Recent advances in the development of gene delivery systems

Calcium Imaging in Vivo: How to Correctly Select and Apply Fiber Optic Photometric Indicators

Fiber-photometric is a novel optogenetic method for recording neural activity in vivo, which allows the use of calcium indicators to observe and study the relationship between neural activity and behavior in free-ranging animals. Calcium indicators also convert changes in calcium concentration in cells or tissues into recordable fluorescent signals, which can then be observed using the system of fiber-photometric. To date, there is a paucity of relevant literature on the proper selection and application of fiber-photometric indicators. Therefore, this paper will detail how to correctly select and apply fiber-photometer indicators in four sections: the basic principle of optical fiber photometry, the selection of calcium fluorescent probes and viral vector systems, and the measurement of specific expression of fluorescent proteins in specific tissues. Therefore, the correct use of suitable fiber optic recording indicators will greatly assist researchers in exploring the link between neuronal activity and neuropsychiatric disorders.

Injectable polyplex-loaded glycol chitosan thermogel for efficient and safe inner ear gene delivery

Gene therapy has emerged as a promising approach for treating inner ear disorders, such as hearing loss and balance impairments, which require precise and efficient delivery mechanisms. This study introduces a dual-component delivery system combining RH-PAMAM G2 dendrimer-based polyplexes with hexanoyl glycol chitosan (HGC) thermogel to enhance gene delivery to the inner ear. The RH-PAMAM G2 dendrimers, modified with histidine and arginine, demonstrated high DNA binding affinity, low cytotoxicity, and effective cellular uptake, facilitating stable plasmid DNA (pDNA) transfection in HEI-OC1 auditory cells. Encapsulating these polyplexes within the HGC thermogel, an injectable and thermosensitive hydrogel, resulted in a supportive matrix that protects against premature clearance and provides sustained gene release upon intratympanic administration. In vivo studies in a mouse model confirmed substantial gene expression in the cochlear tissues, with widespread distribution in regions including the spiral ganglion and organ of Corti, compared to polyplexes alone. The HGC thermogel also exhibited favorable biocompatibility, with no observed inflammation or adverse effects in the middle ear tissues. This novel polyplex-HGC thermogel system demonstrates potential as a safe, efficient injectable gene delivery platform, offering a significant advance in gene therapy for inner ear disorders.

Development and functionality analysis of lipoplex-loaded polysaccharide-based surface coatings for local nucleic acid delivery

Although therapeutic nucleic acids reached the clinical application for a decade, the success of these new drugs is dependent on their delivery strategies, which are still a challenge. In particular, local delivery of nucleic acids is a promising approach to develop therapies with a spatially controlled site of action. However, compared to techniques for systemic administration, local nucleic acid delivery systems are still rarely described. In this study, we present a promising approach to fill this gap by the design of surface coatings based on polysaccharides for local delivery of nucleic acids. An automatized Layer-by-Layer deposition approach was applied using hyaluronic acid and chitosan to form polyelectrolyte multilayer systems, into which lipid nanoparticles, more specific lipoplexes, were embedded as nucleic acid carriers. Different manufacturing parameters, in particular the number of deposited polyelectrolyte layers and the preparation buffer, were varied. The multilayer film characteristics were investigated systematically regarding their physical properties, with a focus on thickness and topology as well as lipoplex deposition, to identify a system with efficient transfection properties. The multilayer systems prepared in acetate buffer were characterized by a good lipoplex embedding with a more uniform distribution and lower tendency for formation of large lipoplex aggregates in the polyelectrolyte film. Additionally, we were able to demonstrate the functionality of the developed system for nucleic acid delivery. The nucleic acids were successfully transferred into cells in a contact-triggered manner. Furthermore, we could demonstrate the enzymatic degradation-based release of nucleic acid cargo from the delivery system caused by hyaluronidase, followed by successful in vitro transfection.

Nanomedicine innovations in colon and rectal cancer: advances in targeted drug and gene delivery systems

Nanotechnology has revolutionized cancer diagnostics and therapy, offering unprecedented possibilities to overcome the constraints of conventional treatments. This study provides a detailed overview of the current progress and difficulties in the creation of nanostructured materials, with a specific emphasis on their use in drug and gene delivery systems. The study examines tactics that attempt to improve the effectiveness and safety of chemotherapeutic drugs such as doxorubicin (Dox) by focusing on the potential of antibody-drug conjugates and functionalized nanoparticles. Moreover, it clarifies the challenges encountered in administering nanoparticles orally for gastrointestinal treatments, emphasizing the crucial physicochemical properties that affect their behavior in the gastrointestinal system. This study highlights the transformational potential of nanostructured materials in precision oncology by examining advanced breakthroughs such cell membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles and inorganic nanoparticles designed for gastrointestinal disorders. The text investigates the processes involved in the absorption of nanoparticles and their destruction in lysosomes, revealing the many methods in which enterocytes take up these particles. This study strongly supports the use of advanced nanoparticle-based methods to reduce the harmful effects on the whole body and improve the effectiveness of therapy, based on a thorough examination of current experiments on animals and humans. The main objective of this paper is to provide a fundamental comprehension that will stimulate more investigation and practical use in the field of cancer nanomedicine, advancing its boundaries.

Nano Approaches to Nucleic Acid Delivery: Barriers, Solutions, and Current Landscape

Nucleic acid (NA) therapy holds tremendous potential for treating a wide range of genetic diseases by the delivery of therapeutic genes into target cells. However, significant challenges exist in safely and effectively delivering these genes to their intended locations. Viral vectors, though efficient, pose risks such as immunogenicity and mutagenesis. This has resulted in growing interest in non-viral, nanoparticle-based NA delivery systems. This review article describes various physiological barriers to NA delivery and explores nanoparticle-based NA delivery systems, including bioengineered nanoparticles, peptides, lipid nanoparticles, and polymeric nanoparticles, highlighting their unique features to overcome in vivo barriers for NA delivery. While these nanoparticle-based NA delivery systems offer a promising alternative to viral vectors, challenges related to cytotoxicity, reproducible synthesis, and cost need to be addressed. The current clinical landscape of NA delivery is also discussed, emphasizing the need for safer, scalable, and cost-effective solutions. Nanoparticles represent a promising future in NA therapy, with the possibility of developing clinically relevant, non-toxic, stable, and non-immunogenic delivery vehicles, paving the way for broader therapeutic applications and improved clinical outcomes.

Targeted delivery systems of siRNA based on ionizable lipid nanoparticles and cationic polymer vectors

As an emerging therapeutic tool, small interfering RNA (siRNA) had the capability to down-regulate nearly all human mRNAs via sequence-specific gene silencing. Numerous studies have demonstrated the substantial potential of siRNA in the treatment of broad classes of diseases. With the discovery and development of various delivery systems and chemical modifications, six siRNA-based drugs have been approved by 2024. The utilization of siRNA-based therapeutics has significantly propelled efforts to combat a wide array of previously incurable diseases and advanced at a rapid pace, particularly with the help of potent targeted delivery systems. Despite encountering several extracellular and intracellular challenges, the efficiency of siRNA delivery has been gradually enhanced. Currently, targeted strategies aimed at improving potency and reducing toxicity played a crucial role in the druggability of siRNA. This review focused on recent advancements on ionizable lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) and cationic polymer (CP) vectors applied for targeted siRNA delivery. Based on various types of targeted modifications, we primarily described delivery systems modified with receptor ligands, peptides, antibodies, aptamers and amino acids. Finally, we discussed the challenges and opportunities associated with siRNA delivery systems based on ionizable LNPs and CPs vectors.

PET Reporter Probes for Brain Imaging of Transduced Gene and Cell Expression: Status and Challenges

Gene therapy and cell transduction are gaining interest as therapeutic strategies for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Positron emission tomography (PET) has been established as a uniquely powerful modality for brain molecular imaging in vivo. The utility of PET depends on the development and application of suitably specific radiotracers and/or reporter probes. PET probes are potentially useful to confirm the success of gene therapy or cell transduction without the need for brain biopsy or necroscopy. Probes are needed to target proteins expressed by specific exogenous transgenes or cells and could play a crucial role in elucidating neurobiological mechanisms and in longitudinal tracking of expression for therapeutic applications. This perspective article describes the current status and ongoing challenges for the design and development of PET reporter probes for verifying the expression of reporter genes and cells in the brain. Radiochemical aspects, applications, and translational challenges for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions are highlighted.

Enhancing non-viral DNA delivery systems: Recent advances in improving efficiency and target specificity

DNA-based therapies are often limited by challenges such as stability, long-term integration, low transfection efficiency, and insufficient targeted DNA delivery. This review focuses on recent progress in the design of non-viral delivery systems for enhancing targeted DNA delivery and modulation of therapeutic efficiency. Cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking mechanisms play a crucial role in optimizing gene delivery efficiency. There are two main strategies employed to improve the efficiency of gene delivery vectors: (i) explore different administration routes (e.g., mucosal, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, intratumoural, and intraocular) that best facilitates optimal uptake into the targeted cells and organs and (ii) modify the delivery vectors with cell-specific ligands (e.g., natural ligands, antibodies, peptides, carbohydrates, or aptamers) that enable targeted uptake to specific cells with higher specificity and improved biodistribution. We describe how recent progress in employing these DNA delivery strategies is advancing the field and increasing the clinical translation and ultimate clinical application of DNA therapies.

Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors: Principles, Practices, and Prospects in Gene Therapy

Gene therapy offers promising potential as an efficacious and long-lasting therapeutic option for genetic conditions, by correcting defective mutations using engineered vectors to deliver genetic material to host cells. Among these vectors, adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) stand out for their efficiency, versatility, and safety, making them one of the leading platforms in gene therapy. The enormous potential of AAVs has been demonstrated through their use in over 225 clinical trials and the FDA's approval of six AAV-based gene therapy products, positioning these vectors at the forefront of the field. This review highlights the evolution and current applications of AAVs in gene therapy, focusing on their clinical successes, ongoing developments, and the manufacturing processes required for the rapid commercial growth anticipated in the AAV therapy market. It also discusses the broader implications of these advancements for future therapeutic strategies targeting more complex and multi-systemic conditions and biological processes such as aging. Finally, we explore some of the major challenges currently confronting the field.

Thermo-Responsive Polymer-Based Nanoparticles: From Chemical Design to Advanced Applications

Thermo-responsive polymers have emerged as a cutting-edge tool in nanomedicine, paving the way for innovative approaches to targeted drug delivery and advanced therapeutic strategies. These "smart" polymers respond to temperature changes, enabling controlled drug release in pathological environments characterized by high temperatures. By exploiting their unique phase transition, occurring at the lower or upper critical solution temperatures (LCST and UCST), these systems ensure localized therapeutic action, minimizing collateral damage to healthy tissues. The integration of these polymers into nanoparticles with hydrophilic shells and hydrophobic cores enhances their stability and biocompatibility. Furthermore, advanced polymer engineering allows precise modulation of LCST and UCST through adjustments in composition and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, optimizing their responsiveness for specific applications. In addition to drug delivery, thermo-responsive nanoparticles are gaining attention in several fields such as gene therapy and imaging. Therefore, this review explores the chemical and structural diversity of thermo-responsive nanoparticles, emphasizing their ability to encapsulate and release drugs effectively. Second, this review highlights the potential of thermo-responsive nanoparticles to redefine treatment paradigms, providing a comprehensive understanding of their mechanisms, applications, and future perspectives in biomedical research.

Polymeric nanocarriers for therapeutic gene delivery

The recent commercialization of gene products has sparked significant interest in gene therapy, necessitating efficient and precise gene delivery via various vectors. Currently, viral vectors and lipid-based nanocarriers are the predominant choices and have been extensively investigated and reviewed. Beyond these vectors, polymeric nanocarriers also hold the promise in therapeutic gene delivery owing to their versatile functionalities, such as improving the stability, cellar uptake and endosomal escape of nucleic acid drugs, along with precise delivery to targeted tissues. This review presents a brief overview of the status quo of the emerging polymeric nanocarriers for therapeutic gene delivery, focusing on key cationic polymers, nanocarrier types, and preparation methods. It also highlights targeted diseases, strategies to improve delivery efficiency, and potential future directions in this research area. The review is hoped to inspire the development, optimization, and clinical translation of highly efficient polymeric nanocarriers for therapeutic gene delivery.

Optimizing chitosan nanoparticles for oral delivery of double-stranded RNA in treating white spot disease in shrimp: Key insights and practical implications

Delivering double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in shrimp is challenging due to the lack of an effective carrier system. This study optimized chitosan nanoparticles (CNs) from two sources-α-chitosan from shrimp and β-chitosan from squid-to encapsulate antiviral dsRNA for oral administration via shrimp feed. Using response surface methodology (RSM), formulations were refined for encapsulation efficiency, particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential. Both types of CNs demonstrated high encapsulation efficiency (>95 %), small sizes (<300 nm), and stable zeta potential (>20 mV). Shrimp-derived CNs provided superior RNase protection and controlled release, while squid-derived CNs showed a burst release. Incorporated into feed, both types of CNs remained stable for over a month. Shrimp-derived CNs offered greater dsRNA protection (>70 %) and improved efficacy against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), significantly reducing mortality. These results position shrimp-derived CNs as promising dsRNA carriers for combating WSSV in shrimp aquaculture.

Covalent Polymer-RNA Conjugates for Potent Activation of the RIG-I Pathway

RNA ligands of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) are a promising class of oligonucleotide therapeutics with broad potential as antiviral agents, vaccine adjuvants, and cancer immunotherapies. However, their translation has been limited by major drug delivery barriers, including poor cellular uptake, nuclease degradation, and an inability to access the cytosol where RIG-I is localized. Here this challenge is addressed by engineering nanoparticles that harness covalent conjugation of 5'-triphospate RNA (3pRNA) to endosome-destabilizing polymers. Compared to 3pRNA loaded into analogous nanoparticles via electrostatic interactions, it is found that covalent conjugation of 3pRNA improves loading efficiency, enhances immunostimulatory activity, protects against nuclease degradation, and improves serum stability. Additionally, it is found that 3pRNA could be conjugated via either a disulfide or thioether linkage, but that the latter is only permissible if conjugated distal to the 5'-triphosphate group. Finally, administration of 3pRNA-polymer conjugates to mice significantly increases type-I interferon levels relative to analogous carriers that use electrostatic 3pRNA loading. Collectively, these studies have yielded a next-generation polymeric carrier for in vivo delivery of 3pRNA, while also elucidating new chemical design principles for covalent conjugation of 3pRNA with potential to inform the further development of therapeutics and delivery technologies for pharmacological activation of RIG-I.

Interfacial interactions between DNA and polysaccharide-coated magnetic nanoparticles: Insight from simulations and experiments

In this work we examine the structural and energetic stability and the interactions between dextran-coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and a DNA oligonucleotide at ionic strength conditions that are relevant to physiological gene delivery processes. All-atom Molecular Dynamics simulations provided information at the atomic-level regarding the mechanisms responsible for the physical adsorption of Dextran on the magnetic surface and the conditions under which a successful DNA-Dextran complexation can be accomplished. Coulombic interactions were found to play the main role for the formation of the Dextran interfacial layer onto the magnetic surface while hydrogen bonding between the Dextran molecules enhanced the structural integrity of this layer. The Dextran-DNA complexation was also driven by electrostatic interactions between the two moieties. An increase of the salt concentration was found to promote DNA complexation with the DX-coated magnetic nanoparticles, through the modification of the Coulombic interactions between the DX and DNA chains, which worked synergistically with the increase in hydrogen bonding between the two macromolecules. Comparison of the behavior of the coated with the uncoated magnetic nanoparticles, highlighted the significant role of the DX interfacial layer on the DNA association to the magnetic surface. Relevant experimental results provided complementary information for the coated nanoparticle/DNA interactions at different (larger) length scales. A good qualitative agreement was found between the simulation and experimental findings. This study demonstrates that tailoring the nanoparticle coating and ionic strength can optimize the delivery of DNA by fine-tuning the favorable interfacial forces and thus the DNA/MNP binding stability.

Macrocyclic peptides as a new class of targeted protein degraders

Targeted protein degraders, in the form of proteolysis targeting chimaeras (PROTACs) and molecular glues, leverage the ubiquitin-proteasome system to catalytically degrade specific target proteins of interest. Because such molecules can be extremely potent, they have attracted considerable attention as a therapeutic modality in recent years. However, while targeted degraders have great potential, they are likely to face many of the same challenges as more traditional small molecules when it comes to their development as therapeutics. In particular, existing targeted degrader design is largely only applicable to the same set of protein targets as traditional small molecules (i.e., ∼15% of the human proteome). Here, we consider the potential of macrocyclic peptides to overcome this limitation. Such molecules possess several features that make them well-suited for the role, including the ability to induce the formation of ternary protein complexes that can involve relatively flat surfaces and their structural commonality with E3 ligase-recruiting peptide degrons. For these reasons, macrocyclic peptides provide the opportunity both to broaden the number of targets accessible to degrader activity and to broaden the number of E3 ligases that can be harnessed to mediate that activity.

Comparative Study of Functionalized Carbosilane Dendrimers for siRNA Delivery: Synthesis, Cytotoxicity, and Biophysical Properties

Efficient and safe carriers of genetic material are crucial for advancing gene therapy. Three new series of cationic dendritic nanocarriers based on a carbosilane scaffold, differentiated by peripheral modifications: saccharide (CS-glyco), amine (CS-N), and phosphonium dendrimers (CS-P) were designed for binding, protecting, and releasing polyanionic compounds like therapeutic siRNA. Besides introducing synthetic methodology, this study brings a unique direct interstructural comparison of 16 dendritic nanovector's characteristics, addressing a gap in typical research that focuses on uniform structural types. The study evaluates the dendrimer's in vitro cytotoxicity, biophysical properties, and complexation capabilities in comparison with widely used PAMAM dendrimers. CS-glyco and PAMAMs were significantly less toxic to MCF-7 and THP-1 cell lines than were CS-N and CS-P, despite having the same peripheral charge density. Notably, CS-glyco maintained biocompatibility comparable to analogous neutral CS glycodendrimers, underscoring the exceptional capability of sugar coating to reduce toxicity. Dendriplexes formed from these nanocarriers protected siRNA from RNase degradation and facilitated its release in the presence of heparin, highlighting its potential in gene delivery applications. The study provides a background for future in-depth investigations into the introduced dendritic nanocarriers, which show significant potential for advancing drug delivery.

Microfluidic Synthesis of miR-200c-3p Lipid Nanoparticles: Targeting ZEB2 to Alleviate Chondrocyte Damage in Osteoarthritis

Introduction

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by articular cartilage degeneration. Chondrocyte inflammation, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix degradation accelerated OA progression. MicroRNA (miRNA) has the potential to be a therapeutic method for osteoarthritis. However, it is difficult to penetrate the cell to exercise its biological function, and its extracellular effect is unclear.

Methods

lipo-AgPEI-miR-200c-3p was created by combining miR-200c-3p with silver nitrate polyvinylimine nanoparticles on a microfluidic device. The drug release curve, stability, temperature sensitivity, cytotoxicity, and the impact of lipo-AgPEI-miR-200c-3p on the expression of proteins linked to matrix disintegration, apoptosis, and inflammatory factors were all detected.

Results

Results showed that the particle size of Lipo-AgPEI-miR-200c-3p was about 130 nm, the Zeta potential was lowered to 1.08±0.12 mV. Lipo-AgPEI-miR-200c-3p could increase cell viability, prevent cell apoptosis, and decrease the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and MCP-1 in ADTC5 cells following LPS stimulation. MMP3, MMP13, and ADAMTS-4 expression was downregulated whereas collagen II expression was upregulated. The ZEB2 expression was greatly elevated following LPS stimulation and dramatically decreased following transfection of miR-200c-3p. Collagen II expression rose following transfection of si-ZEB2, whereas the expression levels of inflammatory factors, apoptosis-related proteins, MMP3, MMP13, and ADAMTS-4 decreased. The dual luciferase experiment demonstrated that ZEB2 was the target gene of miR-200c-3p.

Conclusion

The synergistic effect of AgPEI and miR-200c-3p can inhibit the inflammatory response, apoptosis, and matrix degradation of chondrocytes. Lipo-AgPEI-miR-200c-3p can also improve transfection efficiency and obtain good physicochemical properties of drugs. miR-200c-3p may be crucial in the development of OA and can influence the target gene ZEB2, control the inflammatory response, apoptosis, and chondrocyte matrix breakdown.

Enhanced Discriminability of Viral Vectors in Viscous Nanopores

Achieving safe and efficient gene therapy hinges upon the inspection of genomes enclosed within individual nano-carriers to mitigate potential health risks associated with empty or fragment-filled vectors. Here solid-state nanopore sensing is reported for identifications of intermediate adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors in liquid. The method exploits the phenomenon of translocation slowdown induced by the viscosity of salt water-organic mixtures. This enables real-time ionic current measurements allowing precise tracking of the electroosmotic flow-driven motions of recombinant AAV vectors in a nanopore. The resulting ionic signals facilitate discrimination between replicative intermediates carrying ssDNA fragments and its full vector counterparts based on genome length-derived subtle nanometer differences in the viral diameters. This rapid and non-destructive means of genome analysis within virus capsids provides a promising avenue toward a robust methodology for ensuring the integrity of AAV vectors before administration.

Stability and conformation of DNA-hairpin in cylindrical confinement

We conducted atomistic Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations of DNA-Hairpin molecules encapsulated within Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs) at a temperature of 300 K. Our investigation revealed that the structural integrity of the DNA-Hairpin can be maintained within SWCNTs, provided that the diameter of the SWCNT exceeds a critical threshold value. Conversely, when the SWCNT diameter falls below this critical threshold, the DNA-Hairpin undergoes denaturation, even at a temperature of 300 K. The DNA-Hairpin model we employed consisted of a 12-base pair stem and a 3-base loop, and we studied various SWCNTs with different diameters. Our analyses identified a critical SWCNT diameter of 3.39 nm at 300 K. Examination of key structural features, such as hydrogen bonds (H-bonds), van der Waals (vdW) interactions, and other inter-base interactions, demonstrated a significant reduction in the number of H-bonds, vdW energy, and electrostatic energies among the DNA hairpin's constituent bases when confined within narrower SWCNTs (with diameters of 2.84 nm and 3.25 nm). However, it was observed that the increased interaction energy between the DNA-Hairpin and the inner surface of narrower SWCNTs promoted the denaturation of the DNA-Hairpin. In-depth analysis of electrostatic mapping and hydration status further revealed that the DNA-Hairpin experienced inadequate hydration and non-uniform distribution of counter ions within SWCNTs having diameters below the critical value of 3.39 nm. Our inference is that the inappropriate hydration of counter ions, along with their non-uniform spatial distribution around the DNA hairpin, contributes to the denaturation of the molecule within SWCNTs of smaller diameters. For DNA-Hairpin molecules that remained undenatured within SWCNTs, we investigated their mechanical properties, particularly the elastic properties. Our findings demonstrated an increase in the persistence length of the DNA-Hairpin with increasing SWCNT diameter. Additionally, the stretch modulus and torsional stiffness of the DNA-Hairpin were observed to increase as a function of SWCNT diameter, indicating that confinement within SWCNTs enhances the mechanical flexibility of the DNA-Hairpin.

β-Cyclodextrin-based geometrically frustrated amphiphiles as one-component, cell-specific and organ-specific nucleic acid delivery systems

We introduce an innovative β-cyclodextrin (βCD)-prototype for delivering nucleic acids: "geometrically frustrated amphiphiles (GFAs)." GFAs are designed with cationic centers evenly distributed across the primary O6 and secondary O2 positions of the βCD scaffold, while hydrophobic tails are anchored at the seven O3 positions. Such distribution of functional elements differs from Janus-type architectures and enlarges the capacity for accessing strictly monodisperse variants. Changes at the molecular level can then be correlated with preferred self-assembly and plasmid DNA (pDNA) co-assembly behaviors. Specifically, GFAs undergo pH-dependent transition between bilayered to monolayered vesicles or individual molecules. GFA-pDNA nanocomplexes exhibit topological and internal order characteristics that are also a function of the GFA molecular architecture. Notably, adjusting the pKa of the cationic heads and the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance, pupa-like arrangements implying axial alignments of GFA units flanked by quasi-parallel pDNA segments are preferred. In vitro cell transfection studies revealed remarkable differences in relative performances, which corresponded to distinct organ targeting outcomes in vivo. This allowed for preferential delivery to the liver and lung, kidney or spleen. The results collectively highlight cyclodextrin-based GFAs as a promising class of molecular vectors capable of finely tuning cell and organ transfection selectivity.

Analytical and drug delivery strategies for short peptides: From manufacturing to market

In recent times, biopharmaceuticals have gained attention because of their tremendous potential to benefit millions of patients globally by treating widespread diseases such as cancer, diabetes and many rare diseases. Short peptides (SP), also termed as oligopeptides, are one such class of biopharmaceuticals, that are majorly involved in efficient functioning of biological systems. Peptide chains that are 2-20 amino acids long are considered as oligopeptides by researchers and are some of the functionally vital compounds with widespread applications including self-assembly material for drug delivery, targeting ligands for precise/specific targeting and other biological uses. Using functionalised biomacromolecules such as short chained peptides, helps in improving pharmacokinetic properties and biodistribution profile of the drug. Apart from this, functionalised SP are being employed as cell penetrating peptides and prodrug to specifically and selectively target tumor sites. In order to minimize any unwanted interaction and adverse effects, the stability and safety of SP should be ensured throughout its development from manufacturing to market. Formulation development and characterization strategies of these potential molecules are described in the following review along with various applications and details of marketed formulations.

Revolutionizing Cancer Treatment: Harnessing the Power of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Precise Targeted Therapy in the Tumor Microenvironment

In recent years, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as promising anti-- cancer mediators with the potential to treat several cancers. MSCs have been modified to produce anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, and anti-angiogenic molecules that could be effective against a variety of malignancies. Additionally, customizing MSCs with cytokines that stimulate pro-tumorigenic immunity or using them as vehicles for traditional chemical molecules with anti-cancer characteristics. Even though the specific function of MSCs in tumors is still challenged, promising outcomes from preclinical investigations of MSC-based gene therapy for a variety of cancers inspire the beginning of clinical trials. In addition, the tumor microenvironment (TME) could have a substantial influence on normal tissue stem cells, which can affect the treatment outcomes. To overcome the complications of TME in cancer development, MSCs could provide some signs of hope for converting TME into unequivocal therapeutic tools. Hence, this review focuses on engineered MSCs (En-MSCs) as a promising approach to overcoming the complications of TME.

PDGFR-α shRNA-polyplex for uveal melanoma treatment via EMT mediated vasculogenic mimicry interfering

Up to 50% of individuals with uveal melanoma (UM), a frequent cancer of the eye, pass away from metastases. One of the major challenges in treating UM is the role of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), which mediate the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tumors. RTKs are involved in binding multiple growth factors, leading to angiogenesis and vasculogenic mimicry (VM) phenomena. Currently, most anti-angiogenic drugs have shown a tendency to increase the VM of tumors in clinical trials, resulting in limited efficacy. The existing gap in UM treatment lies in the lack of effective strategies to target RTK-mediated EMT and VM. While some approaches have been attempted, there is still a need for novel therapeutic interventions that can specifically interfere with these processes. This research employed the gene vector PEI-g-PEG to interfere with the platelet derived growth factor-alpha receptor (PDGFR-α)-mediated EMT process, thereby retarding the growth of UM. The cell experiments demonstrated that the gene polyplex exhibited favorable cell uptake and lysosome escape properties, effectively suppressing the expression of PDGFR-α protein and EMT marker proteins and the occurrence of VM phenomenon. In vivo animal studies also inhibited the growth of UM, and PAS assays showed that the treatment reduced the generation of VM in tumor tissue. This study broadens the application of PEI-g-PEG while interfering with the RTK-mediated tumor EMT process with the help of RNAi technology, providing a new idea for tumor reduction research.

Efficient mRNA Delivery In Vitro and In Vivo Using a Polycharged Biodegradable Nanomaterial

As RNA rises as one of the most significant modalities for clinical applications and life science research, efficient tools for delivering and integrating RNA molecules into biological systems become essential. Herein, we report a formulation using a polycharged biodegradable nano-carrier, N1-501, which demonstrates superior efficiency and versatility in mRNA encapsulation and delivery in both cell and animal models. N1-501 is a polymeric material designed to function through a facile one-step formulation process suitable for various research settings. Its capability for mRNA transfection is investigated across a wide range of mRNA doses and in different biological models, including 18 tested cell lines and mouse models. This study also comprehensively analyzes N1-501's application for mRNA transfection by examining factors such as buffer composition and pH, incubation condition, and media type. Additionally, N1-501's superior in vivo mRNA transfection capability ensures its potential as an efficient and consistent tool for advancing mRNA-based therapies and genetic research.

Unlocking DOE potential by selecting the most appropriate design for rAAV optimization

Producing recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) for gene therapy via triple transfection is an intricate process involving many cellular interactions. Each of the different elements encoded in the three required plasmids-pHelper, pRepCap, and pGOI-plays a distinct role, affecting different cellular pathways when producing rAAVs. The required expression balance emphasizes the critical need to fine-tune the concentration of all these different elements. The use of design of experiments (DOE) to find optimal ratios is a powerful method to streamline the process. However, the choice of the DOE method and design construction is crucial to avoid misleading results. In this work, we examined and compared four distinct DOE approaches: rotatable central composite design (RCCD), Box-Behnken design (BBD), face-centered central composite design (FCCD), and mixture design (MD). We compared the abilities of the different models to predict optimal ratios and interactions among the plasmids and the transfection reagent. Our findings revealed that blocking is essential to reduce the variability caused by uncontrolled random effects and that MD coupled with FCCD outperformed all other approaches, improving volumetric productivity 109-fold. These outcomes underscore the importance of selecting a model that can effectively account for the biological context, ultimately yielding superior results in optimizing rAAV production.

Alkylated RALA-Derived Peptides for Efficient Gene Delivery

RALA is an amphipathic cationic peptide demonstrated to be a low-toxicity and high-efficiency delivery platform for the systemic delivery of nucleic acid therapeutics. This work reports three RALA-derived peptides modified with N-terminal palmitic acid, engineered through amino acid substitutions and truncated sequences. All three peptides have good nucleic acid encapsulation, release and uptake, biocompatibility, and endolysosome escape. The siRNA transfection efficiency is about 90%, and the silencing rate of GA (C16-GLFWHHHARLARALARHLARALRA) exceeds that of lipofectamine 2000 (siRNA concentration = 50 nM). Truncating the peptide chain while retaining a certain amount of arginine ensures an effective particle size. Replacing glutamic acid with three histidines ensures an effective zeta potential and accelerates the endosome escape process through the proton sponge phenomenon. Introducing phenylalanine enhances the carrier-cell interaction. We believe that they are powerful carriers of siRNA therapy and may have good application prospects in treating various diseases.

Comprehensive analysis of lipid nanoparticle formulation and preparation for RNA delivery

Nucleic acid-based therapeutics are a common approach that is increasingly popular for a wide spectrum of diseases. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are promising delivery carriers that provide RNA stability, with strong transfection efficiency, favorable and tailorable pharmacokinetics, limited toxicity, and established translatability. In this review article, we describe the lipid-based delivery systems, focusing on lipid nanoparticles, the need of their use, provide a comprehensive analysis of each component, and highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the existing manufacturing processes. We further summarize the ongoing and completed clinical trials utilizing LNPs, indicating important aspects/questions worth of investigation, and analyze the future perspectives of this significant and promising therapeutic approach.

Impact of Ligand Concentration on the Properties of Nucleic-Acid-Encapsulated MOFs and Inflammation Modulation in Prostate Cancer Cells

The zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) is one of the most explored metal-organic-framework-based systems for nucleic acid delivery to cancer cells. Current nucleic acid delivery tools exhibit several drawbacks, such as high manufacturing costs, endosomal entrapment, toxicity, and immunogenicity. However, the biomimetic mineralization of Zn-based ZIFs offers a low-cost and facile encapsulation of nucleic acids at room temperature in aqueous conditions. The efficiency of nucleic acid delivery and its subsequent impact on inflammation in cells are influenced by the physicochemical properties of the material. The imidazole content determines the formation and crystallinity of ZIF, and an optimal ratio ensures the formation of well-defined and highly crystalline structures. In this study, a series of siRNA-encapsulated ZIFs (siRNA@ZIF) were systematically prepared by varying ligand-to-metal (L/M) molar ratios. Our study demonstrates that variations in ligand concentrations influence the crystalline structures, particle size, and shape of siRNA@ZIF particles. At low L/M, two-dimensional siRNA@ZIF particles form with a size of 1 μm. As the L/M ratio increases gradually, the particle size decreases, resulting in three-dimensional particles ∼200 nm in size. We also observed better stability of siRNA@ZIF in water prepared using high L/M values and time-dependent cellular uptake by the cells. Additionally, no significant impact of the biocomposites on inflammation was found, indicating the lack of an unwanted immune response and nonimmunotoxic nature over longer periods (96 h). These findings highlight the necessity of fine-tuning ligand concentrations and synthesis chemistry in designing efficient and optimal ZIF-based systems as versatile delivery platforms for nucleic acids.

Nanocarriers Targeting Circular RNA ADARB1 Boost Radiosensitivity of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma through Synergically Promoting Ferroptosis

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common malignant tumor of the head and neck, prevalent in regions such as Southern China and Southeast Asia. Radiotherapy serves as the primary clinical treatment for this carcinoma. However, resistance to radiotherapy is a fundamental cause of treatment failure and patient mortality, with the underlying mechanisms yet to be fully elucidated. We identified a recently characterized circular RNA, circADARB1, which is markedly upregulated in NPC tissues and closely associated with poor prognosis and radiotherapy resistance. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that circADARB1 inhibited ferroptosis, thereby inducing radiotherapy resistance in NPC cells. Building on these findings, we synthesized a biomimetic nanomaterial consisting of semiconducting polymer nanoparticles wrapped in cell membranes, designed to deliver both siRNA targeting circADARB1 and iron ions. The application of this nanomaterial not only efficiently suppressed the expression of circADARB1 and boosted intracellular iron concentrations, but also enhanced ferroptosis induced by radiotherapy, improving the radiosensitivity of NPC cells. Furthermore, our study revealed that circADARB1 upregulated the expression of heat shock protein HSP90B1, which repaired misfolded SLC7A11 and GPX4 proteins triggered by radiotherapy, thereby preserving their stability and biological functions. Mechanistically, SLC7A11 facilitated cysteine transportation into cells and glutathione synthesis, while GPX4 employed glutathione to mitigate intracellular lipid peroxidation induced by radiotherapy, shielding cells from oxidative damage and inhibiting ferroptosis, and ultimately leading to radiotherapy resistance in NPC cells. Our investigation elucidates molecular mechanisms with substantial clinical relevance, highlights the promising application prospects of nanotechnology in precision cancer therapy.

Machine Learning Elucidates Design Features of Plasmid Deoxyribonucleic Acid Lipid Nanoparticles for Cell Type-Preferential Transfection

To broaden the accessibility of cell and gene therapies, it is essential to develop and optimize nonviral, cell type-preferential gene carriers such as lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). While high-throughput screening (HTS) approaches have proven effective in accelerating LNP discovery, they are often costly, labor-intensive, and do not consistently yield actionable design rules that direct screening efforts toward the most relevant chemical and formulation parameters. In this study, we employed a machine learning (ML) workflow, utilizing well-curated plasmid DNA LNP transfection data sets across six cell types, to extract compositional and chemical insights from HTS studies. Our approach achieved prediction errors averaging between 5 and 10%, depending on the cell type. By applying SHapley Additive exPlanations to our ML models, we uncovered key composition-function relationships that govern cell type-preferential LNP transfection efficiency. Notably, we identified consistent LNP composition parameters that enhance in vitro transfection efficiency across diverse cell types, including a helper lipid molar percentage of charged lipids between 9 and 50% and the inclusion of cationic/zwitterionic helper lipids. Additionally, several parameters were found to modulate cell type-preferentiality, such as the total molar percentage of ionizable and helper lipids, N/P ratio, PEGylated lipid molar percentage of uncharged lipids, and hydrophobicity of the helper lipid. This study leverages HTS of compositionally diverse LNP libraries combined with ML analysis to elucidate the interactions between lipid components in LNP formulations, providing insights that contribute to the design of LNP compositions tailored for cell type-preferential transfection.

The future of interleukin gene therapy in head and neck cancers

INTRODUCTION

Head and neck cancer (HNC), primarily head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, originates from the squamous epithelium in areas like the oral cavity, lip, larynx, and oropharynx. With high morbidity impacting critical functions, combined treatments like surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy often fall short in advanced stages, highlighting the need for innovative therapies.

AREAS COVERED

This review critically evaluates interleukin (IL) gene therapy for treating HNC. The discussion extends to key ILs in HNC, various gene therapy techniques and delivery methods. We particularly focus on the application of IL-2, IL-12, and IL-24 gene therapies, examining their mechanisms and outcomes in preclinical studies and clinical trials. The final sections address IL gene therapy challenges in HNC, exploring solutions and critically assessing future therapeutic directions.

EXPERT OPINION

Despite advancements in genomic and immunotherapy, significant challenges in HNC treatment persist, primarily due to the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment and the adverse effects of current therapies. The therapeutic efficacy of IL gene therapy hinges on overcoming these hurdles through refined delivery methods that ensure targeted, tumor-specific gene expression. Future strategies should focus on refining gene delivery methods and combining IL gene therapy with other treatments to optimize efficacy and minimize toxicity.

Fluorocarbon-DNA Conjugates for Enhanced Cellular Delivery: Formation of a Densely Packed DNA Nano-Assembly

Forming nano-assemblies is essential for delivering DNA conjugates into cells, with the DNA density in the nano-assembly playing an important role in determining the uptake efficiency. In this study, we developed a strategy for the facile synthesis of DNA strands bearing perfluoroalkyl (RF) groups (RF-DNA conjugates) and investigated how they affect cellular uptake. An RF-DNA conjugate bearing a long RF group at the DNA terminus forms a nano-assembly with a high DNA density, which results in greatly enhanced cellular uptake. The uptake mechanism is mediated by clathrin-dependent endocytosis. The use of RF groups to densely assemble negatively charged DNA is a useful strategy for designing drug delivery carriers.

Development and Perspectives: Multifunctional Nucleic Acid Nanomedicines for Treatment of Gynecological Cancers

Gynecological malignancies are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality across the globe. Due to delayed presentation, gynecological cancer patients are often referred late in the disease's course, resulting in poor outcomes. A considerable number of patients ultimately succumb to chemotherapy-resistant disease, which reoccurs at advanced stages despite treatment interventions. Although efforts have been devoted to developing therapies that demonstrate reduced resistance to chemotherapy and enhanced toxicity profiles, current clinical outcomes remain unsatisfactory due to treatment resistance and unfavorable off-target effects. Consequently, innovative biological and nanotherapeutic approaches are imperative to strengthen and optimize the therapeutic arsenal for gynecological cancers. Advancements in nanotechnology-based therapies for gynecological malignancies offer significant advantages, including reduced toxicity, expanded drug circulation, and optimized therapeutic dosing, ultimately leading to enhanced treatment effectiveness. Recent advances in nucleic acid therapeutics using microRNA, small interfering RNA, and messenger RNA provide novel approaches for cancer therapeutics. Effective single-agent and combinatorial nucleic acid therapeutics for gynecological malignancies have the potential to transform cancer treatment by giving safer, more tailored approaches than conventional therapies. This review highlights current preclinical studies that effectively exploit these approaches for the treatment of gynecological malignant tumors and malignant ascites.

Polymers as Efficient Non-Viral Gene Delivery Vectors: The Role of the Chemical and Physical Architecture of Macromolecules

Gene therapy is the technique of inserting foreign genetic elements into host cells to achieve a therapeutic effect. Although gene therapy was initially formulated as a potential remedy for specific genetic problems, it currently offers solutions for many diseases with varying inheritance patterns and acquired diseases. There are two major groups of vectors for gene therapy: viral vector gene therapy and non-viral vector gene therapy. This review examines the role of a macromolecule's chemical and physical architecture in non-viral gene delivery, including their design and synthesis. Polymers can boost circulation, improve delivery, and control cargo release through various methods. The prominent examples discussed include poly-L-lysine, polyethyleneimine, comb polymers, brush polymers, and star polymers, as well as hydrogels and natural polymers and their modifications. While significant progress has been made, challenges still exist in gene stabilization, targeting specificity, and cellular uptake. Overcoming cytotoxicity, improving delivery efficiency, and utilizing natural polymers and hybrid systems are vital factors for prospects. This comprehensive review provides an illuminating overview of the field, guiding the way toward innovative non-viral-based gene delivery solutions.

Beyond the membrane: Exploring non-viral methods for mitochondrial gene delivery

Mitochondrial disorders, stemming from mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), present a significant therapeutic challenge due to their complex pathophysiology and broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. Traditional gene therapy approaches, primarily reliant on viral vectors, face obstacles such as potential immunogenicity, insertional mutagenesis, and the specificity of targeting mtDNA. This review delves into non-viral methods for mitochondrial gene delivery, emerging as a promising alternative to overcome these limitations. Focusing on lipid-based nanoparticles, polymer-based vectors, and mitochondrial-targeted peptides, the mechanisms of action, advantages, and current applications in treating mitochondrial diseases was well elucidated. Non-viral vectors offer several benefits, including reduced immunogenicity, enhanced safety profiles, and the flexibility to carry a wide range of genetic material. We examine case studies where these methods have been applied, highlighting their potential in correcting pathogenic mtDNA mutations and mitigating disease phenotypes. Despite their promise, challenges such as delivery efficiency, specificity, and long-term expression stability persist. The review underscores the need for ongoing research to refine these delivery systems carry a wide range of genetic material. We examine case studies where these methods settings. As we advance our understanding of mitochondrial biology and gene delivery technologies, non-viral methods hold the potential to revolutionize the treatment of mitochondrial disorders, offering hope for therapies that can precisely target and correct the underlying genetic defects.

Nanoparticle-mediated gene delivery of TRAIL to resistant cancer cells: A review

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), also known as APO2L, has emerged as a highly potential anticancer agent because of its capacity to effectively trigger apoptosis in tumor cells by specifically binding to either of its death receptors (DR4 or DR5) while having no adverse effects on normal cells. Nevertheless, its practical use has been hindered by its inefficient pharmacokinetics characteristics, the challenges involved in its administration and delivery to targeted cells, and the resistance exhibited by most cancer cells towards TRAIL. Gene therapy, as a promising approach would be able to potentially circumvent TRAIL-based cancer therapy challenges mainly through localized TRAIL expression and generating a bystander impact. Among different strategies, using nanoparticles in TRAIL gene delivery allows for precise targeting, and overcoming TRAIL resistance by combination therapy. In this review, we go over potential mechanisms by which cancer cells achieve resistance to TRAIL and provide an overview of different carriers for delivering of the TRAIL gene to resistant cancer cells, focusing on different types of nanoparticles utilized in this context. We will also explore the challenges, and investigate future perspectives of this nanomedicine approach for cancer therapy.

Advances in nucleic acid therapeutics: structures, delivery systems, and future perspectives in cancer treatment

Cancer has emerged as a significant threat to human health. Nucleic acid therapeutics regulate the gene expression process by introducing exogenous nucleic acid fragments, offering new possibilities for tumor remission and even cure. Their mechanism of action and high specificity demonstrate great potential in cancer treatment. However, nucleic acid drugs face challenges such as low stability and limited ability to cross physiological barriers in vivo. To address these issues, various nucleic acid delivery vectors have been developed to enhance the stability and facilitate precise targeted delivery of nucleic acid drugs within the body. In this review article, we primarily introduce the structures and principles of nucleic acid drugs commonly used in cancer therapy, as well as their cellular uptake and intracellular transportation processes. We focus on the various vectors commonly employed in nucleic acid drug delivery, highlighting their research progress and applications in recent years. Furthermore, we propose potential trends and prospects of nucleic acid drugs and their carriers in the future.

Construction of pVAX-1-based linear covalently closed vector with improved transgene expression

INTRODUCTION

This study presents a Mammalian Linear Expression System (MLES), a linear covalently closed (LCC) vector based on pVAX-1. The purpose of this system was to improve gene expression in mammalian cells and to test the efficacy of MLES in transient transfection and transgene expression using in vitro and in vivo models. Additionally, we aimed to evaluate potential inflammatory responses in vivo.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

MLES was developed by modifying pVAX-1, and the construct was confirmed by gel electrophoresis. Lipofectamine®2000 was used to assess the transfection efficiency and expression of MLES in various cell lines. In vivo studies were conducted in mice injected with MLES/EGFP, and the resulting transfection efficiency, gene expression, and inflammatory responses were analyzed.

RESULTS

MLES exhibited higher transfection efficiency and expression levels compared to pVAX-1 when tested on HEK-293, CHO-K1, and NIH-3T3 cells. When tested in vivo, MLES/EGFP showed elevated expression in the heart, kidney, liver, and spleen compared with pVAX-1/EGFP. Minimal changes are observed in the lungs. Additionally, MLES induced a reduced inflammatory response in mice compared with pVAX-1/EGFP.

CONCLUSIONS

MLES offer improved transfection efficiency and reduced inflammation, representing a significant advancement in gene therapy and recombinant protein production. Further research on MLES-mediated gene expression and immune modulation will enhance gene therapy strategies.

European Association of Hospital Pharmacists (EAHP) guidance on the pharmacy handling of in vivo gene therapy medicinal products

Gene therapy is becoming increasingly prevalent, with new gene therapy medicinal products (GTMPs) being approved for use every year. Hospital pharmacists are expected to prepare and dispense these products, but there is substantial heterogeneity in the availability of up-to-date, practical guidance at a national level in Europe. Many institutions have no or very limited experience in handling GTMPs. As such, there is a need for updated, practical guidance to aid hospital pharmacy teams in developing institutional standard operating procedures (SOPs) for the safe handling of GTMPs across the entire workflow. Here, we present the European Association of Hospital Pharmacists' updated guidance on the handling of GTMPs, developed by a team of recognised experts from around Europe. Each aspect of the GTMP handling process is addressed, including receipt and storage, dispensing and reconstitution, transportation, administration, waste disposal, decontamination of spills and accidental exposure. A series of figures are provided to aid the development of practical workflows. This guidance document is intended as a framework to help develop institutional SOPs and should always be used in conjunction with local regulations.

Bioinspired Approaches for Central Nervous System Targeted Gene Delivery

Disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) which include a wide range of neurodegenerative and neurological conditions have become a serious global issue. The presence of CNS barriers poses a significant challenge to the progress of designing effective therapeutic delivery systems, limiting the effectiveness of drugs, genes, and other therapeutic agents. Natural nanocarriers present in biological systems have inspired researchers to design unique delivery systems through biomimicry. As natural resource derived delivery systems are more biocompatible, current research has been focused on the development of delivery systems inspired by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and mammalian cells. Despite their structural potential and extensive physiological function, making them an excellent choice for biomaterial engineering, the delivery of nucleic acids remains challenging due to their instability in biological systems. Similarly, the efficient delivery of genetic material within the tissues of interest remains a hurdle due to a lack of selectivity and targeting ability. Considering that gene therapies are the holy grail for intervention in diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's Disease, and Huntington's disease, this review centers around recent advances in bioinspired approaches to gene delivery for the prevention of CNS disorders.

A review of metallic nanoparticles: present issues and prospects focused on the preparation methods, characterization techniques, and their theranostic applications

Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) have garnered significant attention due to their ability to improve the therapeutic index of medications by reducing multidrug resistance and effectively delivering therapeutic agents through active targeting. In addition to drug delivery, MNPs have several medical applications, including in vitro and in vivo diagnostics, and they improve the biocompatibility of materials and nutraceuticals. MNPs have several advantages in drug delivery systems and genetic manipulation, such as improved stability and half-life in circulation, passive or active targeting into the desired target selective tissue, and gene manipulation by delivering genetic materials. The main goal of this review is to provide current information on the present issues and prospects of MNPs in drug and gene delivery systems. The current study focused on MNP preparation methods and their characterization by different techniques, their applications to targeted delivery, non-viral vectors in genetic manipulation, and challenges in clinical trial translation.

Cationic Serine-Based Gemini Surfactant:Monoolein Aggregates as Viable and Efficacious Agents for DNA Complexation and Compaction: A Cytotoxicity and Physicochemical Assessment

Cationic gemini surfactants have emerged as potential gene delivery agents as they can co-assemble with DNA due to a strong electrostatic association. Commonly, DNA complexation is enhanced by the inclusion of a helper lipid (HL), which also plays a key role in transfection efficiency. The formation of lipoplexes, used as non-viral vectors for transfection, through electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions is affected by various physicochemical parameters, such as cationic surfactant:HL molar ratio, (+/-) charge ratio, and the morphological structure of the lipoplexes. Herein, we investigated the DNA complexation ability of mixtures of serine-based gemini surfactants, (nSer)2N5, and monoolein (MO) as a helper lipid. The micelle-forming serine surfactants contain long lipophilic chains (12 to 18 C atoms) and a five CH2 spacer, both linked to the nitrogen atoms of the serine residues by amine linkages. The (nSer)2N5:MO aggregates are non-cytotoxic up to 35-90 µM, depending on surfactant and surfactant/MO mixing ratio, and in general, higher MO content and longer surfactant chain length tend to promote higher cell viability. All systems efficaciously complex DNA, but the (18Ser)2N5:MO one clearly stands as the best-performing one. Incorporating MO into the serine surfactant system affects the morphology and size distribution of the formed mixed aggregates. In the low concentration regime, gemini-MO systems aggregate in the form of vesicles, while at high concentrations the formation of a lamellar liquid crystalline phase is observed. This suggests that lipoplexes might share a similar bilayer-based structure.

Mechanism of Cationic Lipid Induced DNA Condensation: Lipid-DNA Coordination and Divalent Cation Charge Fluctuations

The condensation of nucleic acids by lipids is a widespread phenomenon in biology with crucial implications for drug delivery. However, the mechanisms of DNA assembly in lipid bilayers remain insufficiently understood due to challenges in measuring and assessing each component's contribution in the lipid-DNA-cation system. This study uses all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to investigate DNA condensation in cationic lipid bilayers. Our exhaustive exploration of the thermodynamic factors reveals unique roles for phospholipid head groups and cations. We observed that bridging cations between lipid and DNA drastically reduce charges, while mobile magnesium cations "ping-ponging" between double strands create charge fluctuations. While the first factor stabilizes the DNA-lipid complex, the latter creates attractive forces to induce the spontaneous condensation of DNAs. This novel mechanism not only sheds light on the current data regarding cationic lipid-induced DNA condensation but also provides potential design strategies for creating efficient gene delivery vectors for drug delivery.

Advances in Gene and Cellular Therapeutic Approaches for Huntington's Disease

Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by the abnormal expansion of CAG trinucleotide repeats in the Huntingtin gene (HTT) located on chromosome 4. It is transmitted in an autosomal dominant manner and is characterized by motor dysfunction, cognitive decline, and emotional disturbances. To date, there are no curative treatments for HD have been developed; current therapeutic approaches focus on symptom relief and comprehensive care through coordinated pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods to manage the diverse phenotypes of the disease. International clinical guidelines for the treatment of HD are continually being revised in an effort to enhance care within a multidisciplinary framework. Additionally, innovative gene and cell therapy strategies are being actively researched and developed to address the complexities of the disorder and improve treatment outcomes. This review endeavours to elucidate the current and emerging gene and cell therapy strategies for HD, offering a detailed insight into the complexities of the disorder and looking forward to future treatment paradigms. Considering the complexity of the underlying mechanisms driving HD, a synergistic treatment strategy that integrates various factors-such as distinct cell types, epigenetic patterns, genetic components, and methods to improve the cerebral microenvironment-may significantly enhance therapeutic outcomes. In the future, we eagerly anticipate ongoing innovations in interdisciplinary research that will bring profound advancements and refinements in the treatment of HD.

CRISPR technology in human diseases

Gene editing is a growing gene engineering technique that allows accurate editing of a broad spectrum of gene-regulated diseases to achieve curative treatment and also has the potential to be used as an adjunct to the conventional treatment of diseases. Gene editing technology, mainly based on clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein systems, which is capable of generating genetic modifications in somatic cells, provides a promising new strategy for gene therapy for a wide range of human diseases. Currently, gene editing technology shows great application prospects in a variety of human diseases, not only in therapeutic potential but also in the construction of animal models of human diseases. This paper describes the application of gene editing technology in hematological diseases, solid tumors, immune disorders, ophthalmological diseases, and metabolic diseases; focuses on the therapeutic strategies of gene editing technology in sickle cell disease; provides an overview of the role of gene editing technology in the construction of animal models of human diseases; and discusses the limitations of gene editing technology in the treatment of diseases, which is intended to provide an important reference for the applications of gene editing technology in the human disease.

The potential of gene delivery for the treatment of traumatic brain injury

Therapeutics for traumatic brains injuries constitute a global unmet medical need. Despite the advances in neurocritical care, which have dramatically improved the survival rate for the ~ 70 million patients annually, few treatments have been developed to counter the long-term neuroinflammatory processes and accompanying cognitive impairments, frequent among patients. This review looks at gene delivery as a potential therapeutic development avenue for traumatic brain injury. We discuss the capacity of gene delivery to function in traumatic brain injury, by producing beneficial biologics within the brain. Gene delivery modalities, promising vectors and key delivery routes are discussed, along with the pathways that biological cargos could target to improve long-term outcomes for patients. Coupling blood-brain barrier crossing with sustained local production, gene delivery has the potential to convert proteins with useful biological properties, but poor pharmacodynamics, into effective therapeutics. Finally, we review the limitations and health economics of traumatic brain injury, and whether future gene delivery approaches will be viable for patients and health care systems.

Polyamidoamine Dendrimers: Brain-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems in Glioma Therapy

Glioma is the most common primary intracranial tumor, which is formed by the malignant transformation of glial cells in the brain and spinal cord. It has the characteristics of high incidence, high recurrence rate, high mortality and low cure rate. The treatments for glioma include surgical removal, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Due to the obstruction of the biological barrier of brain tissue, it is difficult to achieve the desired therapeutic effects. To address the limitations imposed by the brain's natural barriers and enhance the treatment efficacy, researchers have effectively used brain-targeted drug delivery systems (DDSs) in glioma therapy. Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers, as branched macromolecular architectures, represent promising candidates for studies in glioma therapy. This review focuses on PAMAM-based DDSs in the treatment of glioma, highlighting their physicochemical characteristics, structural properties as well as an overview of the toxicity and safety profiles.

DNA functionalized programmable hybrid biomaterials for targeted multiplexed applications

With the advent of DNA nanotechnology, DNA-based biomaterials have emerged as a unique class of materials at the center of various biological advances. Owing to DNA's high modification capacity via programmable Watson-Crick base-pairing, DNA structures of desired design with increased complexity have been developed. However, the limited scalability, along with poor mechanical properties, high synthesis costs, and poor stability, reduced the adaptability of DNA-based materials to complex biological applications. DNA-based hybrid biomaterials were designed to overcome these limitations by conjugating DNA with functional materials. Today, DNA-based hybrid materials have attracted significant attention in biological engineering with broad application prospects in biomedicine, clinical diagnosis, and nanodevices. Here, we summarize the recent advances in DNA-based hybrid materials with an in-depth understanding of general molecular design principles, functionalities, and applications. Finally, the challenges and prospects associated with DNA-based hybrid materials are discussed at the end of this review.