. SRD is associated with several intrinsic and extrinsic factors such as host health status, viruses, bacteria, and environmental factors. Particularly, it is known that many pathogens are associated with SRD to date, but most of the test to detect those pathogens can be normally investigated only one pathogen while taking time and labor. Therefore, it is desirable to develop rapidly and efficiently detectable methods those pathogens to minimize the damage caused by SRD. METHODS AND RESULTS We designed a multiplex real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) system to diagnose simultaneously 16 pathogens, including nine viruses and seven bacteria associated with SRD, on the basis of single qPCR and RT-qPCR assays reported in previous studies. Multiplex RT-qPCR system we designed had the same ability to single RT-qPCR without significant differences in detection sensitivity for all target pathogens at minimum to maximum genomic levels. Moreover, the primers and probes used in this system had highly specificity because the sets had not been detected pathogens other than the target and its taxonomically related pathogens. Furthermore, our data demonstrated that this system would be useful to detect a causative pathogen in the diagnosis using oral fluid from healthy pigs and lung tissue from pigs with respiratory disorders collected in the field. CONCLUSIONS The rapid detection of infected animals from the herd using our system will contribute to infection control and prompt treatment in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Goto
- Central Iwate Prefectural Livestock Health and Hygiene Center, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0605, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Fukunari
- Central Iwate Prefectural Livestock Health and Hygiene Center, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0605, Japan
| | - Shigekatsu Tada
- Central Iwate Prefectural Livestock Health and Hygiene Center, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0605, Japan
| | - Satoki Ichimura
- Central Iwate Prefectural Livestock Health and Hygiene Center, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0605, Japan
| | - Yuzumi Chiba
- Central Iwate Prefectural Livestock Health and Hygiene Center, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0605, Japan
| | - Tohru Suzuki
- Division of Zoonosis Research, Sapporo Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-0045, Japan
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Chae H, Roh HS, Jo YM, Kim WG, Chae JB, Shin SU, Kang JW. Development of a one-step reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293042. [PMID: 37844073 PMCID: PMC10578580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV) is an important disease that severely affects the swine industry and, therefore, warrants rapid and accurate diagnosis for its control. Despite the progress in developing diagnostic tools, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods such as reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) to diagnose PRRSV infection, its diagnosis at the genetic level is challenging because of its high genetic variability. Nevertheless, RT-qPCR is the easiest and fastest method for diagnosing PRRSV. Therefore, this study aimed to develop an RT-qPCR assay for rapid and accurate diagnosis of PRRSV by encompassing all publicly available PRRSV sequences. The developed assay using highly specific primers and probes could detect up to 10 copies of PRRSV-1 and -2 subtypes. Furthermore, a comparison of the performance of the developed assay with those of two commercial kits widely used in South Korea demonstrated the higher efficiency of the developed assay in detecting PRRSV infections in field samples. For PRRSV-1 detection, the developed assay showed a diagnostic agreement of 97.7% with the results of ORF5 sequencing, while for commercial kits, it showed 95.3% and 72.1% agreement. For PRRSV-2, the developed assay showed a diagnostic agreement of 97.7%, whereas the commercial kits showed 93% and 90.7% agreement. In conclusion, we developed an assay with higher accuracy than those of the tested commercial kits, which will contribute markedly to global PRRSV control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansong Chae
- R&D Center of Animal Technology, Animal Industry Data Korea, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Roh
- R&D Center of Animal Technology, Animal Industry Data Korea, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Mi Jo
- R&D Center of Animal Technology, Animal Industry Data Korea, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won Gyeong Kim
- R&D Center of Animal Technology, Animal Industry Data Korea, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Byoung Chae
- R&D Center of Animal Technology, Animal Industry Data Korea, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Uk Shin
- R&D Center of Animal Technology, Animal Industry Data Korea, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Won Kang
- R&D Center of Animal Technology, Animal Industry Data Korea, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea
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Renzhammer R, Auer A, Loncaric I, Entenfellner A, Dimmel K, Walk K, Rümenapf T, Spergser J, Ladinig A. Retrospective Analysis of the Detection of Pathogens Associated with the Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex in Routine Diagnostic Samples from Austrian Swine Stocks. Vet Sci 2023; 10:601. [PMID: 37888553 PMCID: PMC10610783 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10100601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnostic workup of respiratory disease in pigs is complex due to coinfections and non-infectious causes. The detection of pathogens associated with respiratory disease is a pivotal part of the diagnostic workup for respiratory disease. We aimed to report how frequently certain viruses and bacteria were detected in samples from pigs with respiratory symptoms in the course of routine diagnostic procedures. Altogether, 1975 routine diagnostic samples from pigs in Austrian swine stocks between 2016 and 2021 were analysed. PCR was performed to detect various pathogens, including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) (n = 921), influenza A virus (n = 479), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) (n = 518), Mycoplasma (M.) hyopneumoniae (n = 713), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (n = 198), Glaesserella (G.) parasuis (n = 165) and M. hyorhinis (n = 180). M. hyorhinis (55.1%) had the highest detection rate, followed by PCV2 (38.0%) and Streptococcus (S.) suis (30.6%). PRRSV was detected most frequently in a pool of lung, tonsil and tracheobronchial lymph node (36.2%). G. parasuis was isolated more frequently from samples taken after euthanasia compared to field samples. PRRSV-positive samples were more likely to be positive for PCV2 (p = 0.001), M. hyopneumoniae (p = 0.032) and Pasteurella multocida (p < 0.001). M. hyopneumoniae-positive samples were more likely to be positive for P. multocida (p < 0.001) and S. suis (p = 0.046), but less likely for M. hyorhinis (p = 0.004). In conclusion, our data provide evidence that lung samples that were positive for a primary pathogenic agent were more likely to be positive for a secondary pathogenic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Renzhammer
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Angelika Auer
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.A.); (K.D.); (T.R.)
| | - Igor Loncaric
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (I.L.); (J.S.)
| | | | - Katharina Dimmel
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.A.); (K.D.); (T.R.)
| | - Karin Walk
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.A.); (K.D.); (T.R.)
| | - Till Rümenapf
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.A.); (K.D.); (T.R.)
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (I.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
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D’Annunzio G, Ostanello F, Muscatello LV, Orioles M, Jacumin N, Tommasini N, Leotti G, Luppi A, Mandrioli L, Sarli G. Porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus alone or associated are frequent intralesional detected viruses in porcine respiratory disease complex cases in Northern Italy. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1234779. [PMID: 37720469 PMCID: PMC10500834 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1234779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Methods This study aimed to examine the pathological impact of Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) through histological and immunohistochemical analysis of 79 cases of Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC) collected from 22 farms in Northern Italy. Lung tissue and several lymphoid organ samples were deployed to associate PCV2-positive stain with Circovirus-associated Diseases (PCVD). Results The most common lung lesion observed was interstitial pneumonia, alone or combined with bronchopneumonia. By immunohistochemistry, 44 lungs (55.7%) tested positive for PCV2, 34 (43.0%) for PRRSV, 16 (20.3%) for both viruses and in 17 cases (21.5%) neither virus was detected. Twenty-eight out of 44 (63.6%) PCV2-positive cases had lymphoid depletion or granulomatous inflammation in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined; thus, they were classified as PCV2 Systemic Diseases (PCV2-SD). In the remaining 16 out of 44 cases (36.4%), PCV2-positive lung lesions were associated with hyperplastic or normal lymphoid tissues, which showed PCV2-positive centrofollicular dendritic cells in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined. Therefore, these cases were classified as PRDC/PCV2-positive. In the PCV2-positive animals, 42.9% of the PCV2-SD cases (12/28) showed immunohistochemistry (IHC) positivity for PRRSV in the lung tissue, while 25.0% of PRDC/PCV2-positive cases (4/16) showed double positivity for PCV2 and PRRSV. Discussion In light of the caseload presented in this study, characterized by the high proportion of PCV2-SD cases alongside the overall respiratory symptomatology, it is imperative to emphasize the crucial role of a comprehensive sampling protocol. This is critical to avoid underestimating the harm caused by PCV2 in farms, particularly with respect to the systemic form of the disease. PCV2 and PRRSV remain the primary infections associated with PRDC in Italy that can significantly impact farm health and co-infections in the field can worsen the pathology, thus the selection of appropriate preventive measures is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia D’Annunzio
- Isituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia – Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Brescia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Ostanello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Orioles
- Dipartimento di Scienze agroalimentari, ambientali e animali, Università di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Niccolò Jacumin
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Italia SpA, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Leotti
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Italia SpA, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Luppi
- Isituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia – Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luciana Mandrioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sarli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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7
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Assavacheep P, Thanawongnuwech R. Porcine respiratory disease complex: Dynamics of polymicrobial infections and management strategies after the introduction of the African swine fever. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1048861. [PMID: 36504860 PMCID: PMC9732666 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1048861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A few decades ago, porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) exerted a major economic impact on the global swine industry, particularly due to the adoption of intensive farming by the latter during the 1980's. Since then, the emerging of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) as major immunosuppressive viruses led to an interaction with other endemic pathogens (e.g., Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Streptococcus suis, etc.) in swine farms, thereby exacerbating the endemic clinical diseases. We herein, review and discuss various dynamic polymicrobial infections among selected swine pathogens. Traditional biosecurity management strategies through multisite production, parity segregation, batch production, the adoption of all-in all-out production systems, specific vaccination and medication protocols for the prevention and control (or even eradication) of swine diseases are also recommended. After the introduction of the African swine fever (ASF), particularly in Asian countries, new normal management strategies minimizing pig contact by employing automatic feeding systems, artificial intelligence, and robotic farming and reducing the numbers of vaccines are suggested. Re-emergence of existing swine pathogens such as PRRSV or PCV2, or elimination of some pathogens may occur after the ASF-induced depopulation. ASF-associated repopulating strategies are, therefore, essential for the establishment of food security. The "repopulate swine farm" policy and the strict biosecurity management (without the use of ASF vaccines) are, herein, discussed for the sustainable management of small-to-medium pig farms, as these happen to be the most potential sources of an ASF re-occurrence. Finally, the ASF disruption has caused the swine industry to rapidly transform itself. Artificial intelligence and smart farming have gained tremendous attention as promising tools capable of resolving challenges in intensive swine farming and enhancing the farms' productivity and efficiency without compromising the strict biosecurity required during the ongoing ASF era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornchalit Assavacheep
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,*Correspondence: Pornchalit Assavacheep
| | - Roongroje Thanawongnuwech
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Faculty of Veterinary Science, Center of Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Roongroje Thanawongnuwech
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8
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Kleinmans M, Fiebig K, Tabeling R, Swam H, Duivelshof-Crienen A, Ritzmann M, Eddicks M. Explorative Field Study on the Use of Oral Fluids for the Surveillance of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Infections in Fattening Farms by an Apx-Real-Time PCR. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9100552. [PMID: 36288165 PMCID: PMC9607612 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Oral fluid sampling (OFS) is an animal friendly and easy way for surveillance purposes in domestic swine populations, especially concerning respiratory diseases. In case of Actinobacillus (A.) pleuropneumoniae surveillance, measures are usually combined with burdensome sampling for animals and humans. In the present study, we evaluated the suitability of oral fluids (OFs) for surveillance purposes of A. pleuropneumoniae infections in fattening pigs using an Apx-toxin real-time PCR. We were able to demonstrate that the examination of OFs by an Apx-toxin real-time PCR is suitable for A. pleuropneumoniae surveillance in the field in an animal friendly and easy way. These results might contribute to an increased compliance of laboratory diagnostic measures on pig farms and thereby to increased animal welfare due to less burdensome sampling and improved animal health. Abstract Oral fluids (OFs) represent a cost effective and reliable tool for surveillance purposes, mostly regarding viruses. In the present study, we evaluated the suitability of OFs for surveillance purposes concerning Actinobacillus (A.) pleuropneumoniae infections in fattening pigs under field conditions. OFs were examined with an Apx-toxin real-time PCR that detects the genes encoding for Apx I-, Apx III-, and Apx IV-toxin. For this purpose, we conducted a pen-wise collection of OFs over one fattening period from fattening pigs of two farms (farm A and B) with a known history of A. pleuropneumoniae infection. Lung lesions were determined at slaughter to estimate the extend of pulmonary lesions and pleural affection. Apx III- and Apx IV-toxin DNA were present in the OFs of both farms whereas Apx I-toxin DNA was present on farm A only. We were able to detect Apx I-, Apx III-, and Apx IV-toxin DNA in different patterns directly after introduction of the new pigs in the farms and over the entire study period. In summary, or results indicate the suitability of OFS for the early detection and surveillance of A. pleuropneumoniae in fattening farms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kerstin Fiebig
- Intervet Deutschland GmbH, MSD Animal Health, 85716 Unterschleissheim, Germany
| | - Robert Tabeling
- Intervet Deutschland GmbH, MSD Animal Health, 85716 Unterschleissheim, Germany
| | - Hanny Swam
- Intervet International B.V., 5831 AK Boxmeer, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Matthias Eddicks
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
- Correspondence:
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9
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Garcia-Morante B, Maes D, Sibila M, Betlach AM, Sponheim A, Canturri A, Pieters M. Improving Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae diagnostic capabilities by harnessing the infection dynamics. Vet J 2022; 288:105877. [PMID: 35901923 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae remains one of the most problematic bacterial pathogens for pig production. Despite an abundance of observational and laboratory testing capabilities for this organism, diagnostic interpretation of test results can be challenging and ambiguous. This is partly explained by the chronic nature of M. hyopneumoniae infection and its tropism for lower respiratory tract epithelium, which affects diagnostic sensitivities associated with sampling location and stage of infection. A thorough knowledge of the available tools for routine M. hyopneumoniae diagnostic testing, together with a detailed understanding of infection dynamics, are essential for optimizing sampling strategies and providing confidence in the diagnostic process. This study reviewed known information on sampling and diagnostic tools for M. hyopneumoniae and summarized literature reports of the dynamics of key infection outcomes, including clinical signs, lung lesions, pathogen detection, and humoral immune responses. Such knowledge could facilitate better understanding of the performance of different diagnostic approaches at various stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Garcia-Morante
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Unit Porcine Health Management, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, 133 B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marina Sibila
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alyssa M Betlach
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Swine Vet Center, 1608 S Minnesota Ave, St. Peter, MN 56082, USA
| | - Amanda Sponheim
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc., 3239 Satellite Blvd NW, Duluth, GA 30096, USA
| | - Albert Canturri
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Maria Pieters
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Ave, St Paul, 55108 MN, USA; Swine Disease Eradication Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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10
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Silva APSP, Storino GY, Ferreyra FSM, Zhang M, Miller JM, Harmon KM, Gauger PC, Witbeck W, Doolittle K, Zimmerman S, Wang C, Derscheid RJ, Clavijo MJ, Arruda BL, Zimmerman JJ. Effect of testing protocol and within-pen prevalence on the detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae DNA in oral fluid samples. Prev Vet Med 2022; 204:105670. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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11
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Stringer OW, Li Y, Bossé JT, Forrest MS, Hernandez-Garcia J, Tucker AW, Nunes T, Costa F, Mortensen P, Velazquez E, Penny P, Rodriguez-Manzano J, Georgiou P, Langford PR. Rapid Detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae From Clinical Samples Using Recombinase Polymerase Amplification. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:805382. [PMID: 35400111 PMCID: PMC8990124 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.805382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) is the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, resulting in high economic impact worldwide. There are currently 19 known serovars of APP, with different ones being predominant in specific geographic regions. Outbreaks of pleuropneumonia, characterized by sudden respiratory difficulties and high mortality, can occur when infected pigs are brought into naïve herds, or by those carrying different serovars. Good biosecurity measures include regular diagnostic testing for surveillance purposes. Current gold standard diagnostic techniques lack sensitivity (bacterial culture), require expensive thermocycling machinery (PCR) and are time consuming (culture and PCR). Here we describe the development of an isothermal point-of-care diagnostic test - utilizing recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) for the detection of APP, targeting the species-specific apxIVA gene. Our APP-RPA diagnostic test achieved a sensitivity of 10 copies/μL using a strain of APP serovar 8, which is the most prevalent serovar in the UK. Additionally, our APP-RPA assay achieved a clinical sensitivity and specificity of 84.3 and 100%, respectively, across 61 extracted clinical samples obtained from farms located in England and Portugal. Using a small subset (n = 14) of the lung tissue samples, we achieved a clinical sensitivity and specificity of 76.9 and 100%, respectively) using lung imprints made on FTA cards tested directly in the APP-RPA reaction. Our results demonstrate that our APP-RPA assay enables a suitable rapid and sensitive screening tool for this important veterinary pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver W. Stringer
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yanwen Li
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Janine T. Bossé
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Juan Hernandez-Garcia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander W. Tucker
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tiago Nunes
- Ceva Animal Health Ltd., Saúde Animal, Algés, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Paul Penny
- Ceva Animal Health Ltd., Amersham, United Kingdom
| | - Jesus Rodriguez-Manzano
- Section of Adult Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pantelis Georgiou
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R. Langford
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Martínez-Boixaderas N, Garza-Moreno L, Sibila M, Segalés J. Impact of maternally derived immunity on immune responses elicited by piglet early vaccination against the most common pathogens involved in porcine respiratory disease complex. Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:11. [PMID: 35296365 PMCID: PMC8928644 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Newborn piglets can trigger an elementary immune response, but the acquirement of specific antibodies and/or cellular immunity against pathogens before they get infected post-natally is paramount to preserve their health. This is especially important for the pathogens involved in porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) as they are widespread, fairly resistant at environment, and genetically variable; moreover, some of them can cause intrauterine/early life infections. Main body Piglet protection can be achieved by either passive transfer of maternal derived immunity (MDI) and/or actively through vaccination. However, vaccinating piglets in the presence of remaining MDI might interfere with vaccine efficacy. Hence, the purpose of this work is to critically review the putative interference that MDI may exert on vaccine efficacy against PRDC pathogens. This knowledge is crucial to design a proper vaccination schedule. Conclusion MDI transferred from sows to offspring could potentially interfere with the development of an active humoral immune response. However, no conclusive interference has been shown regarding performance parameters based on the existing published literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Martínez-Boixaderas
- IRTA. Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain.,Ceva Salud Animal, Avenida Diagonal, 609-615, 9º Planta, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Garza-Moreno
- Ceva Salud Animal, Avenida Diagonal, 609-615, 9º Planta, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Sibila
- IRTA. Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.,Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain. .,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. .,Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
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13
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Silva APSP, Storino GY, Ferreyra FSM, Zhang M, Fano E, Polson D, Wang C, Derscheid RJ, Zimmerman JJ, Clavijo MJ, Arruda BL. Cough associated with the detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae DNA in clinical and environmental specimens under controlled conditions. Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:6. [PMID: 35078535 PMCID: PMC8788120 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The association of cough with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MHP) DNA detection in specimens was evaluated under conditions in which the MHP status of inoculated and contact-infected pen mates was closely monitored for 59 days post-inoculation (DPI).
Methods Seven-week-old pigs (n = 39) were allocated to five rooms (with one pen). Rooms contained 9 pigs each, with 1, 3, 6, or 9 MHP-inoculated pigs, respectively, except Room 5 (three sham-inoculated pigs). Cough data (2 × week) and specimens, tracheal swabs (2 × week), oral fluids (daily), drinker wipes (~ 1 × week), and air samples (3 × week) were collected. At 59 DPI, pigs were euthanized, and lung and trachea were evaluated for gross and microscopic lesions. Predictive cough value to MHP DNA detection in drinker and oral fluid samples were estimated using mixed logistic regression. Results Following inoculation, MHP DNA was first detected in tracheal swabs from inoculated pigs (DPI 3), then oral fluids (DPI 8), air samples (DPI 10), and drinker wipes (21 DPI). MHP DNA was detected in oral fluids in 17 of 59 (Room 1) to 43 of 59 (Room 3) samples, drinker wipes in 4 of 8 (Rooms 2 and 3) to 5 of 8 (Rooms 1 and 4) samples, and air samples in 5 of 26 (Room 2) or 3 of 26 (Room 4) samples. Logistic regression showed that the frequency of coughing pigs in a pen was associated with the probability of MHP DNA detection in oral fluids (P < 0.01) and nearly associated with drinker wipes (P = 0.08). Pathology data revealed an association between the period when infection was first detected and the severity of gross lung lesions. Conclusions Dry, non-productive coughs suggest the presence of MHP, but laboratory testing and MHP DNA detection is required for confirmation. Based on the data from this study, oral fluids and drinker wipes may provide a convenient alternative for MHP DNA detection at the pen level when cough is present. This information may help practitioners in specimen selection for MHP surveillance.
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14
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Deffner P, Maurer R, Cvjetković V, Sipos W, Krejci R, Ritzmann M, Eddicks M. Cross-sectional study on the in-herd prevalence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae at different stages of pig production. Vet Rec 2022; 191:e1317. [PMID: 35032397 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.1317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the prevalence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infections before vaccination in 3-week-old piglets and to gain information about infection dynamics. METHODS In 13 German and three Austrian farms with a known history of enzootic pneumonia, 790 piglets and 158 sows were sampled (blood samples, tracheobronchial swabs [TBS] [piglets], laryngeal swabs [LS] [sows]), and 525 pen-based oral fluids (OFs) were collected in growing and fattening pigs. Laboratory diagnostics included enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses. RESULTS Antibodies to M. hyopneumoniae were present in 87.5 per cent of all herds. Seroprevalence ranged from 0.0 to 100.0 per cent and 0.0 to 88.0 per cent in sows and piglets, respectively. M. hyopneumoniae-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was present in 3.8 and 0.4 per cent of LS and TBS, respectively. Gilts had a 10.9 times higher chance being M. hyopneumoniae PCR-positive than older sows. In 75.0 per cent of all farms, M. hyopneumoniae-DNA was present in OFs. Detection rate was significantly higher in OFs of 20-week-old than in younger pigs (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Results indicate that M. hyopneumoniae infections of the lower respiratory tract in piglets are rare but highlight the role of gilts in maintaining infection in the herd. Collecting OFs seems promising for surveillance, if coughing occurs simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Deffner
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Roland Maurer
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Sipos
- Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Herd Management, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Matthias Eddicks
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
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15
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Sarli G, D’Annunzio G, Gobbo F, Benazzi C, Ostanello F. The Role of Pathology in the Diagnosis of Swine Respiratory Disease. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8110256. [PMID: 34822629 PMCID: PMC8618091 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8110256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The definition “porcine respiratory disease complex” (PRDC) is used to indicate the current approach for presenting respiratory pathology in modern pig farming. PRDC includes pneumonias with variable pictures, mixed with both aerogenous and hematogenous forms with variable etiology, often multimicrobial, and influenced by environmental and management factors. The notion that many etiological agents of swine respiratory pathology are ubiquitous in the airways is commonly understood; however, their isolation or identification is not always associable with the current pathology. In this complex context, lung lesions registered at slaughterhouse or during necropsy, and supplemented by histological investigations, must be considered as powerful tools for assigning a prominent role to etiologic agents. In recent years, the goal of colocalizing causative agents with the lesions they produce has been frequently applied, and valid examples in routine diagnostics are those that indicate pulmonary involvement during porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infections.
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16
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Aira C, Klett-Mingo JI, Ruiz T, Garcia-Sacristán A, Martín-Valls GE, Mateu E, Gómez-Laguna J, Rueda P, González VM, Rodríguez MJ, López L. Development of an antigen Enzyme-Linked AptaSorbent Assay (ELASA) for the detection of swine influenza virus in field samples. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1181:338933. [PMID: 34556218 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Influenza viruses are highly variable pathogens that infect a wide range of mammalian and avian species. According to the internal conserved proteins (nucleoprotein: NP, and matrix proteins: M), these viruses are classified into type A, B, C, and D. Influenza A virus in swine is of significant importance to the industry since it is responsible for endemic infections that lead to high economic loses derived from poor weight gain, reproductive disorders, and the role it plays in Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC). To date, swine influenza virus (SIV) diagnosis continues to be based in complex and expensive technologies such as RT-qPCR. In this study, we aimed to improve actual tools by the implementation of aptamers as capture molecules. First, three different aptamers have been selected using as target the recombinant NP of Influenza A virus expressed in insect cells. Then, these molecules have been used for the development of an Enzyme-Linked AptaSorbent Assay (ELASA) in combination with specific monoclonal antibodies for Influenza A detection. A total of 171 field samples (nasal swabs) have been evaluated with the newly developed assay obtaining a 79.7% and 98.1% sensitivity and specificity respectively, using real time RT-PCR as standard assay. These results suggest that the assay is a promising method that could be used for Influenza A detection in analysis laboratories facilitating surveillance labours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Aira
- Eurofins-Inmunología y Genética Aplicada S.A. (Eurofins-INGENASA), Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Tamara Ruiz
- Eurofins-Inmunología y Genética Aplicada S.A. (Eurofins-INGENASA), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Enric Mateu
- Institut de Recerca I Tecnologia Alimentaria, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaime Gómez-Laguna
- Department of Anatomy, Comparative Pathology, and Toxicology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Paloma Rueda
- Eurofins-Inmunología y Genética Aplicada S.A. (Eurofins-INGENASA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Manuel González
- Aptamer Group. IRYCIS-Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain; Aptus Biotech SL, Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Rodríguez
- Eurofins-Inmunología y Genética Aplicada S.A. (Eurofins-INGENASA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lissette López
- Eurofins-Inmunología y Genética Aplicada S.A. (Eurofins-INGENASA), Madrid, Spain
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17
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Vangroenweghe FACJ, Thas O. Seasonal Variation in Prevalence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Other Respiratory Pathogens in Peri-Weaned, Post-Weaned, and Fattening Pigs with Clinical Signs of Respiratory Diseases in Belgian and Dutch Pig Herds, Using a Tracheobronchial Swab Sampling Technique, and Their Associations with Local Weather Conditions. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091202. [PMID: 34578234 PMCID: PMC8471121 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae), many other viruses and bacteria can concurrently be present in pigs. These pathogens can provoke clinical signs, known as porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). A sampling technique on live animals, namely tracheobronchial swab (TBS) sampling, was applied to detect different PRDC pathogens in pigs using PCR. The objective was to determine prevalence of different PRDC pathogens and their variations during different seasons, including correlations with local weather conditions. A total of 974 pig farms and 22,266 pigs were sampled using TBS over a 5-year period. TBS samples were analyzed using mPCR and results were categorized and analyzed according to the season of sampling and local weather data. In samples of peri-weaned and post-weaned piglets, influenza A virus in swine (IAV-S), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-European strain (PRRSV1), and M. hyopneumoniae were found as predominant pathogens. In fattening pigs, M. hyopneumoniae, porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) and PRRSV1 were predominant pathogens. Pathogen prevalence in post-weaned and finishing pigs was highest during winter, except for IAV-S and A. pleuropneumoniae, which were more prevalent during autumn. Associations between prevalence of several PRDC pathogens, i.e., M. hyopneumoniae, PCV-2 and PRRSV, and specific weather conditions could be demonstrated. In conclusion, the present study showed that many respiratory pathogens are present during the peri-weaning, post-weaning, and fattening periods, which may complicate the clinical picture of respiratory diseases. Interactions between PRDC pathogens and local weather conditions over the 5-year study period were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric A. C. J. Vangroenweghe
- Business Unit Swine & Ruminants, Elanco Animal Health, Plantijn en Moretuslei 1A, 2018 Antwerpen, Belgium
- Unit of Porcine Health Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-477-558-562
| | - Olivier Thas
- I-BioStat, Data Science Institute, Campus Diepenbeek, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium;
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- National Institute of Applied Statistics Research Australia (NIASRA), University of Wollongong, Northfield Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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18
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Goonewardene KB, Chung CJ, Goolia M, Blakemore L, Fabian A, Mohamed F, Nfon C, Clavijo A, Dodd KA, Ambagala A. Evaluation of oral fluid as an aggregate sample for early detection of African swine fever virus using four independent pen-based experimental studies. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:2867-2877. [PMID: 34075717 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The sustained spread of African swine fever (ASF) virus throughout much of the world has made ASF a global animal health priority, with an increased emphasis on enhancing preparedness to prevent, detect and respond to a potential outbreak of ASF virus (ASFV). In the event of ASFV entry to the North American swine population, enhanced surveillance and diagnostic testing strategies will be critical to facilitate progressive response and eradication of the disease. Compared to individual animal sampling, pen-based oral fluid collection for active surveillance is a non-invasive alternative that is less resource and time-intensive. To evaluate the feasibility of using rope-based oral fluid for early detection of ASFV, four independent animal experiments were conducted in weaned pigs housed in numbers that mimic the industry settings, utilising either highly virulent ASFV Georgia 2007/1 strain or moderately virulent ASFV Malta'78 strain. Pen-based oral fluid and individual oropharyngeal swabs were collected daily and blood samples from each animal were collected every other day. All samples were subsequently tested for ASFV by real-time PCR. ASFV genome was detected in individual blood samples as early as one day post-infection and detected in oral fluids at low-to-moderate levels as early as 3-5 days post-infection in all four independent experiments. These results suggest that pen-based oral fluid samples may be used to supplement the use of traditional samples for rapid detection of ASFV during ASF surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalhari B Goonewardene
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Chungwon J Chung
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, NVSL, VS, APHIS, USDA, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, New York
| | - Melissa Goolia
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Leslie Blakemore
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, NVSL, VS, APHIS, USDA, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, New York
| | - Andrew Fabian
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, NVSL, VS, APHIS, USDA, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, New York
| | - Fawzi Mohamed
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, NVSL, VS, APHIS, USDA, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, New York
| | - Charles Nfon
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Alfonso Clavijo
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Kimberly A Dodd
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, NVSL, VS, APHIS, USDA, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, New York
| | - Aruna Ambagala
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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19
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Clavijo MJ, Hu D, Krantz S, Cano JP, Pereira Maróstica T, Henao-Diaz A, Poeta Silva APS, Hemker D, Tapia E, Zimmerman S, Fano E, Polson D, Fitzgerald R, Tucker A, Main R, Wang C, Zimmerman JJ, Rotolo ML. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Surveillance in Pig Populations: Establishing Sampling Guidelines for Detection in Growing Pigs. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:e03051-20. [PMID: 33597256 PMCID: PMC8091834 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03051-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antemortem detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection in swine production systems has relied on antibody testing, but the availability of tests based on DNA detection and novel diagnostic specimens, e.g., tracheal swabs and oral fluids, has the potential to improve M. hyopneumoniae surveillance. A field study was performed over a 14-week period during which 10 pigs in one pen at the center of a room with 1,250 6-week-old pigs housed in 46 pens were intratracheally inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae Thereafter, one tracheal sample, four serum samples, and one oral fluid sample were collected from every pen at 2-week intervals. Tracheal and oral fluid samples were tested for M. hyopneumoniae DNA and serum samples for M. hyopneumoniae antibody. Test results were modeled using a hierarchical Bayesian model, based on a latent spatial piecewise exponential survival model, to estimate the probability of detection by within-pen prevalence, number of positive pens in the barn, sample allocation, sample size, and sample type over time. Analysis showed that tracheal samples provided the earliest detection, especially at large sample sizes. While serum samples are more commonly collected and are less expensive to test, high probability of detection estimates were only obtained 30 days postexposure at large sample sizes. In all scenarios, probability of detection estimates for oral fluids within 30 days were significantly lower than those for tracheal and serum samples. Ultimately, the choice of specimen type, sample number, and assay will depend on testing objectives and economics, but the estimates provided here will assist in the design of M. hyopneumoniae surveillance and monitoring programs for different situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jose Clavijo
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Population Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Pig Improvement Company, Hendersonville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dapeng Hu
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Population Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Jean Paul Cano
- Pig Improvement Company, Hendersonville, Tennessee, USA
- Pipestone Veterinary Clinic, Pipestone, Minnesota, USA
| | - Thairê Pereira Maróstica
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Henao-Diaz
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Population Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Pig Improvement Company, Hendersonville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ana Paula S Poeta Silva
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Population Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Deanne Hemker
- Pig Improvement Company, Hendersonville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | - Eduardo Fano
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dale Polson
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | - Rodger Main
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Population Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Chong Wang
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Population Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Zimmerman
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Population Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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20
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Eddicks M, Eddicks L, Stadler J, Hermanns W, Ritzmann M. [The porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) - a clinical review]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2021; 49:120-132. [PMID: 33902142 DOI: 10.1055/a-1403-1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The porcine respiratory disease complex describes a clinical condition that often manifests as treatment-resistant respiratory disease of growing to finishing pigs. Its multifactorial etiology includes infectious and non-infectious factors. Besides management and hygiene conditions, particularly viral and bacterial pathogens contribute to the development and course of PRDC. The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), influenza A virus (IAV) and Mycoplasma (M.) hyopneunoniae are considered as the major pathogens involved in PRDC. The clinical outcome and necropsy findings may differ depending on the involvement of the different pathogens. The complex nature of the PRDC impedes the diagnostic and preventive measures on affected farms. The present review provides insight into the pathomorphology, pathogenesis and inter-pathogen-interactions and aims to support practitioners in implementing purposeful diagnostic and preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Eddicks
- Klinik für Schweine, Zentrum für Klinische Tiermedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Lina Eddicks
- Institut für Tierpathologie, Zentrum für Klinische Tiermedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Julia Stadler
- Klinik für Schweine, Zentrum für Klinische Tiermedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Walter Hermanns
- Institut für Tierpathologie, Zentrum für Klinische Tiermedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Klinik für Schweine, Zentrum für Klinische Tiermedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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21
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Lopez Rodriguez A, Berge AC, Ramage C, Saltzman R, Domangue RJ, Gnozzio MJ, Muller A, Sierra P, Benchaoui HA. Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of a water soluble formulation of tylvalosin in the control of enzootic pneumonia associated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida in pigs. Porcine Health Manag 2020; 6:39. [PMID: 33292620 PMCID: PMC7716473 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00177-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The efficacy of a water soluble formulation of tylvalosin (Aivlosin® 625 mg/g granules) was evaluated in the treatment and metaphylaxis of Enzootic Pneumonia (EP) in pigs. In all four trials, pigs in the tylvalosin group were administered 10 mg tylvalosin/kg bodyweight in drinking water daily for 5 consecutive days (TVN). In a single-challenge study, pigs were inoculated with lung homogenate containing Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. In a dual challenge study, pigs were sequentially inoculated with pure culture of M. hyopneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida. Efficacy was evaluated based on reduction of lung lesions compared to unmedicated control pigs (CTL). In two field studies at European commercial farms with confirmed outbreaks of EP, treatment efficacy in clinically affected fatteners was evaluated based on improved clinical conditions compared to pigs treated with tylosin at 10 mg/kg by injection for 3 consecutive days (TYL). In these field trials, healthy in contact pigs were enrolled for metaphylaxis efficacy evaluation based on reduction in incidence of new clinical cases of respiratory disease compared to unmedicated pigs (CTL). Results In the M. hyopneumoniae-only challenge study, pigs in TVN group had lower lung lesion scores than CTL (6.52 vs. 14.97; p < 0.001). In the dual challenge study with M. hyopneumoniae and P. multocida, pigs in TVN group had lower lung lesion scores than CTL (3.32 vs. 8.37; p < 0.01) and the recovery of both challenge bacteria from the lungs was lower in TVN compared with CTL group (p < 0.01). In field outbreaks of EP, multicentre analysis showed that 13 days after the start of medication, treatment success for TVN pigs was significantly better than for TYL pigs (80.0% vs 48.7% p = 0.03) and metaphylactic administration of TVN significantly reduced the incidence of new clinical cases (2.1% vs. 7.8%; p < 0.01) compared with unmedicated controls. Conclusions Tylvalosin at 10 mg/kg daily for 5 days in drinking water was safe and effective in the treatment and metaphylaxis of EP in pigs associated with infections of M. hyopneumoniae either alone or in combination with P. multocida under both experimental challenge and field natural infection conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rickie J Domangue
- Rickie J. Domangue Statistical Consulting Services, Broadway, VA, USA
| | | | - Annika Muller
- Charles River Laboratories Edinburgh Ltd, Edinburgh, UK
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22
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Turlewicz-Podbielska H, Włodarek J, Pomorska-Mól M. Noninvasive strategies for surveillance of swine viral diseases: a review. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:503-512. [PMID: 32687007 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720936616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In view of the intensive development of the swine industry, monitoring and surveillance of infectious diseases require low-cost, effective, and representative population sampling methods. We present herein the state of knowledge, to date, in the use of alternative strategies in the monitoring of swine health. Blood sampling, the most commonly used method in veterinary medicine to obtain samples for monitoring swine health, is labor-intensive and expensive, which has resulted in a search for alternative sampling strategies. Oral fluid (OF) is a good alternative to serum for pooled sample analysis, especially for low-prevalence pathogens. Detection of viral nucleic acids or antiviral antibodies in OF is used to detect numerous viruses in the swine population. Meat juice is used as an alternative to serum in serologic testing. Processing fluid obtained during processing of piglets (castration and tail-docking) may also be used to detect viruses. These matrices are simple, safe, cost-effective, and allow testing of many individuals at the same time. The latest methods, such as snout swabs and udder skin wipes, are also promising. These alternative samples are easy to acquire, and do not affect animal welfare negatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Turlewicz-Podbielska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznań, University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jan Włodarek
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznań, University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznań, University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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23
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Goecke NB, Kobberø M, Kusk TK, Hjulsager CK, Pedersen KS, Kristensen CS, Larsen LE. Objective pathogen monitoring in nursery and finisher pigs by monthly laboratory diagnostic testing. Porcine Health Manag 2020; 6:23. [PMID: 32922832 PMCID: PMC7476771 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00161-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Infectious diseases are of great economic importance in commercial pig production, causing both clinical and subclinical disease, with influence on welfare, productivity, and antibiotic use. The causes of these diseases are often multifactorial and laboratory diagnostics are seldom routinely performed. The aim of the present study was to explore the benefits of monthly pathogen monitoring in nursery and finisher herds and to examine association between laboratory results and observed clinical signs, including coughing and diarrhoea. Three monthly samplings were conducted in three different age groups in six nursery and four finisher production units. For each unit, two pens were randomly selected in each age group and evaluated for coughing and diarrhoea events. Furthermore, faecal sock and oral fluid samples were collected in the selected pens and analysed for 18 respiratory and enteric viral and bacterial pathogens using the high-throughput real-time PCR BioMark HD platform (Fluidigm, South San Francisco, USA). Results In total, 174 pens were sampled in which eight coughing events and 77 diarrhoeic events were observed. The overall findings showed that swine influenza A virus, porcine circovirus 2, porcine cytomegalovirus, Brachyspira pilosicoli, Lawsonia intracellularis, Escherichia coli fimbria types F4 and F18 were found to be prevalent in several of the herds. Association between coughing events and the presence of swine influenza A virus, porcine cytomegalovirus (Cq ≤ 20) or a combination of these were found. Furthermore, an association between diarrhoeic events and the presence of L. intracellularis (Cq ≤ 24) or B. pilosicoli (Cq ≤ 26) was found. Conclusions The use of high-throughput real-time PCR analysis for continuous monitoring of pathogens and thereby dynamics of infections in a pig herd, provided the veterinarian and farmer with an objective knowledge on the distribution of pathogens in the herd. In addition, the use of a high-throughput method in combination with information about clinical signs, productivity, health status and antibiotic consumption, presents a new and innovative way of diagnosing and monitoring pig herds and even to a lower cost than the traditional method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole B Goecke
- Centre for Diagnostics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.,Present address: University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Maja Kobberø
- Centre for Diagnostics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas K Kusk
- Centre for Diagnostics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Charlotte K Hjulsager
- Centre for Diagnostics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.,Present address: Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | | | | | - Lars E Larsen
- Centre for Diagnostics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.,Present address: University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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24
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Boulbria G, Normand V, Leblanc-Maridor M, Belloc C, Berton P, Bouchet F, Lebret A. Feasibility of pooled oral fluid collection from pre-weaning piglets using cotton ropes. Vet Anim Sci 2020; 9:100099. [PMID: 32734109 PMCID: PMC7386738 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2020.100099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Collection of pooled oral fluid (OF) by allowing pigs to chew on a cotton rope is an alternative to blood sampling. However, little is known about the applicability of this method to suckling piglets. The objectives of the present study were to describe the spontaneous interaction of suckling piglets with a rope and to investigate the influence of a rope pre-exposure on the success rate of sampling. We studied the interaction dynamics of 21 and 28 days-old suckling piglets with a cotton rope presented for 30 min. Ropes were manually wrung out inside plastic bags to release the oral fluid. A total of 49 litters were included. Percentages of success of pooled OF collection for 28-day-old, 21-day-old and 21-day-old pre-exposed litters were 82%, 62% and 100%, respectively. The mean volume collected did not differ between groups. Without pre-exposure, 84.7% and 95% of piglets interacted spontaneously with the rope at 21 and 28 days of age, respectively. The latency between rope presentation and interaction was highly variable between piglets within litters: from < 10 s to 30 min. Among piglets having interacted with the rope, the interaction lasted for at least 60 s for 90% and 91.4% of 21 and 28-day-old piglets, respectively. Pooled OF collection is achievable prior to weaning in piglets of at least 21 days of age. Pooled OF sampling is representative at litter level if collection is successful. In order to improve the success rate of collection, pre-exposing the piglets with a rope one day prior to sampling is effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenaël Boulbria
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | - Valérie Normand
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | | | - Catherine Belloc
- BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, Université Bretagne Loire, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Pauline Berton
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | - Franck Bouchet
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | - Arnaud Lebret
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
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25
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Wide Range of the Prevalence and Viral Loads of Porcine Circovirus Type 3 (PCV3) in Different Clinical Materials from 21 Polish Pig Farms. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050411. [PMID: 32466099 PMCID: PMC7281387 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) was described in different clinical cases and healthy pigs. However, little is known about its circulation in pig farms. In order to assess PCV3 prevalence in 21 Polish farms, serum, feces, and oral fluid samples were examined by quantitative real-time PCR. In total, 1451 pairs of serum and feces from the same animals, as well as 327 samples of oral fluids were analyzed. The results showed that PCV3 is more commonly detected in oral fluids (37.3% positives) than in serum (9.7% positives) or feces (15.0% positives) samples. The viral loads detected in these materials ranged from 102.5–107.2 genome equivalent copies/mL. Although in most farms PCV3 was detected post weaning, in nine farms, the virus was also found in groups of suckling piglets, and in six of them viremia was detected. In four farms with reproductive failure, fetal materials were also obtained. PCV3 was detected in 36.0% of fetuses or stillborn piglets (9/25) with viral loads of 103.1–1010.4 genome equivalent copies/mL. In summary, the virus circulation may show different patterns, and congenital or early infection is not uncommon. Precise quantification of PCV3 loads in clinical materials seems to be necessary for the study and diagnosis of the infection.
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26
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Sunaga F, Tsuchiaka S, Kishimoto M, Aoki H, Kakinoki M, Kure K, Okumura H, Okumura M, Okumura A, Nagai M, Omatsu T, Mizutani T. Development of a one-run real-time PCR detection system for pathogens associated with porcine respiratory diseases. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 82:217-223. [PMID: 31866601 PMCID: PMC7041981 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of Porcine respiratory disease complex is complicated by infections with
multiple pathogens, and multiple infections increase the difficulty in identifying the
causal pathogen. In this present study, we developed a detection system of microbes from
porcine respiratory by using TaqMan real-time PCR (referred to as Dempo-PCR) to screen a
broad range of pathogens associated with porcine respiratory diseases in a single run. We
selected 17 porcine respiratory pathogens (Actinobacillus
pleuropneumoniae, Boldetella bronchiseptica,
Haemophilus parasuis, Pasteurella multocida,
Pasteurella multocida toxin, Streptococcus suis,
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyorhinis,
Mycoplasma hyosynovie, porcine circovirus 2, pseudorabies virus,
porcine cytomegalovirus, swine influenza A virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory
virus US strain, EU strain, porcine respiratory coronavirus and porcine hemagglutinating
encephalomyelitis virus) as detection targets and designed novel specific primer-probe
sets for seven of them. In sensitivity test by using standard curves from synthesized DNA,
all primer-probe sets showed high sensitivity. However, porcine reproductive and
respiratory virus is known to have a high frequency of genetic mutations, and the primer
and probe sequences will need to be checked at a considerable frequency when performing
Dempo-PCR from field samples. A total of 30 lung samples from swine showing respiratory
symptoms on six farms were tested by the Dempo-PCR to validate the assay’s clinical
performance. As the results, 12 pathogens (5 virus and 7 bacteria) were detected and
porcine reproductive and respiratory virus US strain, Mycoplasma
hyorhinis, Haemophilus parasuis, and porcine cytomegalovirus
were detected at high frequency. These results suggest that Dempo-PCR assay can be applied
as a screening system with wide detection targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujiko Sunaga
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Shinobu Tsuchiaka
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagito, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Mai Kishimoto
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Aoki
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Mari Kakinoki
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Katsumasa Kure
- Value Farm Consulting Co., Ltd., 1704-3 Nishi Oi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-1260, Japan
| | - Hanako Okumura
- Value Farm Consulting Co., Ltd., 1704-3 Nishi Oi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-1260, Japan
| | - Maho Okumura
- Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Atsushi Okumura
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Makoto Nagai
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan.,Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Omatsu
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagito, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagito, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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27
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Real-Time PCR Detection Patterns of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) in Polish Farms with Different Statuses of Vaccination against PCV2. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121135. [PMID: 31817963 PMCID: PMC6949947 DOI: 10.3390/v11121135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a globally spread pathogen controlled with generally highly efficacious vaccination protocols. In order to compare PCV2 detection profiles in farms with different vaccination statuses, serum (359) and fecal pools (351) and oral fluids (209) from four farms that do not vaccinate against PCV2 (NON-VAC) and from 22 farms that do vaccinate (VAC) were tested with quantitative real-time PCR. Additionally, nucleotide sequences of ORF2 of the virus were obtained from selected samples. Three genotypes, PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d, were detected. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in PCV2 prevalence and quantities between the VAC and NON-VAC farms were evident. In five VAC farms, no viremia or shedding in feces was detected. On the other hand, in four VAC farms, the results were very similar to those from NON-VAC farms. No significant difference in PCV2 prevalence in oral fluids was observed between VAC and NON-VAC farms. An examination of viremia can be recommended for the detection of vaccination efficacy issues. The median of the PCV2 viral loads >6.0 log10 copies/mL in pooled sera from the vaccinated population should be considered a very strong indication that the vaccination protocol needs revision.
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28
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Goecke NB, Hjulsager CK, Krog JS, Skovgaard K, Larsen LE. Development of a high-throughput real-time PCR system for detection of enzootic pathogens in pigs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 32:51-64. [PMID: 31752620 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719890863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory and intestinal diseases in pigs can have significant negative influence on productivity and animal welfare. A wide range of real-time PCR (rtPCR) assays are used in our laboratory (National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark) for pathogen detection, and PCR analyses are performed on traditional rtPCR platforms in which a limited number of samples can be analyzed per day given limitations in equipment and personnel. To mitigate these restrictions, rtPCR assays have been optimized for the high-throughput rtPCR BioMark platform (Fluidigm). Using this platform, we developed a high-throughput detection system that can be used for simultaneous examination of 48 samples with detection specificity for 18 selected respiratory and enteric viral and bacterial pathogens of high importance to Danish pig production. The rtPCR assays were validated and optimized to run under the same reaction conditions using a BioMark 48.48 dynamic array (DA) integrated fluidic circuit chip, and the sensitivity and specificity were assessed by testing known positive samples. Performance of the 48.48DA was similar to traditional rtPCR analysis, and the specificity of the 48.48DA was high. Application of the high-throughput platform has resulted in a significant reduction in cost and working hours and has provided production herds with a new innovative service with the potential to facilitate the optimal choice of disease control strategies such as vaccination and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole B Goecke
- Division for Diagnostics & Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (Goecke, Hjulsager, Krog, Skovgaard, Larsen)
| | - Charlotte K Hjulsager
- Division for Diagnostics & Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (Goecke, Hjulsager, Krog, Skovgaard, Larsen)
| | - Jesper S Krog
- Division for Diagnostics & Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (Goecke, Hjulsager, Krog, Skovgaard, Larsen)
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Division for Diagnostics & Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (Goecke, Hjulsager, Krog, Skovgaard, Larsen)
| | - Lars E Larsen
- Division for Diagnostics & Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (Goecke, Hjulsager, Krog, Skovgaard, Larsen)
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29
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Moiso N, Pieters M, Degano F, Vissio C, Camacho P, Estanguet A, Parada J, Tamiozzo PJ. Detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in nasal and laryngeal swab specimens in endemically infected pig herds. Vet Rec 2019; 186:27. [PMID: 31732508 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apparently, laryngeal swabs (LS) are more sensitive than nasal swabs (NS) and allow earlier detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae by PCR. However, antecedents about the compared detection of M hyopneumoniae with NS and LS in growing pigs, from naturally infected herds, are lacking in the literature. Thus, this study compared the PCR detection of M hyopneumoniae from NS and LS in pigs of various ages. METHODS A longitudinal study was performed at two farms where NS and LS were collected from three consecutive groups of 20 pigs at 3, 6, 10, 16 and 22 weeks of age. All samples were analysed by nested PCR for M hyopneumoniae detection. RESULTS The probability of PCR detection of M hyopneumoniae was higher in LS for pigs of all ages (odds ratio (OR)=1.87; 95 per cent confidence interval (CI) 1.31-2.67) and in 22-week-old pigs (OR=4.87; 95 per cent CI 2.86-8.30). The agreement between both sample types was low to moderate (kappa 0.087-0.508), highlighting that M hyopneumoniae does not appear to colonise the respiratory tract in a generalised and consistent fashion. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that LS could be employed at different ages to achieve greater bacterial detection. Considering that LS is a minimally invasive, highly sensitive sample compared with the traditional NS, it could be suggested to employ this sample type for M hyopneumoniae detection in naturally infected pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Moiso
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Maria Pieters
- Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Facundo Degano
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Claudina Vissio
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina.,Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de Salud (IDAS), UNRC- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Pablo Camacho
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Abel Estanguet
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Julián Parada
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Pablo J Tamiozzo
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
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30
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Arsenakis I, Michiels A, Schagemann G, Gomez-Duran CO, Boyen F, Haesebrouck F, Maes DGD. Effects of pre-farrowing sow vaccination against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae on offspring colonisation and lung lesions. Vet Rec 2019; 184:222. [PMID: 30630875 PMCID: PMC6589467 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae colonisation and lung lesions at slaughter in pigs from vaccinated (V) and non-vaccinated (NV) sows, in two herds (A and B). In each herd, two sow batches were V against M. hyopneumoniae with a commercial bacterin at six and three weeks before farrowing and two sow batches remained NV. From each sow batch, laryngeal swabs were collected from the litters of five primiparous sows at weaning and seven days post-weaning. All samples were tested for M. hyopneumoniae by nested PCR. In total, 488 piglets were sampled. At slaughter, the extent of Mycoplasma-like pneumonia lesions (lung lesion score (LLS)) was assessed. The colonisation rates with M. hyopneumoniae at weaning and seven days post-weaning were (V-A=14.2, NV-A=20.0 (P=0.225); V-B=0.9, NV-B=0.8 (P=0.948)) and (V-A=0.8, NV-A=7.0 (P=0.039); V-B=1.8, NV-B=2.5 (P=0.738)), respectively. The average LLS (in per cent) was V-A=15.5, NV-A=26.4 (P=0.021); V-B=9.7, NV-B=8.4 (P=0.541). In conclusion, in herd A, with a substantially higher level of piglet colonisation at weaning than herd B, offspring from V sows had a significantly lower colonisation rate seven days post-weaning and a significantly lower LLS at slaughter compared with the offspring of the NV sows. This implies that sow vaccination might be useful for control of M. hyopneumoniae infections, although significant results may not be achieved at all times (such as in herd B).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Arsenakis
- Unit Porcine Health Management, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics & Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Annelies Michiels
- Unit Porcine Health Management, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics & Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominiek G D Maes
- Unit Porcine Health Management, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics & Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Maes D, Sibila M, Kuhnert P, Segalés J, Haesebrouck F, Pieters M. Update on Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infections in pigs: Knowledge gaps for improved disease control. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65 Suppl 1:110-124. [PMID: 28834294 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) is the primary pathogen of enzootic pneumonia, a chronic respiratory disease in pigs. Infections occur worldwide and cause major economic losses to the pig industry. The present paper reviews the current knowledge on M. hyopneumoniae infections, with emphasis on identification and analysis of knowledge gaps for optimizing control of the disease. Close contact between infected and susceptible pigs is the main route of M. hyopneumoniae transmission. Management and housing conditions predisposing for infection or disease are known, but further research is needed to better understand M. hyopneumoniae transmission patterns in modern pig production systems, and to assess the importance of the breeding population for downstream disease control. The organism is primarily found on the mucosal surface of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. Different adhesins and lipoproteins are involved in the adherence process. However, a clear picture of the virulence and pathogenicity of M. hyopneumoniae is still missing. The role of glycerol metabolism, myoinositol metabolism and the Mycoplasma Ig binding protein-Mycoplasma Ig protease system should be further investigated for their contribution to virulence. The destruction of the mucociliary apparatus, together with modulating the immune response, enhances the susceptibility of infected pigs to secondary pathogens. Clinical signs and severity of lesions depend on different factors, such as management, environmental conditions and likely also M. hyopneumoniae strain. The potential impact of strain variability on disease severity is not well defined. Diagnostics could be improved by developing tests that may detect virulent strains, by improving sampling in live animals and by designing ELISAs allowing discrimination between infected and vaccinated pigs. The currently available vaccines are often cost-efficient, but the ongoing research on developing new vaccines that confer protective immunity and reduce transmission should be continued, as well as optimization of protocols to eliminate M. hyopneumoniae from pig herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Maes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M Sibila
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - P Kuhnert
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - J Segalés
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - F Haesebrouck
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M Pieters
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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